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Erupcja freatyczna – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia
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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Erupcja freatyczna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 31 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatiese_uitbarsting" title="Freatiese uitbarsting – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Freatiese uitbarsting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A" title="ثوران تدفقي – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثوران تدفقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Фреатично вулканично изригване – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фреатично вулканично изригване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupci%C3%B3_fre%C3%A0tica" title="Erupció freàtica – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erupció freàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatick%C3%A1_erupce" title="Freatická erupce – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Freatická erupce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatische_Explosion" title="Phreatische Explosion – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phreatische Explosion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Φρεατική έκρηξη – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρεατική έκρηξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatic_eruption" title="Phreatic eruption – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phreatic eruption" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupci%C3%B3n_fre%C3%A1tica" title="Erupción freática – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erupción freática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupzio_freatiko" title="Erupzio freatiko – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erupzio freatiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="فوران اشباعی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوران اشباعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ruption_phr%C3%A9atique" title="Éruption phréatique – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éruption phréatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B6%84%ED%99%94" title="수증기 분화 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수증기 분화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letusan_freatik" title="Letusan freatik – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Letusan freatik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengigos" title="Sprengigos – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sprengigos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruzione_di_tipo_freatico" title="Eruzione di tipo freatico – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eruzione di tipo freatico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התפרצות פריאטית – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התפרצות פריאטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Фреатичен избув – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фреатичен избув" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatische_eruptie" title="Freatische eruptie – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freatische eruptie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%97%E7%88%86%E7%99%BA" title="水蒸気爆発 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水蒸気爆発" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatisk_utbrudd" title="Freatisk utbrudd – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Freatisk utbrudd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatisk_utbrot" title="Freatisk utbrot – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Freatisk utbrot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupcion_freatica" title="Erupcion freatica – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Erupcion freatica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatik_portlash" title="Freatik portlash – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Freatik portlash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erup%C3%A7%C3%A3o_fre%C3%A1tica" title="Erupção freática – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erupção freática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info-current">To jest najnowsza wersja artykułu <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupcja_freatyczna">Erupcja freatyczna</a></span> edytowana <span id="mw-revision-date">15:58, 14 mar 2017</span> przez <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedysta:Pikador" class="mw-userlink" title="Wikipedysta:Pikador" data-mw-revid="48804887"><bdi>Pikador</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/Dyskusja_wikipedysty:Pikador" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Dyskusja wikipedysty:Pikador">dyskusja</a> | <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Wk%C5%82ad/Pikador" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Specjalna:Wkład/Pikador">edycje</a>)</span></span>.</div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erupcja_freatyczna&diff=prev&oldid=48804887" title="Erupcja freatyczna">różn.</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erupcja_freatyczna&direction=prev&oldid=48804887" title="Erupcja freatyczna">← poprzednia wersja</a> | przejdź do aktualnej wersji (różn.) | następna wersja → (różn.)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div id="mw-fr-revision-tag-old" class="cdx-message mw-fr-message-box cdx-message--block cdx-message--notice flaggedrevs_notice plainlinks noprint"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">Następująca <a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erupcja_freatyczna&stableid=48804887">wersja przejrzana</a> tej strony, którą <a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Rejestr&type=review&page=Erupcja_freatyczna">oznaczono</a> <i>14 mar 2017</i>, była oparta na tej wersji.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg/350px-Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg/525px-Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg/700px-Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Erupcja freatyczna:<br /> 1. Chmura pary wodnej<br /> 2. Kanał lawowy<br /> 3. Warstwy lawy i popiołów<br /> 4. Warstwy geologiczne<br /> 5. Poziom wód gruntowych<br /> 6. Eksplozja<br /> 7. <a href="/wiki/Komora_wulkaniczna" title="Komora wulkaniczna">Komora wulkaniczna</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Erupcje freatyczne</b> (starogrec. φρέαρ <i>phréar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dope%C5%82niacz_(przypadek)" title="Dopełniacz (przypadek)">dopełniacz</a> φρέατος <i>phréatos</i>) ‘studnia’) – erupcje spowodowane <a href="/wiki/Ci%C5%9Bnienie" title="Ciśnienie">ciśnieniem</a> pary wodnej powstałej na kontakcie wody z gorącą <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magmą</a>. Gdy wody (gruntowe, opadowe, morskie) dostają się w pobliże magmy, zamieniają się w parę wodną. Para, gdy nagromadzi się w dużej ilości lub też wytworzy się w sposób nagły, doprowadza do erupcji. Produktami erupcji, oprócz pary wodnej, jest stary, rozdrobniony <a href="/wiki/Materia%C5%82_piroklastyczny" title="Materiał piroklastyczny">materiał piroklastyczny</a>. W wyniku erupcji freatycznych powstają np. <a href="/wiki/Maary" class="mw-redirect" title="Maary">maary</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erupcja_freatyczna&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erupcja_freatyczna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">M. Książkiewicz: <i>Geologia dynamiczna</i>. Warszawa: Wyd. Geologiczne, 1968, s. 659-744.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geologia+dynamiczna&rft.aulast=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCkiewicz&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.date=1968&rft.pub=Wyd.+Geologiczne&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=659-744"></span></cite></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐7dd76d89b9‐frptm Cached time: 20241106005918 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.035 seconds Real time usage: 0.335 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 518/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1086/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 299/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.007/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 917021/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 25.426 1 Szablon:Cytuj_książkę 100.00% 25.426 1 -total --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key plwiki:pcache:idhash:2266155-0!canonical and timestamp 20241106005918 and revision id 48804887. 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