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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Nuwakot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Nuwakot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Battle of Nuwakot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Nuwakot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Kirtipur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Kirtipur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Battle of Kirtipur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Kirtipur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_of_Makwanpur_&_Hariharpur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_of_Makwanpur_&_Hariharpur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Annexation of Makwanpur & Hariharpur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_of_Makwanpur_&_Hariharpur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Kathmandu_valley_and_Declaration_of_Kingdom_of_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Kathmandu_valley_and_Declaration_of_Kingdom_of_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Conquest of Kathmandu valley and Declaration of Kingdom of Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Kathmandu_valley_and_Declaration_of_Kingdom_of_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Kirata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_the_Kirata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>Conquest of the Kirata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Kirata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.8</span> <span>Political conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetan_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.9</span> <span>Tibetan conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominance_of_Damodar_Pande" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance_of_Damodar_Pande"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Dominance of Damodar Pande</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominance_of_Damodar_Pande-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thapa_Regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thapa_Regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Thapa Regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thapa_Regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Nepalese_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Nepalese_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Anglo-Nepalese War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Nepalese_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rana_Regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rana_Regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Rana Regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rana_Regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Nepalese_Tibet_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Nepalese_Tibet_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Third Nepalese Tibet War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Nepalese_Tibet_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nepal_and_the_British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal_and_the_British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Nepal and the British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal_and_the_British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Democratic reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Mahendra's_new_constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Mahendra's_new_constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>King Mahendra's new constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Mahendra's_new_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Panchayat_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Panchayat_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>End of Panchayat system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Panchayat_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_People's_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_People's_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1990 People's Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_People's_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_strife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_strife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Civil strife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_strife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepalese_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepalese_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Nepalese Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepalese_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palace_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palace_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Palace massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palace_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspension_of_responsible_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspension_of_responsible_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Suspension of responsible government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspension_of_responsible_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_democracy_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_democracy_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>2006 democracy movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_democracy_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_the_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_the_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.4</span> <span>Abolition of the monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_the_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zones,_districts,_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zones,_districts,_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zones, districts, and regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zones,_districts,_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historical arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Historical flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Nepal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مملكة نيبال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة نيبال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="নেপাল অধিরাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেপাল অধিরাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Каралеўства Непал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Непал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Nepal" title="Königreich Nepal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Nepal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Kuningriik" title="Nepali Kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nepali Kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Βασίλειο του Νεπάλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο του Νεπάλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Nepal" title="Reino de Nepal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Nepal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Nepalo" title="Reĝlando Nepalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Nepalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پادشاهی نپال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی نپال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_du_N%C3%A9pal" title="Royaume du Népal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume du Népal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%94_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="네팔 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네팔 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="नेपाल अधिराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेपाल अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Nepal" title="Kerajaan Nepal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_del_Nepal" title="Regno del Nepal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno del Nepal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ממלכת נפאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת נפאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Nepal" title="Kerajaan Nepal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Nepal" title="Koninkrijk Nepal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Nepal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="नेपाल अधिराज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेपाल अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ネパール王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネパール王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Qirolligi" title="Nepal Qirolligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nepal Qirolligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سلطنت نیپال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت نیپال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Nepalu" title="Królestwo Nepalu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Nepalu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_do_Nepal" title="Reino do Nepal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino do Nepal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Королевство Непал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Непал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Nepal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalin_kuningaskunta" title="Nepalin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nepalin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Nepal" title="Kungariket Nepal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Nepal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நேபாள இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேபாள இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="ราชอาณาจักรเนปาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรเนปาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Королівство Непал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівство Непал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مملکت نیپال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت نیپال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Nepal" title="Vương quốc Nepal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Nepal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="尼泊爾王國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼泊爾王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Nepal&params=27_42_N_85_19_E_type:county"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">85°19′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.700°N 85.317°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.700; 85.317</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1768–2008 sovereign kingdom in South Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the former Hindu kingdom based in Kathmandu during 1768–2008. For the modern-day country, see <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. For the predecessor kingdom, see <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nepa_kingdom" title="Nepa kingdom">Nepa kingdom</a>, the classical name of the kingdom in Mahabharata.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Nepal</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>नेपाल अधिराज्य</li> <li><i>Nepāl Adhirājya</i></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1768–2008</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nepal"><img alt="Flag of Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/85px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/128px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/170px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nepal_(1743%E2%80%931962).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pre-1962 Flag of Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/85px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/128px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/170px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div>Top: Flag (1962–2008)<br />Bottom: Flag (pre-1962)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_(1962%E2%80%932008).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1962–2008) of Nepal"><img alt="Coat of arms (1962–2008) of Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Nepal" title="Emblem of Nepal">Coat of arms<br />(1962–2008)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><a href="/wiki/Janani_Janmabhumishcha_Swargadapi_Gariyasi" title="Janani Janmabhumishcha Swargadapi Gariyasi">Janani Janmabhūmishcha Swargādapi Garīyasī</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>)<br /><i>Mother and Motherland are greater than heaven</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> 1962–2006:<br />"<a href="/wiki/Shriman_Gambhir" title="Shriman Gambhir">Srīmān Gambhīr</a>" (Nepali: श्रीमान गम्भीर)<br />(English: <span lang="en">"May Glory Crown You, Courageous Sovereign"</span>)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Shriman_Gambhir.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Shriman_Gambhir.ogg/Shriman_Gambhir.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Shriman_Gambhir.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div><br />2007–2008:<br />"<a href="/wiki/Sayaun_Thunga_Phulka" title="Sayaun Thunga Phulka">Sayauṁ thum̐gā phūlakā</a>" (Nepali" सयौँ थुँगा फूलका)<br />(English: <span lang="en">"Made of Hundreds of Flowers"</span>)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="70" data-mwtitle="Sayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Sayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Sayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg/Sayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=as&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="as" label="অসমীয়া ‪(as)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=kge&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kge" label="Kumoring ‪(kge)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=mui&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mui" label="Baso Palembang ‪(mui)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ne&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ne" label="नेपाली ‪(ne)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory of the Kingdom of Nepal in 1805"><img alt="Territory of the Kingdom of Nepal in 1805" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/250px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/375px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory of the Kingdom of Nepal in 1805</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_rel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory of the Kingdom of Nepal in 2008"><img alt="Territory of the Kingdom of Nepal in 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nepal_rel_location_map.svg/250px-Nepal_rel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nepal_rel_location_map.svg/375px-Nepal_rel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nepal_rel_location_map.svg/500px-Nepal_rel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="721" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory of the Kingdom of Nepal in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Sovereign monarchy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> (1816–1923) (under indirect influence until 1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Nepal&params=27_42_N_85_19_E_type:county"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">85°19′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.700°N 85.317°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.700; 85.317</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> <small>(official)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a> <small>(official, literature and administration language in the initial period)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Tuladhar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuladhar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Other native language in Nepal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="State Religion">official</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali people">Nepalis</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Nepali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali people">Nepalese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1768–1990; 2002; 2005–2006)</span> <ul><li>under a <a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">stratocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1776–1779; 1785–1804; 1806–1837; 1838–1846)</span></li> <li>under a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship#Personalist" title="Dictatorship">hereditary</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1846–1951)</span></li> <li>under the <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a> system<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1961–1990)</span></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–2002; 2002–2005; 2006–2008)</span> </p> <ul><li>under a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2008)</span></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Nepal" title="King of Nepal">King</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maharaja#Nepal" title="Maharaja">Mahārājādhirāja</a> (Kings of Kings)</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1768–1775 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2001–2008 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">Gyanendra Shah</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Regent">Queen Regent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1777–1785 (first)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Rajya_Laxmi_Devi" title="Rajendra Rajya Laxmi Devi">Rajendra Rajya Laxmi Devi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1824–1846 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Lakshmi_Devi" title="Rajya Lakshmi Devi">Rajya Lakshmi Devi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1799–1804 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2006–2008 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Girija_Prasad_Koirala" title="Girija Prasad Koirala">Girija Prasad Koirala</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1768–1959; 2005–2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Panchayat" title="Rastriya Panchayat">Rastriya Panchayat</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1962–1990)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–1962; 1990–2005; 2006–2007)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_legislature_of_Nepal" title="Interim legislature of Nepal">Interim legislature</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)#Maha_Sabha" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Senate</a><br />(1959–1960)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">National Assembly</a><br />(1990–2002)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">House of Representatives</a><br />(1959–1960; 1990–2002)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification</a> under <a href="/wiki/Prithivi_Narayan_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithivi Narayan Shah">Prithivi Narayan Shah</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 September 1768<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa premiers</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(under <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah kings</a>)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1806–1837 and<br />1843–1845</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pande_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pande dynasty">Pande premiers</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(under <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah kings</a>)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1799–1804 and<br />1837–1840</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana regime</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(under <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah kings</a>)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1846–1951</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1960–1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1990–2008</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 2008</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_mohar" title="Nepalese mohar">Nepalese mohar</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1768–1932)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Nepalese rupee</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1932–2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NP" title="ISO 3166-2:NP">NP</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Shree_Sabuj_flag.png/20px-Shree_Sabuj_flag.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Shree_Sabuj_flag.png/30px-Shree_Sabuj_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Shree_Sabuj_flag.png/40px-Shree_Sabuj_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom"><b>1768:</b><br />Gorkha Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malla_(Kathmandu_Valley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Kathmandu Valley)"><b>1769:</b><br />Malla Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya"><b>1770s—1780s:</b><br />Chaubisi Rajya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kirati_flag.png/20px-Kirati_flag.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kirati_flag.png/30px-Kirati_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kirati_flag.png/40px-Kirati_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="2073" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Region" title="Kirat Region"><b>1774:</b><br />Kirat Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim"><b>1776:</b><br />Kingdom of Sikkim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baise_rajya" class="mw-redirect" title="Baise rajya"><b>1780s:</b><br />Baise Rajya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Doti_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Doti Kingdom"><b>1791:</b><br />Doti Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_Kumaon_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kumaon_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_Kumaon_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kumaon_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_Kumaon_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kumaon_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="224" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom"><b>1804:</b><br />Garhwal Kingdom</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom"><b>1816:</b><br />Princely State of Tehri Garhwal</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="224" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><b>2008:</b><br />Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><br /><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nepal" title="Category:History of Nepal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History of <span class="fn org label">Nepal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Nepal"><img alt="Map of Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/200px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/300px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/400px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal#Etymology" title="Nepal">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nepalese_history" title="Timeline of Nepalese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Urheimat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a>, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Kingdom</a>, c. 1st millennium BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Nepal in Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepa_kingdom" title="Nepa kingdom">Nepa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasas in Mahabharata</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbuwan" title="Limbuwan">Limbuwan tribal states</a> c. 580 BCE – 1774 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Videhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Videhas">Videha kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_dynasty" title="Gopala dynasty">Gopala dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisapala_dynasty" title="Mahisapala dynasty">Mahisapala dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_dynasty" title="Soma dynasty">Soma dynasty</a>, c. 205 – c. 305</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Licchavi Kingdom</a>, c. 400 – c. 750 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakuri_dynasty" title="Thakuri dynasty">Thakuri dynasty</a>, c. 600 – c. 1200</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Katyuri kings</a>, c. 700 CE – 1065 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas_Malla_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas Malla Kingdom">Khas Malla Kingdom</a>, c. 954 CE – 14th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnat_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnat dynasty">Karnat dynasty</a>, c. 1097 CE – c. 1324 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla_(Kathmandu_Valley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Kathmandu Valley)">Malla Dynasty</a>, c. 1201 – 1482</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand kings</a> c. 12th century CE – 1790 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lo">Kingdom of Lo</a> c. 1380 CE – 1795 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallala_dynasty" title="Kallala dynasty">Kallala dynasty</a> c. 1404 CE – 1789 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Golden Age</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Three Kingdoms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kantipur" title="Kingdom of Kantipur">Kingdom of Kantipur</a>, c. 1484 – 1826</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Patan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Patan">Kingdom of Patan</a>, c. 1482 – 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhaktapur" title="Kingdom of Bhaktapur">Kingdom of Bhaktapur</a>, c. 1482 – 1769</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Twenty-four kingdoms</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 106%;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Argha" title="Kingdom of Argha">Kingdom of Argha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bajhang" title="Kingdom of Bajhang">Kingdom of Bajhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhirkot" title="Kingdom of Bhirkot">Kingdom of Bhirkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butwal" title="Kingdom of Butwal">Kingdom of Butwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dhor" title="Kingdom of Dhor">Kingdom of Dhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dhurkot" title="Kingdom of Dhurkot">Kingdom of Dhurkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galkot" title="Kingdom of Galkot">Kingdom of Galkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ghiring" title="Kingdom of Ghiring">Kingdom of Ghiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Garahun" title="Kingdom of Garahun">Kingdom of Garahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gorkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Gorkha">Kingdom of Gorkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gulmi" title="Kingdom of Gulmi">Kingdom of Gulmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Isma" title="Kingdom of Isma">Kingdom of Isma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaski" title="Kingdom of Kaski">Kingdom of Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khanchi" title="Kingdom of Khanchi">Kingdom of Khanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lamjung" title="Kingdom of Lamjung">Kingdom of Lamjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Musikot" title="Kingdom of Musikot">Kingdom of Musikot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nuwakot" title="Kingdom of Nuwakot">Kingdom of Nuwakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Paiyun" title="Kingdom of Paiyun">Kingdom of Paiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Palpa" title="Kingdom of Palpa">Kingdom of Palpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Parbat" title="Kingdom of Parbat">Kingdom of Parbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pyuthan" title="Kingdom of Pyuthan">Kingdom of Pyuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rishing" title="Kingdom of Rishing">Kingdom of Rishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Satahun" title="Kingdom of Satahun">Kingdom of Satahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanahun" title="Kingdom of Tanahun">Kingdom of Tanahun</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Twenty-two kingdoms</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 106%;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jumla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Jumla">Kingdom of Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Doti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Doti (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Doti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Jajarkot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Jajarkot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Jajarkot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bajura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Bajura (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Bajura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Musikot_(Baise)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Musikot (Baise) (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Musikot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gajur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Gajur (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Gajur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Biskot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Biskot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Biskot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Malneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Malneta (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Malneta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Thalahara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Thalahara (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Thalahara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dailekh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dailekh (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dailekh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dullu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dullu (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dullu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Duryal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Duryal (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Duryal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dang (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sallyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Sallyana (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Sallyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Chilli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Chilli (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Chilli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Phalawagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Phalawagh (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Phalawagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Jehari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Jehari (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Jehari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Darnar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Darnar (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Darnar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Atbis_Gotam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Atbis Gotam (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Atbis Gotam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Majal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Majal (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Majal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gurnakot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Gurnakot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Gurnakot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Rukum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Rukum (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Rukum</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuwakot" title="Battle of Nuwakot">Battle of Nuwakot</a>, c. 1744</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makwanpur_(1762)" title="Battle of Makwanpur (1762)">Battle of Makwanpur</a>, c. 1762</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirtipur" title="Battle of Kirtipur">Battle of Kirtipur</a>, c. 1767</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sindhuli" title="Battle of Sindhuli">Battle of Sindhuli</a>, c.1767</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kathmandu" title="Battle of Kathmandu">Battle of Kathmandu</a>, c. 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalitpur" title="Battle of Lalitpur">Battle of Lalitpur</a>, c. 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhaktapur" title="Battle of Bhaktapur">Battle of Bhaktapur</a>, c. 1769</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Declaration of Kingdom of Nepal</a>, c. 1768</li> <li>Sino-Nepalese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">First Campaign Against Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Second Campaign Against Gurkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nepal-Tibet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Nepal-Tibet War">Third Nepal-Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pande_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pande dynasty">Pande dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa dynasty</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khurbura" title="Battle of Khurbura">Battle of Khurbura</a>, c. 1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_Bhandarkhal_massacre" title="1806 Bhandarkhal massacre">1806 Bhandarkhal massacre</a>, c. 1806</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkha–Sikh War">Gurkha–Sikh War</a>, c. 1809</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> c. 1814 – 1816 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nalapani" title="Battle of Nalapani">Battle of Nalapani</a>, c. 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaithak" title="Battle of Jaithak">Battle of Jaithak</a>, c. 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makwanpur_(1816)" title="Battle of Makwanpur (1816)">Battle of Makwanpur</a>, c. 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a>, c. 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas" title="Brigade of Gurkhas">Brigade of Gurkhas</a>, c. 1816</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a>, c.1846 – 1951 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a>, c. 1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_Bhandarkhal_massacre" title="1846 Bhandarkhal massacre">1846 Bhandarkhal massacre</a>, c. 1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alau" title="Battle of Alau">Battle of Alau</a>, c. 1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar_Jute_Mill_Strike" title="Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike">Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike</a>, c. 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatu_Sanskritam" title="Jayatu Sanskritam">Jayatu Sanskritam</a>, c. 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Accord" title="Delhi Accord">Delhi Accord</a>, c. 1951</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a>, c. 1960 – 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village National Campaign</a>, c. 1967 – 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">1990 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a>, c. 1996 – 2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal massacre</a>, c. 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhalubang" title="Battle of Bhalubang">Battle of Bhalubang</a>, c. 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Beni_attack" title="2004 Beni attack">2004 Beni attack</a>, c. 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Khara" title="Second Battle of Khara">Second Battle of Khara</a>, c. 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">2006 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Accord" title="Comprehensive Peace Accord">Comprehensive Peace Accord</a>, c. 2006</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" title="1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly">1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly</a>, c. 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_humanitarian_crisis_(2015-2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017)">Nepal humanitarian crisis</a>, c. 2015 – 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April 2015 Nepal earthquake</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May 2015 Nepal earthquake</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">2015 Nepal blockade</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mount_Everest_avalanches" title="2015 Mount Everest avalanches">2015 Mount Everest avalanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a>, c. 2015</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Nepal" title="Template:History of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:History of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Nepal</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">नेपाल अधिराज्य</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> kingdom in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, formed in 1768 by the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom</a>, which lasted until 2008 when the kingdom became the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal">Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_1811_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick_1811-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also known as the <b>Gorkha Empire</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">गोरखा अधिराज्य</span>), or sometimes <b>Asal Hindustan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">असल हिन्दुस्तान</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Real Land of the Hindus').<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded by <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">King Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gurkha#Origins" title="Gurkha">Gorkha</a> monarch who claimed to be of <a href="/wiki/Thakuri" title="Thakuri">Thakuri</a> origin from <a href="/wiki/Chaubisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaubisi">chaubisi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it existed for 240 years until the abolition of the Nepalese monarchy in 2008. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> was formally under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a>, which exercised varying degrees of power during the kingdom's existence. </p><p>After the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and plundering of Digarcha by Nepali forces under <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah of Nepal">Prince Regent Bahadur Shah</a> in 1792, the <a href="/wiki/8th_Dalai_Lama" title="8th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> and Chinese Ambans reported to the Chinese administration for military support. The Chinese and Tibetan forces under <a href="/wiki/Fuk%27anggan" title="Fuk'anggan">Fuk'anggan</a> attacked Nepal but went for negotiations after failure at Nuwakot.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmythree_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmythree-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mulkaji</i> <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a>, who was the most influential among the four <a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kajis</a>, was appointed after the removal of Bahadur Shah. </p><p>Chief <i>Kaji</i> (<i>Mulkaji</i>) <a href="/wiki/Kirtiman_Singh_Basnyat" title="Kirtiman Singh Basnyat">Kirtiman Singh Basnyat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201212_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201212-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tried to protect king <a href="/wiki/Girvan_Yuddha_Bikram_Shah_Deva" class="mw-redirect" title="Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah Deva">Girvan Yuddha Shah</a> and keep former king, <a href="/wiki/Rana_Bahadur_Shah" title="Rana Bahadur Shah">Rana Bahadur Shah</a> away from Nepal. However, on 4 March 1804, the former king came back and took over as <i><a href="/wiki/Mukhtiyar" title="Mukhtiyar">Mukhtiyar</a></i> and Damodar Pande was then beheaded in Thankot.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1806_Bhandarkhal_massacre" title="1806 Bhandarkhal massacre">1806 Bhandarkhal massacre</a> instigated upon the death of Rana Bahadur Shah, set forth the rise of the authoritative <i>Mukhtiyar</i> <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya201271–72_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya201271–72-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who became the <i>de facto</i> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> from 1806 to 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelpton199121_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelpton199121-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early nineteenth century, however, the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">rule in India</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> (1814–1816), which resulted in Nepal's defeat. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a>, the kingdom retained its internal independence, but in exchange for territorial concessions, marking the <a href="/wiki/Mechi_River" title="Mechi River">Mechi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharda_River" title="Sharda River">Sharda</a> rivers as the boundary of Nepalese territories.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmytwo_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmytwo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory of the kingdom before the Sugauli treaty is sometimes nascently referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Greater_Nepal" title="Greater Nepal">Greater Nepal</a></i>. In the political scenario, the death of <i>Mukhtiyar</i> <a href="/wiki/Mathabarsingh_Thapa" title="Mathabarsingh Thapa">Mathbar Singh Thapa</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa hegemony</a> and set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya201211–12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya201211–12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the ascendancy of the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Khas (Chhetri)</a> and made the office of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister of Nepal</a> hereditary in their family for the next century, from 1843 to 1951. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur</a>, the first Rana ruler, the Rana dynasty reduced the Shah monarch to a figurehead role. The Rana rule was marked by tyranny, debauchery, economic exploitation and religious persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1950, the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/1950_Indo-Nepal_Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship">friendship treaty</a> in which both nations agreed to respect the other's sovereignty as well as continue to have an <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nepal_border" title="India–Nepal border">open border</a>. In November of the same year, India played an important role in supporting <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">King Tribhuvan</a>, whom the Rana leader <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Shumsher_Jang_Bahadur_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana">Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana</a> had attempted to depose and replace with his infant grandson who would later become <a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">King Gyanendra</a>. With Indian support for a new government consisting largely of the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a>, King Tribhuvan ended the Rana regime in 1951. </p><p>Unsuccessful attempts were made to implement reforms and adopt a constitution during the 1960s and 1970s. An economic crisis at the end of the 1980s led to a popular movement that brought about parliamentary elections and the adoption of a constitutional monarchy in 1990. The 1990s saw the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a> (1996–2006), a conflict between government forces and the insurgent forces of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</a>. The situation of the Nepalese monarchy was further destabilised by the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal massacre</a>. </p><p>As a result of the massacre, King Gyanendra returned to the throne. His imposition of direct rule in 2005 provoked a <a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">protest movement</a> unifying the <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> insurgency and pro-democracy activists. He was eventually forced to restore the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">House of Representatives</a>, which in 2007 adopted an interim constitution greatly restricting the powers of the Nepalese monarchy. Following an <a href="/wiki/2008_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">election held the next year</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" title="1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Nepalese Constituent Assembly</a> formally abolished the kingdom in its first session on 28 May 2008, declaring the <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal</a> in its place. </p><p>Until the abolition of the monarchy, Nepal was the world's only country to have <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> as its <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>; since becoming a republic, the country is now formally a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins">Origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prithvi_Narayan_Shah_(oldest_picture).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah_%28oldest_picture%29.jpg/220px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah_%28oldest_picture%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah_%28oldest_picture%29.jpg/330px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah_%28oldest_picture%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah_%28oldest_picture%29.jpg/440px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah_%28oldest_picture%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> the last king of the Gorkhas and the first king of the Nepalese kingdom after successfully conquering</figcaption></figure> <p>The country was expanded from the one of the <a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubise principality</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelpton2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelpton2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Nepal, the warrior people are not referred to as 'Gurkhas', they are called 'Gorkhalis', meaning the 'inhabitants of Gorkha.' Their famed battle cry is <i>"Jai <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, Jai <a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Gorakhnath</a>, Jai <a href="/wiki/Manakamana_Temple" title="Manakamana Temple">Manakamana</a>"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamal199598_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamal199598-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The etymology of the geographical name 'Gorkha' is indeed related to the Hindu mendicant-saint <a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakhnath</a>. In the village of Gorkha, there is a temple dedicated to Gorakhnath as well as another dedicated to Gorakhkali, a corresponding female deity. The Nepali geographical encyclopedia <i>'Mechi dekhi Mahakali'</i> (From Mechi to Mahakali) published in <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">B.S.</a> 2013 (1974–75 AD) by the authoritarian Panchayat government to mark the coronation of King Birendra Shah agrees with the association of the name of the place with the saint but does not add any further detail.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechi-dekhi_Mahakali_p._70_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechi-dekhi_Mahakali_p._70-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facts regarding when the temples were built and the place named after the saint are lost in the sweeping winds of time. We may guess that these developments took place in the early part of the second millennium of the Common Era following the rise of the Nath sect. In fact, the pilgrimage circuit of the sect across the northern Indian sub-continent also spans a major part of Nepal including the Kathmandu Valley. The <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newars</a> of Medieval Nepal have a couple of important temples and festivals dedicated to the major Nath teachers. Immediately before the rule of Gorkha by the Shahs, <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha</a> was inhabited by both aboriginee Aryan and Tibetan Mongoloid ethnic groups <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magars</a> the largest among the ethnic groups and ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magars</a>, Khadka Magar sub-clan of Rana-Magar and Ghale Magar sub-clan of Thapa-Magar clan, who were probably of <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magar</a> origin. At first, <a href="/wiki/Dravya_Shah" title="Dravya Shah">Dravya Shah</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Liglig" title="Liglig">Liglig-kot</a> kingdom from <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magars</a> King Dalsur Ghale Magar.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gangaram Rana Magar also helped Drabya Shah. After captured Ligligkot, (now Gorkha) <a href="/wiki/Dravya_Shah" title="Dravya Shah">Dravya Shah</a> defeated the King <a href="/wiki/Mansingh_Khadka_Magar" title="Mansingh Khadka Magar">Mansingh Khadka Magar</a> in 1559 AD and commenced Shah rule over the principality.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechi-dekhi_Mahakali_p._70_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechi-dekhi_Mahakali_p._70-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> belonged to the ninth generation of the Shahs in Gorkha. He took the reins of power in 1742 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion">Expansion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg/250px-Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg/375px-Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg/500px-Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>The king's palace on a hill in <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Municipality" title="Gorkha Municipality">Gorkha</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, the ruler of the small <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha</a>, initially drafted the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Army" title="Nepali Army">Gorkhali Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2015153_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2015153-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chief of the Gorkhali Army were drawn from <a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a> noble families of <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pande_family" title="Pande family">Pande family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basnyat_family" title="Basnyat family">Basnyat family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa dynasty</a> before the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2015154_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2015154-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first civilian army chief was <i>Kaji</i> <a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Kalu Pande</a> who had significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">campaign of Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2015153_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2015153-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was considered as an army head due to the undertaking of duties and responsibilities of the army but not by the formalization of the title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2015153_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2015153-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Nuwakot">Battle of Nuwakot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Nuwakot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamshidhar_Kalu_Pande.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bamshidhar_Kalu_Pande.jpg/220px-Bamshidhar_Kalu_Pande.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bamshidhar_Kalu_Pande.jpg/330px-Bamshidhar_Kalu_Pande.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Bamshidhar_Kalu_Pande.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kaji</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Vamshidhar "Kalu" Pande</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pande_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pande dynasty">Pande dynasty</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kaji</a></i> (equivalent to Prime Minister) of Gorkha; Commander of Gorkhali forces at victorious battle of Nuwakot</figcaption></figure> <p>The first battle by Gorkhali forces united under King Prithvi Narayan Shah was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuwakot" title="Battle of Nuwakot">Battle of Nuwakot</a>. The first army commander was <i>Kaji</i> Kalu Pande of the Pande noble family of Gorkha and <a href="/wiki/Jayant_Rana" title="Jayant Rana">Jayant Rana Magar</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kaji</a> of Gorkha) was appointed General by King of Kantiur <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Prakash_Malla" title="Jaya Prakash Malla">Jaya Prakash Malla</a> to defend Nuwakot against Gorkha. Pande put up tactics to attack Nuwakot, a strategic fort of <a href="/wiki/Malla_(Kathmandu_Valley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Kathmandu Valley)">Malla king of Kathmandu</a>, from multiple sides by surprise. On 26 September 1744, Pande with a contingent of soldiers climbed from the northern side of Nuwakot city at Mahamandal. He led the surprise attack with a Gorkhali war cry of <i>"Jai <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, Jai <a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Gorakhnath</a>, Jai <a href="/wiki/Manakamana_Temple" title="Manakamana Temple">Manakamana</a>"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamal199598_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamal199598-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panicked soldiers of Nuwakot under commander Shankha Mani Rana Magar (son of <a href="/wiki/Jayant_Rana" title="Jayant Rana">Jayant Rana Magar</a>) tried to defend but lost after their commander was killed by the 13-year-old <a href="/wiki/Dal_Mardan_Shah" title="Dal Mardan Shah">Prince Dal Mardan Shah</a>, brother of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmy_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second contingent of Gorkhali forces led by <i>Chautariya</i> <a href="/wiki/Mahoddam_Kirti_Shah" title="Mahoddam Kirti Shah">Mahoddam Kirti Shah</a> (also a brother of the king) passed Dharampani and faced strong tussle but ultimately won over the defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmy_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third part of the forces, led by the king himself, advanced to the fort of Nuwakotgadhi after the capture of Mahamandal. The soldiers panicked by death of their commander fled to Belkot (<a href="/wiki/Jayant_Rana" title="Jayant Rana">Jayant Rana Magar</a> second fort) from the Nuwakot fort and Nuwakot was annexed by Gorkha.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmy_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Kirtipur">Battle of Kirtipur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Kirtipur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorkha3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gorkha3.jpg/220px-Gorkha3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gorkha3.jpg/330px-Gorkha3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gorkha3.jpg/440px-Gorkha3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Gorkhali soldiers preparing war against Kathmandu Valley</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite his initial resentment that the valley kings were well prepared and the Gorkhalis were not, <i>Kaji</i> Kalu Pande agreed for a battle against the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kirtipur" title="Kirtipur">Kirtipur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu valley">Kathmandu valley</a> on being insisted by the king. The Gorkhalis had set up a base in Naikap to mount their assaults on Kirtipur. They were armed with swords, bows and arrows and <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two forces fought on the plain of <i>Tyangla Phant</i> in the northwest of Kirtipur. Surapratap Shah, the king's brother, lost his right eye to an arrow while scaling the city wall. The Gorkhali commander <i>Kaji</i> Kalu Pande was surrounded and killed, and the Gorkhali king himself narrowly escaped with his life into the surrounding hills disguised as a saint.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1767, King Prithvi Narayan Shah sent his army to attack Kirtipur for a third time under the command of Surapratap. In response, the three kings of the valley joined forces and sent their troops to the relief of Kirtipur, but they could not dislodge the Gorkhalis from their positions. A noble of Lalitpur named Danuvanta crossed over to Shah's side and treacherously let the Gorkhalis into the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_1811_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick_1811-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annexation_of_Makwanpur_&_Hariharpur"><span id="Annexation_of_Makwanpur_.26_Hariharpur"></span>Annexation of Makwanpur & Hariharpur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Annexation of Makwanpur & Hariharpur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King Digbardhan Sen and his minister Kanak Singh Baniya had already sent their families to safer grounds before the encirclement of their fortress. The Gorkhalis launched an attack on 21 August 1762. The battle lasted for eight hours. King Digbardhan and Kanak Singh escaped to Hariharpurgadhi. Makawanpur was thus annexed by the Gorkhali forces.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmy_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After occupying the <a href="/wiki/Makawanpurgadhi_Rural_Municipality" title="Makawanpurgadhi Rural Municipality">Makawanpurgadhi</a> fort, the Gorkhali forces started planning for an attack on <a href="/wiki/Hariharpur_Gadhi_(fort)" title="Hariharpur Gadhi (fort)">Hariharpurgadhi</a>, a strategic fort on a mountain ridge of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range" title="Lower Himalayan Range">Mahabharat range</a> south of Kathmandu. It controlled the route to the Kathmandu valley. At the dusk of 4 October 1762, the Gorkhalis launched an attack. The soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Hariharpur_Gadhi_(fort)" title="Hariharpur Gadhi (fort)">Hariharpurgadhi</a> fought valiantly against the Gorkhali forces but were ultimately forced to vacate the <i>Gadhi</i> (fort) after midnight. About 500 soldiers of Hariharpur died in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmy_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawab of Bengal</a> extended his help to kings of <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu valley</a> with his forces to attack the Gorkhali forces. On 20 January 1763, Gorkhali commander <a href="/wiki/Vamsharaj_Pande" title="Vamsharaj Pande">Vamsharaj Pande</a> won the battle against Mir Qasim.<sup id="cite_ref-army_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-army-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Captain Kinloch of British East India Company also extended his support by sending contingents against Gorkhalis. King Prithvi Narayan sent <i>Kaji</i> Vamsharaj Pande, <a href="/wiki/Naahar_Singh_Basnyat" title="Naahar Singh Basnyat">Naahar Singh Basnyat</a>, Jeeva Shah, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Krishna_Kunwar" title="Ram Krishna Kunwar">Ram Krishna Kunwar</a> and others to defeat the forces of Gurgin Khan at Makwanpur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya1993180_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya1993180-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamal1995202_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamal1995202-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conquest_of_Kathmandu_valley_and_Declaration_of_Kingdom_of_Nepal">Conquest of Kathmandu valley and Declaration of Kingdom of Nepal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conquest of Kathmandu valley and Declaration of Kingdom of Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirtipur" title="Battle of Kirtipur">Battle of Kirtipur</a> climaxed Shah's two-decade-long effort to take possession of the wealthy Kathmandu valley. After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Kirtipur" title="Kirtipur">Kirtipur</a>, Shah took over the cities of <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a> in 1768 and <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a> in 1769, completing his conquest of the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_1811_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick_1811-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Ram Krishna Kunwar, King Prithvi Narayan Shah expressed his unhappiness at the death of <i>Kaji</i> Kalu Pande in <a href="/wiki/Kirtipur" title="Kirtipur">Kirtipur</a> and thought it was impossible to conquer <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu valley">Kathmandu valley</a> after the death of Kalu Pande.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya1993151_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya1993151-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the annexation of Kathmandu valley, King <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> praised in his letter about the valour and wisdom shown by Kunwar in the annexation of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur (collectively known as Nepal valley at the time).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi197295_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi197295-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vamsharaj Pande, Kalu Pande's eldest son, was the commander of the Gorkhali forces who led the attack during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhaktapur" title="Battle of Bhaktapur">Battle of Bhaktapur</a> on 14 April 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya1993163_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya1993163-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conquest_of_the_Kirata">Conquest of the Kirata</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conquest of the Kirata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abhiman_Singh_Basnyat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Abhiman_Singh_Basnyat.jpg/220px-Abhiman_Singh_Basnyat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Abhiman_Singh_Basnyat.jpg/330px-Abhiman_Singh_Basnyat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Abhiman_Singh_Basnyat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abhiman_Singh_Basnet" title="Abhiman Singh Basnet">Abhiman Singh Basnyat</a>, a military commander and later <i>Mulkaji</i></figcaption></figure> <p>King Prithvi Narayan Shah had deployed <i>Sardar</i> Ram Krishna Kunwar to the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kirata_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirata Kingdom">Kirata</a> regional areas comprising; Pallo Kirant (<a href="/wiki/Limbuwan" title="Limbuwan">Limbuwan</a>), Wallo Kirant and Majh Kirant (Khambuwan).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamal1995180_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamal1995180-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On B.S. 1829 Bhadra 13 (i.e. 29 August 1772), Kunwar crossed the <a href="/wiki/Dudh_Koshi" title="Dudh Koshi">Dudhkoshi river</a> to invade King Karna Sen of the Majh Kirant (Khambuwan) and Saptari region<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegmi197295_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegmi197295-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with fellow commander <a href="/wiki/Abhiman_Singh_Basnet" title="Abhiman Singh Basnet">Abhiman Singh Basnyat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya1993165_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya1993165-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then crossed the <a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China%E2%80%93Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China–Nepal">Arun river</a> to reach Chainpur (<a href="/wiki/Limbuwan" title="Limbuwan">Limbuwan</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya1993167_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya1993167-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he later achieved victory over the Kiratas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamal1995181_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamal1995181-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Prithvi Narayan Shah bestowed 22 pairs of <i>Shirpau</i> (special headgear) in appreciation to Ram Krishna Kunwar after his victory over the Kirata region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamal1995181_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamal1995181-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_conflicts">Political conflicts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1775, the <a href="/wiki/King_Prithivi_Narayan_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="King Prithivi Narayan Shah">King Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, who expanded the Gorkha Kingdom into the Kingdom of Nepal, died in <a href="/wiki/Nuwakot_Palace" title="Nuwakot Palace">Nuwakot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199073_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199073-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swarup_Singh_Karki" title="Swarup Singh Karki">Swarup Singh Karki</a>, a shrewd Gorkhali courtier from a Chhetri family of eastern Nepal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1997142_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1997142-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marched with an army to Nuwakot to confine <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah of Nepal">Prince Bahadur Shah</a> who was then mourning the death of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199073_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199073-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He confined Bahadur Shah and Dal Mardan Shah with the consent from newly reigning <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_Shah" title="Pratap Singh Shah">King Pratap Singh Shah</a> who was considered to have no distinction of right and wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199073_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199073-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the annual <i>Pajani</i> (renewal) of that year, Swarup Singh was promoted to the position of <i>Kaji</i> along with Abhiman Singh Basnyat, <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Thapa" title="Amar Singh Thapa">Amar Singh Thapa</a> and Parashuram Thapa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199073_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199073-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Falgun 1832 B.S., he succeeded in exiling Bahadur Shah, Dal Mardan Shah and <i>Guru</i> Gajraj Mishra on three heinous charges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199074_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199074-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reign of Pratap Singh Shah was characterized by the constant rivalry between Swarup Singh and Vamsharaj Pande.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaha199043_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaha199043-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document dated B.S. 1833 Bhadra 3 <i>Roj</i> 6 (i.e. Friday, 2 August 1776), shows that he had carried the title of Dewan along with Vamsharaj Pande.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975272_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975272-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Pratap Singh Shah died on 22 November 1777<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200536_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200536-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his infant son <a href="/wiki/Rana_Bahadur_Shah" title="Rana Bahadur Shah">Rana Bahadur Shah</a> succeeding as the King of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975285_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975285-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana_Magar" title="Sarbajit Rana Magar">Sarbajit Rana Magar</a> was made a <i><a href="/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)" title="Kaji (Nepal)">Kaji</a></i> along with <a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Shah" title="Balbhadra Shah">Balbhadra Shah</a> and Vamsharaj Pande<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaha199046_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaha199046-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Daljit_Shah" title="Daljit Shah">Daljit Shah</a> was chosen as Chief <i>Chautariya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975285_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975285-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaha199046_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaha199046-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Dilli_Raman_Regmi" title="Dilli Raman Regmi">Dilli Raman Regmi</a> asserts that <a href="/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbajit Rana">Sarbajit Rana Magar</a> was chosen as <i>Mulkaji</i> (equivalent to Prime Minister),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975285_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975285-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while historian <a href="/wiki/Rishikesh_Shah" title="Rishikesh Shah">Rishikesh Shah</a> asserts that Sarbajit Rana was the head of the Nepalese government only for a short period in 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaha200121_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaha200121-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, rivalry arose between Prince Bahadur Shah and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Rajendra_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Rajendra of Nepal">Queen Rajendra Laxmi</a>. Sarbajit Rana led the followers of the Queen opposed to Sriharsh Pant who led the followers of Bahadur Shah.<sup id="cite_ref-himalaya_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himalaya-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group of <i>Bharadars</i> (officers) led by Sarbajit badmouthed Rajendra Laxmi against Bahadur Shah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERana19786_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERana19786-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Rajendra Laxmi succeeded in the confinement of Bahadur Shah with the help of her new minister <a href="/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbajit Rana">Sarbajit Rana Magar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahesh_Chandra_Regmi1975214_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahesh_Chandra_Regmi1975214-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Guru</i> Gajraj Mishra came to the rescue of Bahadur Shah on a condition that Bahadur Shah should leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahesh_Chandra_Regmi1975214_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahesh_Chandra_Regmi1975214-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTET.U._History_Association19775_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTET.U._History_Association19775-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, his rival Sriharsh Pant was branded outcast and expelled instead of being executed as execution was prohibited for <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-himalaya_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himalaya-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prince Bahadur Shah confined his sister-in-law Queen <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Rajya_Laxmi_Devi" title="Rajendra Rajya Laxmi Devi">Rajendra Laxmi</a> on the charge of having illicit relation with <a href="/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbajit Rana"> Sarbajit Rana Magar</a> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975215_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975215-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 31 August 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200536_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200536-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975294_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED.R._Regmi1975294-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBajracharya199221_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBajracharya199221-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Sarbajit was executed inside the palace by Bahadur Shah<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahesh_Chandra_Regmi1975215_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahesh_Chandra_Regmi1975215-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199076_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199076-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the help of male servants of the royal palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahesh_Chandra_Regmi1975215_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahesh_Chandra_Regmi1975215-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Bhadra Ratna Bajracharya asserts that it was actually <i>Chautariya</i> Daljit Shah who led the opposing group against <a href="/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbajit Rana"> Sarbajit Rana Magar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Rajya_Laxmi_Devi" title="Rajendra Rajya Laxmi Devi">Queen Rajendra Rajya Laxmi Devi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBajracharya199221–22_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBajracharya199221–22-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter dated B.S. 1835 Bhadra 11 <i>Roj</i> 4 (1778) to Narayan Malla and Vrajabasi Pande asserts the death of Sarbajit under misconduct and the appointment of Bahadur Shah as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200536_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200536-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of <a href="/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbajit Rana">Sarbajit Rana Magar</a> is considered to have marked the initiation of court conspiracies and massacres in the newly unified Kingdom of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTET.U._History_Association19775_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTET.U._History_Association19775-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Baburam_Acharya" title="Baburam Acharya">Baburam Acharya</a> points that the sanctions against Queen Rajendra Laxmi under moral misconduct was a mistake of Bahadur Shah. Similarly, the murder of <a href="/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana_Magar" title="Sarbajit Rana Magar">Sarbajit Rana Magar</a> was condemned by many historians as an act of injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBajracharya199222_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBajracharya199222-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vamsharaj Pande, once Dewan of Nepal and son of the popular commander Kalu Pande, was beheaded on the allegations of conspiring with Queen Rajendra Laxmi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200546_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200546-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaha200162_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaha200162-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a special tribunal meeting at Bhandarkhal garden east of Kathmandu Durbar, Swaroop Singh held Vamsharaj liable for letting the King of Parbat, Kirtibam Malla, run away in the battle a year ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBajracharya199235_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBajracharya199235-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a fiery conversation with Vamsharaj before Vamsharaj was declared guilty and was subsequently executed by beheading on the tribunal.<sup id="cite_ref-himalaya_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himalaya-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Rishikesh_Shah" title="Rishikesh Shah">Rishikesh Shah</a> and Ganga Karmacharya claim that he was executed in March 1785,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200546_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200546-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaha200162_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaha200162-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Bhadra Ratna Bajracharya and Tulsi Ram Vaidya claim that he was executed on 21 April 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBajracharya199235_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBajracharya199235-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-himalaya_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himalaya-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 July 1785, Swaroop Singh's opponent Prince Regent Bahadur Shah was arrested, but on the eleventh day of imprisonment, on 13 July, Singh's only supporter Queen Rajendra Laxmi died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200546_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200546-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaha200162_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaha200162-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then onwards, Bahadur Shah took over the regency of his nephew King Rana Bahadur Shah<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201210_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201210-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as one of his first orders as the regent, he ordered Swaroop Singh, who was then in <a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a>, to be beheaded there<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199077_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199077-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaha200163_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaha200163-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the charges of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamal199581_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamal199581-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singh had gone to Kaski to join Daljit Shah's military campaign of Kaski fearing retaliation of the old courtiers due to his conspiracy against Vamsharaj. He was executed on B.S. 1842 Shrawan 24.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199077_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuratattva_Bibhag199077-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tibetan_conflict">Tibetan conflict</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tibetan conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></div> <p>After the death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the Shah dynasty began to expand their kingdom into what is present-day <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. Between 1788 and 1791, Nepal invaded Tibet and robbed <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo Monastery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>. Tibet sought Chinese help and the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Fuk%27anggan" title="Fuk'anggan">Fuk'anggan</a> commander-in-chief of the Tibetan campaign. Heavy damages were inflicted on both sides. The Nepali forces retreated step by step back to Nuwakot to stretch Sino-Tibetan forces uncomfortably. Chinese launched an uphill attack during the daylight and failed to succeed due to a strong counterattack with <a href="/wiki/Kukri" title="Kukri">khukuri</a> at Nuwakot.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmythree_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmythree-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese army suffered a major setback when they tried to cross a monsoon-flooded Betrawati, close to the Gorkhali palace in Nuwakot.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stalemate ensued when Fuk'anggan was keen to protect his troops and wanted to negotiate at Nuwakot. The treaty was favouring more to Chinese side where Nepal had to send tributes to the Chinese emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmythree_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmythree-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dominance_of_Damodar_Pande">Dominance of Damodar Pande</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dominance of Damodar Pande"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pande_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pande dynasty">Pande dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damodar_Pande.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Damodar_Pande.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a>, <i>Mulkaji</i> of Nepal from the Pande aristocratic family</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a> was appointed as one of the four Kajis by <a href="/wiki/Rana_Bahadur_Shah" title="Rana Bahadur Shah">King Rana Bahadur Shah</a> after the removal of <i>Chautariya</i> Bahadur Shah in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201212_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201212-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pande was the most influential and dominant amongst the court factions in spite of the post of <i>Mulkaji</i> being held by <a href="/wiki/Kirtiman_Singh_Basnyat" title="Kirtiman Singh Basnyat">Kirtiman Singh Basnyat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201212_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201212-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandes were the most dominant noble family. Later due to the continuous irrational behaviour of King Rana Bahadur Shah, a situation of civil war arose where Damodar was the main opposition to the King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya201228–32_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya201228–32-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was forced to flee to the British-controlled city of <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> in May 1800 after the military parted with influential <i>Kaji</i> Damodar Pande.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201213_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201213-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya201228–32_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya201228–32-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Raj_Rajeshwari_Devi" title="Raj Rajeshwari Devi">Queen Rajrajeshwari</a> finally managed to assume the regency on 17 December 1802,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan201214_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan201214-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya201236–37_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya201236–37-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later in February she appointed Damodar Pande as the <i>Mulkaji</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya201243_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya201243-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Rana Bahadur's reinstatement to power, he ordered Damodar Pande, along with his two eldest sons, who were completely innocent, to be executed on 13 March 1804; similarly, some members of his faction were tortured and executed without any due trial, while many others managed to escape to India. Among those who managed to escape to India were Damodar Pande's sons <a href="/wiki/Karbir_Pande" title="Karbir Pande">Karbir Pande</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rana_Jang_Pande" title="Rana Jang Pande">Rana Jang Pande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya201254_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya201254-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya201254_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya201254-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENepal200757_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENepal200757-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Damodar Pande's execution, <a href="/wiki/Ranajit_Pande" title="Ranajit Pande">Ranajit Pande</a> who was his paternal cousin, was appointed <i>Mulkaji</i> along with Bhimsen Thapa as second <i>Kaji</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sher_Bahadur_Shah" title="Sher Bahadur Shah">Sher Bahadur Shah</a> as <i>Mul Chautariya</i> and <a href="/wiki/Ranganath_Paudel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranganath Paudel">Ranganath Paudel</a> as <i>Raj Guru</i> (Royal Preceptor).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENepal200758_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENepal200758-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya201255_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya201255-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thapa_Regime">Thapa Regime</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thapa Regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhimsen_Thapa_of_Nepal_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bhimsen_Thapa_of_Nepal_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Bhimsen_Thapa_of_Nepal_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bhimsen_Thapa_of_Nepal_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><i>Mukhtiyar</i> <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a>, founder of Khas <a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Thapa courtiers, who were Kshatriya, rose to power when the King Rana Bahadur Shah was murdered by his half brother Sher Bahadur Shah in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-Pradhan_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pradhan-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a> (1775–1839), the leading <a href="/wiki/Thapa_Kaji" title="Thapa Kaji">Thapa Kaji</a>, taking opportunity of the occasion massacred nearly 55 military and civil officers and catapulting the Thapas into the power.<sup id="cite_ref-Pradhan_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pradhan-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took the title of <i>Mukhtiyar</i> succeeding Rana Bahadur as the chief authority and his niece <a href="/wiki/Queen_Tripurasundari_of_Nepal" title="Queen Tripurasundari of Nepal">Queen Tripurasundari</a> as Queen Regent of junior <a href="/wiki/Girvan_Yuddha_Bikram_Shah" title="Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah">King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglo-Nepalese_War">Anglo-Nepalese War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anglo-Nepalese War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lost_territories_of_Nepal_after_Treaty_of_Sugauli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Lost_territories_of_Nepal_after_Treaty_of_Sugauli.jpg/220px-Lost_territories_of_Nepal_after_Treaty_of_Sugauli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Lost_territories_of_Nepal_after_Treaty_of_Sugauli.jpg/330px-Lost_territories_of_Nepal_after_Treaty_of_Sugauli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Lost_territories_of_Nepal_after_Treaty_of_Sugauli.jpg/440px-Lost_territories_of_Nepal_after_Treaty_of_Sugauli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>Territories ceded by Nepal after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rivalry between Nepal and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>—over the princely states bordering Nepal and India—eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> (1814–16). The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a> was signed in 1816, ceding large parts of the Nepali territories of the Terai and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, which accounted to nearly one-third of the country, to the East India Company in exchange for Nepalese <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous entity">autonomy</a>. As the territories were not restored to Nepal by the British government when India became <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independent from British rule</a>, most of these lands later became a part of the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>. Sikkim remained independent until annexed into India in 1975 when it becomes <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">the 22nd state of the Republic of India</a>. However, in 1860 the British returned the authority over some of Nepal's land in the Terai back to Nepal (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Naya_Muluk" title="Naya Muluk">Naya Muluk</a></i>, new country) as an act of gratitude for Nepalese support to Britain during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rana_Regime">Rana Regime</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rana Regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandra_Shamsher_and_sons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chandra_Shamsher_and_sons.jpg/220px-Chandra_Shamsher_and_sons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chandra_Shamsher_and_sons.jpg/330px-Chandra_Shamsher_and_sons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chandra_Shamsher_and_sons.jpg/440px-Chandra_Shamsher_and_sons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Maharaja of Kaski and Lamjung and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister of Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shamsher_Jang_Bahadur_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana">Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana</a> and his 8 sons who were one of the most powerful factions of Ranas of Nepal</figcaption></figure> <p>Factionalism among the royal family led to a period of instability after the war. In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Lakshmi_Devi" title="Rajya Lakshmi Devi">Queen Rajya Lakshmi Devi</a> plotted to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jang Bahadur Rana</a>, a fast-rising military leader who was presenting a threat to her power. The plot was uncovered and the queen had several hundred princes and chieftains executed after an armed clash between military personnel and administrators loyal to the queen. This came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Kot_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kot Massacre">Kot Massacre</a>. However, Jung Bahadur emerged victorious eventually and founded the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a>; the monarch was made a titular figure, and the post of Prime Minister was made powerful and hereditary, held by the Ranas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Nepalese_Tibet_War">Third Nepalese Tibet War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Third Nepalese Tibet War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepalese-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese-Tibetan War">Nepalese-Tibetan War</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a> sent forces under his brothers <a href="/wiki/Bam_Bahadur_Kunwar" title="Bam Bahadur Kunwar">Bam Bahadur Kunwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhir_Shamsher_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhir Shamsher Rana">Dhir Shamsher Rana</a> to attack Tibet again to achieve complete victory. His forces succeeded in defeating Tibetan forces on two sides. The Tibetan team arrived in January 1856 to sign a treaty. After a month, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a> was signed which was more favourable to Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmythree_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmythree-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RaniOfNepal1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/RaniOfNepal1920.jpg/250px-RaniOfNepal1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/RaniOfNepal1920.jpg/375px-RaniOfNepal1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/RaniOfNepal1920.jpg/500px-RaniOfNepal1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Rani (Queen) of Nepal surrounded by her Ladies-in-Waiting, 1920</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal_and_the_British">Nepal and the British</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nepal and the British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rana regime, a tightly centralized <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, pursued a policy of isolating Nepal from external influences. This policy helped Nepal maintain its national independence during the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial era</a>, but it also impeded the country's economic development and modernisation. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British and assisted the British during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> and later in both <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World Wars</a>. At the same time, despite Chinese claims, the British supported Nepalese independence at the beginning of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1923, Britain and Nepal formally signed a <a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">treaty of perpetual peace and friendship</a> superseding the Sugauli Treaty of 1816 and upgrading the British resident in Kathmandu to an envoy. Slavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_reform">Democratic reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Democratic reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democracy_movement_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy movement in Nepal">Democracy movement in Nepal</a></div> <p>Popular dissatisfaction against the family rule of the Ranas had started emerging from among the few educated people, who had studied in various Indian schools and colleges, and also from within the Ranas, many of whom were marginalised within the ruling Rana hierarchy. Many of these Nepalese in exile had actively taken part in the Indian Independence struggle and wanted to liberate Nepal as well from the internal autocratic Rana occupation. The political parties such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Praja_Parishad" title="Nepal Praja Parishad">Praja Parishad</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> were already formed in exile by leaders such as <a href="/wiki/B._P._Koirala" class="mw-redirect" title="B. P. Koirala">B.P. Koirala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Man_Singh" title="Ganesh Man Singh">Ganesh Man Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subarna_Shamsher_Rana" title="Subarna Shamsher Rana">Subarna Shamsher Rana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Prasad_Bhattarai" title="Krishna Prasad Bhattarai">Krishna Prasad Bhattarai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girija_Prasad_Koirala" title="Girija Prasad Koirala">Girija Prasad Koirala</a> and many other patriotic-minded Nepalis who urged the military and popular political movement in Nepal to overthrow the autocratic Rana Regime. Among the prominent martyrs to die for the cause, executed at the hands of the Ranas, were <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Bhakta_Mathema" title="Dharma Bhakta Mathema">Dharma Bhakta Mathema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shukraraj_Shastri" title="Shukraraj Shastri">Shukraraj Shastri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangalal_Shrestha" title="Gangalal Shrestha">Gangalal Shrestha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dashrath_Chand" title="Dashrath Chand">Dasharath Chand</a>. This turmoil culminated in <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">King Tribhuvan</a>, a direct descendant of Prithvi Narayan Shah, fleeing from his 'palace prison' in 1950, to the newly independent India, touching off an armed revolt against the Rana administration. This eventually ended in the return of the Shah family to power and the appointment of a non-Rana as prime minister. A period of the quasi-constitutional rule followed, during which the monarch, assisted by the leaders of fledgling political parties, governed the country. During the 1950s, efforts were made to frame a constitution for Nepal that would establish a representative form of government, based on a British model. </p><p>In early 1959, Tribhuvan's son <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">King Mahendra</a> issued a new constitution, and the first democratic elections for a national assembly were held. The Nepali Congress, a moderate socialist group, gained a substantial victory in the election. Its leader, B.P. Koirala, formed a government and served as prime minister. After a period of power wrangling between the king and the elected government, Mahendra dissolved the democratic experiment in 1960. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="King_Mahendra's_new_constitution"><span id="King_Mahendra.27s_new_constitution"></span>King Mahendra's new constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: King Mahendra's new constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat (Nepal)</a></div> <p>Declaring the contemporary parliament a failure, King Mahendra in 1960 dismissed the Koirala government, declared that a "party-less" <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a> system would govern Nepal, and promulgated another new constitution on 16 December 1962. </p><p>Subsequently, the Prime Minister, members of parliament and hundreds of democratic activists were arrested. In fact, this trend of the arrest of political activists and democratic supporters continued for the entire 30-year period of the partyless Panchayat system under King Mahendra and then his son, <a href="/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal" title="Birendra of Nepal">King Birendra</a>. </p><p>The new constitution established a "partyless" system of panchayats (councils), which King Mahendra considered to be a democratic form of government, closer to Nepalese traditions. As a pyramidal structure, progressing from village assemblies to a <a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Panchayat" title="Rastriya Panchayat">Rastriya Panchayat</a> (National Parliament), the panchayat system constitutionalised the absolute power of the monarchy and kept the King as head of state with sole authority over all governmental institutions, including the cabinet (council of ministers) and the parliament. One-state-one-language became the national policy, and all other languages suffered at the cost of the official language, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, which was the king's language. </p><p>King Mahendra was succeeded by his 27-year-old son, King Birendra, in 1972. Amid student demonstrations and anti-regime activities in 1979, King Birendra called for a <a href="/wiki/1980_Nepalese_governmental_system_referendum" title="1980 Nepalese governmental system referendum">national referendum</a> to decide on the nature of Nepal's government: either the continuation of the panchayat system with democratic reforms or the establishment of a multiparty system. The referendum was held in May 1980, and the Panchayat system won a narrow victory. The king carried out the promised reforms, including a selection of the prime minister by the Rashtriya Panchayat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_Panchayat_system">End of Panchayat system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: End of Panchayat system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was resentment against the authoritarian regime and the curbs on the freedom of the political parties. There was a widespread feeling of the palace being non-representative of the masses, especially when the <a href="/wiki/Marich_Man_Singh_Shrestha" title="Marich Man Singh Shrestha">Marich Man Singh</a> government faced political scandals on charges of misappropriation of funds allotted for the victims of the <a href="/wiki/1988_Nepal_earthquake" title="1988 Nepal earthquake">earthquake in August 1998</a> or when it reshuffled the cabinet instead of investigating the deaths of the people in a stampede in the national sports complex in a hailstorm. Also, the souring of the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="India–Nepal relations">India-Nepal trade relations</a> affected the popularity of the Singh government. </p><p>In April 1987, Nepal had introduced the work permit for Indian workers in three of its districts, and in early 1989, Nepal provided 40% duty concession to Chinese goods and later withdrew duty concessions from Indian goods in such a manner that the Chinese goods became cheaper than the Indian goods. This led to the souring of relations which were already strained over the purchase of Chinese arms by Nepal in 1988. India refused to renew two separate Treaties of Trade and Transit and insisted on a single treaty dealing with the two issues, which was not acceptable to Nepal. A deadlock ensued and the Treaties of Trade and Transit expired on 23 March 1989. The brunt of the closure of the trade and transit points was mainly faced by the lower classes in Nepal due to the restricted supply of consumer goods and petroleum products such as petrol, aviation fuel and kerosene. The industries suffered because of their dependence on India for resources, trade and transit. The Government of Nepal tried to deal with the situation by depending on foreign aid from the US, UK, Australia and China. However, the government's strategy to manage the crisis could not satisfy those people who desired negotiations with India rather than dependence on foreign aid as a solution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Taking advantage of the uneasiness amongst some people against the government and the strained India-Nepal relations, the Nepali Congress (NC) and the left-wing parties blamed the government for perpetuating the crisis and not taking any serious measures to solve it. In December 1989, the NC tried to utilize B.P. Koirala's anniversary by launching a people's awareness program. The left-wing alliance known as the United Left Front (ULF) extended its support to the NC in its campaign for a party system. On 18–19 January 1990, the NC held a conference in which leaders from various countries and members of the foreign Press were invited. Leaders from India attended the conference; Germany, Japan, Spain, Finland supported the movement; and the Embassies of the US and West Germany were present on the occasion. Inspired by the international support and the democratic movements occurring throughout the world after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1989, the NC and the ULF launched a mass movement on 18 February to end the Panchayat regime and the installation of an interim government represented by various parties and people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 6 April the Marich Man Singh government was dismissed and Lokendra Bahadur Chand became the Prime Minister on the same day. However, the agitating mob was not satisfied with the change of government as they were not against the Singh government per se but against the party-less system. On 16 April the Chand government was also dismissed and a Royal Proclamation was issued the next day which dissolved the National Panchayat, the Panchayat policy and the evaluation committee and the class organizations. Instead, the proclamation declared "functioning of the political parties" and maintained that "all political parties will always keep the national interest uppermost in organizing themselves according to their political ideology."<i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></i> </p><p>During this protest many civilians were killed; after the end of the Panchayat rule they were seen as 'undeclared martyrs'. One of those martyrs is Ram Chandra Hamal, a member of the Nepali Congress and killed during his imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990_People's_Movement"><span id="1990_People.27s_Movement"></span>1990 People's Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1990 People's Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">1990 Nepalese revolution</a></div> <p>People in rural areas had expected that their interests would be better represented after the adoption of parliamentary democracy in 1990. The <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> with the support of "Alliance of leftist parties" decided to launch a decisive agitational movement, <a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan</a>, which forced the monarchy to accept constitutional reforms and to establish a multiparty parliament. In May 1991, Nepal held its first parliamentary elections in nearly 50 years. The Nepali Congress won 110 of the 205 seats and formed the first elected government in 32 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_strife">Civil strife</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Civil strife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, in a situation of economic crisis and chaos, with spiraling prices as a result of the implementation of changes in the policy of the new Congress government, the radical left stepped up their political agitation. A Joint People's Agitation Committee was set up by the various groups.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">general strike</a> was called for 6 April. </p><p>Violent incidents began to occur on the evening before the strike. The Joint People's Agitation Committee had called for a 30-minute 'lights out' in the capital, and violence erupted outside <a href="/wiki/Bir_Hospital" title="Bir Hospital">Bir Hospital</a> when activists tried to enforce the 'lights out'. At dawn on 6 April, clashes between strike activists and police, outside a police station in <a href="/wiki/Palchok" title="Palchok">Pulchok</a> (Patan), left two activists dead. </p><p>Later in the day, a mass rally of the Agitation Committee at <a href="/wiki/Tundikhel" title="Tundikhel">Tundikhel</a> in the capital Kathmandu was attacked by police forces. As a result, riots broke out and the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Telecom" title="Nepal Telecom">Nepal Telecommunications</a> building was set on fire; police opened fire at the crowd, killing several people. The Human Rights Organization of Nepal estimated that 14 people, including several onlookers, had been killed in police firing.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When promised land reforms failed to appear, people in some districts started to organize to enact their own land reform and to gain some power over their lives in the face of usurious landlords. However, this movement was repressed by the Nepali government, in Operation Romeo and Operation Kilo Sera II, which took the lives of many of the leading activists of the struggle. As a result, many witnesses to this repression became radicalized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepalese_Civil_War">Nepalese Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nepalese Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></div> <p>In February 1996, one of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Maoist</a> parties started a bid to replace the parliamentary monarchy with a people's new democratic republic, through a Maoist revolutionary strategy known as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">people's war</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/Baburam_Bhattarai" title="Baburam Bhattarai">Dr. Baburam Bhattarai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a> (better known by his <i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">nom de guerre</a></i> "Prachanda"), the insurgency began in five districts in Nepal: <a href="/wiki/Rolpa_District" title="Rolpa District">Rolpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukum">Rukum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jajarkot_District" title="Jajarkot District">Jajarkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_District" title="Gorkha District">Gorkha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sindhuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhuli">Sindhuli</a>. The Maoists declared the existence of a provisional "people's government" at the district level in several locations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palace_massacre">Palace massacre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Palace massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal massacre</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum.jpg/400px-Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum.jpg/600px-Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum.jpg/800px-Narayanhiti_Palace_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5896" data-file-height="3817" /></a><figcaption>The Narayanhiti Palace where the royal massacre occurred</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 June 2001, Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">Dipendra</a> allegedly went on a <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">shooting-spree</a>, assassinating 9 members of the royal family, including <a href="/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal" title="Birendra of Nepal">King Birendra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Aishwarya_of_Nepal" title="Queen Aishwarya of Nepal">Queen Aishwarya</a>, before shooting himself. Due to his survival, he temporarily became king before dying of his wounds, after which <a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">Prince Gyanendra</a> (Birendra's brother) inherited the throne, according to tradition. The massacre shattered the aura of mythology that still surrounded the Royal Family, exposing their far too human intrigues. </p><p>Meanwhile, the Maoist rebellion escalated, and in October 2002 the king temporarily deposed the government and took complete control of it.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later he reappointed another government, but the country was still unstable because of the civil war with the Maoists, the various clamouring political factions, the king's attempts to take more control of the government, and worries about the competence of Gyanendra's son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Paras_Shah" title="Paras Shah">Prince Paras</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suspension_of_responsible_government">Suspension of responsible government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Suspension of responsible government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the face of unstable governments and a Maoist siege on the Kathmandu Valley in August 2004, popular support for the monarchy began to wane. On 1 February 2005, Gyanendra dismissed the entire government and took to exercising his executive powers without ministerial advice, declaring a "<a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>" to quash the Maoist movement. Politicians were placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>, phone and internet lines were cut, and freedom of the press was severely curtailed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006_democracy_movement">2006 democracy movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2006 democracy movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">2006 Nepalese revolution</a></div> <p>The king's new regime made little progress in his stated aim of suppressing the insurgents. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> described the municipal elections of February 2006 as "a backward step for democracy", as the major parties <a href="/wiki/Election_boycott" title="Election boycott">boycotted the election</a> and the army forced some candidates to run for office.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2006 <a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">strikes and street protests in Kathmandu</a> forced the king to reinstate the parliament. A seven-party coalition resumed control of the government and stripped the king of most of his powers. As of 15 January 2007, a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral legislature</a> under an interim constitution governed Nepal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abolition_of_the_monarchy">Abolition of the monarchy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Abolition of the monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" title="1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> came to fruition on 24 December 2007 when it was announced that the monarchy would be abolished in 2008 after the <a href="/wiki/2008_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">Constituent Assembly elections</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-abolish_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abolish-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 28 May 2008, Nepal was declared a <i>Federal Democratic Republic</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zones,_districts,_and_regions"><span id="Zones.2C_districts.2C_and_regions"></span>Zones, districts, and regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Zones, districts, and regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_development_regions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nepal_development_regions.png/220px-Nepal_development_regions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nepal_development_regions.png/330px-Nepal_development_regions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nepal_development_regions.png/440px-Nepal_development_regions.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Former division of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Nepal">development region</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_zones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nepal_zones.png/220px-Nepal_zones.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nepal_zones.png/330px-Nepal_zones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nepal_zones.png/440px-Nepal_zones.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Nepalese zones</figcaption></figure> <p>Nepal was divided into 14 <a href="/wiki/Zones_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zones of Nepal">zones</a> and 75 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Nepal">districts</a>, grouped into 5 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Nepal">development regions</a>: </p><p>The five development regions of Nepal were (from east to west): </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Former development Regions of Nepal </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>English name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> name </th> <th>Zones </th> <th>Districts (No.) </th> <th>Headquarters </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Development_Region,_Nepal" title="Eastern Development Region, Nepal"><b>Eastern Development Region</b></a></td> <td><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">पुर्वाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mechi_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechi zone">Mechi</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kosi_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosi zone">Koshi</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sagarmatha_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagarmatha zone">Sagarmatha</a></td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhankuta" title="Dhankuta">Dhankuta</a></td> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">5,811,555</span></span></td> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">28,456</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Development_Region,_Nepal" title="Central Development Region, Nepal"><b>Central Development Region</b></a></td> <td><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">मध्यमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janakpur_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Janakpur zone">Janakpur</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bagmati_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagmati zone">Bagmati</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Narayani_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayani zone">Narayani</a></td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></td> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">9,656,985</span></span></td> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">27,410</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Development_Region,_Nepal" title="Western Development Region, Nepal"><b>Western Development Region</b></a></td> <td><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">पश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandaki zone">Gandaki</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Lumbini_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbini zone">Lumbini</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaulagiri zone">Dhaulagiri</a></td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a></td> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">4,926,765</span></span></td> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">29,398</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid-Western_Development_Region,_Nepal" title="Mid-Western Development Region, Nepal"><b>Mid-Western Development Region</b></a></td> <td><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">मध्य पश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rapti_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapti zone">Rapti</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bheri_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bheri zone">Bheri</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Karnali_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnali zone">Karnali</a></td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birendranagar" title="Birendranagar">Birendranagar</a></td> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">3,546,682</span></span></td> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">42,378</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Far-Western_Development_Region,_Nepal" title="Far-Western Development Region, Nepal"><b>Far-Western Development Region</b></a></td> <td><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">सुदुर पश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seti_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Seti zone">Seti</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mahakali_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakali zone">Mahakali</a></td> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dipayal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipayal">Dipayal</a></td> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">2,552,517</span></span></td> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">19,539</span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Each district was headed by a fixed chief district officer responsible for maintaining law and order and coordinating the work of field agencies of the various government ministries. The 14 zones were: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Zone" title="Bagmati Zone">Bagmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bheri_Zone" title="Bheri Zone">Bheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri_Zone" title="Dhaulagiri Zone">Dhaulagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Zone" title="Gandaki Zone">Gandaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpur_Zone" title="Janakpur Zone">Janakpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnali_Zone" title="Karnali Zone">Karnali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi Zone">Koshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini_Zone" title="Lumbini Zone">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakali_Zone" title="Mahakali Zone">Mahakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechi_Zone" title="Mechi Zone">Mechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayani_Zone" title="Narayani Zone">Narayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapti_Zone" title="Rapti Zone">Rapti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagarmatha_Zone" title="Sagarmatha Zone">Sagarmatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_Zone" title="Seti Zone">Seti</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepali_Congress_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nepali_Congress_1951.jpg/220px-Nepali_Congress_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nepali_Congress_1951.jpg/330px-Nepali_Congress_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nepali_Congress_1951.jpg/440px-Nepali_Congress_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> leader with <a href="/wiki/King_Tribhuvan" class="mw-redirect" title="King Tribhuvan">King Tribhuvan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Nepal">Nepali prime minister</a> in a meeting, 1951</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahendra_of_Nepal_in_Conoration,_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mahendra_of_Nepal_in_Conoration%2C_1955.jpg/150px-Mahendra_of_Nepal_in_Conoration%2C_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mahendra_of_Nepal_in_Conoration%2C_1955.jpg/225px-Mahendra_of_Nepal_in_Conoration%2C_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mahendra_of_Nepal_in_Conoration%2C_1955.jpg/300px-Mahendra_of_Nepal_in_Conoration%2C_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">Mahendra of Nepal</a> in conoration, 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1990, Nepal was an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> running under the executive control of the king. Faced with a people's movement against the absolute monarchy, King Birendra, in 1990, agreed to large-scale political reforms by creating a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary monarchy">parliamentary monarchy</a> with the king as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and a prime minister as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the government">head of the government</a>. </p><p>Nepal's legislature was <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Nepal_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and a <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Nepal">National Council</a>. The House of Representatives consists of 205 members directly elected by the people. The National Council had sixty members, ten nominated by the king, thirty-five elected by the House of Representatives and the remaining fifteen elected by an electoral college made up of chairs of villages and towns. The legislature had a five-year term but was dissolvable by the king before its term could end. All Nepali citizens 18 years and older became eligible to vote. </p><p>The executive comprised the King and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers" title="Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a>). The leader of the coalition or party securing the maximum seats in an election was appointed as the Prime Minister. The Cabinet was appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Governments in Nepal have tended to be highly unstable; no government has survived for more than two years since 1991, either through internal collapse or parliamentary dissolution by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister according to the constitution. </p><p>The movement in April 2006 brought about a change in the nation. The autocratic King was forced to give up power. The dissolved House of Representatives was restored. The House of Representatives formed a government that had successful peace talks with the Maoist Rebels. An interim constitution was promulgated and an interim House of Representatives was formed with Maoist members. The number of seats was also increased to 330. The peace process in Nepal made a giant leap in April 2007, when the <a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of communist parties in Nepal">Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</a> joined the interim government of Nepal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_arms">Historical arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Historical arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Nepal" title="Emblem of Nepal">Emblem of Nepal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_kingdom_of_Nepal,_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_arms_of_kingdom_of_Nepal%2C_1935.jpg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_kingdom_of_Nepal%2C_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_arms_of_kingdom_of_Nepal%2C_1935.jpg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_kingdom_of_Nepal%2C_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_arms_of_kingdom_of_Nepal%2C_1935.jpg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_kingdom_of_Nepal%2C_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Nepal (1935)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_Achievement_of_Nepal_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arms_Achievement_of_Nepal_1935.jpg/220px-Arms_Achievement_of_Nepal_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arms_Achievement_of_Nepal_1935.jpg/330px-Arms_Achievement_of_Nepal_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Arms_Achievement_of_Nepal_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Nepal (1935–1946)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_nepal_in_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_nepal_in_1946.jpg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_nepal_in_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_nepal_in_1946.jpg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_nepal_in_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_nepal_in_1946.jpg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_nepal_in_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Nepal (1946–1962)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_(1962%E2%80%932008).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal_%281962%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Nepal (1962–2008)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_flag">Historical flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Historical flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nepal" title="Flag of Nepal">Flag of Nepal</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nepal_(1856-c.1930).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Nepal_%281856-c.1930%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281856-c.1930%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Nepal_%281856-c.1930%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281856-c.1930%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Nepal_%281856-c.1930%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281856-c.1930%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of Nepal (1856–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930</span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_flag_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nepal_flag_1927.jpg/220px-Nepal_flag_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nepal_flag_1927.jpg/330px-Nepal_flag_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nepal_flag_1927.jpg/440px-Nepal_flag_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>The flag of Nepal 1927-1930</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nepal_(1743%E2%80%931962).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Nepal_%281743%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of Nepal (c. 1930—1962)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a> continued to remain in official use in <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a> as shown by the 1775 treaty with <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, which was written in Newari. <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a> remained as the administration and official language of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> till the early 19th centuries. Later since 1906, official documents written in Newari were declared illegal. Since then the use of the language for administration and literary purposes was forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienhard19923_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienhard19923-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> self proclaimed the newly unified Kingdom of Nepal as <i><b>Asal Hindustan</b></i> due to North India being ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal rulers</a>. The self proclamation was done to enforce the Hindu social code of <a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a> over his reign and refer to his country as being inhabitable for people of <a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic religions</a>. He also referred Northern part of India as <i>Mughlan</i> (Country of Mughals) and called the region infiltrated by Muslim foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An account of the kingdom of Nepal - <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Francis Buchanan-Hamilton</a>, many International and National historians, however, argues that the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Dynasty">Shah Dynasty</a> is from <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magar</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton181926_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton181926-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tuladhar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuladhar_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature.</i>Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933-56-00-X" title="Special:BookSources/99933-56-00-X">99933-56-00-X</a>. Page 37: "The early new rulers cultivated Newari language. Kings Prithvi Narayan Shah, Rana Bahadur and Rajendra Bikram Shah composed poetry and wrote many plays in Newari".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, Robert I. (1990) <i>Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal.</i> Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1038-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1038-4">81-208-1038-4</a>. Page 15:"Following the advent of the Shahs, the Gorkhali language became the court language, and Newari was replaced as the language of administration".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malla, kamal. History of the Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Rolwaling press. p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELienhard19923-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienhard19923_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLienhard1992">Lienhard 1992</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Queens of the Shah Dynasty in Nepal. Prakash A. Raj. 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubba2019" class="citation web cs1">Subba, Sanghamitra (20 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/a-future-written-in-the-stars/">"A future written in the stars"</a>. <i>Nepali Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131123714/https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/a-future-written-in-the-stars/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nepali+Times&rft.atitle=A+future+written+in+the+stars&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft.aulast=Subba&rft.aufirst=Sanghamitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalitimes.com%2Fbanner%2Fa-future-written-in-the-stars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirkpatrick_1811-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_1811_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_1811_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_1811_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick1811" class="citation book cs1">Kirkpatrick, Colonel (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ijxAAAAAYAAJ"><i>An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul</i></a>. London: William Miller. pp. 382–386<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+Kingdom+of+Nepaul&rft.place=London&rft.pages=382-386&rft.pub=William+Miller&rft.date=1811&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=Colonel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ijxAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya,_BaburamNaraharinath,_Yogi2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Baburam_Acharya" title="Baburam Acharya">Acharya, Baburam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yogi_Naraharinath" title="Yogi Naraharinath">Naraharinath, Yogi</a> (2014). <i>Badamaharaj Prithivi Narayan Shah ko Divya Upadesh</i> (2014 Reprint ed.). Kathmandu: Shree Krishna Acharya. pp. 4, 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99933-912-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-99933-912-1-0"><bdi>978-99933-912-1-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Badamaharaj+Prithivi+Narayan+Shah+ko+Divya+Upadesh&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pages=4%2C+5&rft.edition=2014+Reprint&rft.pub=Shree+Krishna+Acharya&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-99933-912-1-0&rft.au=Acharya%2C+Baburam&rft.au=Naraharinath%2C+Yogi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt2015-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt2015_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_J._Schmidt2015" class="citation book cs1">Karl J. Schmidt (20 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138"><i>An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 138–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47681-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47681-8"><bdi>978-1-317-47681-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216103628/https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+and+Survey+of+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=138-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47681-8&rft.au=Karl+J.+Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqdzCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton181926-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton181926_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton1819">Hamilton 1819</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nepalarmythree-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nepalarmythree_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nepalarmythree_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nepalarmythree_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nepalarmythree_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102904/http://nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three">"Nepal and Tibetan conflict"</a>. <i>Official website of Nepal Army</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC"><i>Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839</i></a>. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180698132" title="Special:BookSources/9788180698132"><bdi>9788180698132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thapa+Politics+in+Nepal%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Bhim+Sen+Thapa%2C+1806%E2%80%931839&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788180698132&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Kumar+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PP1yElRzIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), <i>Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan</i> (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789937241748" title="Special:BookSources/9789937241748"><bdi>9789937241748</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Janaral+Bhimsen+Thapa+%3A+Yinko+Utthan+Tatha+Pattan&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Education+Book+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789937241748&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Baburam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatteo_Miele2017" class="citation journal cs1">Matteo Miele (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.ff.cuni.cz/praguepapers/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2017/09/Matteo_Miele_90-101.pdf">"British Diplomatic Views on Nepal and the Final Stage of the Ch'ing Empire (1910–1911)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prague Papers on the History of International Relations</i> (1): 90–101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010212110/https://sites.ff.cuni.cz/praguepapers/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2017/09/Matteo_Miele_90-101.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prague+Papers+on+the+History+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=British+Diplomatic+Views+on+Nepal+and+the+Final+Stage+of+the+Ch%27ing+Empire+%281910%E2%80%931911%29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=90-101&rft.date=2017-10&rft.au=Matteo+Miele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.ff.cuni.cz%2Fpraguepapers%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F16%2F2017%2F09%2FMatteo_Miele_90-101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucci, Giuseppe. (1952). <i>Journey to Mustang, 1952</i>. Trans. by Diana Fussell. 1st Italian edition, 1953; 1st English edition, 1977. 2nd edition revised, 2003, p. 22. Bibliotheca Himalayica. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933-0-378-X" title="Special:BookSources/99933-0-378-X">99933-0-378-X</a> (South Asia); 974-524-024-9 (Outside of South Asia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nepal/60.htm">"Nepal – The Panchayat System"</a>. <i>countrystudies.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103013135/http://countrystudies.us/nepal/60.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Nepal+%E2%80%93+The+Panchayat+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnepal%2F60.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The organisers of the Committee were the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Janamorcha_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyukta Janamorcha Nepal">Samyukta Janamorcha Nepal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unity_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Masal)_(historical)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) (historical)">Communist Party of Nepal (Masal)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_League" title="Nepal Communist League">Nepal Communist League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist-Leninist-Maoist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoftun, Martin, William Raeper and John Whelpton. People, politics and ideology: Democracy and Social Change in Nepal. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, 1999. p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahendra_Lawoti_and_Anup_K._Pahari2012" class="citation cs2">Mahendra Lawoti and Anup K. Pahari, ed. (2012), <i>The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415777179" title="Special:BookSources/9780415777179"><bdi>9780415777179</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maoist+Insurgency+in+Nepal&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415777179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,1699935,00.html">"When a king's looking-glass world is paid for in blood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 2 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819145736/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/02/china.eu">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=When+a+king%27s+looking-glass+world+is+paid+for+in+blood&rft.date=2006-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcomment%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1699935%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abolish-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abolish_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7158670.stm">"Nepalese monarchy to be abolished"</a>. BBC. 24 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225081804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7158670.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nepalese+monarchy+to+be+abolished&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F7158670.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari2015" class="citation cs2">Adhikari, Indra (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVLeCQAAQBAJ"><i>Military and Democracy in Nepal</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317589068" title="Special:BookSources/9781317589068"><bdi>9781317589068</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+and+Democracy+in+Nepal&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317589068&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Indra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVLeCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajracharya1992" class="citation cs2">Bajracharya, Bhadra Ratna (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2oxuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bahadur Shah, the regent of Nepal, 1785–1794 A.D.</i></a>, Nepal: Anmol Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170416432" title="Special:BookSources/9788170416432"><bdi>9788170416432</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131808/https://books.google.com/books?id=2oxuAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahadur+Shah%2C+the+regent+of+Nepal%2C+1785%E2%80%931794+A.D.&rft.place=Nepal&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788170416432&rft.aulast=Bajracharya&rft.aufirst=Bhadra+Ratna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2oxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamal1995" class="citation cs2">Hamal, Lakshman B. (1995), <i>Military history of Nepal</i>, Sharda Pustak Mandir, p. 125, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32779233">32779233</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+history+of+Nepal&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Sharda+Pustak+Mandir&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32779233&rft.aulast=Hamal&rft.aufirst=Lakshman+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1819" class="citation cs2">Hamilton, Francis Buchanan (1819), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67gWAAAAQAAJ"><i>An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, and the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha</i></a>, A Constable, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602210618/https://books.google.com/books?id=67gWAAAAQAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+Kingdom+of+Nepal%2C+and+the+Territories+Annexed+to+this+Dominion+by+the+House+of+Gorkha&rft.pub=A+Constable&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Francis+Buchanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67gWAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmacharya2005" class="citation cs2">Karmacharya, Ganga (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6G5uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Queens in Nepalese Politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775–1846</i></a>, Nepal: Educational Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-999463393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-999463393-7"><bdi>978-999463393-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131807/https://books.google.com/books?id=6G5uAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queens+in+Nepalese+Politics%3A+an+account+of+roles+of+Nepalese+queens+in+state+affairs%2C+1775%E2%80%931846&rft.place=Nepal&rft.pub=Educational+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-999463393-7&rft.aulast=Karmacharya&rft.aufirst=Ganga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6G5uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLienhard1992" class="citation book cs1">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). <i>Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns</i>. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7"><bdi>81-208-0963-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Nepal%3A+An+Anthology+of+Nevar+Folksongs+and+Hymns&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=81-208-0963-7&rft.aulast=Lienhard&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNepal2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nepal, Gyanmani (2007). <i>Nepal ko Mahabharat</i> (in Nepali) (3rd ed.). Kathmandu: Sajha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789993325857" title="Special:BookSources/9789993325857"><bdi>9789993325857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal+ko+Mahabharat&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sajha&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789993325857&rft.aulast=Nepal&rft.aufirst=Gyanmani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuratattva_Bibhag1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Puratattva Bibhag (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlJQAQAAMAAJ"><i>Ancient Nepal</i></a>, vol. 116–122, Puratattva Bibhag (Archaeology Department), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131811/https://books.google.com/books?id=xlJQAQAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Nepal&rft.pub=Puratattva+Bibhag+%28Archaeology+Department%29&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Puratattva+Bibhag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlJQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRana1978" class="citation cs2">Rana, Pramode S.J.B. (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdJBAAAAYAAJ&q=sarbajit+rana"><i>Rana Nepal: An Insider's View</i></a>, R. Rana, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131808/https://books.google.com/books?id=TdJBAAAAYAAJ&q=sarbajit+rana">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rana+Nepal%3A+An+Insider%27s+View&rft.pub=R.+Rana&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=Pramode+S.J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdJBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dsarbajit%2Brana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.R._Regmi1975" class="citation cs2">D.R. Regmi (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idJBAAAAYAAJ"><i>Modern Nepal</i></a>, vol. 1, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0883864916" title="Special:BookSources/0883864916"><bdi>0883864916</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131809/https://books.google.com/books?id=idJBAAAAYAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Nepal&rft.pub=Firma+K.L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0883864916&rft.au=D.R.+Regmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidJBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegmi1972" class="citation book cs1">Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_04.pdf"><i>Regmi Research Series</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 04. Regmi Research Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409021523/https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regmi+Research+Series&rft.pub=Regmi+Research+Centre&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Regmi&rft.aufirst=Mahesh+Chandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fregmi%2Fpdf%2FRegmi_04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahesh_Chandra_Regmi1975" class="citation cs2">Mahesh Chandra Regmi (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cB3jAAAAMAAJ"><i>Regmi Research Series</i></a>, vol. 7, Regmi Research Centre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131811/https://books.google.com/books?id=cB3jAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regmi+Research+Series&rft.pub=Regmi+Research+Centre&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Mahesh+Chandra+Regmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcB3jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaha1990" class="citation cs2">Shaha, Rishikesh (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3NuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Modern Nepal 1769–1885</i></a>, Riverdale Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913215-64-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-913215-64-3"><bdi>0-913215-64-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131809/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3NuAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Nepal+1769%E2%80%931885&rft.pub=Riverdale+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-913215-64-3&rft.aulast=Shaha&rft.aufirst=Rishikesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3NuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaha2001" class="citation cs2">Shaha, Rishikesh (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmwwAQAAIAAJ"><i>An Introduction of Nepal</i></a>, Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131814/https://books.google.com/books?id=kmwwAQAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+of+Nepal&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pub=Ratna+Pustak+Bhandar&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Shaha&rft.aufirst=Rishikesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmwwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1997" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nagendra Kr (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aaog6bnQlNYC"><i>Nepal: Refugee to Ruler: A Militant Race of Nepal</i></a>. APH Publishing. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170248477" title="Special:BookSources/9788170248477"><bdi>9788170248477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal%3A+Refugee+to+Ruler%3A+A+Militant+Race+of+Nepal&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788170248477&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nagendra+Kr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaog6bnQlNYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.U._History_Association1977" class="citation cs2">T.U. History Association (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=topdAAAAIAAJ&q=brajnath"><i>Voice of History</i></a>, vol. 3, Tribhuwan University History Association, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131811/https://books.google.com/books?id=topdAAAAIAAJ&q=brajnath">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voice+of+History&rft.pub=Tribhuwan+University+History+Association&rft.date=1977&rft.au=T.U.+History+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtopdAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbrajnath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidya1993" class="citation cs2">Vaidya, Tulsi Ram (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSVwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Prithvinaryan Shah, the founder of Nepal</i></a>, Anmol Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170417019" title="Special:BookSources/9788170417019"><bdi>9788170417019</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131808/https://books.google.com/books?id=jSVwAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prithvinaryan+Shah%2C+the+founder+of+Nepal&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788170417019&rft.aulast=Vaidya&rft.aufirst=Tulsi+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSVwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelpton1991" class="citation cs2">Whelpton, John (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3huAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kings, soldiers, and priests: Nepalese politics and the rise of Jang Bahadur Rana, 1830–1857</i></a>, Manohar Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185425641" title="Special:BookSources/9788185425641"><bdi>9788185425641</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602210630/https://books.google.com/books?id=h3huAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+soldiers%2C+and+priests%3A+Nepalese+politics+and+the+rise+of+Jang+Bahadur+Rana%2C+1830%E2%80%931857&rft.pub=Manohar+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9788185425641&rft.aulast=Whelpton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3huAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelpton2005" class="citation book cs1">Whelpton, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnepal00whel"><i>A History of Nepal</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80470-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80470-1"><bdi>0-521-80470-1</bdi></a> – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nepal&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-80470-1&rft.aulast=Whelpton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnepal00whel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Garzilli, Enrica, "A Sanskrit Letter Written by Sylvain Lévi in 1923 to Hemarāja Śarmā Along With Some Hitherto Unknown Biographical Notes (Cultural Nationalism and Internationalism in the First Half of the 21st Cent.: Famous Indologists Write to the Raj Guru of Nepal – no. 1), in <i>Commemorative Volume for 30 Years of the Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project. Journal of the Nepal Research Centre</i>, XII (2001), Kathmandu, ed. by A. Wezler in collaboration with H. Haffner, A. Michaels, B. Kölver, M. R. Pant and D. Jackson, pp. 115–149.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Strage a palazzo, movimento dei Maoisti e crisi di governabilità in Nepal", in <i>Asia Major 2002</i>, pp. 143–160.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Il nuovo Stato del Nepal: il difficile cammino dalla monarchia assoluta alla democrazia", in <i>Asia Major 2005–2006</i>, pp. 229–251.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Il Nepal da monarchia a stato federale", in <i>Asia Major 2008</i>, pp. 163–181.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "La fine dell'isolamento del Nepal, la costruzione della sua identità politica e delle sue alleanze regionali" in <i>ISPI: Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionali</i>, CVII (Nov. 2008), pp. 1–7;</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Le elezioni dell'Assemblea Costituente e i primi mesi di governo della Repubblica Democratica Federale del Nepal", in <i>Asia Maior 2010</i>, pp. 115–126.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Nepal, la difficile costruzione della nazione: un paese senza Costituzione e un parlamento senza primo ministro", in <i>Asia Maior 2011</i>, pp. 161–171.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "The Interplay between Gender, Religion and Politics, and the New Violence against Women in Nepal", in J. Dragsbæk Schmidt and T. Roedel Berg (eds.), <i>Gender, Social Change and the Media: Perspective from Nepal</i>, University of Aalborg and Rawat Publications, Aalborg-Jaipur: 2012, pp. 27–91.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Nepal, stallo politico e lentezze nella realizzazione del processo di pace e di riconciliazione", in <i>Asia Maior 2012</i>, pp. 213–222.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "A Sanskrit Letter Written by Sylvain Lévy in 1925 to Hemarāja Śarmā along with Some Hitherto Unknown Biographical Notes (Cultural Nationalism and Internationalism in the First Half of the 20th Century – Famous Indologists write to the Raj Guru of Nepal – No. 2)", in <i>History of Indological Studies. Papers of the 12th World Sanskrit Conference Vol. 11.2</i>, ed. by K. Karttunen, P. Koskikallio and A. Parpola, Motilal Banarsidass and University of Helsinki, Delhi 2015, pp. 17–53.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Nepal 2013–2014: Breaking the Political Impasse", in <i>Asia Maior 2014</i>, pp. 87–98.</li> <li>Wright, Daniel, <i>History of Nepal</i>. New Delhi-Madras, Asian Educational Services, 1990</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nepal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepal_topics" title="Template talk:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya (mother of Buddha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalamber">Yalamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Lichchhavi rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manadeva" title="Manadeva">Manadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshuverma" title="Amshuverma">Amshuverma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrikuti" title="Bhrikuti">Bhrikuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Medieval<br />and<br />modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arimalla" title="Arimalla">Arimalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa kingdom">Khasa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala"> Newa kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Early Shah rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Kalu Pande</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Tibetan War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjang_and_Kaski" title="Lamjang and Kaski">Lamjang and Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Rana and <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-party democracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Royal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">2005 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan II</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 earthquake - <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April</a> - <a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal" title="List of mountains in Nepal">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chicken's Neck)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nepal" title="List of rivers of Nepal">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China-Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China-Nepal">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ghaghara)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kosi)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Narayani <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gandaki)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nepal" title="List of protected areas of Nepal">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nepal" title="Wildlife of Nepal">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Nepal)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly (Nepal)">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nepal" title="List of heads of state of Nepal">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nepal" title="Vice President of Nepal">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nepal" title="Administrative divisions of Nepal">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nepal" title="Municipalities of Nepal">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Rural Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Nepal" title="Bharatpur, Nepal">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar" title="Biratnagar">Biratnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgunj" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damak" class="mw-redirect" title="Damak">Damak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpurdham" class="mw-redirect" title="Janakpurdham">Janakpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu <span style="font-size:85%;">(capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nepal" title="Agriculture in Nepal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Nepal" title="List of companies of Nepal">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Nepal" title="Squatting in Nepal">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nepal" title="Tourism in Nepal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal" title="Labour in Nepal">Workforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas/Gorkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Nepal" title="International rankings of Nepal">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Nepal Academy of Fine Arts">Nepal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Nepal" title="Sports in Nepal">Sport</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nepal" title="List of festivals in Nepal">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)"> Swonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankha_Yatra" title="Dipankha Yatra">Dipankha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari_punhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomari punhi">Yomari Punhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhauli" title="Udhauli">Udhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubhauli" title="Ubhauli">Ubhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasok_Tangnam" title="Chasok Tangnam">Chasok Tangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhechu" title="Chhechu">Chhechu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Nepal)">Jatra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celebrations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Celebrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nwaran" title="Nwaran">Nwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasni_(celebration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni (celebration)">Pasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Bratabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony"> Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts in Nepal">Witch-hunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nepal" title="Health in Nepal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Nepal" title="Intersex rights in Nepal">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Nepal" title="Women's rights in Nepal">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Human trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nepal" title="Bibliography of Nepal">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepal" title="Category:Nepal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078602#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138363788">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBrkJm4w88cg9k9Qfpfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091522">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15296081b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15296081b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtsp8z0f4309t">Sweden</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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