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href="/wiki/File:Markgroeningen_Pylon_Transformer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Markgroeningen_Pylon_Transformer.JPG/220px-Markgroeningen_Pylon_Transformer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Markgroeningen_Pylon_Transformer.JPG/330px-Markgroeningen_Pylon_Transformer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Markgroeningen_Pylon_Transformer.JPG/440px-Markgroeningen_Pylon_Transformer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A former pylon transformer south of Markgröningen, Germany. Today, the pylon carries only a switch fed by two underground cables.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>underground power line</b> provides <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electrical power</a> with underground cables. Compared to <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">overhead power lines</a>, underground lines have lower risk of starting a <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a> and reduce the risk of the electrical supply being interrupted by <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">outages</a> during high winds, thunderstorms or heavy snow or ice storms. An added benefit of undergrounding is the aesthetic quality of the landscape without the powerlines. Undergrounding can increase the <a href="/wiki/Capital_cost" title="Capital cost">capital cost</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a> but may decrease <a href="/wiki/Operating_cost" title="Operating cost">operating costs</a> over the lifetime of the cables. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early undergrounding had a basis in the detonation of mining explosives and in undersea telegraph cables. Electric cables were used in Russia to detonate mining explosives in 1812, and to carry telegraph signals across the English Channel in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the spread of early electrical power systems, undergrounding began to increase as well. Thomas Edison used underground DC “street pipes” in his early <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">electric power distribution</a> networks; they were insulated first with <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a> in 1880, and progressed to rubber insulation in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent developments occurred in both insulation and fabrication techniques:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1925: Pressurized paper insulation used on cables</li> <li>1930: PVC insulation used on cables</li> <li>1942: Polyethylene insulation first used on cables</li> <li>1962: Ethylene propylene rubber-insulated cables become commercially available</li> <li>1963: Preformed cable accessories become available</li> <li>1970s: Shrinkable cable accessories become available</li></ul> <p>During the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Direct-buried_cable" title="Direct-buried cable">direct-buried cable</a> became commonplace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison">Comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aerial cables that carry <a href="/wiki/High_voltage" title="High voltage">high-voltage</a> <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> and are supported by large <a href="/wiki/Electricity_pylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity pylon">pylons</a> are generally considered an unattractive feature of the countryside. Underground cables can transmit power across densely populated areas or areas where land is costly, environmentally sensitive, or aesthetically sensitive. Underground and underwater crossings may be a practical alternative to crossing rivers. </p><p>For example, as of 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_of_Wisconsin" title="Public Service Commission of Wisconsin">Public Service Commission of Wisconsin</a> determined that the installation cost of a 69-kilovolt aboveground power line is $284,000 per mile. In contrast, an equivalent underground line costs $1.5 million per mile. As ratepayers ultimately bear these costs, utilities exercise discretion in selecting which lines to bury.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Less subject to damage from severe weather conditions (mainly <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, hurricanes/cyclones/typhoons, tornados, other winds, and freezing)</li> <li>Decreased risk of fire. Overhead power lines can draw high fault currents from vegetation-to-conductor, conductor-to-conductor, or conductor-to-ground contact, which result in large, hot arcs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduced range of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic fields">electromagnetic fields</a> (EMF) emission, into the surrounding area. However, depending on the depth of the underground cable; greater EMF may be experienced on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electric current in the cable conductor produces a magnetic field, but the closer grouping of underground power cables reduces the resultant external magnetic field, and further magnetic shielding may be provided. <i>See <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></i>.</li> <li>Underground cables need a narrower surrounding strip of about 1–10 meters to install (up to 30 m for 400 kV cables during construction), whereas an overhead line requires a surrounding strip of about 20–200 meters wide to be kept permanently clear for safety, maintenance, and repair.</li> <li>Underground cables pose no hazard to low-flying aircraft or to wildlife.</li> <li>Underground cables have a much-reduced risk of damage caused by human activity such as theft, illegal connections,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sabotage, and damage from accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Burying utility lines makes room for more large trees on sidewalks,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for environmental benefits and increase of property values.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogenbach_bei_Baerndorf_Pfahl1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bogenbach_bei_Baerndorf_Pfahl1.JPG/220px-Bogenbach_bei_Baerndorf_Pfahl1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bogenbach_bei_Baerndorf_Pfahl1.JPG/330px-Bogenbach_bei_Baerndorf_Pfahl1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bogenbach_bei_Baerndorf_Pfahl1.JPG/440px-Bogenbach_bei_Baerndorf_Pfahl1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>An underground cable marker. Markers are put at regular intervals to show the route and warn of the hazard of digging into the cable.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Undergrounding is more expensive, since the cost of burying cables at transmission voltages is several times greater than overhead power lines, and the life-cycle cost of an underground power cable is two to four times the cost of an overhead power line. Above-ground lines cost around $10 per 1-foot (0.30 m) and underground lines cost in the range of $20 to $40 per 1-foot (0.30 m).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In highly urbanized areas, the cost of underground transmission can be 10–14 times as expensive as overhead.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these calculations may neglect the cost of power interruptions. The lifetime cost difference is smaller for lower-voltage distribution networks, in the range of 12-28% higher than overhead lines of equivalent voltage.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Whereas finding and repairing overhead wire breaks can be accomplished in hours, underground repairs can take days or weeks,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for this reason redundant lines are run.</li> <li>Underground cable locations are not always obvious, which can lead to unwary diggers damaging cables or being electrocuted.</li> <li>Operations are more difficult since underground cables' high <a href="/wiki/Reactive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactive power">reactive power</a> produces large charging currents, making voltage control more difficult. Large charging currents arise due to the higher capacitance from underground power lines and thus limit how long an AC line can be. To avoid capacitance issues when undergrounding long-distance transmission lines, HVDC lines can be used as they do not suffer from the same issue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Whereas overhead lines can easily be uprated by modifying line clearances and power poles to carry more power, underground cables cannot be uprated and must be supplemented or replaced to increase capacity. Transmission and distribution companies generally future-proof underground lines by installing the highest-rated cables while being still cost-effective.</li> <li>Underground cables are more subject to damage by ground movement. The <a href="/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake" title="2011 Christchurch earthquake">2011 Christchurch earthquake</a> in New Zealand caused damage to 360 kilometres (220 mi) of high voltage underground cables and subsequently cut power to large parts of Christchurch city, whereas only a few kilometres of overhead lines were damaged, largely due to pole foundations being compromised by <a href="/wiki/Liquefaction" title="Liquefaction">liquefaction</a>.</li> <li>As underground repair and check-ups require street digging, they create patches and potholes, leading to bumpy and unsafe rides for cars and bicycles. Utility work also increases lane closure, which leads to traffic jams and increases the cost of resurfacing work by the local government.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In some cases, the advantages can outweigh the disadvantages of the higher investment cost and more expensive maintenance and management. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utility_trench_in_Bwy_@_42_St_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utility_trench_in_Bwy_%40_42_St_jeh.jpg/220px-Utility_trench_in_Bwy_%40_42_St_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utility_trench_in_Bwy_%40_42_St_jeh.jpg/330px-Utility_trench_in_Bwy_%40_42_St_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utility_trench_in_Bwy_%40_42_St_jeh.jpg/440px-Utility_trench_in_Bwy_%40_42_St_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Cables under Broadway in 2013</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directional_boring" title="Directional boring">Horizontal Boring</a> – This is a method in which one uses a drill bit to bore horizontal starting at one point on the surface of the ground and creating an arc underground to come back out of the surface. This method is used when minimal damage to the surface is preferred.</li> <li>Trench Undergrounding - Another method for undergrounding power lines is to dig trenches, lay power lines into the trench and cover them back up. This is done for the length of the power line.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Duct Bank - A third method uses parallel conduits held by spacers with sand or concrete filled in-between the conduits. Installation methods: conduit and spacers placed directly into a trench, conduit and spacers placed in concrete forms, or pre-made sections of concrete and conduit.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK regulator <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a> (OFGEM) permits transmission companies to recoup the cost of some undergrounding in their prices to consumers. The undergrounding must be in National Parks or designated <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> (AONB) to qualify. In 2021 work started on a project to bury 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) of 400kV overhead power lines running from near <a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_Abbas" title="Winterbourne Abbas">Winterbourne Abbas</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friar_Waddon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friar Waddon (page does not exist)">Friar Waddon</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underground_power_line&params=50.669_N_2.514_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°40′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°30′50″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.669°N 2.514°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.669; -2.514</span></span></span></a></span></span>, north-west of <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Dorset_AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorset AONB">Dorset AONB</a>. Similar schemes are planned for <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Wessex_Downs" title="North Wessex Downs">North Wessex Downs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most visually intrusive overhead cables of the core transmission network are excluded from the scheme. Some undergrounding projects are funded by the proceeds of national lottery. </p><p>All low and medium voltage electrical power (<50 kV) in the Netherlands is now supplied underground. </p><p>In Germany, 73% of the medium voltage cables are underground and 87% of low voltage cables are underground. The high percentage of underground cables contributes to the very high grid reliability (SAIDI < 20).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, the <a href="/wiki/SAIDI" title="SAIDI">SAIDI</a> value (minutes without electricity per year) in the Netherlands is about 30, and in the UK it is about 70. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/California_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="California Public Utilities Commission">California Public Utilities Commission</a> (CPUC) Rule 20 permits the undergrounding of electrical power cables under certain situations. Rule 20A projects are paid for by all customers of the utility companies. Rule 20B projects are partially funded this way and cover the cost of an equivalent overhead system. Rule 20C projects enable property owners to fund the undergrounding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most electrical power in Japan is still distributed by aerial cables. In <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">Tokyo's 23 wards</a>, according to Japan's Construction and Transport Ministry, just 7.3 percent of cables were laid underground as of March 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A compromise between undergrounding and using overhead lines is installing air cables. <a href="/wiki/Aerial_cable" title="Aerial cable">Aerial cables</a> are insulated cables spun between poles and used for power transmission or telecommunication services. An advantage of aerial cables is that their insulation removes the danger of electric shock (unless the cables are damaged). Another advantage is that they forgo the costs—particularly high in rocky areas—of burying. The disadvantages of aerial cables are that they have the same aesthetic issues as standard overhead lines and that they can be affected by storms. However, if the insulation is not destroyed during pylon failure or when hit by a tree, there is no interruption of service. Electrical hazards are minimised and re-hanging the cables may be possible without power interruption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-buried_cable" title="Direct-buried cable">Direct-buried cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-voltage_underground_and_submarine_cables" title="List of high-voltage underground and submarine cables">List of high-voltage underground and submarine cables</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1">"History of underground power cables - 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Underground+Transmission+Lines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Di5WvDpjqXuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderground+power+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nfpa.org">"NEC 310.60"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NEC+310.60&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnfpa.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderground+power+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoothroyd2021" class="citation news cs1">Boothroyd, John (10 December 2021). "Power for the past". <i>British Archaeology</i>. No. 182. York. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-4442">1357-4442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Power+for+the+past&rft.issue=182&rft.pages=49-50&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft.issn=1357-4442&rft.aulast=Boothroyd&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderground+power+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_38837-544-1-30.pdf?140919123212">"Netzausbau in Deutschland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>kas.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kas.de&rft.atitle=Netzausbau+in+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kas.de%2Fwf%2Fdoc%2Fkas_38837-544-1-30.pdf%3F140919123212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderground+power+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_power_line&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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