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Synchronous Motor | bartleby
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The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. When the synchronous motor is supplied with independently excited multi-phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and the stator, it is termed as a doubly-fed machine. The most widely used AC-type motors are the synchronous AC motor and the induction AC motors. \n", "name": "Synchronous Motor", "datePublished": "2022-01-11T11:17:53.000Z", "about": "What is a synchronous motor? The synchronous motor is an AC electric type motor where at a steady-state the shaft rotation is synchronized with the supply current variable-frequency. To an integral nu", "learningResourceType": [ "lesson plan", "learning activity" ], "audience": { "@type": "EducationalAudience", "educationalRole": "student" }, "educationalAlignment": [ { "@type": "AlignmentObject", "alignmentType": "educationalSubject", "educationalFramework": "Synchronous Motor Concepts", "targetName": "\nThe synchronous motor is an AC electric type motor where at a steady-state the shaft rotation is synchronized with the supply current variable-frequency. To an integral number of AC cycles, the rotation period is exactly equal. The stator of the motor in the synchronous motor contains multi-phase AC electromagnets due to which a magnetic field is created that rotates in time with the oscillation of the line current. The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. When the synchronous motor is supplied with independently excited multi-phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and the stator, it is termed as a doubly-fed machine. The most widely used AC-type motors are the synchronous AC motor and the induction AC motors. \n", "targetUrl": "/subject/engineering/electrical-engineering/concepts/synchronous-motor" } ] }</script><script data-schema="CreativeWork" type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "item": { "@id": "https://www.bartleby.com/", "name": "Bartleby Textbook Solutions" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "item": { "@id": "https://www.bartleby.com/subject/engineering", "name": "Engineering Q&A and Textbook Solutions" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "item": { "@id": "https://www.bartleby.com/subject/math/electrical-engineering", "name": "Electrical Engineering Q&A, Textbooks, and Solutions" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4, "item": { "@id": "https://www.bartleby.com/subject/engineering/electrical-engineering/concepts/synchronous-motor", "name": "Synchronous Motor" } } 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styles__ConceptLeftRailCollapsibleContainer-sc-999edb8d-4 jYBMb" data-collapsible-container="true"><div class="styles__ConceptLeftRailTocContainer-sc-999edb8d-1 VPClm"><a href="#what-is-a-synchronous-motor" class="styles__ConceptLeftRailLink-sc-999edb8d-2 dXPsPe">What is a synchronous motor?</a><a href="#synchronous-speed" class="styles__ConceptLeftRailLink-sc-999edb8d-2 brAuCM">Synchronous speed</a><a href="#construction" class="styles__ConceptLeftRailLink-sc-999edb8d-2 brAuCM">Construction</a><a href="#operations" class="styles__ConceptLeftRailLink-sc-999edb8d-2 brAuCM">Operations</a><a href="#starting-methods" class="styles__ConceptLeftRailLink-sc-999edb8d-2 brAuCM">Starting methods</a><a href="#context-and-applications" class="styles__ConceptLeftRailLink-sc-999edb8d-2 brAuCM">Context and Applications</a><a href="#practice-problems" class="styles__ConceptLeftRailLink-sc-999edb8d-2 brAuCM">Practice Problems</a><a href="#related-concepts" class="styles__ConceptLeftRailLink-sc-999edb8d-2 brAuCM">Related Concepts</a></div></div></div></div><div class="styles__AppLayoutMainContentMiddleRail-sc-ef9b07f2-11 gOBSIZ"><div class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailContainer-sc-19e4770b-2 eEviTx"><div id="CONCEPT_HTML_CONTAINER_ID" class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailHtml-sc-19e4770b-0 idfrjW"><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="what-is-a-synchronous-motor">What is a synchronous motor?</h2><p>The synchronous motor is an AC electric type motor where at a steady-state the shaft rotation is synchronized with the supply current variable-frequency. To an integral number of AC cycles, the rotation period is exactly equal. The stator of the motor in the synchronous motor contains multi-phase AC electromagnets due to which a magnetic field is created that rotates in time with the oscillation of the line current. The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. When the synchronous motor is supplied with independently excited multi-phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and the stator, it is termed as a doubly-fed machine. The most widely used AC-type motors are the synchronous AC motor and the induction AC motors. </p><div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img src="https://cms-media.bartleby.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/18075724/1280px-Single_phase_low_power_synchronous_clock_motor_with_removed_cover-1024x557.jpg" alt="Minature synchronous motor used in analog clocks." class="wp-image-61637" width="540" height="293"><figcaption>CC BY-SA 4.0 | Image credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Single_phase_low_power_synchronous_clock_motor_with_removed_cover.jpg" data-type="URL">https://en.wikipedia.org</a> | Temdor</figcaption></figure></div><p>An induction motor is a type of asynchronous motor. To induce a current in rotor winding the rotor must rotate slightly slower than AC alternations. In timing applications such as in timers in appliances, synchronous clocks, tape recorders, etc. small synchronous motors are used. Synchronous motor is available in sub fractional horsepower sizes which is self-excited to high power industrial sizes. Wherever the precise constant speed motor-drive is required the fractional horsepower range synchronous motors are used. These machines are usually used in timers, electrical clocks which are analog in nature, and other devices where correct time is required.</p><p>Two important functions are provided by the synchronous motor which are in high power industrial sizes. </p><ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Firstly, it converts AC energy into work.</li><li>Secondly, it can provide power factor correction because it can operate at leading or unity power factor. The power factor of the motor can be varied by varying the DC or direct-current excitation of the motor.</li></ul><p>The difference between the induction motor and the synchronous motor is that since the synchronous motor does not rely on current induction to produce the rotor magnetic field it rotates at a rate locked to the line frequency whereas the induction motor does. </p></div></section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="synchronous-speed">Synchronous speed</h2><p>The synchronous rotational speed of a synchronous motor is given in RPM by:</p><p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>S</mi></msub><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>120</mn><mo> </mo><mi>x</mi><mo> </mo><mi>f</mi></mrow><mi>p</mi></mfrac></math></p><p>where f = frequency in Hz and p = number of poles</p><p>and in rad/second it is given by :</p><p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>s</mi></msub><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>π</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow><mi>p</mi></mfrac></math></p><p>where f = frequency in Hz and p = number of poles</p><p><strong>Example</strong></p><p>Consider a single phase, 4-pole synchronous motor is operating at an AC frequency of supply of 50 Hz so the synchronous speed will be given by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>S</mi></msub><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>120</mn><mo> </mo><mi>x</mi><mo> </mo><mn>50</mn></mrow><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mn>1200</mn><mo> </mo><mi>r</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>m</mi></math>.</p></div></section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="construction">Construction</h2><p>The stator and rotor are the principal components of the synchronous motor. The stator of both induction and the synchronous motor is similar in construction. As an exception, the stator frame contains a wrapper plate with the wound-rotor synchronous doubly-fed electrical machine. The keybars and circumferential ribs are attached to the wrapper plate. Frame mount and footings are required to carry the machine. To connect to the excitation supply brushes and slip rings are required when the field winding is excited by DC excitation but when it is non-excited it would not get connected. With the help of a brushless exciter also the field winding can be excited. For up to six poles the cylindrical round rotors are used.</p><p>Unlike a non-salient pole rotor, a salient pole rotor is used when a large number of poles are needed in some machines. To that of the synchronous alternator, the construction of synchronous motors is almost similar. The stationary armature and rotating field winding are used in construction by most synchronous motors. This type of construction is an advantage to the DC motor where the armature used is of rotating in nature. </p></div></section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="operations">Operations</h2><p>Due to the interaction of the stator and rotor field, a synchronous motor operates. The stator winding which is present in the stator is provided with a three-phase supply and the rotor is provided with a DC supply. A three-phase rotating magnetic flux is produced by the three-phase stator winding carrying a three-phase current. The rotor gets locked with this rotating magnetic field and rotates accordingly with it. The motor is said to be in synchronization once the rotor field gets locked with the stator field. A stator having single-phase winding is also possible but here the direction of rotation is not defined because the machine may start to rotate in either direction unless prevented from doing so with the help of starting arrangements. </p><p>The speed of the motor is dependent only on supply frequency once the motor is in operation. The field winding no longer follows the rotating magnetic field and the motor falls out of synchronization when the motor load is increased beyond the breakdown load. If it falls out of synchronization since the motor can not produce torque, the practical synchronous motors have windings called damper windings to stabilize the operation and to facilitate the starting.</p><p> The torque is produced by the phase difference between the rotating magnetic field and the rotor. When there is a small phase difference between the rotating rotor and the rotating magnetic field, the torque produced is low in value. The torque which is developed in the starting is called starting torque and the full load torque of the motor is called a running torque. Then that of an equivalent induction motor since these winding's are smaller and on long operation can overheat and in the rotor excitation winding's since large voltages are induced, the protection devices of synchronous motors can sense these condition and cut out the power supply.</p></div></section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="starting-methods">Starting methods</h2><p>Synchronous motors are those kinds of motors that are not self-start. This is due to the inertia of the rotor so it cannot instantly follow the rotation of the stator magnetic field. No inherent torque is produced by the synchronous motor during standstill conditions. So, without some supplement mechanism, it cannot accelerate to synchronous speed. </p><p>The squirrel-cage induction motor is included in the large motors operating on commercial power frequency which provides sufficient torque for acceleration and in motor speed operation which also serves to damp oscillations. The field winding gets excited and the motor pulls out of the synchronization once the rotor nears the synchronous speed. </p><p>Before the load is applied the very large motors system may include a pony motor which accelerates the synchronous machine which is unloaded. By changing the frequency of stator current, the motors that are controlled electronically can be accelerated from zero speed. Inline powered electrical mechanical clocks or very small synchronous motor timers are used, which uses the line power frequency to run the gear mechanism at a correct speed. If the moment of inertia of the rotor and its mechanical load is sufficiently small then such small synchronous motors are able to start without assistance.</p><p>To address different starting methods the operational economics is an important parameter. To solve the motor starting issue the excitation of the rotor is the possible way. The running torque in the synchronous motor is from 0.3 to 16 oz-in. A shaded-pole synchronous motor is a type of AC motor which uses field coils with additional copper shading coils to produce a rotating field that is weak. Nidec motors corporation makes the best synchronous motors.</p></div></section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="context-and-applications">Context and Applications</h2><p>This topic is significant in the professional exams for graduate and postgraduate courses.</p><ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Bachelors in Electrical Engineering</li><li>Masters in Electrical Engineering</li></ul></div></section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="practice-problems">Practice Problems</h2><p><strong>Q1.</strong> Which power factor the synchronous motors can operate?</p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>Unity power factor</li><li>Leading power factor</li><li>Both a and b</li><li>None of these</li></ol><p><strong>Answer:</strong> Option c</p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>It can operate leading and unity power factor because the synchronous motors convert AC energy into work and also provide power factor correction. </p><p></p><p><strong>Q2.</strong> Induction motors are which type of motors?</p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>Synchronous motors</li><li>Asynchronous motors</li><li>DC motors</li><li>None of these</li></ol><p><strong>Answer: </strong>Option b</p><p><strong>Explanation:</strong> The induction motors are the types of synchronous motors.</p><p></p><p><strong>Q3.</strong> What is the running torque in synchronous motors?</p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>0.3 to 16 oz-in</li><li>17 to 20 oz-in</li><li>50 to 100 oz-in</li><li>None of these</li></ol><p><strong>Answer: </strong>Option a</p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>The running torque in synchronous motors is from 0.3 to 16 oz-in. </p><p></p><p><strong>Q4. </strong>What happens to synchronous speed as load changes?</p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>Increases as the load increases</li><li>Decreases as the load decreases</li><li>Always remains constant</li><li>None of these</li></ol><p><strong>Answer: </strong>Option c </p><p><strong>Explanation:</strong> Synchronous speed is a constant speed that depends on the supply frequency and the number of poles.</p><p></p><p><strong>Q5. </strong>What does the rotor contain?</p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>Permanent magnet</li><li>Electrical magnet</li><li>Electromagnet</li><li>None of these</li></ol><p><strong>Answer</strong>: Option a</p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong> The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. </p></div></section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="related-concepts">Related Concepts</h2><ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Clock drive</li><li>Doubly fed electrical machine</li><li>Short circuit ratio</li></ul></div></section></div><div class="styles__CmsMarketingCtaContainerWrapper-sc-c493ab53-7 kCbpdi"><div class="styles__CmsMarketingCtaContainer-sc-c493ab53-0 bkoAA"><h3 class="styles__CmsMarketingCtaHeader-sc-c493ab53-1 eQgzBq">Want more help with your electrical engineering homework?</h3><div class="styles__CmsMarketingCtaContent-sc-c493ab53-3 dGFBgG"><div>We've got you covered with step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems, subject matter experts on standby 24/7 when you're stumped, and more.</div></div><div class="VerticalSpacer-sc-2377adbb-0 kiWBPl"></div><button class="SegmentAnalyticsButton__ButtonWithNoStyle-sc-bd08475e-0 jZeIgm PrimaryButton-sc-edbc2538-0 fluPAx">Get Started</button><div class="VerticalSpacer-sc-2377adbb-0 kiWBPl"></div><a href="/questions-and-answers/the-openloop-gain-of-an-amplifier-is-a-5-and215-10-4-.-if-the-openloop-gain-decreases-by-10-percent--trt/0009473c-2ab5-4aaf-a1ab-9b02d8d0baf6" class="BaseAnchorElementWithDisabledState__AnchorWithDisabledState-sc-4e9e1c9d-0 kMhnvm StandaloneLink__StandaloneLinkElement-sc-dc6ff55b-0 gyBeu">Check out a sample electrical engineering Q&A solution here!</a><p class="styles__CmsMarketingCtaDisclaimer-sc-c493ab53-4 fccUCv">*Response times may vary by subject and question complexity. 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To an integral number of AC cycles, the rotation period is exactly equal. The stator of the motor in the synchronous motor contains multi-phase AC electromagnets due to which a magnetic field is created that rotates in time with the oscillation of the line current. The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. When the synchronous motor is supplied with independently excited multi-phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and the stator, it is termed as a doubly-fed machine. The most widely used AC-type motors are the synchronous AC motor and the induction AC motors. \n","contentHtml":null,"url":"/subject/engineering/electrical-engineering/concepts/synchronous-motor","externalSystemRef":"61617","createdDate":"2022-01-11T11:17:53.000Z","modifiedDate":"2022-09-15T16:06:56.000Z","isPublished":true,"subject":{"id":"2efdb50e-0eb7-11e9-a986-0eb05403b986","title":"Electrical Engineering","shortName":"electrical-engineering","parentSubject":{"id":"cfdc041a-4459-11e8-a2ac-0eefbb92016e","title":"Engineering","shortName":"engineering"}},"videos":[]},"conceptXmlSchemaData":{"@context":"http://schema.org/","@type":"Article","headline":"\nThe synchronous motor is an AC electric type motor where at a steady-state the shaft rotation is synchronized with the supply current variable-frequency. To an integral number of AC cycles, the rotation period is exactly equal. The stator of the motor in the synchronous motor contains multi-phase AC electromagnets due to which a magnetic field is created that rotates in time with the oscillation of the line current. The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. When the synchronous motor is supplied with independently excited multi-phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and the stator, it is termed as a doubly-fed machine. The most widely used AC-type motors are the synchronous AC motor and the induction AC motors. \n","name":"Synchronous Motor","datePublished":"2022-01-11T11:17:53.000Z","about":"What is a synchronous motor? The synchronous motor is an AC electric type motor where at a steady-state the shaft rotation is synchronized with the supply current variable-frequency. To an integral nu","learningResourceType":["lesson plan","learning activity"],"audience":{"@type":"EducationalAudience","educationalRole":"student"},"educationalAlignment":[{"@type":"AlignmentObject","alignmentType":"educationalSubject","educationalFramework":"Synchronous Motor Concepts","targetName":"\nThe synchronous motor is an AC electric type motor where at a steady-state the shaft rotation is synchronized with the supply current variable-frequency. To an integral number of AC cycles, the rotation period is exactly equal. The stator of the motor in the synchronous motor contains multi-phase AC electromagnets due to which a magnetic field is created that rotates in time with the oscillation of the line current. The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. When the synchronous motor is supplied with independently excited multi-phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and the stator, it is termed as a doubly-fed machine. The most widely used AC-type motors are the synchronous AC motor and the induction AC motors. \n","targetUrl":"/subject/engineering/electrical-engineering/concepts/synchronous-motor"}]},"conceptBreadcrumbXmlSchemaData":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https://www.bartleby.com/","name":"Bartleby Textbook Solutions"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https://www.bartleby.com/subject/engineering","name":"Engineering Q\u0026A and Textbook Solutions"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"https://www.bartleby.com/subject/math/electrical-engineering","name":"Electrical Engineering Q\u0026A, Textbooks, and Solutions"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"item":{"@id":"https://www.bartleby.com/subject/engineering/electrical-engineering/concepts/synchronous-motor","name":"Synchronous Motor"}}]},"coneptVideosXmlSchemaData":null,"pageMetaDescription":"What is a synchronous motor? The synchronous motor is an AC electric type motor where at a steady-state the shaft rotation is synchronized with the supply current variable-frequency. To an integral nu","subjectTags":[{"id":"cfdc041a-4459-11e8-a2ac-0eefbb92016e","title":"Engineering","shortName":"engineering"},{"id":"2efdb50e-0eb7-11e9-a986-0eb05403b986","title":"Electrical Engineering","shortName":"electrical-engineering"}],"qnaQuestionAnswerZippies":[],"qnaSampleAnswerHrefAndAs":{"href":"/my-questions?questionId=0009473c-2ab5-4aaf-a1ab-9b02d8d0baf6","as":"/questions-and-answers/the-openloop-gain-of-an-amplifier-is-a-5-and215-10-4-.-if-the-openloop-gain-decreases-by-10-percent--trt/0009473c-2ab5-4aaf-a1ab-9b02d8d0baf6"},"rightRail":{"tags":{"subjects":{"parent":{"title":"Engineering","short_name":"engineering"},"child":{"title":"Electrical Engineering","short_name":"electrical-engineering"}},"topics":["Electrical Machines","Synchronous Machine","Synchronous Motor"]},"cta":{"loggedout_cta":{"heading":"Search. Solve. Succeed! ","content":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003eStudy smarter access to millions of step-by step textbook solutions, our Q\u0026A library, and AI powered Math Solver. Plus, you get 30 questions to ask an expert each month.\u003c/p\u003e","button_text":"Try bartleby learn now"},"loggedin_cta":{"image":"https://cms-media.bartleby.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/03/03214209/narrow-question-component.png","heading":" Q \u0026 A","sub_heading":"Stuck on your homework?","content":"Ask a question and get an expertly curated answer in as fast as 30 minutes.*","button_text":"Ask a Question","disclaimer":"*Response times may vary by subject and question complexity. Median response time is 34 minutes for paid subscribers and may be longer for promotional offers."}}},"leftRail":{"content":[{"name":"What is a synchronous motor?","link":"what-is-a-synchronous-motor"},{"name":"Synchronous speed","link":"synchronous-speed"},{"name":"Construction","link":"construction"},{"name":"Operations","link":"operations"},{"name":"Starting methods","link":"starting-methods"},{"name":"Context and Applications","link":"context-and-applications"},{"name":"Practice Problems","link":"practice-problems"},{"name":"Related Concepts","link":"related-concepts"}]},"middleRail":{"id":61617,"status":"publish","slug":"synchronous-motor","title":"Synchronous Motor","subjects":{"parent":{"title":"Engineering","short_name":"engineering"},"child":{"title":"Electrical Engineering","short_name":"electrical-engineering"}},"description":"","content":"\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-a-synchronous-motor\"\u003eWhat is a synchronous motor?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe synchronous motor is an AC electric type motor where at a steady-state the shaft rotation is synchronized with the supply current variable-frequency. To an integral number of AC cycles, the rotation period is exactly equal. The stator of the motor in the synchronous motor contains multi-phase AC electromagnets due to which a magnetic field is created that rotates in time with the oscillation of the line current. The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. When the synchronous motor is supplied with independently excited multi-phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and the stator, it is termed as a doubly-fed machine. The most widely used AC-type motors are the synchronous AC motor and the induction AC motors. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\"\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://cms-media.bartleby.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/18075724/1280px-Single_phase_low_power_synchronous_clock_motor_with_removed_cover-1024x557.jpg\" alt=\"Minature synchronous motor used in analog clocks.\" class=\"wp-image-61637\" width=\"540\" height=\"293\"/\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eCC BY-SA 4.0 | Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Single_phase_low_power_synchronous_clock_motor_with_removed_cover.jpg\" data-type=\"URL\"\u003ehttps://en.wikipedia.org\u003c/a\u003e | Temdor\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn induction motor is a type of asynchronous motor. To induce a current in rotor winding the rotor must rotate slightly slower than AC alternations. In timing applications such as in timers in appliances, synchronous clocks, tape recorders, etc. small synchronous motors are used. Synchronous motor is available in sub fractional horsepower sizes which is self-excited to high power industrial sizes. Wherever the precise constant speed motor-drive is required the fractional horsepower range synchronous motors are used. These machines are usually used in timers, electrical clocks which are analog in nature, and other devices where correct time is required.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo important functions are provided by the synchronous motor which are in high power industrial sizes. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul class=\"wp-block-list\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eFirstly, it converts AC energy into work.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eSecondly, it can provide power factor correction because it can operate at leading or unity power factor. The power factor of the motor can be varied by varying the DC or direct-current excitation of the motor.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe difference between the induction motor and the synchronous motor is that since the synchronous motor does not rely on current induction to produce the rotor magnetic field it rotates at a rate locked to the line frequency whereas the induction motor does. \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"synchronous-speed\"\u003eSynchronous speed\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe synchronous rotational speed of a synchronous motor is given in RPM by:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmi\u003eN\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003eS\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e=\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmfrac\u003e\u003cmrow\u003e\u003cmn\u003e120\u003c/mn\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmi\u003ex\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmi\u003ef\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmi\u003ep\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mfrac\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere f = frequency in Hz and p = number of poles\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eand in rad/second it is given by :\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmi\u003eω\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003es\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e=\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmfrac\u003e\u003cmrow\u003e\u003cmn\u003e4\u003c/mn\u003e\u003cmi\u003eπ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003ef\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmi\u003ep\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mfrac\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere f = frequency in Hz and p = number of poles\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsider a single phase, 4-pole synchronous motor is operating at an AC frequency of supply of 50 Hz so the synchronous speed will be given by \u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmi\u003eN\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003eS\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e=\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmfrac\u003e\u003cmrow\u003e\u003cmn\u003e120\u003c/mn\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmi\u003ex\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmn\u003e50\u003c/mn\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmn\u003e4\u003c/mn\u003e\u003c/mfrac\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e=\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmn\u003e1200\u003c/mn\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmi\u003er\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003ep\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003em\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/math\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"construction\"\u003eConstruction\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe stator and rotor are the principal components of the synchronous motor. The stator of both induction and the synchronous motor is similar in construction. As an exception, the stator frame contains a wrapper plate with the wound-rotor synchronous doubly-fed electrical machine. The keybars and circumferential ribs are attached to the wrapper plate. Frame mount and footings are required to carry the machine. To connect to the excitation supply brushes and slip rings are required when the field winding is excited by DC excitation but when it is non-excited it would not get connected. With the help of a brushless exciter also the field winding can be excited. For up to six poles the cylindrical round rotors are used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnlike a non-salient pole rotor, a salient pole rotor is used when a large number of poles are needed in some machines. To that of the synchronous alternator, the construction of synchronous motors is almost similar. The stationary armature and rotating field winding are used in construction by most synchronous motors. This type of construction is an advantage to the DC motor where the armature used is of rotating in nature. \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"operations\"\u003eOperations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to the interaction of the stator and rotor field, a synchronous motor operates. The stator winding which is present in the stator is provided with a three-phase supply and the rotor is provided with a DC supply. A three-phase rotating magnetic flux is produced by the three-phase stator winding carrying a three-phase current. The rotor gets locked with this rotating magnetic field and rotates accordingly with it. The motor is said to be in synchronization once the rotor field gets locked with the stator field. A stator having single-phase winding is also possible but here the direction of rotation is not defined because the machine may start to rotate in either direction unless prevented from doing so with the help of starting arrangements. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe speed of the motor is dependent only on supply frequency once the motor is in operation. The field winding no longer follows the rotating magnetic field and the motor falls out of synchronization when the motor load is increased beyond the breakdown load. If it falls out of synchronization since the motor can not produce torque, the practical synchronous motors have windings called damper windings to stabilize the operation and to facilitate the starting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e The torque is produced by the phase difference between the rotating magnetic field and the rotor. When there is a small phase difference between the rotating rotor and the rotating magnetic field, the torque produced is low in value. The torque which is developed in the starting is called starting torque and the full load torque of the motor is called a running torque. Then that of an equivalent induction motor since these winding's are smaller and on long operation can overheat and in the rotor excitation winding's since large voltages are induced, the protection devices of synchronous motors can sense these condition and cut out the power supply.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"starting-methods\"\u003eStarting methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSynchronous motors are those kinds of motors that are not self-start. This is due to the inertia of the rotor so it cannot instantly follow the rotation of the stator magnetic field. No inherent torque is produced by the synchronous motor during standstill conditions. So, without some supplement mechanism, it cannot accelerate to synchronous speed. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe squirrel-cage induction motor is included in the large motors operating on commercial power frequency which provides sufficient torque for acceleration and in motor speed operation which also serves to damp oscillations. The field winding gets excited and the motor pulls out of the synchronization once the rotor nears the synchronous speed. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore the load is applied the very large motors system may include a pony motor which accelerates the synchronous machine which is unloaded. By changing the frequency of stator current, the motors that are controlled electronically can be accelerated from zero speed. Inline powered electrical mechanical clocks or very small synchronous motor timers are used, which uses the line power frequency to run the gear mechanism at a correct speed. If the moment of inertia of the rotor and its mechanical load is sufficiently small then such small synchronous motors are able to start without assistance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo address different starting methods the operational economics is an important parameter. To solve the motor starting issue the excitation of the rotor is the possible way. The running torque in the synchronous motor is from 0.3 to 16 oz-in. A shaded-pole synchronous motor is a type of AC motor which uses field coils with additional copper shading coils to produce a rotating field that is weak. Nidec motors corporation makes the best synchronous motors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"context-and-applications\"\u003eContext and Applications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis topic is significant in the professional exams for graduate and postgraduate courses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul class=\"wp-block-list\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eBachelors in Electrical Engineering\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eMasters in Electrical Engineering\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"practice-problems\"\u003ePractice Problems\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ1.\u003c/strong\u003e Which power factor the synchronous motors can operate?\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eUnity power factor\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eLeading power factor\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eBoth a and b\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of these\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer:\u003c/strong\u003e Option c\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u003eIt can operate leading and unity power factor because the synchronous motors convert AC energy into work and also provide power factor correction. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ2.\u003c/strong\u003e Induction motors are which type of motors?\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eSynchronous motors\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAsynchronous motors\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eDC motors\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of these\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer: \u003c/strong\u003eOption b\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation:\u003c/strong\u003e The induction motors are the types of synchronous motors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ3.\u003c/strong\u003e What is the running torque in synchronous motors?\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e0.3 to 16 oz-in\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e17 to 20 oz-in\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e50 to 100 oz-in\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of these\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer: \u003c/strong\u003eOption a\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u003eThe running torque in synchronous motors is from 0.3 to 16 oz-in. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ4. \u003c/strong\u003eWhat happens to synchronous speed as load changes?\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eIncreases as the load increases\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eDecreases as the load decreases\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAlways remains constant\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of these\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer: \u003c/strong\u003eOption c \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation:\u003c/strong\u003e Synchronous speed is a constant speed that depends on the supply frequency and the number of poles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ5. \u003c/strong\u003eWhat does the rotor contain?\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003ePermanent magnet\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eElectrical magnet\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eElectromagnet\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of these\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer\u003c/strong\u003e: Option a\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u003e The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related-concepts\"\u003eRelated Concepts\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cul class=\"wp-block-list\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eClock drive\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eDoubly fed electrical machine\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eShort circuit ratio\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","bottom_cta":{"loggedin_cta":{"heading":"Have your own electrical engineering question?","button_text":" Ask a Question","disclaimer":"*Response times may vary by subject and question complexity. Median response time is 34 minutes for paid subscribers and may be longer for promotional offers."},"loggedout_cta":{"heading":"Want more help with your electrical engineering homework?","content":"We've got you covered with step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems, subject matter experts on standby 24/7 when you're stumped, and more.","button_text":"Get Started","sample_text":"Check out a sample electrical engineering Q\u0026A solution here!","disclaimer":"*Response times may vary by subject and question complexity. Median response time is 34 minutes for paid subscribers and may be longer for promotional offers."}},"youtubeLicense":[],"computed":{"splitContent":["\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-a-synchronous-motor\"\u003eWhat is a synchronous motor?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe synchronous motor is an AC electric type motor where at a steady-state the shaft rotation is synchronized with the supply current variable-frequency. To an integral number of AC cycles, the rotation period is exactly equal. The stator of the motor in the synchronous motor contains multi-phase AC electromagnets due to which a magnetic field is created that rotates in time with the oscillation of the line current. The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. When the synchronous motor is supplied with independently excited multi-phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and the stator, it is termed as a doubly-fed machine. The most widely used AC-type motors are the synchronous AC motor and the induction AC motors. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\"\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://cms-media.bartleby.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/18075724/1280px-Single_phase_low_power_synchronous_clock_motor_with_removed_cover-1024x557.jpg\" alt=\"Minature synchronous motor used in analog clocks.\" class=\"wp-image-61637\" width=\"540\" height=\"293\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eCC BY-SA 4.0 | Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Single_phase_low_power_synchronous_clock_motor_with_removed_cover.jpg\" data-type=\"URL\"\u003ehttps://en.wikipedia.org\u003c/a\u003e | Temdor\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn induction motor is a type of asynchronous motor. To induce a current in rotor winding the rotor must rotate slightly slower than AC alternations. In timing applications such as in timers in appliances, synchronous clocks, tape recorders, etc. small synchronous motors are used. Synchronous motor is available in sub fractional horsepower sizes which is self-excited to high power industrial sizes. Wherever the precise constant speed motor-drive is required the fractional horsepower range synchronous motors are used. These machines are usually used in timers, electrical clocks which are analog in nature, and other devices where correct time is required.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo important functions are provided by the synchronous motor which are in high power industrial sizes. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul class=\"wp-block-list\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eFirstly, it converts AC energy into work.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eSecondly, it can provide power factor correction because it can operate at leading or unity power factor. The power factor of the motor can be varied by varying the DC or direct-current excitation of the motor.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe difference between the induction motor and the synchronous motor is that since the synchronous motor does not rely on current induction to produce the rotor magnetic field it rotates at a rate locked to the line frequency whereas the induction motor does. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"synchronous-speed\"\u003eSynchronous speed\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe synchronous rotational speed of a synchronous motor is given in RPM by:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmi\u003eN\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003eS\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e=\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmfrac\u003e\u003cmrow\u003e\u003cmn\u003e120\u003c/mn\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmi\u003ex\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmi\u003ef\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmi\u003ep\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mfrac\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere f = frequency in Hz and p = number of poles\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eand in rad/second it is given by :\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmi\u003eω\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003es\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e=\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmfrac\u003e\u003cmrow\u003e\u003cmn\u003e4\u003c/mn\u003e\u003cmi\u003eπ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003ef\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmi\u003ep\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mfrac\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere f = frequency in Hz and p = number of poles\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsider a single phase, 4-pole synchronous motor is operating at an AC frequency of supply of 50 Hz so the synchronous speed will be given by \u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmi\u003eN\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003eS\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e=\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmfrac\u003e\u003cmrow\u003e\u003cmn\u003e120\u003c/mn\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmi\u003ex\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmn\u003e50\u003c/mn\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmn\u003e4\u003c/mn\u003e\u003c/mfrac\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e=\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmn\u003e1200\u003c/mn\u003e\u003cmo\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmi\u003er\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003ep\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003em\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/math\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"construction\"\u003eConstruction\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe stator and rotor are the principal components of the synchronous motor. The stator of both induction and the synchronous motor is similar in construction. As an exception, the stator frame contains a wrapper plate with the wound-rotor synchronous doubly-fed electrical machine. The keybars and circumferential ribs are attached to the wrapper plate. Frame mount and footings are required to carry the machine. To connect to the excitation supply brushes and slip rings are required when the field winding is excited by DC excitation but when it is non-excited it would not get connected. With the help of a brushless exciter also the field winding can be excited. For up to six poles the cylindrical round rotors are used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnlike a non-salient pole rotor, a salient pole rotor is used when a large number of poles are needed in some machines. To that of the synchronous alternator, the construction of synchronous motors is almost similar. The stationary armature and rotating field winding are used in construction by most synchronous motors. This type of construction is an advantage to the DC motor where the armature used is of rotating in nature. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"operations\"\u003eOperations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to the interaction of the stator and rotor field, a synchronous motor operates. The stator winding which is present in the stator is provided with a three-phase supply and the rotor is provided with a DC supply. A three-phase rotating magnetic flux is produced by the three-phase stator winding carrying a three-phase current. The rotor gets locked with this rotating magnetic field and rotates accordingly with it. The motor is said to be in synchronization once the rotor field gets locked with the stator field. A stator having single-phase winding is also possible but here the direction of rotation is not defined because the machine may start to rotate in either direction unless prevented from doing so with the help of starting arrangements. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe speed of the motor is dependent only on supply frequency once the motor is in operation. The field winding no longer follows the rotating magnetic field and the motor falls out of synchronization when the motor load is increased beyond the breakdown load. If it falls out of synchronization since the motor can not produce torque, the practical synchronous motors have windings called damper windings to stabilize the operation and to facilitate the starting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e The torque is produced by the phase difference between the rotating magnetic field and the rotor. When there is a small phase difference between the rotating rotor and the rotating magnetic field, the torque produced is low in value. The torque which is developed in the starting is called starting torque and the full load torque of the motor is called a running torque. Then that of an equivalent induction motor since these winding's are smaller and on long operation can overheat and in the rotor excitation winding's since large voltages are induced, the protection devices of synchronous motors can sense these condition and cut out the power supply.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"starting-methods\"\u003eStarting methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSynchronous motors are those kinds of motors that are not self-start. This is due to the inertia of the rotor so it cannot instantly follow the rotation of the stator magnetic field. No inherent torque is produced by the synchronous motor during standstill conditions. So, without some supplement mechanism, it cannot accelerate to synchronous speed. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe squirrel-cage induction motor is included in the large motors operating on commercial power frequency which provides sufficient torque for acceleration and in motor speed operation which also serves to damp oscillations. The field winding gets excited and the motor pulls out of the synchronization once the rotor nears the synchronous speed. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore the load is applied the very large motors system may include a pony motor which accelerates the synchronous machine which is unloaded. By changing the frequency of stator current, the motors that are controlled electronically can be accelerated from zero speed. Inline powered electrical mechanical clocks or very small synchronous motor timers are used, which uses the line power frequency to run the gear mechanism at a correct speed. If the moment of inertia of the rotor and its mechanical load is sufficiently small then such small synchronous motors are able to start without assistance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo address different starting methods the operational economics is an important parameter. To solve the motor starting issue the excitation of the rotor is the possible way. The running torque in the synchronous motor is from 0.3 to 16 oz-in. A shaded-pole synchronous motor is a type of AC motor which uses field coils with additional copper shading coils to produce a rotating field that is weak. Nidec motors corporation makes the best synchronous motors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"context-and-applications\"\u003eContext and Applications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis topic is significant in the professional exams for graduate and postgraduate courses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul class=\"wp-block-list\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eBachelors in Electrical Engineering\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eMasters in Electrical Engineering\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"practice-problems\"\u003ePractice Problems\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ1.\u003c/strong\u003e Which power factor the synchronous motors can operate?\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eUnity power factor\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eLeading power factor\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eBoth a and b\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of these\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer:\u003c/strong\u003e Option c\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u003eIt can operate leading and unity power factor because the synchronous motors convert AC energy into work and also provide power factor correction. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ2.\u003c/strong\u003e Induction motors are which type of motors?\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eSynchronous motors\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAsynchronous motors\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eDC motors\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of these\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer: \u003c/strong\u003eOption b\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation:\u003c/strong\u003e The induction motors are the types of synchronous motors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ3.\u003c/strong\u003e What is the running torque in synchronous motors?\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e0.3 to 16 oz-in\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e17 to 20 oz-in\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e50 to 100 oz-in\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of these\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer: \u003c/strong\u003eOption a\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u003eThe running torque in synchronous motors is from 0.3 to 16 oz-in. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ4. \u003c/strong\u003eWhat happens to synchronous speed as load changes?\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eIncreases as the load increases\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eDecreases as the load decreases\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAlways remains constant\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of these\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer: \u003c/strong\u003eOption c \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation:\u003c/strong\u003e Synchronous speed is a constant speed that depends on the supply frequency and the number of poles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ5. \u003c/strong\u003eWhat does the rotor contain?\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003ePermanent magnet\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eElectrical magnet\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eElectromagnet\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of these\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer\u003c/strong\u003e: Option a\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u003e The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the rotor rotates in synchronization with the stator field at the same rate and provides the second synchronized magnetic field which is rotating in nature as a result. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related-concepts\"\u003eRelated Concepts\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cul class=\"wp-block-list\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eClock drive\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eDoubly fed electrical machine\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eShort circuit ratio\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e"]}},"allCSSLinks":{"content":["https://cms-assets.bartleby.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css","https://cms-assets.bartleby.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/theme.min.css","https://cms-assets.bartleby.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/editor.min.css","https://cms-assets.bartleby.com/wp-content/plugins/getwid/assets/css/blocks.style.css"]},"conceptTitleSlug":"synchronous-motor","credentials":{},"userId":"","gated":false,"userAccess":{"learn":{"id":"learn","name":"bartleby 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