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Molibdênio – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre

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class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Características" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Características"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Características</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Características-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Características</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Características-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propriedades_físicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propriedades_físicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Propriedades físicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propriedades_físicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compostos_e_química" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compostos_e_química"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Compostos e química</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compostos_e_química-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-História" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#História"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>História</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-História-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocorrência_e_produção" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocorrência_e_produção"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ocorrência e produção</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocorrência_e_produção-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicações" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicações"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aplicações</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplicações-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Aplicações</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aplicações-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ligas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ligas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outras_aplicações_com_o_elemento_puro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outras_aplicações_com_o_elemento_puro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Outras aplicações com o elemento puro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outras_aplicações_com_o_elemento_puro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compostos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compostos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Compostos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compostos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papel_biológico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papel_biológico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Papel biológico</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Papel_biológico-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Papel biológico</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Papel_biológico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bioquímica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioquímica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bioquímica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioquímica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nitrogenases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrogenases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Nitrogenases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrogenases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enzimas_com_cofator_de_molibdênio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enzimas_com_cofator_de_molibdênio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Enzimas com cofator de molibdênio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enzimas_com_cofator_de_molibdênio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingestão_diária_e_deficiência" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingestão_diária_e_deficiência"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ingestão diária e deficiência</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ingestão_diária_e_deficiência-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doenças_relacionadas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doenças_relacionadas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Doenças relacionadas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doenças_relacionadas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antagonismo_cobre-molibdênio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antagonismo_cobre-molibdênio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Antagonismo cobre-molibdênio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antagonismo_cobre-molibdênio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isótopos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isótopos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Isótopos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isótopos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Molibdênio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 142 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">142 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeen" title="Molibdeen — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Molibdeen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%8A%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%B4%E1%8A%90%E1%88%9D" title="ሞሊብዴነም — amárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞሊብዴነም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="موليبدنوم — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موليبدنوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="موليبدين — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موليبدين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="موليبدنوم — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موليبدنوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenu" title="Molibdenu — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Molibdenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldel" title="Moldel — Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Moldel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A9num" title="Molibdénum — balinês" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Molibdénum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Малібдэн — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малібдэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Малібдэн — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малібдэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मॉलिब्डेनम — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मॉलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="মলিবডেনাম — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মলিবডেনাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="མོ་ལིབ་ཌེ་ནིམ། — tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོ་ལིབ་ཌེ་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A8" title="Molibdè — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Molibdè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ADk_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Mŭk (gĭng-sṳ̆k) — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mŭk (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%86%D9%85" title="مۆلیبدێنۆم — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆلیبدێنۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenu" title="Molibdenu — córsico" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Molibdenu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="córsico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Molybden" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenwm" title="Molybdenwm — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Molybdenwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A6n" title="Molybdæn — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Molybdæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molybdän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%84%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="މޮލިބްޑިނަމް — divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މޮލިބްޑިނަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μολυβδαίνιο — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μολυβδαίνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%BCbdeen" title="Molübdeen — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Molübdeen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86" title="مولیبدن — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولیبدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdeeni" title="Molybdeeni — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Molybdeeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A8ne" title="Molybdène — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Molybdène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%BCbdeen" title="Molübdeen — frísio setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Molübdeen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frísio setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — friulano" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molaibd%C3%A9ineam" title="Molaibdéineam — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Molaibdéineam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moilibdeanum" title="Moilibdeanum — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Moilibdeanum" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%AE" title="મોલિબ્ડેનમ — guzerate" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મોલિબ્ડેનમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guzerate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum — manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%93%D7%9F" title="מוליבדן — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוליבדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मोलिब्डेनम — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A9n" title="Molibdén — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Molibdén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Մոլիբդեն — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլիբդեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdeno" title="Molybdeno — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Molybdeno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Molibdenum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdo" title="Molibdo — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Molibdo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3l%C3%BDbden" title="Mólýbden — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mólýbden" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%96%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3" title="モリブデン — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モリブデン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mlibdena" title="mlibdena — lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mlibdena" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A8num" title="Molibdènum — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Molibdènum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მოლიბდენი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლიბდენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94l%C9%A9b%C9%A9d%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಾಲಿಬ್ಡಿನಮ್ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಲಿಬ್ಡಿನಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%8C%EB%8D%B0%EB%84%98" title="몰리브데넘 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몰리브데넘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%AEbden" title="Molîbden — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Molîbden" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenom" title="Molybdenom — córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Molybdenom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Molybdän" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdeen" title="Molybdeen — limburguês" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Molybdeen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenas" title="Molibdenas — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Molibdenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C4%93ns" title="Molibdēns — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Molibdēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Молибдена — mocsa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Молибдена" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mocsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4libdena" title="Môlibdena — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môlibdena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="മൊളിബ്ഡിനം — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊളിബ്ഡിനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मॉलिब्डेनम — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॉलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Molibdenum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="မိုလိပ်ဒီနမ် — birmanês" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုလိပ်ဒီနမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मोलिब्डेनम — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मोलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdeen" title="Molybdeen — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Molybdeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Molybden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Molybden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A8n" title="Molibdèn — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Molibdèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — ossético" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossético" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE" title="ਮੌਲਿਬਡੀਨਮ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਲਿਬਡੀਨਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मोलिब्डेनम — páli" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मोलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="páli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85" title="مولیبیڈینم — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مولیبیڈینم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="موليبډينوم — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="موليبډينوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulipthinu" title="Mulipthinu — quíchua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mulipthinu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quíchua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenu" title="Molibdenu — aromeno" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Molibdenu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मोलिब्डेनम — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मोलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenu" title="Molibdenu — sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Molibdenu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenu" title="Molibdenu — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Molibdenu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A9n" title="Molybdén — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Molybdén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum — somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeni" title="Molibdeni — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Molibdeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Molybdän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A9num" title="Molibdénum — sundanês" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Molibdénum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Molybden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeni" title="Molibdeni — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Molibdeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாலிப்டினம் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாலிப்டினம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="మోలిబ్డినం — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మోలిబ్డినం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="โมลิบดีนัม — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมลิบดีนัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86" title="مولبېدىن — uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مولبېدىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молібден — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молібден" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85" title="مولیبڈینم — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مولیبڈینم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Molybden" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Молибдениум — kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Молибдениум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="מאליבדען — iídiche" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאליבדען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="iídiche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%AC" title="鉬 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鉬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%AC" title="鉬 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鉬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMophobo" title="UMophobo — zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMophobo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1053#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Molibd%C3%AAnio" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Molibd%C3%AAnio" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mudar a variante da língua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">português</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Molibd%C3%AAnio"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=history" title="Edições anteriores desta página. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Molibd%C3%AAnio"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=history"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Geral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Molibd%C3%AAnio" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Molibd%C3%AAnio" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;oldid=66826815" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Informações da página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&amp;page=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;id=66826815&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informação sobre como citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMolibd%25C3%25AAnio"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMolibd%25C3%25AAnio"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Livro&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Molibd%C3%AAnio"><span>Criar um livro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Descarregar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;printable=yes" title="Versão para impressão desta página [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versão para impressão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros projetos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia 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text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tungst%C3%AAnio" title="Tungstênio">W</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-top:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Tabela_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Tabela periódica">Tabela completa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tabela_peri%C3%B3dica_estendida" title="Tabela periódica estendida">Tabela estendida</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Aparência </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">cinza metálico<br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/250px-Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/375px-Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/500px-Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5148" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span><br /><small>Fragmento de cristal de molibdênio de pureza 99,99%, e um cubo <a href="/wiki/Monocristal" title="Monocristal">monocristal</a> de 1 cm<sup>3</sup> de alta pureza (99,999%) para comparação.</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informações gerais </th></tr> <tr> <td width="60%"><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos" title="Lista de elementos químicos">Nome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos" title="Lista de elementos químicos">símbolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_at%C3%B3mico" title="Número atómico">número</a> </td> <td width="40%">Molibdênio, Mo, 42 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rie_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Série química">Série química</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Metal de transição">Metal de transição</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grupo_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Grupo (química)">Grupo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Período (química)">período</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloco_da_tabela_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloco da tabela periódica">bloco</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grupo_06_(qu%C3%ADmica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo 06 (química)">6 (6B)</a>, 5, d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Densidade" title="Densidade">Densidade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escala_de_Mohs" title="Escala de Mohs">dureza</a> </td> <td>10280 <a href="/wiki/Quilograma_por_metro_c%C3%BAbico" title="Quilograma por metro cúbico">kg/m<sup class="exposant">3</sup></a>, 5,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Registro_CAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Registro CAS">Número CAS</a> </td> <td>7439-98-7 </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_EINECS" title="Número EINECS">Número EINECS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Propriedade atómicas </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Massa atómica">Massa atómica</a> </td> <td>95,96 <a href="/wiki/Unidade_de_massa_at%C3%B3mica" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidade de massa atómica">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raio_at%C3%B3mico" title="Raio atómico">Raio atómico</a> <small>(calculado)</small> </td> <td>139 <a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B4metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Picômetro">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raio_covalente" title="Raio covalente">Raio covalente</a> </td> <td>154±5 <a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B4metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Picômetro">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Raio_de_Van_der_Waals" title="Raio de Van der Waals">Raio de Van der Waals</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B4metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Picômetro">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Configura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_electr%C3%B3nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Configuração electrónica">Configuração electrónica</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%ADpton" title="Crípton">Kr</a>] 5s<sup>1</sup> 4d<sup>5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron">Elétrons</a> <small>(por <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADvel_de_energia" title="Nível de energia">nível de energia</a>)</small> </td> <td>2, 8, 18, 13, 1 <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Electron_shell_042_Molybdenum.svg" title="Ficheiro:Electron shell 042 Molybdenum.svg">ver imagem</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estado_de_oxida%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Estado de oxidação">Estado(s) de oxidação</a> </td> <td><b>6</b>, 5, <b>4</b>, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2 (<a href="/wiki/%C3%93xido_%C3%A1cido" class="mw-redirect" title="Óxido ácido">óxido ácido forte</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93xido" title="Óxido">Óxido</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estrutura_cristalina" title="Estrutura cristalina">Estrutura cristalina</a> </td> <td>cúbica centrada no corpo </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Propriedades físicas </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estados_f%C3%ADsicos_da_mat%C3%A9ria" class="mw-redirect" title="Estados físicos da matéria">Estado da matéria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido">sólido</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponto_de_fus%C3%A3o" title="Ponto de fusão">Ponto de fusão</a> </td> <td>2436&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponto_de_ebuli%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Ponto de ebulição">Ponto de ebulição</a> </td> <td>4912&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calor_de_fus%C3%A3o" title="Calor de fusão">Entalpia de fusão</a> </td> <td>37,48 <a href="/wiki/Quilojoule_por_mol" title="Quilojoule por mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Entalpia_de_vaporiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Entalpia de vaporização">Entalpia de vaporização</a> </td> <td>598 <a href="/wiki/Quilojoule_por_mol" title="Quilojoule por mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_cr%C3%ADtica" title="Temperatura crítica">Temperatura crítica</a> </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Press%C3%A3o_cr%C3%ADtica" title="Pressão crítica">Pressão crítica</a> </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unidade)" title="Pascal (unidade)">Pa</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Volume_molar" title="Volume molar">Volume molar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_c%C3%BAbico" title="Metro cúbico">m<sup class="exposant">3</sup></a>/<a href="/wiki/Mol" title="Mol">mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Press%C3%A3o_de_vapor" title="Pressão de vapor">Pressão de vapor</a> </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unidade)" title="Pascal (unidade)">Pa</a> a 2742 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Velocidade_do_som" title="Velocidade do som">Velocidade do som</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_por_segundo" title="Metro por segundo">m/s</a> a 20 <a href="/wiki/Grau_Celsius" title="Grau Celsius">°C</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Classe_magn%C3%A9tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Classe magnética">Classe magnética</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Susceptibilidade_magn%C3%A9tica" title="Susceptibilidade magnética">Susceptibilidade magnética</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Permeabilidade_magn%C3%A9tica" title="Permeabilidade magnética">Permeabilidade magnética</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_de_Curie" title="Temperatura de Curie">Temperatura de Curie</a> </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Diversos </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eletronegatividade" title="Eletronegatividade">Eletronegatividade</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Escala_de_Pauling" title="Escala de Pauling">Pauling</a>)</small> </td> <td>2,16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfico" title="Calor específico">Calor específico</a> </td> <td>250 <a href="/wiki/Joule_por_quilograma_por_kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule por quilograma por kelvin">J/(kg·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Condutividade_el%C3%A9trica" title="Condutividade elétrica">Condutividade elétrica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unidade)" title="Siemens (unidade)">S</a>/m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Condutividade_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Condutividade térmica">Condutividade térmica</a> </td> <td>138 <a href="/wiki/Watt_por_metro_por_kelvin" title="Watt por metro por kelvin">W/(m·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.º <a href="/wiki/Potencial_de_ioniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Potencial de ionização">Potencial de ionização</a> </td> <td>684,3 <a href="/wiki/Quilojoule_por_mol" title="Quilojoule por mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.º Potencial de ionização </td> <td>1560 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.º Potencial de ionização </td> <td>2618 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.º Potencial de ionização </td> <td>4480 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>5.º Potencial de ionização </td> <td>kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>6.º Potencial de ionização </td> <td>kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>7.º Potencial de ionização </td> <td>kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>8.º Potencial de ionização </td> <td>kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>9.º Potencial de ionização </td> <td>kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>10.º Potencial de ionização </td> <td>kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px; margin-top:none; margin-left:none; margin-right:none;">Isótopos mais estáveis </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0px"> <table width="100%" rules="all" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo">iso</a> </td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Abund%C3%A2ncia_natural" title="Abundância natural">AN</a> </td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Meia-vida" title="Meia-vida">Meia-vida</a> </td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Modo_de_decaimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Modo de decaimento">MD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Energia_de_decaimento" title="Energia de decaimento">Ed</a> </td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Produto_de_decaimento" title="Produto de decaimento">PD</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td><a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9tron-volt" title="Elétron-volt">MeV</a> </td></tr> <tr><td><sup>92</sup>Mo</td><td>14,84%</td><td colspan="4">estável com 50 <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AAutron" title="Nêutron">neutrões</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>93</sup>Mo</td><td><a href="/wiki/Radiois%C3%B3topo_sint%C3%A9tico" title="Radioisótopo sintético">sintético</a></td><td>4×10<sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ano" title="Ano">a</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Captura_eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Captura eletrônica">ε</a></td><td>-</td><td><sup>93</sup><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B3bio" title="Nióbio">Nb</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>94</sup>Mo</td><td>9,25%</td><td colspan="4">estável com 52 <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AAutron" title="Nêutron">neutrões</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>95</sup>Mo</td><td>15,92%</td><td colspan="4">estável com 53 <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AAutron" title="Nêutron">neutrões</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>96</sup>Mo</td><td>16,68%</td><td colspan="4">estável com 54 <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AAutron" title="Nêutron">neutrões</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>97</sup>Mo</td><td>9,55%</td><td colspan="4">estável com 55 <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AAutron" title="Nêutron">neutrões</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>98</sup>Mo</td><td>24,13%</td><td colspan="4">estável com 56 <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AAutron" title="Nêutron">neutrões</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>99</sup>Mo</td><td><a href="/wiki/Radiois%C3%B3topo_sint%C3%A9tico" title="Radioisótopo sintético">sintético</a></td><td>65,94 <a href="/wiki/Hora" title="Hora">h</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Emiss%C3%A3o_beta" title="Emissão beta">β<sup>−</sup></a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_gama" title="Radiação gama">γ</a></td><td>0,436, <u>1,214</u><br />0,74, 0,36, 0,14</td><td><sup>99<a href="/wiki/Isomeria_nuclear" title="Isomeria nuclear">m</a></sup><a href="/wiki/Tecn%C3%A9cio" title="Tecnécio">Tc</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>100</sup>Mo</td><td>9,63%</td><td>7,8×10<sup>18</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ano" title="Ano">a</a></td><td>2<a href="/wiki/Emiss%C3%A3o_beta" title="Emissão beta">β<sup>−</sup></a></td><td>3,04</td><td><sup>100</sup><a href="/wiki/Rut%C3%AAnio" title="Rutênio">Ru</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 2px #ffc0c0 solid; font-size: 80%;"><i>Unidades do <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Internacional_de_Unidades" title="Sistema Internacional de Unidades">SI</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Condi%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Normais_de_Temperatura_e_Press%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Condições Normais de Temperatura e Pressão">CNTP</a>, salvo indicação contrária.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Elemento/infocaixa" class="mw-redirect" title="Predefinição:Elemento/infocaixa"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Elemento/infocaixa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Elemento/infocaixa (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Elemento/infocaixa&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>O <span class="no-conversion"><b><span lang="pt-br">molibdênio</span></b> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%AAs_brasileiro" title="Português brasileiro">português brasileiro</a>)</sup> ou <b><span lang="pt-pt">molibdénio</span></b> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%AAs_europeu" title="Português europeu">português europeu</a>)</sup></span> é um <a href="/wiki/Elemento_qu%C3%ADmico" class="mw-redirect" title="Elemento químico">elemento químico</a> de símbolo <b>Mo</b> e <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_at%C3%B4mico" class="mw-redirect" title="Número atômico">número atômico</a> 42. O nome é derivado do <a href="/wiki/Neolatim" title="Neolatim">neolatim</a> <i>Molybdaenum</i>, do <a href="/wiki/Grego_antigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grego antigo">grego antigo</a> <span lang="el" class="politonico">Μόλυβδος</span> <i><span lang="grc-latn">molybdos</span></i> que significa <a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo">chumbo</a>, uma vez que seus minérios eram confundidos com os de chumbo.<sup id="cite_ref-CRCdescription_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRCdescription-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Minerais de molibdênio são conhecidos ao longo da história, mas o elemento só foi descoberto (no sentido de diferenciação como uma nova entidade a partir dos sais minerais de outros metais) em 1778 por <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>. O metal foi isolado pela primeira vez em 1781 por <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jacob_Hjelm" title="Peter Jacob Hjelm">Peter Jacob Hjelm</a>. </p><p>O molibdênio não é encontrado naturalmente como um <a href="/wiki/Metal_livre" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal livre">metal livre</a> na Terra, mas em vários <a href="/wiki/Estados_de_oxida%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Estados de oxidação">estados de oxidação</a> em minerais. O elemento livre, que é um metal de cor prateada, tem o sexto maior <a href="/wiki/Ponto_de_fus%C3%A3o" title="Ponto de fusão">ponto de fusão</a> de todos os elementos conhecidos. Forma prontamente ligas estáveis e duras com o carbono, e por esta razão a maior parte da produção mundial do elemento (aproximadamente 80%) é na fabricação do aço, incluindo ligas resistentes e <a href="/wiki/Superliga_(metalurgia)" title="Superliga (metalurgia)">superligas</a>. </p><p>A maioria dos compostos tem baixa <a href="/wiki/Solubilidade" title="Solubilidade">solubilidade</a> em água, porém o íon <a href="/wiki/Molibdato" title="Molibdato">molibdato</a> <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">MoO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">2−<br />4</span></span> e é formado quando minerais contendo molibdênio entram em contato com o <a href="/wiki/Oxig%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxigênio">oxigênio</a> e água. Industrialmente, compostos químicos de molibdênio (aproximadamente 14% da produção mundial), são usados em aplicações em alta temperatura e pressão, como <a href="/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento">pigmentos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Catalisador" title="Catalisador">catalisadores</a>. </p><p>Enzimas contendo molibdênio são de longe a forma mais comum de catálise utilizada por algumas bactérias para quebrar a <a href="/wiki/Liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Ligação química">ligação química</a> do nitrogênio molecular atmosférico, permitindo a <a href="/wiki/Fixa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_nitrog%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixação do nitrogênio">fixação do nitrogênio</a>. Pelo menos 50 <a href="/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima">enzimas</a> com molibdênio são conhecidas em bactérias e animais, embora apenas algumas bactérias e cianobactérias estejam envolvidas na fixação do nitrogênio. Estas <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenases</a> contém molibdênio em uma forma diferente de outras enzimas, as quais contém molibdênio completamente oxidado incorporado em um <a href="/wiki/Cofator_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cofator de molibdênio">cofator de molibdênio</a>. Devido as diversas funções que várias enzimas com cofator de molibdênio, o elemento é requerido na dieta diária para todos os organismos eucariotas superiores, todavia não é requerido por todas as bactérias. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Características"><span id="Caracter.C3.ADsticas"></span>Características</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar secção: Características" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Características"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propriedades_físicas"><span id="Propriedades_f.C3.ADsicas"></span>Propriedades físicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar secção: Propriedades físicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Propriedades físicas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O molibdênio é um <a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Metal de transição">metal de transição</a> de coloração branco prateado e com uma dureza de 5,5 na <a href="/wiki/Escala_de_Mohs" title="Escala de Mohs">escala de Mohs</a>; além disso, tem um <a href="/wiki/Ponto_de_fus%C3%A3o" title="Ponto de fusão">ponto de fusão</a> de 2163ºC, o sexto maior entre os elementos naturais. Tem um dos menores coeficientes de <a href="/wiki/Expans%C3%A3o_t%C3%A9rmica" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansão térmica">expansão térmica</a> entre os metais utilizados comercialmente,<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> e sua <a href="/wiki/Resist%C3%AAncia_%C3%A0_tra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Resistência à tração">resistência à tração</a> em fios aumenta três vezes, de aproximadamente 10 para 30 GPa, quando o diâmetro é reduzido para ~50–100&#160;nm para 10&#160;nm.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compostos_e_química"><span id="Compostos_e_qu.C3.ADmica"></span>Compostos e química</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar secção: Compostos e química" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Compostos e química"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right: 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oxidação <br />Estado </th> <th>Example<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−2</td> <td> <p><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Na<sub>2</sub>[Mo<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>10</sub>]</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio_hexacarbonil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdênio hexacarbonil (página não existe)"> <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Mo(CO)<sub>6</sub></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> <td> <p><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Na[C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>Mo]</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloreto_de_Molibd%C3%AAnio_(II)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloreto de Molibdênio (II) (página não existe)"> <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">MoCl<sub>2</sub></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td> <p><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Na<sub>3</sub>[Mo(CN)]<sub>6</sub></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>+4</b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissulfeto_de_Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dissulfeto de Molibdênio (página não existe)"> <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">MoS<sub>2</sub></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloreto_de_Molibd%C3%AAnio_(V)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloreto de Molibdênio (V) (página não existe)"> <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">MoCl<sub>5</sub></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>+6</b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoreto_de_Molibd%C3%AAnio_(VI)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoreto de Molibdênio (VI) (página não existe)"> <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">MoF<sub>6</sub></span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png/170px-Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png/255px-Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png/340px-Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estrutura_de_Keggin" title="Estrutura de Keggin">Estrutura de Keggin</a> do ânion fosfomolibdato (P[Mo<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub>]<sup>3−</sup>), um exemplo de <a href="/wiki/Polioxometalato" title="Polioxometalato">polioxometalato</a></figcaption></figure> <p>O molibdênio é um <a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Metal de transição">metal de transição</a> com uma <a href="/wiki/Eletronegatividade" title="Eletronegatividade">eletronegatividade</a> de 2,16 na escala de Pauling e tem uma massa atômica padrão de 95,95&#160;g/mol.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Não reage de modo visível com o oxigênio ou água a temperatura ambiente, e grande parte da oxidação ocorre em temperaturas superiores a 600&#160;°C, resultando no <a href="/wiki/Tri%C3%B3xido_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Trióxido de molibdênio">trióxido de molibdênio</a>: </p> <dl><dd>2 Mo + 3</dd></dl> <p><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">O<sub>2</sub></span> → 2 <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">MoO<sub>3</sub></span> </p><p>O trióxido é volátil e sublima em altas temperaturas. Isto previne a formação de uma camada protetora de óxido, que poderia impedir a oxidação do metal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> O molibdênio possui vários <a href="/wiki/Estados_de_oxida%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Estados de oxidação">estados de oxidação</a>, sendo o mais estável o +4 e +6 (em negrito na tabela). A química e os compostos demonstram mais similaridade com o tungstênio do que com o cromo. Um exemplo é a instabilidade dos compostos de molibdênio (III) e tungstênio (III) comparados a estabilidade dos compostos de cromo (III). O maior estado de oxidação é comum no <a href="/wiki/%C3%93xido_de_molibd%C3%AAnio_(VI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Óxido de molibdênio (VI)">óxido de molibdênio (VI)</a>, ao passo que o composto sulfurado normal é o dissulfeto de molibdênio MoS<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O óxido de molibdênio (VI) é solúvel em <a href="/wiki/Base_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Base (química)">bases fortes alcalinas</a> aquosas, formando molibdatos (MoO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), que são oxidantes mais fracos que os cromatos mas demonstram uma tendência similar a formar <a href="/wiki/Oxi%C3%A2nion" title="Oxiânion">oxiânions</a> complexos pela condensação em valores de pH baixos, tais como [Mo<sub>7</sub>O<sub>24</sub>]<sup>6−</sup> and [Mo<sub>8</sub>O<sub>26</sub>]<sup>4−</sup>. Polimolibdatos podem incorporar outros íons em suas estruturas, formando <a href="/wiki/Polioxometalato" title="Polioxometalato">polioxometalatos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> O heteropolimolibdato que contém fósforo, P[Mo<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> é utilizado na <a href="/wiki/Espectroscopia_do_ultravioleta_vis%C3%ADvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Espectroscopia do ultravioleta visível">espectroscopia do ultravioleta visível</a> para a detecção do fósforo.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> A faixa ampla de estados de oxidação do molibdênio é evidente na variedade de cloretos que forma:<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloreto_de_Molibd%C3%AAnio_(II)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloreto de Molibdênio (II) (página não existe)">Cloreto de Molibdênio (II)</a> MoCl<sub>2</sub> (amarelo)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloreto_de_Molibd%C3%AAnio_(III)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloreto de Molibdênio (III) (página não existe)">Cloreto de Molibdênio (III)</a> MoCl<sub>3</sub> (vermelho escuro)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracloreto_de_Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetracloreto de Molibdênio (página não existe)">Tetracloreto de Molibdênio</a> MoCl<sub>4</sub> (preto)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloreto_de_Molibd%C3%AAnio_(V)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloreto de Molibdênio (V) (página não existe)">Cloreto de Molibdênio (V)</a> MoCl<sub>5</sub> (verde escuro)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloreto_de_Molibd%C3%AAnio_(VI)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloreto de Molibdênio (VI) (página não existe)">Cloreto de Molibdênio (VI)</a> MoCl<sub>6</sub> (marrom)</li></ul> <p>A estrutura do MoCl<sub>2</sub> é composta de aglomerados de Mo<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub><sup>4+</sup> com quatro íons cloreto para compensar a carga.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assim como o cromo e outros metais de transição, o molibdênio pode formar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liga%C3%A7%C3%B5es_qu%C3%A1druplas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligações quádruplas (página não existe)">ligações quádruplas</a>, tais como no Mo<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>4</sub>. Este composto pode ser transformado no Mo<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub><sup>4−</sup>, que também tem uma ligação quádrupla.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O estado de oxidação 0 é possível com o monóxido de carbono como ligante, tal como no molibdênio hexacarbonil, Mo(CO)<sub>6</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="História"><span id="Hist.C3.B3ria"></span>História</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar secção: História" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: História"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/220px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/330px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/440px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> enunciou que a <a href="/wiki/Molibdenita" class="mw-redirect" title="Molibdenita">molibdenita</a> continha um novo elemento químico.<sup id="cite_ref-elemental_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elemental-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Molibdenita" class="mw-redirect" title="Molibdenita">Molibdenita</a> - o principal minério do qual o molibdênio é extraído - era antigamente conhecida como Molibdena, que era confundida às vezes utilizada como <a href="/wiki/Grafite" title="Grafite">grafite</a>. A Molibdenita pode ser utilizada para escurecer a superfície ou como um sólido lubrificante, assim como o grafite.<sup id="cite_ref-Lansdown1999_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lansdown1999-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Mesmo quando a Molibdenita era distinguível do grafite, era ainda confundida com o minério de chumbo <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a>; o nome do elemento veio do <a href="/wiki/Grego_antigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grego antigo">grego antigo</a> <span lang="el" class="politonico">Μόλυβδος</span> <i><span lang="grc-latn">molybdos</span></i>, que significa <i>chumbo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Tem sido proposto que a palavra grega em si é uma <a href="/wiki/Empr%C3%A9stimo_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Empréstimo (linguística)">palavra emprestada</a> das línguas da região da Anatólia, atual Turquia.<sup id="cite_ref-melchert_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melchert-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apesar de uma liga de aço com molibdênio em uma espada japonesa do século XIV ter sido relatada, a técnica não foi amplamente empregada e posteriormente foi perdida.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 1754 no Ocidente, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Andersson_Qvist" title="Bengt Andersson Qvist">Bengt Andersson Qvist</a> examinou a Molibdenita e constatou que ela <i>não</i> continha chumbo, e portanto não era o mesmo que a galena.<sup id="cite_ref-vanderkrogt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderkrogt-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em 1778 o químico sueco <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> enunciou firmemente que a molibdenita não era de fato nem galena ou grafite.<sup id="cite_ref-elemental_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elemental-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Ao invéis disso, Scheele foi adiante e corretamente propôs que a Molibdenita era um minério de um novo elemento distinto, nomeado <i>molybdenum</i> para o mineral que o contém, e a partir do qual poderia ser isolado. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jacob_Hjelm" title="Peter Jacob Hjelm">Peter Jacob Hjelm</a> isolou com sucesso o elemento a partir de uma redução com <a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono">carbono</a> e <a href="/wiki/%C3%93leo_de_linha%C3%A7a" title="Óleo de linhaça">óleo de linhaça</a> em 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Por aproximadamente um século após seu isolamento, o molibdênio não teve uso industrial em função de sua escassez relativa, dificuldade de extração do metal puro e a falta de maturidade das técnicas metalúrgicas apropriadas.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyt1921_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyt1921-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krupp1888_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krupp1888-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta1992_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta1992-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> As primeiras ligas de aço com molibdênio demonstraram ser promissoras pelo aumento da dureza, mas esforços para manufaturá-las em larga escala foram travadas pelos resultados inconsistentes e a tendência de fragilidade e recristalização. Em 1906, <a href="/wiki/William_D._Coolidge" title="William D. Coolidge">William D. Coolidge</a> solicitou uma patente para uma forma de molibdênio dúctil, para o seus uso em fornos de alta temperatura e como um suporte para o filamento de tungstênio em lâmpadas de bulbo; a oxidação e degradação requeriu que o molibdênio fosse fisicamente selado ou contido em um gás inerte.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 1913, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_E._Elmore&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank E. Elmore (página não existe)">Frank E. Elmore</a> desenvolveu um processo de <a href="/wiki/Flota%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Flotação">flotação</a> para recuperar a molibdenita de minérios, método que permanece como o processo principal de isolamento do mineral.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durante a primeira Guerra Mundial, a demanda pelo elemento aumentou severamente; era usado tanto na <a href="/wiki/Blindagem" title="Blindagem">blindagem</a> de veículos quanto como um substituto para o tungstênio no <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7o_r%C3%A1pido" title="Aço rápido">aço rápido</a>. Alguns tanques britânicos eram protegidos por 75&#160;mm de blindagem de <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7o_Hadfield" title="Aço Hadfield">aço Hadfield</a> porém isto se mostrou ineficiente. As blindagens foram substituídas com ligas de aço com molibdênio com 25&#160;mm de espessura para aumento de velocidade dos veículos, maior facilidade de manobra e melhor proteção.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Os alemães também utilizaram molibdênio em ligas para a artilharia pesada. Isto foi porque o aço tradicional se fundia com o calor produzido para o lançamento de um projétil de uma tonelada.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Após a guerra, a demanda diminuiu até que avanços na metalurgia permitissem o desenvolvimento de aplicações de tempos de paz. Na Segunda Guerra, o molibdênio ganhou novamente importância estratégica como um substituto para o Tungstênio em ligas metálicas.<sup id="cite_ref-Millholland1941_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millholland1941-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ocorrência_e_produção"><span id="Ocorr.C3.AAncia_e_produ.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Ocorrência e produção</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar secção: Ocorrência e produção" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ocorrência e produção"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cristais lustrosos, prateados, planos e hexagonais em camadas quase paralelas dispostas em formato parecido com o de uma flor em um pedaço cristalino de quartzo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG/220px-Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG/330px-Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG/440px-Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Molibdenita" class="mw-redirect" title="Molibdenita">Molibdenita</a> no quartzo</figcaption></figure> <p>O molibdênio é o 54º elemento mais abundante na crosta terrestre, e o 25º mais abundante nos oceanos, com uma concentração média de 10&#160;partes por bilhão; e é o 42º elemento mais abundante no Universo.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Parte do molibdênio da Terra se originou no <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Solar#Limites_e_localização" title="Sistema Solar">sistema solar externo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> A missão russa <a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">Luna 24</a> descobrindo um grão de molibdênio (1 × 0.6&#160;µm) em um fragmento de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piroxeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piroxeno (página não existe)">piroxeno</a> retirado da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Crisum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mare Crisum (página não existe)">Mare Crisum</a> na Lua.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> A raridade relativa do molibdênio na crosta terrestre é compensada pela sua concentração em uma variedade de minérios insolúveis em água, Às vezes combinado com o enxofre, do mesmo modo que o cobre, que também é encontrado. Ainda que o elemento seja encontrado em minerais como a <a href="/wiki/Wulfenita" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfenita">wulfenita</a> (PbMoO<sub>4</sub>) e a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Powellita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Powellita (página não existe)">Powellita</a> (CaMoO<sub>4</sub>), a principal fonte comercial é a molibdenita (Mo<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a><sub>2</sub>). O molibdênio é extraído com minério principal, e também é recuperado como um subproduto durante a extração do cobre e tungstênio.<sup id="cite_ref-CRCdescription_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRCdescription-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historicamente a mina de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knaben&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Knaben (página não existe)">Knaben</a>, aberta em 1885 no sul da Noruega, foi a primeira dedicada a extração do molibdênio. Ficou fechada de 1973 a 2007, mas foi reaberta.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> A produção mundial de molibdênio foi de 250 mil toneladas em 2011, sendo os maiores produtores a China (94.000&#160;t), Estados Unidos (64.000&#160;t), Chile (38.000&#160;t), Peru (18.000&#160;t) e México (12.000&#160;t). As reservas mundiais estão estimadas em 10 milhões de toneladas, e em maior parte estão na China (4.3&#160;Mt), Estados Unidos (2.7&#160;Mt) e Chile (1.2&#160;Mt). Por continente, 93% da produção é dividia em partes quase equivalentes entre América do Norte, América do Sul e China. A Europa e o resto da Ásia (principalmente Armênia, Rússia, Irã e Mongólia) produzem o remanescente.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Molybdenum_world_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Molybdenum_world_production.svg/220px-Molybdenum_world_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Molybdenum_world_production.svg/330px-Molybdenum_world_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Molybdenum_world_production.svg/440px-Molybdenum_world_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tendência de produção mundial</figcaption></figure> <p>No processamento da molibdenita, ela primeiramente é aquecida até 700°C e o sulfeto é oxidado para o óxido de molibdênio (IV) pelo ar:<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>2 MoS<sub>2</sub> + 7 O<sub>2</sub> → 2 MoO<sub>3</sub> + 4 SO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>O minério oxidado é ou aquecido para 1100°C para sublimação, ou lixiviado com <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%B4nia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amônia">Amônia</a>, que reage com o óxido para formar molibdatos solúveis em água: </p> <dl><dd>MoO<sub>3</sub> + 2 NH<sub>4</sub>OH → (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(MoO<sub>4</sub>) + H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>O cobre, uma impureza da molibdenita, é menos solúvel em amônia. Para a remoção completa da solução, é precipitado com <a href="/wiki/Sulfeto_de_hidrog%C3%AAnio" title="Sulfeto de hidrogênio">sulfeto de hidrogênio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O molibdênio puro é produzido pela redução do óxido com hidrogênio, enquanto o molibdênio para a produção do aço é reduzido pela <a href="/wiki/Aluminotermia" title="Aluminotermia">reação aluminotérmica</a> com adição do ferro para produzir o <a href="/wiki/Ferromolibd%C3%AAnio" title="Ferromolibdênio">ferromolibdênio</a>, que comumente tem 60% de molibdênio.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O molibdênio tem um valor aproximado de $30 mil por tonelada (preço de Agosto de 2009). Manteve um valor próximo de $10 mil por tonelada de 1977 até 2003, e alcançou, devido a um pico de demanda, um preço de $103 mil por tonelada em junho de 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 2008, a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Metal_Exchange&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="London Metal Exchange (página não existe)">London Metal Exchange</a></i> anunciou que o elemento seria tratado como um <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> no câmbio.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Produção mundial em 2019, em toneladas por ano </caption> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">1.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td align="right">130.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2.</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td align="right">56.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3.</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a></td> <td align="right">43.600 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4.</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/22px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/33px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/44px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td align="right">30.400 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" title="México">México</a></td> <td align="right">16.600 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nia" title="Arménia">Armênia</a></td> <td align="right">5.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá">Canadá</a></td> <td align="right">3.900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8.</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A3" title="Irã"><img alt="Irã" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Irão">Irão</a></td> <td align="right">3.500 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9.</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia">Rússia</a></td> <td align="right">2.800 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10.</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lia" title="Mongólia"><img alt="Mongólia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lia" title="Mongólia">Mongólia</a></td> <td align="right">1.800 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fonte: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf">USGS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicações"><span id="Aplica.C3.A7.C3.B5es"></span>Aplicações</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar secção: Aplicações" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Aplicações"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligas">Ligas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar secção: Ligas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aproximadamente 86% da produção de molibdênio é utilizada em aplicações metalúrgicas tais como ligas, com o resto sendo usado como compostos em aplicações químicas, com 35% destinado a indústria de aços estruturais, 25% de aço inoxidável, 9% em <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7os_r%C3%A1pidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aços rápidos">aços rápidos</a> e ferramentas, 6% em ferro fundido, 6% na forma do metal e 5% em superligas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A capacidade do molibdênio de resistir a temperaturas extremas sem expandir significativamente ou amolecer o torna útil em aplicações que envolvem calor intenso, incluindo fabricação de blindagens, partes de aeronaves, contatos elétricos, motores industriais e filamentos.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-azom_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azom-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A maioria das ligas de aço de alta resistência (por exemplo <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A7os_41xx&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aços 41xx (página não existe)">aços 41xx</a>) contém de 0,25% a 8% de molibdênio.<sup id="cite_ref-CRCdescription_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRCdescription-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Apesar das pequenas proporções, mais de 43 mil toneladas são usadas como um agente ligante a cada ano em aços inoxidáveis, ferramentas em aço, ferro fundido e superligas para alta temperatura.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O molibdênio também é usado em ligas de aço devido a sua alta resistência à corrosão<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldabilidade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Soldabilidade (página não existe)">soldabilidade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Por causa de sua baixa densidade e preço mais estável, o molibdênio é algumas vezes utilizado no lugar do tungstênio.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Um exemplo é a série M de aços rápidos tais como M2, M4 e M42 em substituição a série T de aços rápidos, que contém tungstênio. O molibdênio pode ser implementando como um agente ligante e como uma cobertura de resistência a chama para outros metais. Embora o ponto de fusão seja 2623&#160;ºC, o elemento rapidamente se oxida a temperatura superiores a 760&#160;ºC tornando mais adequado para uso em ambiente com vácuo.<sup id="cite_ref-azom_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azom-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TZM (Mo (~99%), Ti (~0.5%), Zr (~0.08%) e algum C) é uma superliga resistente a corrosão que resiste a sais de fluoretos fundidos a temperaturas superiores a 1300&#160;ºC. Tem aproximadamente duas vezes a resistência do molibdênio puro, e é mais dútil e soldável, ademais em testes resistiu a corrosão de um <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sal_eut%C3%A9tico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sal eutético (página não existe)">sal eutético</a> padrão e vapores de sais usados em reatores de sais fundidos por 1100 horas com pouca corrosão de difícil medição.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outras ligas baseadas em molibdênio e que não contém ferro têm aplicações limitadas. Por exemplo, por causa da resistência a corrosão contra o zinco fundido, ambos molibdênio puro e liga molibdênio/tungstênio (70%/30%) são usadas em tubulações, agitadores e bombas que estão em contato com o zinco fundido.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outras_aplicações_com_o_elemento_puro"><span id="Outras_aplica.C3.A7.C3.B5es_com_o_elemento_puro"></span>Outras aplicações com o elemento puro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar secção: Outras aplicações com o elemento puro" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Outras aplicações com o elemento puro"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O pó do molibdênio é utilizado como um fertilizante para algumas plantas, tais como a couve-flor.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Na forma elemental também é utilizado em analisadores de NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub> para controle da poluição em plantas elétricas. A 350&#160;ºC o elemento age como um catalisador para NO<sub>2</sub>/NO<sub>x</sub> para formar somente moléculas NO para leituras no infravermelho.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Anodos de molibdênio substituem o tungstênio em certas fontes de raio-X em baixa voltagem, para usos especializados como em mamografias.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> O isótopo radioativo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio-99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdênio-99 (página não existe)">Molibdênio-99</a> é utilizado para gerar o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tecn%C3%A9cio-99m&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tecnécio-99m (página não existe)">Tecnécio-99m</a>, que é utilizado para a imagiografia médica. O isótopo é armazenado e manuseado na forma de molibdatos.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compostos">Compostos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar secção: Compostos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Compostos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Dissulfeto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" title="Dissulfeto de molibdênio">dissulfeto de molibdênio</a> (MoS<sub>2</sub>) é usado como um lubrificante sólido e agente anti-desgastante em altas pressões e temperaturas. Ele forma um filme resistente na superfície metálica e é um aditivo comum para graxas (em alta temperatura e pressão) - no caso de uma falha catastrófica da graxa, uma camada fina de molibdênio previne o contato das partes lubrificadas.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Também possui propriedades semicondutoras como vantagens distintas sobre o tradicional silicone ou aplicações eletrônicas com o <a href="/wiki/Grafeno" title="Grafeno">grafeno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-physorg_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> MoS<sub>2</sub> também é usado como um cataliSador no hidrocraqueamento de frações do petróleo que contém nitrogênio, enxofre e oxigênio.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outros compostos, incluem: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissiliceto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissiliceto de molibdênio">Dissiliceto de molibdênio</a> (MoSi<sub>2</sub>): cerâmica condutora elétrica com uso principal em <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_aquecedores&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos aquecedores (página não existe)">elementos aquecedores</a> operando em temperaturas superiores a 1500&#160;°C em ar.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tri%C3%B3xido_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Trióxido de molibdênio">Trióxido de molibdênio</a> (MoO<sub>3</sub>): usado como um adesivo entre metais e <a href="/wiki/Esmalte" title="Esmalte">esmaltes</a>. O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibdato_de_Chumbo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdato de Chumbo (página não existe)">Molibdato de Chumbo</a> co-precipitado com cromato de chumbo e sulfato de chumbo é um pigmento laranja brilhante usado em cerâmicas e plásticos.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Os catalisadores de óxidos mistos à base de molibdénio são utilizados para reacções de oxidação selectivas. As aplicações típicas são a oxidação de propano, propileno ou acroleína em ácido acrílico.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papel_biológico"><span id="Papel_biol.C3.B3gico"></span>Papel biológico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar secção: Papel biológico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Papel biológico"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioquímica"><span id="Bioqu.C3.ADmica"></span>Bioquímica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar secção: Bioquímica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bioquímica"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrogenases">Nitrogenases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar secção: Nitrogenases" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Nitrogenases"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O papel mais importante do Molibdênio em seres vivos é como um <a href="/wiki/Hetero%C3%A1tomo" title="Heteroátomo">heteroátomo</a> em sítios atívos de certas enzimas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> Na <a href="/wiki/Fixa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_nitrog%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixação do nitrogênio">fixação do nitrogênio</a> em certas bactérias,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> a enzima <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenase</a>, que é envolvida na etapa final da redução do nitrogênio molecular, normalmente contém o molibdênio no sítio ativo embora a substituição deste por ferro e vanádio também seja conhecida.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reação que a enzima nitrogenase realiza é: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {N_{2}+8\ H^{+}+8\ e^{-}+16\ ATP+16\ H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2\ NH_{3}+H_{2}+16\ ADP+16\ P_{i}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {N_{2}+8\ H^{+}+8\ e^{-}+16\ ATP+16\ H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2\ NH_{3}+H_{2}+16\ ADP+16\ P_{i}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3be3806a6702dba982cc3e2b247df7db10d87084" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:74.746ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {N_{2}+8\ H^{+}+8\ e^{-}+16\ ATP+16\ H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2\ NH_{3}+H_{2}+16\ ADP+16\ P_{i}} }"></span> </p><p>Com prótons e elétrons da cadeia de transporte de eléltros, o nitrogênio é reduzido a amônia e gás hidrogênio livre. Este é um processo que requer energia, exigindo a hidrólise do ATP no ADP mais um fosfato livre (<b>P<sub>i</sub></b>). </p><p>Em 2008, foi evidenciado que a escassez de molibdênio nos oceanos primitivos foi um fator limitante por aproximadamente dois bilhões de anos até a posterior evolução da vida eucariota (que incluem todas as plantas e animais) pois estas não conseguem fixar o nitrogênio, e portanto devem adquirir a maior parte do nitrogênio oxidado adequado para a criação de compostos orgânicos nitrogenados, ou os próprios organismos (como proteínas) a partir de bactérias procariotas.<sup id="cite_ref-Scottetal_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scottetal-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> A escassez de molibdênio resultoru em uma falta relativa de oxigênio nos oceanos primitivos. A maior parte dos compostos de molibdênio tem baixa solubilidade em água, mais o íon molibdato MoO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> é solúvel e é formado quando minerais contendo molibdênio entram em contato com o oxigênio e água. Uma vez que o oxigênio feito pela vida primitiva foi produzido na água do mar, ajudou a dissolver o molibdênio em molibdatos solúveis a partir dos minerais no fundo do oceano, tornando possível pela primeira vez a fixação do nitrogênio por bactérias, e permitindo a elas prover mais compostos de nitrogênio fixado utilizáveis por formas superiores de vida. Em 2013, foi sugerida a possibilidade que o <a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro">boro</a> e o molibdênio catalisaram a produção do <a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a> em <a href="/wiki/Marte_(planeta)" title="Marte (planeta)">Marte</a> com a vida sendo transferida para a terra por um meteorito por volta de três bilhões de anos atrás.<sup id="cite_ref-mars_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mars-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apesar do oxigênio tivesse promovido a fixação do nitrogênio ao tornar o molibdênio solúvel em água, também envenena diretamente as enzimas de nitrogenase. Assim na história antiga da Terra, após o oxigênio ter alcançado largas quantidades na água e no ar, organismos que continuaram a fixar o nitrogênio em condições aeróbicas precisaram isolar e proteger suas enzimas fixadoras de nitrogÊnios em <a href="/wiki/Heterocisto" title="Heterocisto">heterocistos</a>, ou estruturas protetoras similares do oxigênio disponível. Esta isolação estrutural nas reações de fixação do nitrogênio em organismos aeróbicos continua até a atualidade. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Molybdenum_cofactor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Estrutura da molécula molibdopterina com um único átomo de molibdênio ligado a um grupo tiolato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Molybdenum_cofactor.svg/220px-Molybdenum_cofactor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Molybdenum_cofactor.svg/330px-Molybdenum_cofactor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Molybdenum_cofactor.svg/440px-Molybdenum_cofactor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>O <a href="/wiki/Cofator_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cofator de molibdênio">cofator de molibdênio</a> (imagem) é composto de uma molécula orgânica complexa chamada <a href="/wiki/Molibdopterina" title="Molibdopterina">molibdopterina</a>, que se liga a um átomo de molibdênio (VI) oxidado através do átomo de enxofre adjacente (ou ocasionalmente o selênio). Exceto pelas nitrogenases primitivas, todas as enzimas de molibdênio conhecidas usam este cofator.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enzimas_com_cofator_de_molibdênio"><span id="Enzimas_com_cofator_de_molibd.C3.AAnio"></span>Enzimas com cofator de molibdênio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar secção: Enzimas com cofator de molibdênio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Enzimas com cofator de molibdênio"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Embora o molibdênio forme compostos com várias moléculas orgânicas, incluindo <a href="/wiki/Carboidrato" title="Carboidrato">carboidratos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido" title="Aminoácido">aminoácidos</a>, ele é transportado através do corpo humano como um molibdato MoO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-IMOAoverview_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMOAoverview-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> Até 2002, pelo menos 50 enzimas contendo molibdênio eram conhecidas, a maior parte em bactérias, e seu número aumenta a cada ano;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> tais enzimas incluem a <a href="/wiki/Alde%C3%ADdo_oxidase" title="Aldeído oxidase">aldeído oxidase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfito_oxidase" title="Sulfito oxidase">sulfito oxidase</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Xantina_oxidase" title="Xantina oxidase">xantina oxidase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Em alguns animais, e em humanos, a oxidação da <a href="/wiki/Xantina" title="Xantina">xantina</a> em <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_%C3%BArico" title="Ácido úrico">ácido úrico</a>, um processo do <a href="/wiki/Catabolismo" title="Catabolismo">catabolismo</a> da <a href="/wiki/Purina" title="Purina">purina</a>, é catalisada pela xantina oxidase. A atividade da xantina oxidase é diretamente proporcional a quantidade de molibdênio no organismo. Entretanto, uma concentração muito alta do elemento pode reverter a tendência e agir como um inibidor tanto no catabolismo da purina quanto em outros processos. A concentração de molibdênio também afeta <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADntese_proteica" title="Síntese proteica">síntese proteica</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabolismo</a> e o crescimento.<sup id="cite_ref-IMOAoverview_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMOAoverview-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em animais e plantas um composto tricíclico chamado <a href="/wiki/Molibdopterina" title="Molibdopterina">molibdopterina</a> (que, apesar do nome, não contém o molibdênio) reage com o molibdato para formar um cofator contendo molibdênio denominado <a href="/wiki/Cofator_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cofator de molibdênio">cofator de molibdênio</a>. Protegidas da nitrogenases da filogenética primitiva, que incluem a fixação do nitrogênio em algumas bactérias e cianobactérias, todas as enzimas contendo molibdênio identificadas até a atualidade na natureza utilizam o cofator de molibdênio, no qual o elemento está no estado oxidativo VI, o mesmo que o do molibdato.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Enzimas de molibdênio em plantas e animais podem catalisar a oxidação e algumas vezes a redução de certas moléculas pequenas, como parte da regulação do <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_do_nitrog%C3%AAnio" title="Ciclo do nitrogênio">ciclo do nitrogênio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_do_enxofre" title="Ciclo do enxofre">ciclo do enxofre</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_do_carbono" title="Ciclo do carbono">ciclo do carbono</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ingestão_diária_e_deficiência"><span id="Ingest.C3.A3o_di.C3.A1ria_e_defici.C3.AAncia"></span>Ingestão diária e deficiência</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar secção: Ingestão diária e deficiência" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ingestão diária e deficiência"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O molibdênio é um <a href="/wiki/Elemento_qu%C3%ADmico_essencial" title="Elemento químico essencial">elemento químico essencial</a> para a vida dos animais.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> Quatro enzimas com dependência de molibdênio em mamíferos são conhecidas, todas baseadas na <a href="/wiki/Pterina" title="Pterina">pterina</a> no cofator de molibdênio do sítio ativo: <a href="/wiki/Sulfito_oxidase" title="Sulfito oxidase">sulfito oxidase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xantina_oxidase" title="Xantina oxidase">xantina oxidase</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alde%C3%ADdo_oxidase" title="Aldeído oxidase">aldeído oxidase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> Pessoas com <a href="/wiki/Defici%C3%AAncia_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" title="Deficiência de molibdênio">deficiência de molibdênio</a> tem um funcionamento deficiente da sulfito oxidase e são propensas a reações tóxicas de sulfitos nos alimentos.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> O corpo humano contém aproximadamente 0,07&#160;mg de molibdênio por quilograma do peso corporal.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Ocorrem em concentrações superiores no fígado e rins, e em concentrações menores nas vértebras.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> O elemento também está presente dentro do <a href="/wiki/Esmalte_dent%C3%A1rio" title="Esmalte dentário">esmalte dentário</a> e pode ajudar a prever sua queda.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ingestão diária de molibdênio varia de 0,12 a 0,24&#160;mg, dependendo do teor de molibdênio no alimento.<sup id="cite_ref-Coug_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coug-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> Carnes de suínos, ovinos e bifes de fígado tem aproximadamente 1,5 partes por milhão de molibdênio. Outras fontes relevantes incluem feijões verdes, ovos, sementes de girassol, farinha de trigo, lentilhas, pepinos e cereais em grãos.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> A toxicidade aguda não foi observada em humanos e depende fortemente do estado químico do elemento. Estudos com ratos demonstram uma <a href="/wiki/Dose_letal_mediana" title="Dose letal mediana">dose letal mediana</a> (LD<sub>50</sub>) menor que 180&#160;mg/kg para alguns compostos.<sup id="cite_ref-ORNL_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORNL-74"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> Embora dados sobre a toxicidade em humanos não estejam disponíveis, estudos com animais têm demonstrado que a ingestão crônica de mais de 10&#160;mg/dia pode causar diarreia, retardo no crescimento, infertilidade, baixo peso de recém-nascidos e <a href="/wiki/Gota_(doen%C3%A7a)" title="Gota (doença)">gota</a>; também pode afetar os pulmões, rins e o fígado.<sup id="cite_ref-Coug_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coug-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Tungstato_de_s%C3%B3dio" title="Tungstato de sódio">tungstato de sódio</a> é um <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inibidor_competitivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inibidor competitivo (página não existe)">inibidor competitivo</a> do molibdênio e dietas com tungstênio reduzem a concentração do molibdênio em tecidos.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A deficiência de molibdênio na dieta a partir baixa concentração no solo tem sido associada com um aumento da taxa de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer_de_es%C3%B4fago" class="mw-redirect" title="Câncer de esôfago">câncer de esôfago</a> em parte do norte da china até o Irão.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> Comparados com os Estados Unidos, onde existe um grande suprimento do elemento no solo, pessoas nestas áreas deficientes têm um risco 16 vezes maior de desenvolver <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer_esof%C3%A1gico" title="Câncer esofágico">câncer esofágico</a> e <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_de_c%C3%A9lulas_escamosas" title="Carcinoma de células escamosas">carcinoma de células escamosas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A deficiência no elemento também tem sido relatada como uma consequência da <a href="/wiki/Nutri%C3%A7%C3%A3o_parenteral" title="Nutrição parenteral">nutrição parenteral</a> total (alimentação intravenosa completa) por longos períodos de tempo. Resulta em altos níveis sanguíneos de sulfitos e <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_%C3%BArico" title="Ácido úrico">ácido úrico</a>, quase do mesmo modo que a deficiência no cofator de molibdênio. Todavia, uma vez que presumivelmente a deficiência em molibdênio a partir deste mecanismo é observada primariamente em adultos, as consequências neurológicas não têm sido sinalizadas como para a deficiência de um fator congênito.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doenças_relacionadas"><span id="Doen.C3.A7as_relacionadas"></span>Doenças relacionadas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar secção: Doenças relacionadas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Doenças relacionadas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uma doença congênita da deficiência do cofator de molibdênio, observada em crianças, resulta na interferência da capacidade do organismo de usar o molibdênio em enzimas. Causa altos níveis de <a href="/wiki/Sulfito" title="Sulfito">sulfitos</a> e <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_%C3%BArico" title="Ácido úrico">ácido úrico</a>, e danos neurológicos.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antagonismo_cobre-molibdênio"><span id="Antagonismo_cobre-molibd.C3.AAnio"></span>Antagonismo cobre-molibdênio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar secção: Antagonismo cobre-molibdênio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Antagonismo cobre-molibdênio"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Altos níveis de molibdênio podem interferir na captação do <a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre">cobre</a>, provocando a deficiência de cobre. O molibdênio previne proteínas de se ligar ao cobre, e também aumentam a quantidade de cobre que é excretado na <a href="/wiki/Urina" title="Urina">urina</a>. Ruminantes que consumem grandes quantidades de molibdênio desenvolvem sintomas que incluem diarreia, crescimento atrofiado, anemia e perda do pigmento do cabelo. Estes sintomas podem ser aliviados pela administração de mais cobre no organismo, tanto na forma de injeção quanto por uma dieta regulada.<sup id="cite_ref-suttle_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suttle-82"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> A condição, como uma efetiva deficiência de cobre, pode ser agravada por excesso de <a href="/wiki/Enxofre" title="Enxofre">enxofre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A redução ou deficiência de cobre também pode ser deliberadamente reduzida para propósitos terapêuticos pelo composto <a href="/wiki/Tetratiomolibdato_de_am%C3%B3nio" title="Tetratiomolibdato de amónio">tetratiomolibdato de amónio</a>, no qual o ânion vermelho brilhante de tetratiomolibdato é um agente quelante do cobre. O composto foi usado pela primeira vez com este propósito para no tratamento da <a href="/wiki/Toxicose_de_cobre" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxicose de cobre">toxicose de cobre</a> em animais. Foi então introduzido como forma de tratamento para <a href="/wiki/Doen%C3%A7a_de_Wilson" title="Doença de Wilson">doença de Wilson</a>, uma desordem metabólica do cobre que é hereditária em humanos; o composto age tanto pela competição na absorção do cobre no intestino e no aumento da excreção do elemento. Também foi descoberto que tem efeito inibidor na <a href="/wiki/Angiog%C3%AAnese" title="Angiogênese">angiogênese</a>, potencialmente pela inibição do íon cobre do processo de translocação da membrana envolvendo um caminho de secreção não clássico.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> Isto é um tratamento investigatório interessante para o câncer, <a href="/wiki/Degenera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_macular" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneração macular">degeneração macular</a> relacionada a idade e outras doenças com característica deposição no sangue.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isótopos"><span id="Is.C3.B3topos"></span>Isótopos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar secção: Isótopos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Isótopos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O molibdênio tem 6 <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo">isótopos</a> estáveis e cerca de duas dezenas de radioisótopos, a maior parte com <a href="/wiki/Vida_m%C3%A9dia" title="Vida média">tempos de vida média</a> da ordem de segundos. O <sup>99</sup>Mo se usa em geradores de <sup>99</sup>Mo / <sup>99m</sup>Tc para a indústria de isótopos nucleares. Estima-se que este mercado de produtos de <sup>99</sup>Tc mova aproximadamente 100 milhões de euros ao ano. </p> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CRCdescription-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRCdescription_1-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRCdescription_1-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRCdescription_1-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lide, David R., ed. (1994). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>. <i>Molybdenum</i>. <b>4</b>. [S.l.]: Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. p.&#160;18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-8493-0474-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-8493-0474-1">0-8493-0474-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8493-0474-1&amp;rft.pages=18&amp;rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Publishing+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbb_2-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbb_2-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbb_2-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbb_2-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbb_2-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbb_2-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbb_2-6">g</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbb_2-7">h</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&amp;pg=PA265"><i>Nature's Building Blocks</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;262–266. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-19-850341-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-19-850341-5">0-19-850341-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Emsley&amp;rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-850341-5&amp;rft.pages=262-266&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC%26pg%3DPA265&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shpak, Anatoly P.; Kotrechko, Sergiy O.; Mazilova, Tatjana I; Mikhailovskij, Igor M (2009). «Inherent tensile strength of molybdenum nanocrystals». <i>Science and Technology of Advanced Materials</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 045004. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009STAdM..10d5004S">2009STAdM..10d5004S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F1468-6996%2F10%2F4%2F045004">10.1088/1468-6996/10/4/045004</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Inherent+tensile+strength+of+molybdenum+nanocrystals&amp;rft.au=Kotrechko%2C+Sergiy+O.&amp;rft.au=Mazilova%2C+Tatjana+I&amp;rft.au=Mikhailovskij%2C+Igor+M&amp;rft.aufirst=Anatoly+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Shpak&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+and+Technology+of+Advanced+Materials&amp;rft.pages=045004&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009STAdM..10d5004S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1468-6996%2F10%2F4%2F045004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schmidt, Max (1968). «VI. Nebengruppe». <i>Anorganische Chemie II.</i> (em alemão). [S.l.]: Wissenschaftsverlag. pp.&#160;119–127</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=VI.+Nebengruppe&amp;rft.aufirst=Max&amp;rft.aulast=Schmidt&amp;rft.btitle=Anorganische+Chemie+II.&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=119-127&amp;rft.pub=Wissenschaftsverlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">M. E. Wieser; M. Berglund (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciaaw.org/pubs/TSAW2007.pdf">«Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report)»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. <b>81</b> (11): 2131–2156. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REP-09-08-03">10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-03</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2007+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&amp;rft.au=M.+Berglund&amp;rft.au=M.+E.+Wieser&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=2131-2156&amp;rft.volume=81&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fpubs%2FTSAW2007.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2FPAC-REP-09-08-03&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Meija, J.; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050401/http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic_weights3.htm#">«Current Table of Standard Atomic Weights in Alphabetical Order: Standard Atomic weights of the elements»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de março de 2015</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic_weights3.htm">original</a> em 29 de abril de 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.au=Meija%2C+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Current++Table+of+Standard+Atomic+Weights+in+Alphabetical+Order%3A+Standard+Atomic+weights+of+the+elements&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fatomic_weights3.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Davis, Joseph R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GEHA8_bix0oC&amp;pg=PA365"><i>Heat-resistant materials</i></a>. <i>Molybdenum</i>. [S.l.]: ASM International. p.&#160;365. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-87170-596-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-87170-596-6">0-87170-596-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.btitle=Heat-resistant+materials&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87170-596-6&amp;rft.pages=365&amp;rft.pub=ASM+International&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGEHA8_bix0oC%26pg%3DPA365&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holl-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holl_8-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holl_8-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holl_8-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holl_8-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holl_8-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holl_8-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holl_8-6">g</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holl_8-7">h</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). <i>Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</i> 91–100 ed. [S.l.]: Walter de Gruyter. pp.&#160;1096–1104. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/3-11-007511-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/3-11-007511-3">3-11-007511-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.au=Holleman%2C+Arnold+F.&amp;rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&amp;rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&amp;rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.edition=91%93100&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3-11-007511-3&amp;rft.pages=1096-1104&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pope, Michael T.; Müller, Achim (1997). «Polyoxometalate Chemistry: An Old Field with New Dimensions in Several Disciplines». <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <b>30</b>: 34. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.199100341">10.1002/anie.199100341</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Polyoxometalate+Chemistry%3A+An+Old+Field+with+New+Dimensions+in+Several+Disciplines&amp;rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Achim&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Pope&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&amp;rft.pages=34&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.199100341&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nollet, Leo M. L., ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=YZpW4Y4Q_PIC&amp;pg=PA280"><i>Handbook of water analysis</i></a>. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker. pp.&#160;280–288. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8247-8433-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8247-8433-1">978-0-8247-8433-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+water+analysis&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8433-1&amp;rft.pages=280-288&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DYZpW4Y4Q_PIC%26pg%3DPA280&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elemental-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-elemental_11-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-elemental_11-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gagnon, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html">«Molybdenum»</a>. Jefferson Science Associates, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 6 de maio de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=Steve&amp;rft.aulast=Gagnon&amp;rft.btitle=Molybdenum&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Jefferson+Science+Associates%2C+LLC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.jlab.org%2Fitselemental%2Fele042.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lansdown1999-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lansdown1999_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lansdown, A. R. (1999). <i>Molybdenum disulphide lubrication</i>. <i>Tribology and Interface Engineering</i>. <b>35</b>. [S.l.]: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-444-50032-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-444-50032-8">978-0-444-50032-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Lansdown&amp;rft.btitle=Molybdenum+disulphide+lubrication&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-444-50032-8&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-melchert-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-melchert_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Melchert, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/melchert/webpage/molybdos.pdf">«Greek mólybdos as a Loanword from Lydian»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina (página não existe)">Chapel Hill</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de abril de 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.au=Melchert%2C+Craig&amp;rft.btitle=Greek+m%C3%B3lybdos+as+a+Loanword+from+Lydian&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2Fmelchert%2Fwebpage%2Fmolybdos.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Molybdenum Association, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imoa.info/molybdenum/molydbenum_history.php">"Molybdenum History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722102351/http://www.imoa.info/molybdenum/molydbenum_history.php#">Arquivado em</a> 22 de julho de 2013, no <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Institute, American Iron and Steel (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=yUpYAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Japanese+sword+molybdenum&amp;dq=Japanese+sword+molybdenum"><i>Accidental use of molybdenum in old sword led to new alloy</i></a>. [S.l.: s.n.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=American+Iron+and+Steel&amp;rft.aulast=Institute&amp;rft.btitle=Accidental+use+of+molybdenum+in+old+sword+led+to+new+alloy&amp;rft.date=1948&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DyUpYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DJapanese%2Bsword%2Bmolybdenum%26dq%3DJapanese%2Bsword%2Bmolybdenum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanderkrogt-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-vanderkrogt_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Van der Krogt, Peter (10 de janeiro de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Mo">«Molybdenum»</a>. <i>Elementymology &amp; Elements Multidict</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 20 de maio de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Molybdenum&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Van+der+Krogt&amp;rft.date=2006-01-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Elementymology+%26+Elements+Multidict&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DMo&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scheele, C. W. K. (1779). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN324352840_0040">«Versuche mit Wasserbley;Molybdaena»</a>. <i>Svenska vetensk. Academ. Handlingar</i>. <b>40</b>: 238</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Versuche+mit+Wasserbley%3BMolybdaena&amp;rft.au=Scheele%2C+C.+W.+K.&amp;rft.date=1779&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Svenska+vetensk.+Academ.+Handlingar&amp;rft.pages=238&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fdms%2Fload%2Fimg%2F%3FPPN%3DPPN324352840_0040&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hjelm, P. J. (1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN324352840_0009_02_NS">«Versuche mit Molybdäna, und Reduction der selben Erde»</a>. <i>Svenska vetensk. Academ. Handlingar</i>. <b>49</b>: 268</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Versuche+mit+Molybd%C3%A4na%2C+und+Reduction+der+selben+Erde&amp;rft.au=Hjelm%2C+P.+J.&amp;rft.date=1788&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Svenska+vetensk.+Academ.+Handlingar&amp;rft.pages=268&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fdms%2Fload%2Fimg%2F%3FPPN%3DPPN324352840_0009_02_NS&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoyt1921-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoyt1921_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hoyt, Samuel Leslie (1921). <i>Metallography, Volume 2</i>. [S.l.]: McGraw-Hill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=Samuel+Leslie&amp;rft.aulast=Hoyt&amp;rft.btitle=Metallography%2C+Volume+2&amp;rft.date=1921&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krupp1888-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Krupp1888_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Krupp, Alfred; Wildberger, Andreas (1888). <i>The metallic alloys: A practical guide for the manufacture of all kinds of alloys, amalgams, and solders, used by metal-workers ... with an appendix on the coloring of alloys</i>. [S.l.]: H.C. Baird &amp; Co. p.&#160;60</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.au=Wildberger%2C+Andreas&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfred&amp;rft.aulast=Krupp&amp;rft.btitle=The+metallic+alloys%3A+A+practical+guide+for+the+manufacture+of+all+kinds+of+alloys%2C+amalgams%2C+and+solders%2C+used+by+metal-workers+...+with+an+appendix+on+the+coloring+of+alloys&amp;rft.date=1888&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=H.C.+Baird+%26+Co.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta1992-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta1992_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gupta, C.K. (1992). <i>Extractive Metallurgy of Molybdenum</i>. [S.l.]: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8493-4758-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8493-4758-0">978-0-8493-4758-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=C.K.&amp;rft.aulast=Gupta&amp;rft.btitle=Extractive+Metallurgy+of+Molybdenum&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8493-4758-0&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reich, Leonard S (22 de agosto de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZVkZNyVI4toC&amp;pg=PA117"><i>The Making of American Industrial Research: Science and Business at Ge and Bell, 1876–1926</i></a>. [S.l.: s.n.] p.&#160;117. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780521522373" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780521522373">9780521522373</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=Leonard+S&amp;rft.aulast=Reich&amp;rft.btitle=The+Making+of+American+Industrial+Research%3A+Science+and+Business+at+Ge+and+Bell%2C+1876%931926&amp;rft.date=2002-08-22&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521522373&amp;rft.pages=117&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVkZNyVI4toC%26pg%3DPA117&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vokes, Frank Marcus (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=HT4aAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Elmore+flotation+molybdenum+1913&amp;dq=Elmore+flotation+molybdenum+1913"><i>Molybdenum deposits of Canada</i></a>. [S.l.: s.n.] p.&#160;3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+Marcus&amp;rft.aulast=Vokes&amp;rft.btitle=Molybdenum+deposits+of+Canada&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DHT4aAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DElmore%2Bflotation%2Bmolybdenum%2B1913%26dq%3DElmore%2Bflotation%2Bmolybdenum%2B1913&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam Kean. <i>The Disappearing Spoon</i>. Page 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millholland1941-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Millholland1941_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Millholland, Ray (agosto de 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xScDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA56">«Battle of the Billions: American industry mobilizes machines, materials, and men for a job as big as digging 40 Panama Canals in one year»</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>: 61</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Billions%3A+American+industry+mobilizes+machines%2C+materials%2C+and+men+for+a+job+as+big+as+digging+40+Panama+Canals+in+one+year&amp;rft.aufirst=Ray&amp;rft.aulast=Millholland&amp;rft.date=1941-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxScDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nostrand-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_26-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_26-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_26-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_26-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_26-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_26-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_26-6">g</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_26-7">h</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Considine, Glenn D., ed. (2005). <i>Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry</i>. <i>Molybdenum</i>. New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp.&#160;1038–1040. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-471-61525-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-471-61525-5">978-0-471-61525-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=Van+Nostrand%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-61525-5&amp;rft.pages=1038-1040&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techexplorist.com/moon-formation-brought-water-earth/23409/">Moon formation brought water to the Earth <small>How the Earth became a habitable planet?</small></a> por Amit Malewar (2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jambor, J.L.; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/TOC/Abstracts/2002_Abstracts/Jan02_Abstracts/Jambor_p181_02.pdf">«New mineral names»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Mineralogist</i>. <b>87</b>: 181</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=New+mineral+names&amp;rft.au=Jambor%2C+J.L.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&amp;rft.pages=181&amp;rft.volume=87&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2Fmsa%2FAmMin%2FTOC%2FAbstracts%2F2002_Abstracts%2FJan02_Abstracts%2FJambor_p181_02.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Langedal, M (1997). «Dispersion of tailings in the Knabena—Kvina drainage basin, Norway, 1: Evaluation of overbank sediments as sampling medium for regional geochemical mapping». <i>Journal of Geochemical Exploration</i>. <b>58</b> (2–3): 157. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0375-6742%2896%2900069-6">10.1016/S0375-6742(96)00069-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Dispersion+of+tailings+in+the+Knabena%94Kvina+drainage+basin%2C+Norway%2C+1%3A+Evaluation+of+overbank+sediments+as+sampling+medium+for+regional+geochemical+mapping&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft.aulast=Langedal&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2%933&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geochemical+Exploration&amp;rft.pages=157&amp;rft.volume=58&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0375-6742%2896%2900069-6&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_30-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_30-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/molybdenum/">«Molybdenum Statistics and Information»</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. 10 de maio de 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de maio de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=Molybdenum+Statistics+and+Information&amp;rft.date=2007-05-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fmolybdenum%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gupta, C. K. (1992). <i>Extractive Metallurgy of Molybdenum</i>. [S.l.]: CRC Press. pp.&#160;1–2. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8493-4758-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8493-4758-0">978-0-8493-4758-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Gupta&amp;rft.btitle=Extractive+Metallurgy+of+Molybdenum&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8493-4758-0&amp;rft.pages=1-2&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomine.com/investment/charts.aspx?c=molybdenum&amp;u=mt&amp;submit1=Display+Chart&amp;x=usd&amp;r=15y#chart">«Dynamic Prices and Charts for Molybdenum»</a>. InfoMine Inc. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de maio de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=Dynamic+Prices+and+Charts+for+Molybdenum&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=InfoMine+Inc.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomine.com%2Finvestment%2Fcharts.aspx%3Fc%3Dmolybdenum%26u%3Dmt%26submit1%3DDisplay%2BChart%26x%3Dusd%26r%3D15y%23chart&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506063932/http://www.lme.com/6241.asp#">«LME to launch minor metals contracts in H2 2009»</a>. London Metal Exchange. 4 de setembro de 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 28 de julho de 2009</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lme.com/6241.asp">original</a> em 6 de maio de 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=LME+to+launch+minor+metals+contracts+in+H2+2009&amp;rft.date=2008-09-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=London+Metal+Exchange&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flme.com%2F6241.asp&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lme.com/minormetals/6782.asp">Pie chart of world Mo uses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310004452/http://www.lme.com/minormetals/6782.asp#">Arquivado em</a> 10 de março de 2012, no <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. London Metal Exchange.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-azom-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-azom_35-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-azom_35-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=616">«Molybdenum»</a>. AZoM.com Pty. Limited. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 6 de maio de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=Molybdenum&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=AZoM.com+Pty.+Limited&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azom.com%2Farticle.aspx%3FArticleID%3D616&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=WO&amp;NR=2006074949A1&amp;KC=A1&amp;FT=D#">«Espacenet - Bibliographic data»</a>. <i>worldwide.espacenet.com</i> (em inglês)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de março de 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Espacenet+-+Bibliographic+data&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=worldwide.espacenet.com&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2Fbiblio%3FCC%3DWO%26NR%3D2006074949A1%26KC%3DA1%26FT%3DD%23&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Neto, Pereira; Olímpio, Joaquim; Silva, Raphael Oliveira da; Silva, Edilaine Honório da; Moreto, Jeferson Aparecido; Bandeira, Rafael Marinho; Manfrinato, Marcos Dorigão; Rossino, Luciana Sgarbi; Neto, Pereira (1 de dezembro de 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1516-14392016000601241&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en">«Wear and Corrosion Study of Plasma Nitriding F53 Super duplex Stainless Steel»</a>. <i>Materials Research</i>. <b>19</b> (6): 1241–1252. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1516-1439">1516-1439</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1590%2F1980-5373-mr-2015-0656">10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2015-0656</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Wear+and+Corrosion+Study+of+Plasma+Nitriding+F53+Super+duplex+Stainless+Steel&amp;rft.au=Bandeira%2C+Rafael+Marinho&amp;rft.au=Manfrinato%2C+Marcos+Dorig%C3%A3o&amp;rft.au=Moreto%2C+Jeferson+Aparecido&amp;rft.au=Neto%2C+Pereira&amp;rft.au=Ol%C3mpio%2C+Joaquim&amp;rft.au=Rossino%2C+Luciana+Sgarbi&amp;rft.au=Silva%2C+Edilaine+Hon%C3%B3rio+da&amp;rft.au=Silva%2C+Raphael+Oliveira+da&amp;rft.aufirst=Pereira&amp;rft.aulast=Neto&amp;rft.date=2016-12-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1516-1439&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Materials+Research&amp;rft.pages=1241-1252&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_abstract%26pid%3DS1516-14392016000601241%26lng%3Den%26nrm%3Diso%26tlng%3Den&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F1980-5373-mr-2015-0656&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smallwood, Robert E. (1984). «TZM Moly Alloy». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=agaacIr25KcC&amp;pg=PA9"><i>ASTM special technical publication 849: Refractory metals and their industrial applications: a symposium</i></a>. [S.l.]: ASTM International. p.&#160;9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780803102033" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780803102033">9780803102033</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=TZM+Moly+Alloy&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Smallwood&amp;rft.btitle=ASTM+special+technical+publication+849%3A+Refractory+metals+and+their+industrial+applications%3A+a+symposium&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9780803102033&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=ASTM+International&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DagaacIr25KcC%26pg%3DPA9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energyfromthorium.com/forum/download/file.php?id=805">«Compatibility of Molybdenum-Base Alloy TZM, with LiF-BeF<sub>2</sub>-ThF<sub>4</sub>-UF<sub>4</sub>»</a>. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report. Dezembro de 1969<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 2 de setembro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=Compatibility+of+Molybdenum-Base+Alloy+TZM%2C+with+LiF-BeF%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E-ThF%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E-UF%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E&amp;rft.date=1969-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory+Report&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energyfromthorium.com%2Fforum%2Fdownload%2Ffile.php%3Fid%3D805&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cubberly, W. H.; Bakerjian, Ramon (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=NRXnXmFRjWYC&amp;pg=PT421"><i>Tool and manufacturing engineers handbook</i></a>. [S.l.]: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. p.&#160;421. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-87263-351-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-87263-351-3">978-0-87263-351-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.au=Bakerjian%2C+Ramon&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Cubberly&amp;rft.btitle=Tool+and+manufacturing+engineers+handbook&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87263-351-3&amp;rft.pages=421&amp;rft.pub=Society+of+Manufacturing+Engineers&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DNRXnXmFRjWYC%26pg%3DPT421&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lal, S.; Patil, R. S. (2001). «Monitoring of atmospheric behaviour of NO<sub>x</sub> from vehicular traffic». <i>Environmental Monitoring and Assessment</i>. <b>68</b> (1): 37–50. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11336410">11336410</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1010730821844">10.1023/A:1010730821844</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Monitoring+of+atmospheric+behaviour+of+NO%3Csub%3Ex%3C%2Fsub%3E+from+vehicular+traffic&amp;rft.au=Patil%2C+R.+S.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Lal&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Monitoring+and+Assessment&amp;rft.pages=37-50&amp;rft.volume=68&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1010730821844&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11336410&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lancaster, Jack L. «Ch. 4: Physical determinants of contrast». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151010172937/http://ric.uthscsa.edu/personalpages/lancaster/DI-II_Chapters/DI_chap4.pdf#"><i>Physics of Medical X-Ray Imaging</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. [S.l.]: University of Texas Health Science Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 27 de fevereiro de 2015</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ric.uthscsa.edu/personalpages/lancaster/DI-II_Chapters/DI_chap4.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 10 de outubro de 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+4%3A+Physical+determinants+of+contrast&amp;rft.au=Lancaster%2C+Jack+L.&amp;rft.btitle=Physics+of+Medical+X-Ray+Imaging&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Health+Science+Center&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fric.uthscsa.edu%2Fpersonalpages%2Flancaster%2FDI-II_Chapters%2FDI_chap4.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Gray. <i>The Elements</i>. pp. 105–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gottschalk, A (1969). «Technetium-99m in clinical nuclear medicine». <i>Annual review of medicine</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 131–40. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4894500">4894500</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.me.20.020169.001023">10.1146/annurev.me.20.020169.001023</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Technetium-99m+in+clinical+nuclear+medicine&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.aulast=Gottschalk&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+review+of+medicine&amp;rft.pages=131-40&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.me.20.020169.001023&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4894500&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Winer, W. (1967). «Molybdenum disulfide as a lubricant: A review of the fundamental knowledge». <i>Wear</i>. <b>10</b> (6): 422. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0043-1648%2867%2990187-1">10.1016/0043-1648(67)90187-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Molybdenum+disulfide+as+a+lubricant%3A+A+review+of+the+fundamental+knowledge&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft.aulast=Winer&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Wear&amp;rft.pages=422&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0043-1648%2867%2990187-1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physorg-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-physorg_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-transistors-alternative-silicon-graphene.html">«New transistors: An alternative to silicon and better than graphene»</a>. Physorg.com. 30 de janeiro de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de janeiro de 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=New+transistors%3A+An+alternative+to+silicon+and+better+than+graphene&amp;rft.date=2011-01-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Physorg.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-01-transistors-alternative-silicon-graphene.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Topsøe, H.; Clausen, B. S.; Massoth, F. E. (1996). <i>Hydrotreating Catalysis, Science and Technology</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.au=Clausen%2C+B.+S.&amp;rft.au=Massoth%2C+F.+E.&amp;rft.au=Tops%C3%B8e%2C+H.&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrotreating+Catalysis%2C+Science+and+Technology&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moulson, A. J.; Herbert, J. M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=FbMfaqSgOxsC&amp;pg=PA141"><i>Electroceramics: materials, properties, applications</i></a>. [S.l.]: John Wiley and Sons. p.&#160;141. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-471-49748-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-471-49748-7">0-471-49748-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.au=Herbert%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Moulson%2C+A.+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Electroceramics%3A+materials%2C+properties%2C+applications&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-49748-7&amp;rft.pages=141&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DFbMfaqSgOxsC%26pg%3DPA141&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imoa.info/">International Molybdenum Association</a>. imoa.info.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de/bitstream/11303/3269/1/Dokument_8.pdf"><i>Kinetic studies of propane oxidation on Mo and V based mixed oxide catalysts</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tese de doutorado</i>. [S.l.: s.n.] 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=Kinetic+studies+of+propane+oxidation+on+Mo+and+V+based+mixed+oxide+catalysts&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepositonce.tu-berlin.de%2Fbitstream%2F11303%2F3269%2F1%2FDokument_8.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030003154/http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1108560:8/component/escidoc:1402724/1108560.pdf">«Surface chemistry of phase-pure M1 MoVTeNb oxide during operation in selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Catalysis</i>. <b>285</b>: 48-60. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcat.2011.09.012">10.1016/j.jcat.2011.09.012</a>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1108560:8/component/escidoc:1402724/1108560.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 30 de outubro de 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Surface+chemistry+of+phase-pure+M1+MoVTeNb+oxide+during+operation+in+selective+oxidation+of+propane+to+acrylic+acid&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Catalysis&amp;rft.pages=48-60&amp;rft.volume=285&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubman.mpdl.mpg.de%2Fpubman%2Fitem%2Fescidoc%3A1108560%3A8%2Fcomponent%2Fescidoc%3A1402724%2F1108560.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcat.2011.09.012&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278196177_Multifunctionality_of_Crystalline_MoVTeNb_M1_Oxide_Catalysts_in_Selective_Oxidation_of_Propane_and_Benzyl_Alcohol">«Multifunctionality of Crystalline MoV(TeNb) M1 Oxide Catalysts in Selective Oxidation of Propane and Benzyl Alcohol»</a>. <i>ACS Catalysis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcs400010q">10.1021/cs400010q</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Multifunctionality+of+Crystalline+MoV%28TeNb%29+M1+Oxide+Catalysts+in+Selective+Oxidation+of+Propane+and+Benzyl+Alcohol&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ACS+Catalysis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F278196177_Multifunctionality_of_Crystalline_MoVTeNb_M1_Oxide_Catalysts_in_Selective_Oxidation_of_Propane_and_Benzyl_Alcohol&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcs400010q&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215104605/http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1896844:6/component/escidoc:1896843/JCAT-13-716_revised_06Dec2013.pdf">«The reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Catalysis</i>. <b>311</b>: 369-385. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcat.2013.12.008">10.1016/j.jcat.2013.12.008</a>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1896844:6/component/escidoc:1896843/JCAT-13-716_revised_06Dec2013.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 15 de fevereiro de 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=The+reaction+network+in+propane+oxidation+over+phase-pure+MoVTeNb+M1+oxide+catalysts&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Catalysis&amp;rft.pages=369-385&amp;rft.volume=311&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubman.mpdl.mpg.de%2Fpubman%2Fitem%2Fescidoc%3A1896844%3A6%2Fcomponent%2Fescidoc%3A1896843%2FJCAT-13-716_revised_06Dec2013.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcat.2013.12.008&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mendel, Ralf R. (2013). «Chapter 15 Metabolism of Molybdenum». In: Banci, Lucia (Ed.). <i>Metallomics and the Cell</i>. Col: Metal Ions in Life Sciences. <b>12</b>. [S.l.]: Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-94-007-5560-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-94-007-5560-4">978-94-007-5560-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-0836">1559-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-10_15">10.1007/978-94-007-5561-10_15</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+15+Metabolism+of+Molybdenum&amp;rft.aufirst=Ralf+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Mendel&amp;rft.btitle=Metallomics+and+the+Cell&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-94-007-5560-4&amp;rft.issn=1559-0836&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-10_15&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> electronic-book <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9789400755611" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-94-007-5561-1</a> electronic-issn 1868-0402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Silva, Alinne da; Franzini, Vinícius I.; Piccolla, Cristiano D.; Muraoka, Takashi; Silva, Alinne da; Franzini, Vinícius I.; Piccolla, Cristiano D.; Muraoka, Takashi (1 de fevereiro de 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1415-43662017000200100&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en">«Molybdenum supply and biological fixation of nitrogen by two Brazilian common bean cultivars»</a>. <i>Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 100–105. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1415-4366">1415-4366</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1590%2F1807-1929%2Fagriambi.v21n2p100-105">10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n2p100-105</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Molybdenum+supply+and+biological+fixation+of+nitrogen+by+two+Brazilian+common+bean+cultivars&amp;rft.au=Franzini%2C+Vin%C3cius+I.&amp;rft.au=Franzini%2C+Vin%C3cius+I.&amp;rft.au=Muraoka%2C+Takashi&amp;rft.au=Muraoka%2C+Takashi&amp;rft.au=Piccolla%2C+Cristiano+D.&amp;rft.au=Piccolla%2C+Cristiano+D.&amp;rft.au=Silva%2C+Alinne+da&amp;rft.aufirst=Alinne+da&amp;rft.aulast=Silva&amp;rft.date=2017-02-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1415-4366&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Engenharia+Agr%C3cola+e+Ambiental&amp;rft.pages=100-105&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_abstract%26pid%3DS1415-43662017000200100%26lng%3Den%26nrm%3Diso%26tlng%3Den&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F1807-1929%2Fagriambi.v21n2p100-105&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vieira, Rogerio Faria; Lima, Renan Cardoso; Prado, Adalgisa Leles do; Júnior, Trazilbo José de Paula; Soares, Bruno de Almeida (2 de setembro de 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciAgron/article/view/30536">«Split application of molybdic fertilizer at the reproductive stage of common bean increases the molybdenum content in seed»</a>. <i>Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy</i> (em inglês). <b>38</b> (4): 529–533. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1807-8621">1807-8621</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4025%2Factasciagron.v38i4.30536">10.4025/actasciagron.v38i4.30536</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Split+application+of+molybdic+fertilizer+at+the+reproductive+stage+of+common+bean+increases+the+molybdenum+content+in+seed&amp;rft.au=J%C3%BAnior%2C+Trazilbo+Jos%C3%A9+de+Paula&amp;rft.au=Lima%2C+Renan+Cardoso&amp;rft.au=Prado%2C+Adalgisa+Leles+do&amp;rft.au=Soares%2C+Bruno+de+Almeida&amp;rft.aufirst=Rogerio+Faria&amp;rft.aulast=Vieira&amp;rft.date=2016-09-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1807-8621&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Scientiarum.+Agronomy&amp;rft.pages=529-533&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperiodicos.uem.br%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2FActaSciAgron%2Farticle%2Fview%2F30536&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4025%2Factasciagron.v38i4.30536&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dos Santos, Patricia C.; Dean, Dennis R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2575256">«A newly discovered role for iron-sulfur clusters»</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>105</b> (33): 11589–11590. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10511589D">2008PNAS..10511589D</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2575256">2575256</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18697949">18697949</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0805713105">10.1073/pnas.0805713105</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=A+newly+discovered+role+for+iron-sulfur+clusters&amp;rft.au=Dean%2C+Dennis+R.&amp;rft.aufirst=Patricia+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Dos+Santos&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=33&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.pages=11589-11590&amp;rft.volume=105&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2575256&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2575256&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..10511589D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0805713105&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18697949&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scottetal-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Scottetal_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scott, C.; Lyons, T. W.; Bekker, A.; Shen, Y.; Poulton, S. W.; Chu, X.; Anbar, A. D. (2008). «Tracing the stepwise oxygenation of the Proterozoic ocean». <i>Nature</i>. <b>452</b> (7186): 456–460. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.452..456S">2008Natur.452..456S</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368114">18368114</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06811">10.1038/nature06811</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Tracing+the+stepwise+oxygenation+of+the+Proterozoic+ocean&amp;rft.au=Anbar%2C+A.+D.&amp;rft.au=Bekker%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Chu%2C+X.&amp;rft.au=Lyons%2C+T.+W.&amp;rft.au=Poulton%2C+S.+W.&amp;rft.au=Shen%2C+Y.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=7186&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=456-460&amp;rft.volume=452&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.452..456S&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06811&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18368114&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/asu-ito032508.php">«International team of scientists discover clue to delay of life on Earth»</a>. Eurekalert.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 25 de outubro de 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=International+team+of+scientists+discover+clue+to+delay+of+life+on+Earth&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Eurekalert.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2008-03%2Fasu-ito032508.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/nu-sut032508.php">«Scientists uncover the source of an almost 2 billion year delay in animal evolution»</a>. Eurekalert.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 25 de outubro de 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=Scientists+uncover+the+source+of+an+almost+2+billion+year+delay+in+animal+evolution&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Eurekalert.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2008-03%2Fnu-sut032508.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mars-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mars_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24120-primordial-broth-of-life-was-a-dry-martian-cupasoup.html?cmpid=RSS%7CNSNS%7C2012-GLOBAL%7Clife#.Uh98K5BwaUk">«Primordial broth of life was a dry Martian cup-a-soup»</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. 29 de agosto de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de agosto de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Primordial+broth+of+life+was+a+dry+Martian+cup-a-soup&amp;rft.date=2013-08-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn24120-primordial-broth-of-life-was-a-dry-martian-cupasoup.html%3Fcmpid%3DRSS%257CNSNS%257C2012-GLOBAL%257Clife%23.Uh98K5BwaUk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMOAoverview-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMOAoverview_62-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMOAoverview_62-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mitchell, Phillip C. H. 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Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hse.imoa.info/Default.asp?Page=110">original</a> em 18 de outubro de 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Mitchell&amp;rft.btitle=Overview+of+Environment+Database&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=International+Molybdenum+Association&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhse.imoa.info%2FDefault.asp%3FPage%3D110&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Enemark, John H.; Cooney, J. Jon A.; Wang, Jun-Jieh; Holm, R. H. (2004). «Synthetic Analogues and Reaction Systems Relevant to the Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxotransferases». <i>Chem. Rev</i>. <b>104</b> (2): 1175–1200. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14871153">14871153</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr020609d">10.1021/cr020609d</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Synthetic+Analogues+and+Reaction+Systems+Relevant+to+the+Molybdenum+and+Tungsten+Oxotransferases&amp;rft.au=Cooney%2C+J.+Jon+A.&amp;rft.au=Holm%2C+R.+H.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Jun-Jieh&amp;rft.aufirst=John+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Enemark&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Chem.+Rev.&amp;rft.pages=1175-1200&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr020609d&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14871153&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mendel, Ralf R.; Bittner, Florian (2006). «Cell biology of molybdenum». <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta</i>. <b>1763</b> (7): 621–635. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16784786">16784786</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbamcr.2006.03.013">10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.03.013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Cell+biology+of+molybdenum&amp;rft.au=Bittner%2C+Florian&amp;rft.aufirst=Ralf+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Mendel&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta&amp;rft.pages=621-635&amp;rft.volume=1763&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbamcr.2006.03.013&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16784786&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fischer, B; Enemark, JH; Basu, P (1998). «A chemical approach to systematically designate the pyranopterin centers of molybdenum and tungsten enzymes and synthetic models». <i>Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry</i>. <b>72</b> (1–2): 13–21. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9861725">9861725</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0162-0134%2898%2910054-5">10.1016/S0162-0134(98)10054-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=A+chemical+approach+to+systematically+designate+the+pyranopterin+centers+of+molybdenum+and+tungsten+enzymes+and+synthetic+models&amp;rft.au=Basu%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Enemark%2C+JH&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.aulast=Fischer&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1%932&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+Biochemistry&amp;rft.pages=13-21&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0162-0134%2898%2910054-5&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9861725&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>. Summarized in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pathway.gramene.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND&amp;object=CPD-4">MetaCyc Compound: molybdopterin</a>. Accessed Nov. 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kisker, C.; Schindelin, H.; Baas, D.; Rétey, J.; Meckenstock, R.U; Kroneck, P.M.H (1999). «A structural comparison of molybdenum cofactor-containing enzymes». <i>FEMS Microbiol. Rev</i>. <b>22</b> (5): 503–521. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9990727">9990727</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.1998.tb00384.x">10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00384.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=A+structural+comparison+of+molybdenum+cofactor-containing+enzymes&amp;rft.au=Baas%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Kroneck%2C+P.M.H&amp;rft.au=Meckenstock%2C+R.U&amp;rft.au=R%C3%A9tey%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Schindelin%2C+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=Kisker&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiol.+Rev.&amp;rft.pages=503-521&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.1998.tb00384.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9990727&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schwarz, Guenter; Belaidi, Abdel A. (2013). «Chapter 13. Molybdenum in Human Health and Disease». In: Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel. <i>Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases</i>. Col: Metal Ions in Life Sciences. <b>13</b>. [S.l.]: Springer. pp.&#160;415–450. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-7500-8_13">10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_13</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+13.+Molybdenum+in+Human+Health+and+Disease&amp;rft.au=Belaidi%2C+Abdel+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=Guenter&amp;rft.aulast=Schwarz&amp;rft.btitle=Interrelations+between+Essential+Metal+Ions+and+Human+Diseases&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=415-450&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-7500-8_13&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mendel, Ralf R. (2009). «Cell biology of molybdenum». <i>BioFactors</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 429–34. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19623604">19623604</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbiof.55">10.1002/biof.55</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Cell+biology+of+molybdenum&amp;rft.aufirst=Ralf+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Mendel&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=BioFactors&amp;rft.pages=429-34&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbiof.55&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19623604&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blaylock Wellness Report</i>, February 2010, page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cohen, HJ; Drew, RT; Johnson, JL; Rajagopalan, KV (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC427300">«Molecular Basis of the Biological Function of Molybdenum. The Relationship between Sulfite Oxidase and the Acute Toxicity of Bisulfite and SO<sub>2</sub>»</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>70</b> (12 Pt 1–2): 3655–3659. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PNAS...70.3655C">1973PNAS...70.3655C</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC427300">427300</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4519654">4519654</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.70.12.3655">10.1073/pnas.70.12.3655</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+Basis+of+the+Biological+Function+of+Molybdenum.+The+Relationship+between+Sulfite+Oxidase+and+the+Acute+Toxicity+of+Bisulfite+and+SO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&amp;rft.au=Drew%2C+RT&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+JL&amp;rft.au=Rajagopalan%2C+KV&amp;rft.aufirst=HJ&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=12+Pt+1%932&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.pages=3655-3659&amp;rft.volume=70&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC427300&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC427300&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973PNAS...70.3655C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.70.12.3655&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4519654&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=vEwj1WZKThEC&amp;pg=PA1384"><i>Inorganic chemistry</i></a>. [S.l.]: Academic Press. p.&#160;1384. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-12-352651-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-12-352651-5">0-12-352651-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&amp;rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Holleman&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-352651-5&amp;rft.pages=1384&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DvEwj1WZKThEC%26pg%3DPA1384&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Curzon, M. E. J.; Kubota, J.; Bibby, B. G. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/50/1/74.full.pdf">«Environmental Effects of Molybdenum on Caries»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Dental Research</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 74–77. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F00220345710500013401">10.1177/00220345710500013401</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Environmental+Effects+of+Molybdenum+on+Caries&amp;rft.au=Bibby%2C+B.+G.&amp;rft.au=Kubota%2C+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+E.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Curzon&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&amp;rft.pages=74-77&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjdr.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F50%2F1%2F74.full.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220345710500013401&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coug-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coug_73-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coug_73-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Coughlan, M. 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Oak Ridge National Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de abril de 2008</span>. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/08114/0010.pdf">«Nail Molybdenum and Zinc Contents in Populations with Low and Moderate Incidence of Esophageal Cancer»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archives of Iranian Medicine</i>. <b>11</b>: 392</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Nail+Molybdenum+and+Zinc+Contents+in+Populations+with+Low+and+Moderate+Incidence+of+Esophageal+Cancer&amp;rft.au=Ahmadi-Faghih%2C+Mohammadamin&amp;rft.au=Bahman%2C+Atiyeh&amp;rft.au=Chalian%2C+Hamid&amp;rft.au=Fakheri%2C+Hafez&amp;rft.au=Mollahajian%2C+Hamid&amp;rft.au=Soroush%2C+Ahmadreza&amp;rft.aufirst=Mohsen&amp;rft.aulast=Nouri&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Iranian+Medicine&amp;rft.pages=392&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.ac.ir%2FAIM%2F08114%2F0010.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Taylor, Philip R.; Li, Bing; Dawsey, Sanford M.; Li, Jun-Yao; Yang, Chung S.; Guo, Wande; Blot, William J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604060623/http://www.nutritionhealthinfo.com/nutrition/nutrition_0163_001.pdf">«Prevention of Esophageal Cancer: The Nutrition Intervention Trials in Linxian, China»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cancer Research</i>. <b>54</b> (7 Suppl): 2029s–2031s. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8137333">8137333</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 6 de março de 2015</span>. 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Initial therapy in a total of 55 neurologically affected patients and follow-up with zinc therapy». <i>Arch Neurol</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 379–85. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12633149">12633149</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur.60.3.379">10.1001/archneur.60.3.379</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Treatment+of+Wilson+disease+with+ammonium+tetrathiomolybdate%3A+III.+Initial+therapy+in+a+total+of+55+neurologically+affected+patients+and+follow-up+with+zinc+therapy&amp;rft.au=Askari%2C+F&amp;rft.au=Brewer+GJ&amp;rft.au=Carlson%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Dick%2C+RB&amp;rft.au=Fink%2C+JK&amp;rft.au=Hedera%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Kluin%2C+KJ&amp;rft.au=Sitterly%2C+J&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch+Neurol&amp;rft.pages=379-85&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchneur.60.3.379&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12633149&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brewer, GJ; Dick, RD; Grover, DK; Leclaire, V; Tseng, M; Wicha, M; Pienta, K; Redman, BG; Jahan, T; Sondak, VK; Strawderman, M; LeCarpentier, G; Merajver, SD (2000). «Treatment of metastatic cancer with tetrathiomolybdate, an anticopper, antiangiogenic agent: Phase I study». <i>Clinical cancer research&#160;: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10656425">10656425</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.atitle=Treatment+of+metastatic+cancer+with+tetrathiomolybdate%2C+an+anticopper%2C+antiangiogenic+agent%3A+Phase+I+study&amp;rft.au=Dick%2C+RD&amp;rft.au=Grover%2C+DK&amp;rft.au=Jahan%2C+T&amp;rft.au=LeCarpentier%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Leclaire%2C+V&amp;rft.au=Merajver%2C+SD&amp;rft.au=Pienta%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Redman%2C+BG&amp;rft.au=Sondak%2C+VK&amp;rft.au=Strawderman%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Tseng%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Wicha%2C+M&amp;rft.aufirst=GJ&amp;rft.aulast=Brewer&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Clinical+cancer+research+%3A+an+official+journal+of+the+American+Association+for+Cancer+Research&amp;rft.pages=1-10&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10656425&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibd%C3%AAnio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color: inherit; width: 238px; padding: 5px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/44px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 30px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;">O <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal">Commons</a> possui imagens e outros ficheiros sobre <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&amp;uselang=pt">Molibdênio</a></span></b></div> </div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/molybdenum/">«WebElements.com - Molybdenum»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=WebElements.com+-+Molybdenum&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fmolybdenum%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Mo.html">«EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Molybdenum»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=EnvironmentalChemistry.com+-+Molybdenum&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenvironmentalchemistry.com%2Fyogi%2Fperiodic%2FMo.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imoa.info/index.php">«The International Molybdenum Association»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=The+International+Molybdenum+Association&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imoa.info%2Findex.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabelaperiodica.org/molibdenio/">«Molibdênio - vídeos e imagens»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMolibd%C3%AAnio&amp;rft.btitle=Molibd%C3%AAnio+-+v%C3deos+e+imagens&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabelaperiodica.org%2Fmolibdenio%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tabela_periódica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Tabela_peri%C3%B3dica_compacta" title="Predefinição:Tabela periódica compacta"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Lista_de_elementos_químicos"><small><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos" title="Lista de elementos químicos">Lista de elementos químicos</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Metal_alcalino" title="Metal alcalino">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Metal_alcalinoterroso" title="Metal alcalinoterroso">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_3" title="Elementos do Grupo 3">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_4" title="Elementos do Grupo 4">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_5" title="Elementos do Grupo 5">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_6" title="Elementos do Grupo 6">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_7" title="Elementos do Grupo 7">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_8" title="Elementos do Grupo 8">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_9" title="Elementos do Grupo 9">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_10" title="Elementos do Grupo 10">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_11" title="Elementos do Grupo 11">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_12" title="Elementos do Grupo 12">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_do_boro" title="Grupo do boro">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_do_carbono" title="Grupo do carbono">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_do_nitrog%C3%AAnio" title="Grupo do nitrogênio">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Calcog%C3%AAnio" title="Calcogênio">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halog%C3%AAnio" title="Halogênio">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1s_nobre" title="Gás nobre">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_1_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Período 1 (química)">1</a> </th> <td title="Hidrogénio, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9nio" title="Hidrogénio"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Hélio, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lio" title="Hélio"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_2_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Período 2 (química)">2</a> </th> <td title="Lítio, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADtio" title="Lítio"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berílio, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ber%C3%ADlio" title="Berílio"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boro, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Carbono, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Azoto, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Oxigénio, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9nio" title="Oxigénio"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Flúor, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Néon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9on" title="Néon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%ADodo_3_(qu%C3%ADmica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Período 3 (química) (página não existe)">3</a> </th> <td title="Sódio, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3dio" title="Sódio"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnésio, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sio" title="Magnésio"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Alumínio, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Alum%C3%ADnio" title="Alumínio"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silício, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sil%C3%ADcio" title="Silício"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fósforo, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo" title="Fósforo"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Enxofre, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Enxofre" title="Enxofre"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Cloro, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Árgon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rgon" title="Árgon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%ADodo_4_(qu%C3%ADmica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Período 4 (química) (página não existe)">4</a> </th> <td title="Potássio, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Pot%C3%A1ssio" title="Potássio"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Cálcio, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1lcio" title="Cálcio"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Escândio, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Esc%C3%A2ndio" title="Escândio"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="Titânio, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tit%C3%A2nio" title="Titânio"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanádio, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Van%C3%A1dio" title="Vanádio"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Crômio, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B4mio" class="mw-redirect" title="Crômio"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Manganês, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan%C3%AAs" title="Manganês"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Ferro, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobalto, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Níquel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobre, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Zinco, 30 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinco" title="Zinco"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Gálio, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lio" title="Gálio"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Germânio, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A2nio" title="Germânio"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsênio, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%AAnio" title="Arsênio"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selênio, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%AAnio" title="Selênio"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromo, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Crípton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%ADpton" title="Crípton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%ADodo_5_(qu%C3%ADmica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Período 5 (química) (página não existe)">5</a> </th> <td title="Rubídio, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%ADdio" title="Rubídio"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Estrôncio, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Estr%C3%B4ncio" title="Estrôncio"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Ítrio, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtrio" title="Ítrio"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="Zircônio, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirc%C3%B4nio" title="Zircônio"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Nióbio, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B3bio" title="Nióbio"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdênio, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Tecnécio, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tecn%C3%A9cio" title="Tecnécio"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutênio, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rut%C3%AAnio" title="Rutênio"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Ródio, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3dio" title="Ródio"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paládio, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1dio" title="Paládio"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prata, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prata" title="Prata"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Cádmio, 48 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1dmio" title="Cádmio"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Índio (elemento químico), 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndio_(elemento_qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Índio (elemento químico)"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Estanho, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Estanho" title="Estanho"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimônio, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antim%C3%B4nio" title="Antimônio"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telúrio, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tel%C3%BArio" title="Telúrio"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodo, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenônio, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xen%C3%B4nio" title="Xenônio"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%ADodo_6_(qu%C3%ADmica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Período 6 (química) (página não existe)">6</a> </th> <td title="Césio, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sio" title="Césio"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Bário, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rio" title="Bário"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantânio, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A2nio" title="Lantânio"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Cério, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9rio" title="Cério"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Praseodímio, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseod%C3%ADmio" title="Praseodímio"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Neodímio, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neod%C3%ADmio" title="Neodímio"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Promécio, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prom%C3%A9cio" title="Promécio"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Samário, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sam%C3%A1rio" title="Samário"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Európio, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pio" title="Európio"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gadolínio, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadol%C3%ADnio" title="Gadolínio"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Térbio, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9rbio" title="Térbio"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Disprósio, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dispr%C3%B3sio" title="Disprósio"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Hólmio, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3lmio" title="Hólmio"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Érbio, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rbio" title="Érbio"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Túlio, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAlio" title="Túlio"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Itérbio, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/It%C3%A9rbio" title="Itérbio"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lutécio, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lut%C3%A9cio" title="Lutécio"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Háfnio, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1fnio" title="Háfnio"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tântalo (elemento químico), 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2ntalo_(elemento_qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Tântalo (elemento químico)"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Tungstênio, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungst%C3%AAnio" title="Tungstênio"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Rênio, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%AAnio" title="Rênio"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Ósmio, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93smio" title="Ósmio"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Irídio, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%ADdio" title="Irídio"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Ouro, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Mercúrio (elemento químico), 80 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Merc%C3%BArio_(elemento_qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Mercúrio (elemento químico)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Tálio, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1lio" title="Tálio"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Chumbo, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismuto, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polônio, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%B4nio" title="Polônio"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Ástato, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Rádon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1don" title="Rádon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%ADodo_7_(qu%C3%ADmica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Período 7 (química) (página não existe)">7</a> </th> <td title="Frâncio, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A2ncio" title="Frâncio"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Rádio (elemento químico), 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_(elemento_qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Rádio (elemento químico)"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Actínio, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnio" title="Actínio"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Tório, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rio" title="Tório"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Protactínio, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protact%C3%ADnio" title="Protactínio"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="Urânio, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%A2nio" title="Urânio"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Neptúnio, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nept%C3%BAnio" title="Neptúnio"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Plutónio, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plut%C3%B3nio" title="Plutónio"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Amerício, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amer%C3%ADcio" title="Amerício"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Cúrio, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BArio" title="Cúrio"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Berquélio, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berqu%C3%A9lio" title="Berquélio"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Califórnio, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calif%C3%B3rnio" title="Califórnio"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Einstênio, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einst%C3%AAnio" title="Einstênio"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Férmio, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9rmio" title="Férmio"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Mendelévio, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendel%C3%A9vio" title="Mendelévio"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="Nobélio, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nob%C3%A9lio" title="Nobélio"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Laurêncio, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Laur%C3%AAncio" title="Laurêncio"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutherfórdio, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherf%C3%B3rdio" title="Rutherfórdio"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dúbnio, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAbnio" title="Dúbnio"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seabórgio, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seab%C3%B3rgio" title="Seabórgio"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bóhrio, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3hrio" title="Bóhrio"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hássio, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1ssio" title="Hássio"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnério, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitn%C3%A9rio" title="Meitnério"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstádtio, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmst%C3%A1dtio" title="Darmstádtio"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgênio, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentg%C3%AAnio" title="Roentgênio"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Copernício, 112 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copern%C3%ADcio" title="Copernício"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Fleróvio, 114 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fler%C3%B3vio" title="Fleróvio"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moscóvio, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mosc%C3%B3vio" title="Moscóvio"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermório, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Liverm%C3%B3rio" title="Livermório"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Tenesso, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesso" title="Tenesso"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganesson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" class="wikitable" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Metal_alcalino" title="Metal alcalino">Metais alcalinos</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Metal_alcalinoterroso" title="Metal alcalinoterroso">Metais alcalinos-terrosos</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantan%C3%ADdeo" title="Lantanídeo">Lantanídeos</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Actin%C3%ADdeo" title="Actinídeo">Actinídeos</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Metal de transição">Metais de<br />transição</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Metal_p%C3%B3s-transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Metal pós-transição">Metais<br />pós-transição</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal">Semimetais</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A3o_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Não metal">Não-metais<br />poliatômicos</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A3o_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Não metal">Diatômicos não metais</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1s_nobre" title="Gás nobre">Gases nobres</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Propriedades<br />químicas<br />desconhecidas </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Compostos_de_molibdênio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Compostos_de_molibd%C3%A9nio" title="Predefinição:Compostos de molibdénio"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Compostos_de_molibd%C3%A9nio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Compostos de molibdénio (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Compostos_de_molibd%C3%A9nio&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Compostos_de_molibdênio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Compostos de <a class="mw-selflink selflink">molibdênio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(0)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexacarbonila_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" title="Hexacarbonila de molibdênio">Mo(CO)<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(II)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brometo_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(II)" title="Brometo de molibdênio(II)">MoBr<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloreto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(II)" title="Cloreto de molibdênio(II)">MoCl<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissilicieto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" title="Dissilicieto de molibdênio">MoSi<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(III)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brometo_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(III)" title="Brometo de molibdênio(III)">MoBr<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloreto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(III)" title="Cloreto de molibdênio(III)">MoCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodeto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(III)" title="Iodeto de molibdênio(III)">MoI<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93xido_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(III)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Óxido de molibdênio(III) (página não existe)">Mo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetracloreto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(IV)" title="Tetracloreto de molibdênio(IV)">MoCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoreto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(IV)" title="Fluoreto de molibdênio(IV)">MoF<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_molibd%C3%A9nio" title="Dióxido de molibdénio">MoO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissulfeto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" title="Dissulfeto de molibdênio">MoS<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(V)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloreto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(V)" title="Cloreto de molibdênio(V)">MoCl<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoreto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(V)" title="Fluoreto de molibdênio(V)">MoF<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93xido_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(V)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Óxido de molibdênio(V) (página não existe)">Mo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluoreto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio(VI)" title="Fluoreto de molibdênio(VI)">MoF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri%C3%B3xido_de_molibd%C3%A9nio" title="Trióxido de molibdénio">MoO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trissulfeto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" title="Trissulfeto de molibdênio">MoS<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7955f87976‐jfvtt Cached time: 20241119163930 Cache 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