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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F71173948%2FCan_gender_predict_virological_response_to_standard_antiviral_therapy_for_chronic_hepatitis_C_A_retrospective_study%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":80635413,"identifier":"Attachment_80635413","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":71173948,"created_at":"2022-02-12T00:55:06.756-08:00","from_world_paper_id":195416097,"updated_at":"2024-11-23T09:27:05.493-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"OAE Publishing Inc.","grobid_abstract":"The liver is a sexually dimorphic organ presenting gender differences in its metabolism, functions, enzyme activity, membrane lipid composition and immune response. This paper aimed to assess whether gender may predict virological response to standard antiviral therapy in subjects with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Methods: The authors retrospectively analyzed 100 patients with genotype 1 CHC (55 men, 45 women), who performed standard antiviral therapy (interferon and ribavirin for 12 months) in the period 2002-2012, evaluated with blood tests and abdominal ultrasound to compare different virological and biochemical response in both gender. Results: Rate of substained virological response (SVR) was higher, but not significant, in women than men (46.7% vs. 34.5%, P = 0.05); difference became significant after stratification by age (\u003c 50 and ≥ 50 years). Specifically in the group aged under 50 years, rate of SVR was significantly higher in women than in men (66.7% vs. 38.2%, P \u003c 0.05). Conclusion: Female gender may predict virological response to standard antiviral therapy in subjects with CHC aged below 50 years. Considering new potent and more expensive antiviral drugs actually available for HCV treatment, it could be useful to identify candidates firstly eligible to therapy.","publication_date":"2016,,","publication_name":"Hepatoma Research","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"80635413"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Can gender predict virological response to standard antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C? A retrospective study","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [42086337]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":80635413,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Can gender predict virological response to standard antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C? A retrospective study”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/80635413/mini_magick20220212-21777-qw25u7.png?1644656225" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Can gender predict virological response to standard antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C? A retrospective study</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42086337" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BoSimona"><img alt="Profile image of Simona Bo" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Simona Bo</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2016, Hepatoma Research</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":80635413,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/71173948/Can_gender_predict_virological_response_to_standard_antiviral_therapy_for_chronic_hepatitis_C_A_retrospective_study"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":80635413,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/71173948/Can_gender_predict_virological_response_to_standard_antiviral_therapy_for_chronic_hepatitis_C_A_retrospective_study"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="80635413" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/71173948/Can_gender_predict_virological_response_to_standard_antiviral_therapy_for_chronic_hepatitis_C_A_retrospective_study" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="13599613" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13599613/Gender_influence_on_treatment_of_chronic_hepatitis_C_genotype_1">Gender influence on treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42187708" href="https://unifesp.academia.edu/RobertoCarvalhofilho">Roberto Carvalho-filho</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32775407" href="https://ufsc.academia.edu/LeonardoSchiavon">Leonardo Schiavon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gender influence on treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1","attachmentId":45169890,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13599613/Gender_influence_on_treatment_of_chronic_hepatitis_C_genotype_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13599613/Gender_influence_on_treatment_of_chronic_hepatitis_C_genotype_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="13654070" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13654070/Natural_history_and_management_of_hepatitis_C_does_sex_play_a_role">Natural history and management of hepatitis C: does sex play a role?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32808514" href="https://uab.academia.edu/MariaButi">Maria Buti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of infectious diseases, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Hepatitis C virus infection is a disease that disproportionately affects men more than women. After initial HCV infection, women are more likely to clear the virus spontaneously. Women also have slower rates of liver disease progression than men if they become chronically infected. However, this rate of disease progression changes over time in women. Postmenopausal women have increased rates of fibrosis compared with women of reproductive age because they have lost the protective effects of estrogen. Estradiol and estrogen receptors in the liver protect hepatocytes from oxidative stress, inflammatory injury, and cell death, which all contribute to fibrosis. As a consequence of the overall slower liver disease progression and increased viral clearance in women, the disease burden from HCV infection is found predominantly in men. Although some studies have suggested higher sustained virologic response rates in HCV-infected women receiving dual therapy for HCV infection, this seems to ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Natural history and management of hepatitis C: does sex play a role?","attachmentId":45101570,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13654070/Natural_history_and_management_of_hepatitis_C_does_sex_play_a_role","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13654070/Natural_history_and_management_of_hepatitis_C_does_sex_play_a_role"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="30339105" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30339105/Sex_Hormones_Prolactin_and_Platelet_Indices_as_Predictors_of_Sustained_Virological_Response_in_Male_Patients_with_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Genotype_4_Receiving_Combined_Antiviral_Therapy_Pegylated_Interferon_and_Ribavirin_">Sex Hormones, Prolactin, and Platelet Indices as Predictors of Sustained Virological Response in Male Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 4 Receiving Combined Antiviral Therapy (Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58001624" href="https://mansoura.academia.edu/NasserMousa">Nasser Mousa</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57833357" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AhmedAbdelRazik5">Ahmed Abdel-Razik</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9412971" href="https://mansoura.academia.edu/WaleedEldars">Waleed Eldars</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Advanced Research</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most noxious infectious diseases; however the impact of gender on the response to HCV still poorly understood. Aim: We aimed to investigate platelet indices, testosterone and prolactin levels as predictors of sustained virological response (SVR) in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Methods: Liver biopsy, serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin and platelet parameters were evaluated to 86 men with CHC who were divided into 51 patients with early fibrosis and 35 patients with late fibrosis. Patients receiving pegylated interferon and ribavirin for 48 weeks; then follow up for 6 months. Results: Patients with early fibrosis showed lower total testosterone and higher free testosterone levels (P&lt;0.001) than those with higher fibrosis scores. A univariate analysis showed that age, viral load, liver fibrosis, platelet count and indices, total and free testosterone and prolactin levels were ass...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sex Hormones, Prolactin, and Platelet Indices as Predictors of Sustained Virological Response in Male Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 4 Receiving Combined Antiviral Therapy (Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin)","attachmentId":50793145,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30339105/Sex_Hormones_Prolactin_and_Platelet_Indices_as_Predictors_of_Sustained_Virological_Response_in_Male_Patients_with_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Genotype_4_Receiving_Combined_Antiviral_Therapy_Pegylated_Interferon_and_Ribavirin_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30339105/Sex_Hormones_Prolactin_and_Platelet_Indices_as_Predictors_of_Sustained_Virological_Response_in_Male_Patients_with_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Genotype_4_Receiving_Combined_Antiviral_Therapy_Pegylated_Interferon_and_Ribavirin_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="35956347" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35956347/Gender_Disparity_in_Hepatitis_A_New_Task_in_the_Challenge_Against_Viral_Infection">Gender Disparity in Hepatitis: A New Task in the Challenge Against Viral Infection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66404227" href="https://ebslondon.academia.edu/AustinPublishingGroup">Austin Publishing Group</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">the serum prevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and the DNA virus titers are higher in serum of men than women [12,13]. Both these viral factors probably contribute to the increased risk to develop HCC in male with respect to female. In fact, the male/female ratio for HCC prevalence has been reported to be from 2:1 to 4:1 [14]. Due to the close interaction between virus and host, both host and viral mechanisms could be responsible of this gender disparity in HBV infection and disease progression. One of these mechanisms seems to be ascribable to hormonal milieu [15]. For instance, steroid hormones have been suggested to mediate sex differences in susceptibility to liver cancer upon HBV infection: elevated testosterone levels and expression of Androgen Receptor (AR) genes were found strictly related with the increased risk of HCC in men [16]. One mechanism by which androgens affect HBV replication has been identified in their direct binding to Androgen Response Elements (ARE) in the enhancer I of HBV thus causing modulation of virus transcription and increasing virus titer in serum of males [17]. In turn, HBV directly increases AR level through the enhancing transcriptional activity of AR, mediated by the HBV encoded X protein [18]. In addition, hormones can affect host immune response. With regard to this, 17-beta estradiol (E2), a major naturally occurring estrogen in women, reduces the synthesis of Interleukin-6 by Kupffer cells, a cytokine known to play a crucial role in fibrosis and HCC. This apparently occurs in the livers of male mice through the inhibition of the transcription factor NFkB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) via the universal adapter protein Mydd88 [19]. Recently, an HCC-related mutation in the large surface antigen of HBV genotype C has been found only in male patients [20]. All these mechanisms can at least partially explain the gender disparity in the progression of HBV infection towards HCC. Furthermore, given the hormone modulation exerted by HBV, this virus has recently been considered as a sex-hormone responsive. One more facet of disparity is the sex difference in response to HBV vaccine: anti-HBV antibodies titers have been found higher in vaccinated females than in males so that male sex has been suggested to represent a sort of predictor of unresponsiveness to HBV vaccination [5]. In the case of HCV infection, the progression from chronic hepatitis C to cirrhosis is slower in females than males and the risk to develop HCC in female chronic carriers is significantly lower than in chronically infected male patients [10,21]. Moreover, females have been suggested to experience a higher rate of spontaneous HCV clearance than males [22]. As for HBV, also in the case of HCV the steroid hormones have been suggested to be possible players of the reported sex differences. It has been shown that treatment with E2 of HCV infected cell cultures reduced the production of HCV virions, probably inhibiting virus assembly /secretion, whereas E2 did not affect HCV RNA replication nor virus protein synthesis [23]. However, in the post-menopausal women, when estrogen levels decrease, these sex differences are mitigated and partially reversed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gender Disparity in Hepatitis: A New Task in the Challenge Against Viral Infection","attachmentId":55839297,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35956347/Gender_Disparity_in_Hepatitis_A_New_Task_in_the_Challenge_Against_Viral_Infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35956347/Gender_Disparity_in_Hepatitis_A_New_Task_in_the_Challenge_Against_Viral_Infection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="3479532" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3479532/Higher_clearance_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_in_females_compared_with_males">Higher clearance of hepatitis C virus infection in females compared with males</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4079835" href="https://helwan.academia.edu/MohamedMostafa">Mohamed Mostafa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Gut, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Higher clearance of hepatitis C virus infection in females compared with males","attachmentId":50267427,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3479532/Higher_clearance_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_in_females_compared_with_males","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3479532/Higher_clearance_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_in_females_compared_with_males"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="53380241" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53380241/Estrogen_status_and_response_to_combination_therapy_for_chronic_hepatitis_C">Estrogen status and response to combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43243571" href="https://unimore.academia.edu/AlessandraColantoni">Alessandra Colantoni</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Hepatology, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Estrogen status and response to combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C","attachmentId":70252403,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53380241/Estrogen_status_and_response_to_combination_therapy_for_chronic_hepatitis_C","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53380241/Estrogen_status_and_response_to_combination_therapy_for_chronic_hepatitis_C"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="19714439" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19714439/Female_patients_in_fertile_age_with_chronic_hepatitis_C_easy_genotype_and_persistently_normal_transaminases_have_a_100_chance_to_reach_a_sustained_virological_response">Female patients in fertile age with chronic hepatitis C, easy genotype, and persistently normal transaminases have a 100% chance to reach a sustained virological response</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52641572" href="https://unipd.academia.edu/VincenzoBaldo">Vincenzo Baldo</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40338186" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NoraCazzagon">Nora Cazzagon</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41972996" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TatjanaBaldovin">Tatjana Baldovin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Female patients in fertile age with chronic hepatitis C, easy genotype, and persistently normal transaminases have a 100% chance to reach a sustained virological response","attachmentId":42045374,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19714439/Female_patients_in_fertile_age_with_chronic_hepatitis_C_easy_genotype_and_persistently_normal_transaminases_have_a_100_chance_to_reach_a_sustained_virological_response","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19714439/Female_patients_in_fertile_age_with_chronic_hepatitis_C_easy_genotype_and_persistently_normal_transaminases_have_a_100_chance_to_reach_a_sustained_virological_response"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="94150706" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94150706/Gender_Difference_in_Plasma_Levels_of_Interferon_Alpha_2_B_in_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Patients">Gender Difference in Plasma Levels of Interferon Alpha 2 B in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="127946243" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SHABBIRBHATTI1">SHABBIR BHATTI</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The study was conducted to investigate the gender difference for the concentration of interferon alpha 2b in patients with chronic hepatitis C. In a Quasi – experimental study 60 patients were allocated to male and female groups, each comprising n=30. In both groups, the patients had age between 20 and 49 year. A first dose of 3 × 10 3 units of interferon alpha 2b was administered subcutaneously. The blood samples were collected at baseline (0 time), 8 h and 20 h after the administration of interferon according to a limiting sampling strategy. All samples were analyzed by ELISA to measure the plasma interferon levels. Comparison between two groups was significant where the interferon levels were higher (63.0 10.26 IU/ml ) in males as compared to females (45.63 7.73 IU/ml.) at 8 h post drug administration. Base line value of plasma interferon level was below the quantitative level while at 20 h, the plasma level of interferon in males was lower but non-significantly than in females (...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gender Difference in Plasma Levels of Interferon Alpha 2 B in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients","attachmentId":96688333,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94150706/Gender_Difference_in_Plasma_Levels_of_Interferon_Alpha_2_B_in_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Patients","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94150706/Gender_Difference_in_Plasma_Levels_of_Interferon_Alpha_2_B_in_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Patients"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="89164240" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89164240/Effect_of_Gender_on_the_Response_to_Hepatitis_C_Treatment_in_an_Inner_City_Population">Effect of Gender on the Response to Hepatitis C Treatment in an Inner-City Population</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17543532" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AAsaad">Adel Asaad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Women's Health Issues, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effect of Gender on the Response to Hepatitis C Treatment in an Inner-City Population","attachmentId":93013918,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89164240/Effect_of_Gender_on_the_Response_to_Hepatitis_C_Treatment_in_an_Inner_City_Population","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89164240/Effect_of_Gender_on_the_Response_to_Hepatitis_C_Treatment_in_an_Inner_City_Population"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="24925226" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24925226/Female_Sex_Hormones_Pattern_and_Its_Relation_to_Disease_Severity_and_Treatment_in_Pre_and_Postmenopausal_Patients_with_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Virus_Genotype_4_Infection">Female Sex Hormones Pattern and Its Relation to Disease Severity and Treatment in Pre-and Postmenopausal Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (Genotype 4) Infection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48049606" href="https://independent.academia.edu/norahossney">nora hossney</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) course revealed differences between men and women. Male gender and postmenopausal women are thought to be of the critical factors affecting HCV infection progression. The study aimed to assess female sex hormones and their relation to disease severity and treatment in HCV infected females. Subjects were divided to 2 groups: 44 CHC female patients and 44 controls. Both groups were classified to premenopausal and postmenopausal females. Serum estradiol (E2), progesterone (PRG), and total testosterone (TT) were assessed using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Our results showed that menopausal patients had significantly higher levels of estradiol, total testosterone, and progesterone compared to controls (í µí± < 0.001). Reproductive aged patients had lower level of total testosterone compared to menopausal patients (í µí± < 0.001). HCV infected females of reproductive age had higher level of progesterone compared to menopausal HCV infected females (í µí± = 0.0014). Indicators of disease severity and treatment response were significantly worse in menopausal women compared to reproductive aged women (fibrosis: í µí± < 0.001, activity: í µí± = 0.045, and treatment: í µí± < 0.001). We observed that lower estradiol level may be related to fibrosis severity in CHC females. Higher total testosterone and progesterone levels may be related to fibrosis severity and poor response to treatment in CHC menopausal females only.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Female Sex Hormones Pattern and Its Relation to Disease Severity and Treatment in Pre-and Postmenopausal Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (Genotype 4) Infection","attachmentId":45254167,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24925226/Female_Sex_Hormones_Pattern_and_Its_Relation_to_Disease_Severity_and_Treatment_in_Pre_and_Postmenopausal_Patients_with_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Virus_Genotype_4_Infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24925226/Female_Sex_Hormones_Pattern_and_Its_Relation_to_Disease_Severity_and_Treatment_in_Pre_and_Postmenopausal_Patients_with_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Virus_Genotype_4_Infection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":80635413,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":80635413,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_80635413" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="20122563" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20122563/Chronic_hepatitis_C_is_mild_in_menstruating_women">Chronic hepatitis C is mild in menstruating women</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46981613" href="https://unimd.academia.edu/MassimoSartori">Massimo Sartori</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41183895" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EGrossini">E. 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="93349195" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93349195/Gender_differences_in_clinical_immunological_and_virological_outcomes_in_highly_active_antiretroviral_treated_HIV_and_ndash_HCV_coinfected_patients">Gender differences in clinical, immunological, and virological outcomes in highly active antiretroviral-treated HIV&ndash;HCV coinfected patients</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6765109" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NeoraPick">Neora Pick</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Patient Preference and Adherence, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/KimberlyForde">Kimberly Forde</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Gastroenterology, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hormones: A Potential Explanation for Differences in Response Rates to Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C Infection","attachmentId":44165529,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14413948/Hormones_A_Potential_Explanation_for_Differences_in_Response_Rates_to_Therapy_for_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14413948/Hormones_A_Potential_Explanation_for_Differences_in_Response_Rates_to_Therapy_for_Chronic_Hepatitis_C_Infection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="86641323" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86641323/Clinical_liver_disease_progression_among_hepatitis_C_infected_drug_users_with_CD4_cell_count_less_than_200_cells_mm_3_is_more_pronounced_among_women_than_men">Clinical liver disease progression among hepatitis C-infected drug users with CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/mm 3 is more pronounced among women than men</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58441061" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DeborahCotton2">Deborah Cotton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Clinical liver disease progression among hepatitis C-infected drug users with CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/mm 3 is more pronounced among women than men","attachmentId":91045980,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86641323/Clinical_liver_disease_progression_among_hepatitis_C_infected_drug_users_with_CD4_cell_count_less_than_200_cells_mm_3_is_more_pronounced_among_women_than_men","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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men","attachmentId":42846758,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15869591/Hepatitis_C_virus_infected_women_have_a_higher_risk_of_advanced_fibrosis_and_graft_loss_after_liver_transplantation_than_men","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15869591/Hepatitis_C_virus_infected_women_have_a_higher_risk_of_advanced_fibrosis_and_graft_loss_after_liver_transplantation_than_men"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="13599611" data-sort-order="default"><a 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blood donors: are women any different?","attachmentId":45169862,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13599611/Anti_hepatitis_C_virus_positive_blood_donors_are_women_any_different","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13599611/Anti_hepatitis_C_virus_positive_blood_donors_are_women_any_different"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="84397299" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md 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data-entity-id="89981970" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89981970/Estrogen_related_MxA_transcriptional_variation_in_hepatitis_C_virus_infected_patients">Estrogen-related MxA transcriptional variation in hepatitis C virus-infected patients</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41951296" href="https://cairo.academia.edu/wafaaelakel">wafaa elakel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Translational Research, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Estrogen-related MxA transcriptional variation in hepatitis C virus-infected 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