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align-items: center;"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Beyond the Front Line: China's rivalry with Japan in the English-language press over the Jinan Incident, 1928\" Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 48, No.1 (January 2014): 188-224. ","attachmentId":50487378,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3781561/_Beyond_the_Front_Line_Chinas_rivalry_with_Japan_in_the_English_language_press_over_the_Jinan_Incident_1928_Modern_Asian_Studies_Vol_48_No_1_January_2014_188_224","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><img style="height: 20px; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</span></button><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/3781561/_Beyond_the_Front_Line_Chinas_rivalry_with_Japan_in_the_English_language_press_over_the_Jinan_Incident_1928_Modern_Asian_Studies_Vol_48_No_1_January_2014_188_224">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="69730655"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/69730655/Revolution_Deconstructed_Chiang_Kai_shek_and_the_Northern_Expedition_in_the_Japanese_Press_1926_28">Revolution Deconstructed: Chiang Kai-shek and the Northern Expedition in the Japanese Press, 1926-28</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm">2017 • </p><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35081918" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://unive.academia.edu/AndreaRevelant">Andrea Revelant</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"><p class="wsj-abstract-paragraph ds2-5-body-sm">The Northern Expedition (1926-28) was a turning-point in the rise to power of the Nationalist Party in China, and instrumental in Chiang Kai-shek’s own meteoric rise from the position of military commander to top political leader. Scholars have examined the international consequences of this turning-point in Republican history from many angles. Most studies, however, have focussed on inter-state relations at the institutional level, leaving public opinion rather on the sidelines. In an attempt to fill this gap, this paper discusses Japanese press coverage of the Expedition, with a particular focus on the changing perception of Chiang’s role in the Nationalist Party. The analysis brings to light the articulate response of the press and of other national figures to the events in China. If on the one hand the Expedition gave cause for anxiety because of the threat it posed to Japanese interests, on the other it raised the hope that a stable government would emerge after years of civil ...</p></div></div><div class="work-detail" style="display: flex; align-items: center;"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Revolution Deconstructed: Chiang Kai-shek and the Northern Expedition in the Japanese Press, 1926-28","attachmentId":79714018,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69730655/Revolution_Deconstructed_Chiang_Kai_shek_and_the_Northern_Expedition_in_the_Japanese_Press_1926_28","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><img style="height: 20px; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</span></button><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/69730655/Revolution_Deconstructed_Chiang_Kai_shek_and_the_Northern_Expedition_in_the_Japanese_Press_1926_28">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="21881287"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text ds2-5-body-sm">Journal of Chinese Overseas</p><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/21881287/Anti_Japanese_or_Pro_Japanese_Overseas_Chinese_the_Chinese_Nationalist_Government_and_the_Wang_Regime">Anti-Japanese or Pro-Japanese: Overseas Chinese, the Chinese Nationalist Government and the Wang Regime</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm">2006 • </p><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12446430" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://westminster.academia.edu/CangbaiWang">Cangbai Wang</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"></div></div><div class="work-detail" style="display: flex; align-items: center;"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anti-Japanese or Pro-Japanese: Overseas Chinese, the Chinese Nationalist Government and the Wang Regime","attachmentId":49151005,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21881287/Anti_Japanese_or_Pro_Japanese_Overseas_Chinese_the_Chinese_Nationalist_Government_and_the_Wang_Regime","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><img style="height: 20px; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</span></button><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/21881287/Anti_Japanese_or_Pro_Japanese_Overseas_Chinese_the_Chinese_Nationalist_Government_and_the_Wang_Regime">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="35875479"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/35875479/Stephen_MacKinnons_review_of_News_under_Fire_China_Quarterly_232_December_2017">Stephen MacKinnon's review of News under Fire, China Quarterly, 232, December 2017.</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="641330" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://anu.academia.edu/shugewei">Shuge Wei</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"></div></div><div class="work-detail" style="display: flex; align-items: center;"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stephen MacKinnon's review of News under Fire, China Quarterly, 232, December 2017.","attachmentId":55755367,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35875479/Stephen_MacKinnons_review_of_News_under_Fire_China_Quarterly_232_December_2017","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><img style="height: 20px; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</span></button><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/35875479/Stephen_MacKinnons_review_of_News_under_Fire_China_Quarterly_232_December_2017">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="37371460"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/37371460/Review_of_News_under_fire_by_Christopher_A_Reed_Frontiers_of_History_in_China_13_2_2018_259_274">Review of News under fire, by Christopher A. Reed, Frontiers of History in China, 13(2), (2018):259-274.</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="641330" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://anu.academia.edu/shugewei">Shuge Wei</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"></div></div><div class="work-detail" style="display: flex; align-items: center;"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of News under fire, by Christopher A. Reed, Frontiers of History in China, 13(2), (2018):259-274.","attachmentId":57333375,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37371460/Review_of_News_under_fire_by_Christopher_A_Reed_Frontiers_of_History_in_China_13_2_2018_259_274","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><img style="height: 20px; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</span></button><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/37371460/Review_of_News_under_fire_by_Christopher_A_Reed_Frontiers_of_History_in_China_13_2_2018_259_274">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="21081063"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/21081063/Chinas_propaganda_in_the_United_States_during_World_War_II_microform_">China's propaganda in the United States during World War II [microform] /</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42203112" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://nccu.academia.edu/KuoJenTsang">Kuo-Jen Tsang</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"><p class="wsj-abstract-paragraph ds2-5-body-sm">Thesis (M.A.)--North Texas State University, August, 1980. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-157). Microform: Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International, 1980. -- 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.</p></div></div><div class="work-detail" style="display: flex; align-items: center;"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"China's propaganda in the United States during World War II [microform] /","attachmentId":41705731,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21081063/Chinas_propaganda_in_the_United_States_during_World_War_II_microform_","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><img style="height: 20px; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</span></button><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/21081063/Chinas_propaganda_in_the_United_States_during_World_War_II_microform_">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="688560"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/688560/Propaganda_and_Sovereignty_in_Wartime_China_Morale_Operations_and_Psychological_Warfare_under_the_OWI">Propaganda and Sovereignty in Wartime China: Morale Operations and Psychological Warfare under the OWI</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="164658" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://taylorssuniversity.academia.edu/MatthewJohnson">Matthew Johnson</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"></div></div><div class="work-detail" style="display: flex; align-items: center;"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Propaganda and Sovereignty in Wartime China: Morale Operations and Psychological Warfare under the OWI","attachmentId":3878934,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/688560/Propaganda_and_Sovereignty_in_Wartime_China_Morale_Operations_and_Psychological_Warfare_under_the_OWI","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><img style="height: 20px; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</span></button><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/688560/Propaganda_and_Sovereignty_in_Wartime_China_Morale_Operations_and_Psychological_Warfare_under_the_OWI">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="24457501"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text ds2-5-body-sm">International Communication Gazette</p><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/24457501/Peoples_Daily_China_and_Japan_A_narrative_analysis">People's Daily, China and Japan: A narrative analysis</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm">1995 • </p><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47087615" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://uts.academia.edu/WanningSun">Wanning Sun</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"></div></div><div class="work-detail" style="display: flex; align-items: center;"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"People's Daily, China and Japan: A narrative analysis","attachmentId":44789227,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24457501/Peoples_Daily_China_and_Japan_A_narrative_analysis","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><img style="height: 20px; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</span></button><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/24457501/Peoples_Daily_China_and_Japan_A_narrative_analysis">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="117101929"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text ds2-5-body-sm">The China Quarterly</p><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/117101929/Useful_Adversaries_Grand_Strategy_Domestic_Mobilization_and_Sino_American_Conflict_1947_1958_By_Thomas_J_Christensen_Princeton_Princeton_University_Press_1997_319_pp_Hard_cover_49_50_or_35_00_paperback_19_95_or_16_95_ISBN_0_691_02638_6_">Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947–1958. By Thomas J. Christensen. [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. 319 pp. Hard cover $49.50 or £35.00; paperback $19.95 or £16.95. ISBN 0-691-02638-6.]</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm">1998 • </p><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65559026" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://independent.academia.edu/HarryHarding3">Harry Harding</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"></div></div><div class="work-detail" style="display: flex; align-items: center;"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947–1958. By Thomas J. Christensen. [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. 319 pp. Hard cover $49.50 or £35.00; paperback $19.95 or £16.95. ISBN 0-691-02638-6.]","attachmentId":113049677,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117101929/Useful_Adversaries_Grand_Strategy_Domestic_Mobilization_and_Sino_American_Conflict_1947_1958_By_Thomas_J_Christensen_Princeton_Princeton_University_Press_1997_319_pp_Hard_cover_49_50_or_35_00_paperback_19_95_or_16_95_ISBN_0_691_02638_6_","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><img style="height: 20px; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</span></button><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/117101929/Useful_Adversaries_Grand_Strategy_Domestic_Mobilization_and_Sino_American_Conflict_1947_1958_By_Thomas_J_Christensen_Princeton_Princeton_University_Press_1997_319_pp_Hard_cover_49_50_or_35_00_paperback_19_95_or_16_95_ISBN_0_691_02638_6_">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="64926074"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/64926074/When_Democracy_is_Not_Enough_Japan_s_information_policy_and_mass_politics_in_diplomatic_and_economic_crisis_in_the_1930s">When Democracy is Not Enough: Japan’s information policy and mass politics in diplomatic and economic crisis in the 1930s</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm">2013 • </p><p class="wsj-secondary-text inline ds2-5-body-sm"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32850230" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://anu-au.academia.edu/tomokoakami">tomoko akami</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"><p class="wsj-abstract-paragraph ds2-5-body-sm">Japan’s information policy did not change suddenly during the Manchurian Crisis in September 1931–March 1933. Rather there was continuing development of state policy and institutions for news propaganda in response to two ongoing phenomena: growing mass political participation as indicated by universal manhood suffrage, and technological changes in mass media and communication. The Japanese metropolitan government did, however, begin a coordinated and systematic approach to news propaganda during the Manchurian Crisis, one primarily driven by foreign policy concerns, rather than concerns with domestic thought control. At the same time, in the period that is often regarded as the beginning of Japan’s diplomatic isolationism, MOFA and other foreign policy elites actively sought to engage international public opinion through management of the news for overseas propaganda. They further emphasized coordination between metropolitan centre, Tokyo, and a parallel news institution in Japanes...</p></div></div><div class="work-detail" style="display: flex; align-items: center;"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"When Democracy is Not Enough: Japan’s information policy and mass politics in diplomatic and economic crisis in the 1930s","attachmentId":76735170,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64926074/When_Democracy_is_Not_Enough_Japan_s_information_policy_and_mass_politics_in_diplomatic_and_economic_crisis_in_the_1930s","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><img style="height: 20px; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</span></button><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182026/https://www.academia.edu/64926074/When_Democracy_is_Not_Enough_Japan_s_information_policy_and_mass_politics_in_diplomatic_and_economic_crisis_in_the_1930s">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wsj-work-container"><div class="below-fold loswp-container"><div class="work--container wsj-work-container-inner"><div class="wsj-sticky-header-container sticky-header--container sticky-header--container-ds2 js-loswp-sticky-header hide-on-mobile-redesign"><div class="sticky-header--inner-container"><div class="sticky-header--button-container"><div class="sticky-header--background sticky-header-ds2--background"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button loswp-custom-primary-button text-download-button" data-broccoli-component="continue-reading-button--sticky-header" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-header","attachmentId":35115606,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2069078/_News_as_a_Weapon_Hollington_Tong_and_the_Guomindang_Centralized_Foreign_Propaganda_System_1937_1938_Twentieth_Century_China_Vol_39_No_2_May_2014_28_53"}">See Full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button loswp-custom-secondary-button text-download-button" data-broccoli-component="download-pdf-button--sticky-header" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-header","attachmentId":35115606,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22px" height="22px" class="cta-button-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"/><path d="M20 12l-1.41-1.41L13 16.17V4h-2v12.17l-5.58-5.59L4 12l8 8 8-8z" class="arrow-downward" fill="currentColor"/></svg>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_35115606" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//web.archive.org/web/20240908182026im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif"/><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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