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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-commons-icon" class="mw-indicator"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA-structure-and-bases.png" title="commons:File:DNA-structure-and-bases.png"><img alt="這個文件來自維基共享資源" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><ul id="filetoc" role="navigation"><li><a href="#file">文件</a></li> <li><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83418294">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-system{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid var(--border-color-destructive--active,#bb7070);background-color:var(--background-color-error-subtle,#ffdbdb)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:var(--background-color-transparent,transparent)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}</style> </p> <table id="mw-sharedupload" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikimedia Commons Logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center;">本文件并非来自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="中文维基百科">中文维基百科</a>,而是来自<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="extiw" title="commons:首页">维基共享资源</a>。请参阅维基共享资源上的<b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA-structure-and-bases.png?uselang=zh">详细描述</a></b>、<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File_talk:DNA-structure-and-bases.png?uselang=zh">讨论页</a>、<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA-structure-and-bases.png?action=history&uselang=zh">页面历史</a>、<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?uselang=zh&page=File:DNA-structure-and-bases.png">日志</a>。 <div style="text-align: center; font-size:smaller;">维基共享资源是一个储存自由版权作品的项目。您可以向此项目<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Upload/zh" class="extiw" title="commons:Commons:Upload/zh">作出贡献</a>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <hr style="clear:both; width:100%; color:#c00000; background-color:#c00000; height:3px; margin-top:0.4em;" /><div id="shared-image-desc"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><ul><li><b>Description:</b> The structure of <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><b>Source:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion//DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/base_pair.shtml">[1]</a> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" title="archived on 21 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041021143944/http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion//DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/base_pair.shtml">archive copy</a> at the <span lang="zh" dir="ltr"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E6%97%B6%E5%85%89%E6%9C%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:网站时光机"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wayback Machine</span></a></span></bdi> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion//DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/Images/dna.gif">(file)</a> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" title="archived on 21 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041021094139/http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion//DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/Images/dna.gif">archive copy</a> at the <span lang="zh" dir="ltr"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E6%97%B6%E5%85%89%E6%9C%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:网站时光机"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wayback Machine</span></a></span></bdi></li> <li><b>License:</b> "All of the illustrations in the Talking Glossary of Genetics are freely available and may be used without special permission." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10003803">[2]</a> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" title="archived on 18 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041018163726/http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10003803">archive copy</a> at the <span lang="zh" dir="ltr"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E6%97%B6%E5%85%89%E6%9C%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:网站时光机"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wayback Machine</span></a></span></bdi></li> <li><b><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_structure_and_bases.svg" title="File:DNA structure and bases.svg">SVG, multilangual version</a></b></li></ul> <p><br> </p> <table class="licensetpl" style="display:none"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="licensetpl_short">Public domain</span><span class="licensetpl_long">Public domain</span><span class="licensetpl_link_req">false</span><span class="licensetpl_attr_req">false</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 100%; clear: both; margin: 0.5em auto; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f7f8ff); color: var(--color-base, #202122); border: var(--border-subtle, 2px solid #8888aa); border-spacing: 8px; padding: 0px;" dir="ltr" class="layouttemplate" lang="zh-hans"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Public domain"><img alt="Public domain" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/64px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/96px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/128px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></span></span> </td> <td><div lang="zh-hans" dir="ltr" class="description zh-hans" style="display:inline;">此作品在美国属于<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" class="extiw" title="w:zh:公有领域">公有领域</a></b>,因为其是<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83" class="extiw" title="w:zh:美国政府作品版权">由美国政府的官员或雇员,基于其个人公务目的制作的作品</a>,参考<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" class="extiw" title="w:zh:美国法典">美国法典</a><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:United_States_Code/Title_17/Chapter_1/Sections_105_and_106" class="extiw" title="s:en:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Sections 105 and 106">第17篇第1章第105条</a>。<br> <small style="font-weight:bold"><u>注意</u>︰本模板仅适用于美国联邦政府的原创作品,不适用于任何<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%9E%E4%BB%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:美国州份">美国州</a>、<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Territory" class="extiw" title="w:United States Territory">属地</a>、联邦个体、县、市或任何次级政府的作品。本模板也不适用于<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stamps_of_the_United_States#Copyright-Note_up_to_1978" title="Stamps of the United States">1978年以后</a>由<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%82%AE%E6%94%BF%E7%BD%B2" class="extiw" title="w:zh:美国邮政署">美国邮政署</a>出版的邮票图案(参看美国版权局实践纲领<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship.pdf">第313.6(C)(1)条</a>)。也不适用于部分美国硬币;参看<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/policies/terms-of-use">美国铸币局使用条款</a>。</small></div> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/64px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/96px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/128px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:x-small;line-height:140%;"><a 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class="wbmi-snaklist-container"><div class="wbmi-snaklist-content"><div class="wbmi-snak"><div class="wbmi-snak-value"><a target="_blank" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P459" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P459">确定方法</a><span class="wbmi-snak-value-separator">:</span><span class="wbmi-snak-value--value"><a target="_blank" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q13414952" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13414952">SHA-1</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="P3575" data-property="P3575" data-statements="[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P3575","hash":"03e11b9c2133e5c2328159ddee35b1e5c93edfbe","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+36605","unit":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8799"},"type":"quantity"}},"type":"statement","id":"M510095$E54515FF-F9C6-41D7-B5AE-3B9D01093F13","rank":"normal"}]" data-formatvalue="{"{\"value\":{\"entity-type\":\"property\",\"numeric-id\":3575,\"id\":\"P3575\"},\"type\":\"wikibase-entityid\"}":{"text\/html":{"zh":{"":"<a target=\"_blank\" title=\"d:Special:EntityPage\/P3575\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/P3575\">\u8cc7\u6599\u5927\u5c0f<\/a>"}},"text\/plain":{"zh":{"":"\u8cc7\u6599\u5927\u5c0f"}}},"{\"value\":{\"amount\":\"+36605\",\"unit\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.wikidata.org\\\/entity\\\/Q8799\"},\"type\":\"quantity\"}":{"text\/html":{"zh":{"P3575":"36,605 <span class=\"wb-unit\">\u5b57\u8282<\/span>"}},"text\/plain":{"zh":{"P3575":"36,605 \u5b57\u8282"}}}}" class="wbmi-entityview-statementsGroup wbmi-entityview-statementsGroup-P3575 oo-ui-layout oo-ui-panelLayout oo-ui-panelLayout-framed"><div class="wbmi-statements-widget"><div class="wbmi-statement-header"><div class="wbmi-entity-data"><div class="wbmi-entity-title"><h4 class="wbmi-entity-label"><bdi><a target="_blank" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P3575" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P3575">資料大小</a></bdi></h4></div></div></div><div class="wbmi-content-items-group"><div class="wbmi-item wbmi-item-read"><div data-guid="M510095$E54515FF-F9C6-41D7-B5AE-3B9D01093F13" class="wbmi-item-container"><div class="wbmi-entity-header"><div class="wbmi-entity-data"><div class="wbmi-entity-title"><h4 class="wbmi-entity-label"><bdi>36,605 <span class="wb-unit">字节</span></bdi></h4></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="P2048" data-property="P2048" data-statements="[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P2048","hash":"ac0099f909bb5c0255887602c52cd326b38e3efd","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+476","unit":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q355198"},"type":"quantity"}},"type":"statement","id":"M510095$D4B48892-F387-4253-8FC0-E840312393D7","rank":"normal"}]" data-formatvalue="{"{\"value\":{\"entity-type\":\"property\",\"numeric-id\":2048,\"id\":\"P2048\"},\"type\":\"wikibase-entityid\"}":{"text\/html":{"zh":{"":"<a target=\"_blank\" title=\"d:Special:EntityPage\/P2048\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/P2048\">\u9ad8\u5ea6<\/a>"}},"text\/plain":{"zh":{"":"\u9ad8\u5ea6"}}},"{\"value\":{\"amount\":\"+476\",\"unit\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.wikidata.org\\\/entity\\\/Q355198\"},\"type\":\"quantity\"}":{"text\/html":{"zh":{"P2048":"476 <span class=\"wb-unit\">\u50cf\u7d20<\/span>"}},"text\/plain":{"zh":{"P2048":"476 \u50cf\u7d20"}}}}" class="wbmi-entityview-statementsGroup wbmi-entityview-statementsGroup-P2048 oo-ui-layout oo-ui-panelLayout oo-ui-panelLayout-framed"><div class="wbmi-statements-widget"><div class="wbmi-statement-header"><div class="wbmi-entity-data"><div class="wbmi-entity-title"><h4 class="wbmi-entity-label"><bdi><a target="_blank" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P2048" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P2048">高度</a></bdi></h4></div></div></div><div class="wbmi-content-items-group"><div class="wbmi-item wbmi-item-read"><div data-guid="M510095$D4B48892-F387-4253-8FC0-E840312393D7" class="wbmi-item-container"><div class="wbmi-entity-header"><div class="wbmi-entity-data"><div class="wbmi-entity-title"><h4 class="wbmi-entity-label"><bdi>476 <span class="wb-unit">像素</span></bdi></h4></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="P2049" data-property="P2049" data-statements="[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P2049","hash":"459e58385315d4703b8a626e51bf85ba391efff4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+330","unit":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q355198"},"type":"quantity"}},"type":"statement","id":"M510095$B955CEAA-303A-4A08-87DD-E2D724A50512","rank":"normal"}]" data-formatvalue="{"{\"value\":{\"entity-type\":\"property\",\"numeric-id\":2049,\"id\":\"P2049\"},\"type\":\"wikibase-entityid\"}":{"text\/html":{"zh":{"":"<a target=\"_blank\" title=\"d:Special:EntityPage\/P2049\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/P2049\">\u5bec\u5ea6<\/a>"}},"text\/plain":{"zh":{"":"\u5bec\u5ea6"}}},"{\"value\":{\"amount\":\"+330\",\"unit\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.wikidata.org\\\/entity\\\/Q355198\"},\"type\":\"quantity\"}":{"text\/html":{"zh":{"P2049":"330 <span class=\"wb-unit\">\u50cf\u7d20<\/span>"}},"text\/plain":{"zh":{"P2049":"330 \u50cf\u7d20"}}}}" class="wbmi-entityview-statementsGroup wbmi-entityview-statementsGroup-P2049 oo-ui-layout oo-ui-panelLayout oo-ui-panelLayout-framed"><div class="wbmi-statements-widget"><div class="wbmi-statement-header"><div class="wbmi-entity-data"><div class="wbmi-entity-title"><h4 class="wbmi-entity-label"><bdi><a target="_blank" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P2049" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P2049">寬度</a></bdi></h4></div></div></div><div class="wbmi-content-items-group"><div class="wbmi-item wbmi-item-read"><div data-guid="M510095$B955CEAA-303A-4A08-87DD-E2D724A50512" class="wbmi-item-container"><div class="wbmi-entity-header"><div class="wbmi-entity-data"><div class="wbmi-entity-title"><h4 class="wbmi-entity-label"><bdi>330 <span class="wb-unit">像素</span></bdi></h4></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></mediainfoviewstatements></mediainfoview> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐6b4858cb8b‐5jz84 Cached time: 20241128120206 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.093 seconds Real time usage: 0.130 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 921/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13681/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3062/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div></div> <h2 id="filehistory">文件历史</h2> <div id="mw-imagepage-section-filehistory"> <p>点击某个日期/时间查看对应时刻的文件。 </p> <table class="wikitable filehistory"> <tr><th></th><th>日期/时间</th><th>缩略图</th><th>大小</th><th>用户</th><th>备注</th></tr> <tr><td>当前</td><td class="filehistory-selected" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/DNA-structure-and-bases.png">2006年1月12日 (四) 23:28</a></td><td><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/DNA-structure-and-bases.png"><img alt="2006年1月12日 (四) 23:28版本的缩略图" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/DNA-structure-and-bases.png/83px-DNA-structure-and-bases.png" decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="83" height="120" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="476" /></a></td><td>330 × 476<span style="white-space: nowrap;">(36 KB)</span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:AutisticPsycho2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:AutisticPsycho2(页面不存在)"><bdi>AutisticPsycho2</bdi></a></td><td dir="ltr">*'''Description:''' The structure of <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> *'''Source:''' [http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion//DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/base_pair.shtml] [http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion//DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/Images/dna.gif (file)] *'''License:''' </td></tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="filelinks">文件用途</h2> <div id='mw-imagepage-section-linkstoimage'> <p>超过100个页面使用本文件。 下面的列表只显示使用本文件的前100个页面。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/File:DNA-structure-and-bases.png" title="Special:链入页面/File:DNA-structure-and-bases.png">完整列表</a>可用。 </p><ul class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage"> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns0"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="核酸分子結構">核酸分子結構</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%CE%91%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="Talk:Α螺旋">Talk:Α螺旋</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B8%9F%E8%8B%B7" title="Talk:三磷酸鸟苷">Talk:三磷酸鸟苷</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%AD%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="Talk:中国野生动物园调查报告">Talk:中国野生动物园调查报告</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%B9%B3%E4%BA%A4" title="Talk:乳交">Talk:乳交</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%B9%B3%E6%88%BF" title="Talk:乳房">Talk:乳房</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="Talk:二名法">Talk:二名法</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%B0%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%AA%AA" title="Talk:人類多地起源說">Talk:人類多地起源說</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E7%B3%BB" title="Talk:人類微生物群系">Talk:人類微生物群系</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E6%AF%94" title="Talk:人類性別比">Talk:人類性別比</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="Talk:人類演化">Talk:人類演化</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="Talk:優生學">Talk:優生學</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="Talk:入侵物种">Talk:入侵物种</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%87%AF%E6%B0%8F%E5%B8%A6" title="Talk:凯氏带">Talk:凯氏带</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:分子生物学">Talk:分子生物学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%88%A9%E6%89%8B" title="Talk:利手">Talk:利手</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:动物行为学">Talk:动物行为学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8B%95%E6%83%85%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="Talk:動情週期">Talk:動情週期</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="Talk:化石">Talk:化石</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8D%94%E5%90%8C%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="Talk:協同物種形成">Talk:協同物種形成</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E8%B4%A8" title="Talk:原生质">Talk:原生质</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8F%8C%E5%A4%B4%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="Talk:双头动物">Talk:双头动物</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8F%8C%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%B6%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="Talk:双子叶植物">Talk:双子叶植物</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:发育生物学">Talk:发育生物学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%99%B4%E5%9A%8F" title="Talk:噴嚏">Talk:噴嚏</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E8%B2%A7%E8%A1%80" title="Talk:地中海貧血">Talk:地中海貧血</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%9F%9F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="Talk:域 (生物)">Talk:域 (生物)</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%96%E6%98%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E8%AB%96" title="Talk:外星生物創造論">Talk:外星生物創造論</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="Talk:大卫·爱登堡">Talk:大卫·爱登堡</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%B4%E9%AA%A8" title="Talk:头骨">Talk:头骨</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92" title="Talk:嬰兒">Talk:嬰兒</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%B7%A8%E5%99%AC%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="Talk:巨噬细胞">Talk:巨噬细胞</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B" title="Talk:巴巴拉·麦克林托克">Talk:巴巴拉·麦克林托克</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%BE%8C%E5%8F%A3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="Talk:後口動物">Talk:後口動物</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%89%A7%E7%BE%8A%E7%8A%AC" title="Talk:德國牧羊犬">Talk:德國牧羊犬</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB" title="Talk:性别">Talk:性别</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%81%90%E9%BE%8D%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="Talk:恐龍文藝復興">Talk:恐龍文藝復興</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%81%90%E9%BE%99%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:恐龙生理学">Talk:恐龙生理学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%8E%92%E6%B3%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="Talk:排泄作用">Talk:排泄作用</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="Talk:數理生物學">Talk:數理生物學</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="Talk:時間生物學">Talk:時間生物學</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="Talk:有性生殖">Talk:有性生殖</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%9F%AF%E9%9C%8D%E6%B0%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="Talk:柯霍氏法則">Talk:柯霍氏法則</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%A0%B9" title="Talk:根">Talk:根</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:植物学">Talk:植物学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="Talk:死亡">Talk:死亡</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="Talk:海拉细胞">Talk:海拉细胞</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="Talk:演化">Talk:演化</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="Talk:演化思想史">Talk:演化思想史</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="Talk:物种起源">Talk:物种起源</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%9C%E6%A9%99" title="Talk:甜橙">Talk:甜橙</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="Talk:生命">Talk:生命</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="Talk:生命現象">Talk:生命現象</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:生态学">Talk:生态学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="Talk:生物">Talk:生物</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:生物信息学">Talk:生物信息学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:生物分类学">Talk:生物分类学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%B3%95" title="Talk:生物分類法">Talk:生物分類法</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" 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href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%9D%80%E7%B5%B2%E7%B2%92" title="Talk:着絲粒">Talk:着絲粒</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%B2%BE%E5%AD%90%E5%99%A8" title="Talk:精子器">Talk:精子器</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="Talk:繁殖">Talk:繁殖</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="Talk:细胞分裂">Talk:细胞分裂</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="Talk:细胞学说">Talk:细胞学说</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="Talk:细胞核">Talk:细胞核</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:细胞生物学">Talk:细胞生物学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="Talk:细菌">Talk:细菌</a></li> <li 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href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E5%88%A9-%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F%E6%89%8E" title="Talk:路易吉·路卡·卡瓦利-斯福扎">Talk:路易吉·路卡·卡瓦利-斯福扎</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%BF%B7%E7%B6%B2" title="Talk:迷網">Talk:迷網</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E7%8D%8E" title="Talk:達爾文獎">Talk:達爾文獎</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:遗传学">Talk:遗传学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%81%A9%E5%B1%85%E5%B8%B6" title="Talk:適居帶">Talk:適居帶</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="Talk:野生动物">Talk:野生动物</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%9B%8C%E9%9B%84%E5%90%8C%E9%AB%94" title="Talk:雌雄同體">Talk:雌雄同體</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%9B%99%E8%83%9E%E8%83%8E" title="Talk:雙胞胎">Talk:雙胞胎</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="Talk:驱动蛋白">Talk:驱动蛋白</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns15"><a href="/wiki/Category_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Category talk:生物学">Category talk:生物学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns15"><a href="/wiki/Category_talk:%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="Category talk:系统发生学">Category talk:系统发生学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns101"><a href="/wiki/Portal_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal talk:生物学">Portal talk:生物学</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns102"><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:生物學">WikiProject:生物學</a></li> </ul> <p>查看连接到这个文件的<a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/File:DNA-structure-and-bases.png" title="Special:链入页面/File:DNA-structure-and-bases.png">更多链接</a>。 </p></div> <h2 id="globalusage">全域文件用途</h2> <div id="mw-imagepage-section-globalusage"><p>以下其他wiki使用此文件: </p><ul> <li class='mw-gu-onwiki-bcl_wikipedia_org'>bcl.wikipedia.org上的用途 <ul> <li><a class="external" href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA">DNA</a></li> </ul></li> <li class='mw-gu-onwiki-be-tarask_wikipedia_org'>be-tarask.wikipedia.org上的用途 <ul> <li><a class="external" href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F">Біялёгія</a></li> </ul></li> <li class='mw-gu-onwiki-be_wikipedia_org'>be.wikipedia.org上的用途 <ul> <li><a class="external" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F">Біялогія</a></li> </ul></li> <li class='mw-gu-onwiki-el_wikipedia_org'>el.wikipedia.org上的用途 <ul> <li><a class="external" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1">Βιολογία</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82:Kornoslimnos">Χρήστης:Kornoslimnos</a></li> </ul></li> <li class='mw-gu-onwiki-en_wikipedia_org'>en.wikipedia.org上的用途 <ul> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Bendzh">User:Bendzh</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:UniReb">User talk:UniReb</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid">Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eperotao">User:Eperotao</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Writtenonsand">User:Writtenonsand</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:JDowning">User:JDowning</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cowbert">User:Cowbert</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Alex_Needham">User:Alex Needham</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jasongallant">User:Jasongallant</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:NoDepositNoReturn">User:NoDepositNoReturn</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Grapplequip">User:Grapplequip</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Boku_wa_kage">User:Boku wa kage</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:TedPavlic">User:TedPavlic</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:ParaDoctoral">User:ParaDoctoral</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Victor_falk">User:Victor falk</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Macdonald-ross">User:Macdonald-ross</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Chrisjj/Test">User:Chrisjj/Test</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:User_WP_Biology">Template:User WP Biology</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Animeronin">User:Animeronin</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:UBX/WikipediaWikiProjectBiology">User:UBX/WikipediaWikiProjectBiology</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Delta40">User:Delta40</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lord_Shivan">User:Lord Shivan</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Manderson198">User:Manderson198</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:UBX/WikipediaWikiProjectEvolutionaryBiology">User:UBX/WikipediaWikiProjectEvolutionaryBiology</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Manderson198/Userboxes">User:Manderson198/Userboxes</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Manderson198/User_Page">User:Manderson198/User Page</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Manderson198/Userboxes_Box">User:Manderson198/Userboxes Box</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Writtenonsand/backup">User:Writtenonsand/backup</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rex_shock">User:Rex shock</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Antarticstargate">User:Antarticstargate</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Esoxid">User:Esoxid</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:IanCheesman">User:IanCheesman</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Murphy2010">User:Murphy2010</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Stylus881">User:Stylus881</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gumbacious">User:Gumbacious</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pico_del_Teide">User:Pico del Teide</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Universal_Life">User:Universal Life</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Vuerqex/wikiprojects">User:Vuerqex/wikiprojects</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nanowolf">User:Nanowolf</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Bci2/Books/Wk2Book">User:Bci2/Books/Wk2Book</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Bci2/Books/Wk3vol1">User:Bci2/Books/Wk3vol1</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fivestar9">User:Fivestar9</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:NickCT">User:NickCT</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fireyair">User talk:Fireyair</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Matt-eee">User:Matt-eee</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <p>查看此文件的<a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%85%A8%E5%9F%9F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5/DNA-structure-and-bases.png" title="Special:全域使用情况/DNA-structure-and-bases.png">更多全域用途</a>。 </p></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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