Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration (Journal Article)

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="description" content="The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <title>Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration (Journal Article) | OSTI.GOV</title> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.osti.gov/sites/www.osti.gov/files/public/styles/large/public/image-files/OSTI_favicon_32px.png" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/res/ostigovsearch.xml" title="OSTI.GOV Search" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1659948" /> <link href="/css/ostigov.241122.2111.css" rel="stylesheet">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-MP0JFZ283F"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-MP0JFZ283F', {'Product Type':'Journal Article','Product Subtype':'AM'}); </script> <meta name="citation_title" content="Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration" /> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="Single-junction flat-plate terrestrial solar cells are fundamentally limited to about 30% solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency, but multiple junctions and concentrated light make much higher efficiencies practically achievable. Until now, four-junction III–V concentrator solar cells have demonstrated the highest solar conversion efficiencies. Here, we demonstrate 47.1% solar conversion efficiency using a monolithic, series-connected, six-junction inverted metamorphic structure operated under the direct spectrum at 143 Suns concentration. Furthermore, when tuned to the global spectrum, a variation of this structure achieves a 1-Sun global efficiency of 39.2%. Nearly optimal bandgaps for six junctions were fabricated using alloys of III–V semiconductors. To develop these junctions, it was necessary to minimize threading dislocations in lattice-mismatched III–V alloys, prevent phase segregation in metastable quaternary III–V alloys and understand dopant diffusion in complex structures. Further reduction of the series resistance within this structure could realistically enable efficiencies over 50%." /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Geisz, John F." /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="000000034818653X" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="France, Ryan M." /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000000220404809" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Schulte, Kevin L." /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000000342736254" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Steiner, Myles A." /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000000316439766" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Norman, Andrew G." /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="000000016368521X" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Guthrey, Harvey L." /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000000315743379" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Young, Matthew R." /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Song, Tao " /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Moriarty, Thomas " /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)" /> <meta name="citation_date" content="Mon Apr 13 00:00:00 EDT 2020" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="English" /> <meta name="citation_technical_report_number" content="NREL/JA-5900-74788" /> <meta name="citation_technical_report_institution" content="National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1659948" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/s41560-020-0598-5" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content=" solar energy; electronic materials; solar cells; solar conversion efficiency" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature Energy" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2058-7546" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="5" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4" /> <meta name="citation_funding_source" content="citation_funder=US Department of Energy; citation_grant_number=AC36-08GO28308; "/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"identifier":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0598-5","keywords":["14 SOLAR ENERGY","electronic materials","solar cells","solar conversion efficiency"],"@type":"ScholarlyArticle","author":[{"name":"Geisz, John F.","@type":"Person"},{"name":"France, Ryan M.","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Schulte, Kevin L.","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Steiner, Myles A.","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Norman, Andrew G.","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Guthrey, Harvey L.","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Young, Matthew R.","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Song, Tao","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Moriarty, Thomas","@type":"Person"}],"description":"Single-junction flat-plate terrestrial solar cells are fundamentally limited to about 30% solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency, but multiple junctions and concentrated light make much higher efficiencies practically achievable. Until now, four-junction III–V concentrator solar cells have demonstrated the highest solar conversion efficiencies. Here, we demonstrate 47.1% solar conversion efficiency using a monolithic, series-connected, six-junction inverted metamorphic structure operated under the direct spectrum at 143 Suns concentration. Furthermore, when tuned to the global spectrum, a variation of this structure achieves a 1-Sun global efficiency of 39.2%. Nearly optimal bandgaps for six junctions were fabricated using alloys of III–V semiconductors. To develop these junctions, it was necessary to minimize threading dislocations in lattice-mismatched III–V alloys, prevent phase segregation in metastable quaternary III–V alloys and understand dopant diffusion in complex structures. Further reduction of the series resistance within this structure could realistically enable efficiencies over 50%.","@context":"http://schema.org/","url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1659948","datePublished":"Mon Apr 13 00:00:00 EDT 2020","name":"Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration","sourceOrganization":[{"name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)","@type":"Organization"},{"name":"USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office","@type":"Organization"}],"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group","@type":"Organization"},"headline":"Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration","sameAs":"https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1659948"}</script> </head> <body data-baseurl="https://www.osti.gov" data-context="" data-domain="www.osti.gov" class=""> <div id="skiptocontent"><a href="#main-body">skip to main content</a></div> <section id="content"> <header> <div class="header-nav "> <div class="header-nav-container"> <div class="container d-none d-md-inline-block" style="/* float:right; */ position:absolute; right:0;"> <nav style="position:relative;z-index:2500;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal small text-right"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="nav-user"><a href="/login" class="pure-menu-link"><span class="fa fa-user"></span> Sign In</a></span></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="nav-user"><a href="/createaccount" class="pure-menu-link">Create Account</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="header-nav-content container"> <div class="row header-primary"> <div class="col-md-5 header-primary-title"> <div class="header-nav-mobile d-block d-md-none" style="position: absolute; right: 10px;"> <a href="#" rel="nofollow" class="pure-button" onclick="$('.header-primary-search').toggleClass('d-none');if(!$('.header-primary-search').hasClass('d-none')){$('#search_search').focus();};return false;"><span class="fa fa-search" aria-label="Show search"></span></a> <a href="#" rel="nofollow" class="pure-button" onclick="$('.header-nav-menu').toggleClass('d-none');return false;"><span class="fa fa-bars" aria-label="Show menu"></span></a> </div> <div class="header-nav-title"> <a href="/"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-header-title" alt="OSTI.GOV title logo" style="margin-top:0.6rem; margin-right:0.2rem;" width="220" height="44" /></a> <span class="subtitle d-none d-xl-inline-block">U.S. Department of Energy<br/>Office of Scientific and Technical Information</span> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-7 d-none d-md-block header-primary-search"> <form action="/search" id="search_form" class="pure-form" method="POST" autocomplete="off"> <input type="hidden" id="index_search_act" name="act" value="act"/> <input type="hidden" id="index_search_rows" name="rows" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="index_search_page" name="page" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="index_search_sort" name="sort" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="search_journal_type" name="journal_type" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="search_data_type" name="data_type" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="search_availability" name="availability" value=""/> <div style="padding: 0.7em 0 0.5em;"><div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div style="position:relative;"> <label class="sr-only" for="search_search">Search terms:</label> <input class="pure-input-1" id="search_search" type="text" name="search" value="" placeholder="Search 3+ million Department of Energy research results"> <button type='button' class='close-advformoptions' aria-label="Advanced search options" title="Advanced search options" style='position: absolute; top: 7px; right: 5px; z-index: 2;cursor: pointer; background: transparent; border: 0; color:#7cb342; font-size: 1.3rem; margin-top: -0.15rem;'><span class="fa fa-caret-down" aria-hidden="true"></span></button> <div id="adv-search" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #444; padding:20px; position:absolute; left:0; right: 0; top: 38px; display:none; z-index:2000;"> <fieldset class="small" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <legend style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1em;"> <div class="pull-right"> </div> Advanced Search Options<small style="display:block;color:#999;">Advanced Search queries use a traditional Term Search. 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margin-bottom:0.5rem; margin-top:1.8rem; font-weight:500;"><span style="font-weight:normal;display:none;">Title: </span><span itemprop="name headline">Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration</span></h1> <div class="row mb-2"> <div class="col-12 small" style="line-height:1.5rem;"> <span class="biblio-refs-type-badge text-muted">Journal Article</span> <span style="padding-left: 0.75rem;padding-right: 0.75rem;">·</span> <time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="Mon Apr 13 00:00:00 EDT 2020">Mon Apr 13 00:00:00 EDT 2020</time> <span style="padding-left: 0.75rem;padding-right: 0.75rem;">·</span> Nature Energy <div style="margin-top: 0.4rem;"> <span class="text-muted" style="padding-right:0.5em;"> DOI:</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0598-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Document DOI URL" class="doi-link" data-ostiid="1659948" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" style="word-wrap: break-word; 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(NREL), Golden, CO (United States)</li> </ol> <div class="affiliation_toggle affiliation_toggle_auth hidden-print"><a href="#" onclick="$('.affiliation_list_auth').toggleClass('visible-print-block');$('.affiliation_toggle_auth_text').text($('.affiliation_toggle_auth_text').text() == '+ Show' ? '- Hide' : '+ Show');return false;"> <span class="affiliation_toggle_auth_text">+ Show</span> Author Affiliations</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"><div id="metadata-description" class="col-sm-12 mb-2 p-trunc-3"> <p class="description mb-0 mt-0" id="citation-abstract" itemprop="description"> Single-junction flat-plate terrestrial solar cells are fundamentally limited to about 30% solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency, but multiple junctions and concentrated light make much higher efficiencies practically achievable. Until now, four-junction III–V concentrator solar cells have demonstrated the highest solar conversion efficiencies. Here, we demonstrate 47.1% solar conversion efficiency using a monolithic, series-connected, six-junction inverted metamorphic structure operated under the direct spectrum at 143 Suns concentration. Furthermore, when tuned to the global spectrum, a variation of this structure achieves a 1-Sun global efficiency of 39.2%. Nearly optimal bandgaps for six junctions were fabricated using alloys of III–V semiconductors. To develop these junctions, it was necessary to minimize threading dislocations in lattice-mismatched III–V alloys, prevent phase segregation in metastable quaternary III–V alloys and understand dopant diffusion in complex structures. Further reduction of the series resistance within this structure could realistically enable efficiencies over 50%. </p> </div></div> </section> <div id="biblio-nav" class="row mb-2 d-md-block position-sticky d-print-none"> <div class="container"> <div class="row small align-flex-end" id="navbar-top"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-lg-6" style="padding:0;padding-top:0.5rem;"> <div style="display:inline-block;"> <a style="margin:0.5em;" class="pure-button button-success fulltext-link" data-ostiid="1659948" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" href="/servlets/purl/1659948" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span class="fa fa-download" style="margin-right:0.25em;"></span> View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)</a></div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-lg-6 text-right" style="padding:0;padding-top:0.5rem;"> <div class="text-left d-inline-block p-relative"> <a href="#" data-jq-dropdown="#biblio-cite-options" style="padding:1em; white-space:nowrap;" data-vertical-offset="15">Cite <span class="fa fa-angle-down" style="color:#aaa;" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <div id="biblio-cite-options" class="jq-dropdown jq-dropdown-tip jq-dropdown-relative" style="display: none; left: 0px; top: 16px;"> <div class="jq-dropdown-menu xs-shift-left-9" style="padding:1em;min-width:400px;"> <div class="biblio-cite" style="padding: 1rem;"> <h2 class="title-citeformat mt-0 mb-0-5">Citation Formats</h2> <div class="row mb-2"><div class="col-12"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-tabs-cite small clearfix"> <li class="active"><a href="#biblio-cite-mla" class="tab-nav tab-nav-cite" data-tab="cite">MLA</a></li> <li><a href="#biblio-cite-apa" class="tab-nav tab-nav-cite" data-tab="cite">APA</a></li> <li><a href="#biblio-cite-chi" class="tab-nav tab-nav-cite" data-tab="cite">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="#biblio-cite-bib" class="tab-nav tab-nav-cite" data-tab="cite">BibTeX</a></li> </ul> </div></div> <div class="row"><div class="col-12"> <section id="biblio-cite-mla" class="tab-content tab-content-cite active" data-tab="cite"> <div class="small"> <code id="biblio-cite-mla-code" style="display:block; max-height:150px; overflow:scroll; overflow-x:hidden;"> Geisz, John F., France, Ryan M., Schulte, Kevin L., Steiner, Myles A., Norman, Andrew G., Guthrey, Harvey L., Young, Matthew R., Song, Tao, and Moriarty, Thomas. <i>Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration</i>. United States: N. p., 2020. Web. doi:10.1038/s41560-020-0598-5. </code> </div> <div class="text-right small" style="margin-top:1em;"><a href="#" class="clip-cite-bib" data-clipboard-target="biblio-cite-mla-code"><span class="fa fa-files-o"></span> Copy to clipboard</a></div> </section> <section id="biblio-cite-apa" class="tab-content tab-content-cite" data-tab="cite"> <div class="small"> <code id="biblio-cite-apa-code" style="display:block; max-height:150px; overflow:scroll; overflow-x:hidden;"> Geisz, John F., France, Ryan M., Schulte, Kevin L., Steiner, Myles A., Norman, Andrew G., Guthrey, Harvey L., Young, Matthew R., Song, Tao, & Moriarty, Thomas. <i>Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration</i>. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0598-5 </code> </div> <div class="text-right small" style="margin-top:1em;"><a href="#" class="clip-cite-bib" data-clipboard-target="biblio-cite-apa-code"><span class="fa fa-files-o"></span> Copy to clipboard</a></div> </section> <section id="biblio-cite-chi" class="tab-content tab-content-cite" data-tab="cite"> <div class="small"> <code id="biblio-cite-chi-code" style="display:block; max-height:150px; overflow:scroll; overflow-x:hidden;"> Geisz, John F., France, Ryan M., Schulte, Kevin L., Steiner, Myles A., Norman, Andrew G., Guthrey, Harvey L., Young, Matthew R., Song, Tao, and Moriarty, Thomas. 2020. "Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0598-5. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1659948. </code> </div> <div class="text-right small" style="margin-top:1em;"><a href="#" class="clip-cite-bib" data-clipboard-target="biblio-cite-chi-code"><span class="fa fa-files-o"></span> Copy to clipboard</a></div> </section> <section id="biblio-cite-bib" class="tab-content tab-content-cite" data-tab="cite"> <div class="small"> <code id="biblio-cite-bib-code" style="display:block; max-height:150px; overflow:scroll; overflow-x:hidden;"> @article{osti_1659948,<br/> title = {Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration},<br/> author = {Geisz, John F. and France, Ryan M. and Schulte, Kevin L. and Steiner, Myles A. and Norman, Andrew G. and Guthrey, Harvey L. and Young, Matthew R. and Song, Tao and Moriarty, Thomas},<br/> abstractNote = {Single-junction flat-plate terrestrial solar cells are fundamentally limited to about 30% solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency, but multiple junctions and concentrated light make much higher efficiencies practically achievable. Until now, four-junction III–V concentrator solar cells have demonstrated the highest solar conversion efficiencies. Here, we demonstrate 47.1% solar conversion efficiency using a monolithic, series-connected, six-junction inverted metamorphic structure operated under the direct spectrum at 143 Suns concentration. Furthermore, when tuned to the global spectrum, a variation of this structure achieves a 1-Sun global efficiency of 39.2%. Nearly optimal bandgaps for six junctions were fabricated using alloys of III–V semiconductors. To develop these junctions, it was necessary to minimize threading dislocations in lattice-mismatched III–V alloys, prevent phase segregation in metastable quaternary III–V alloys and understand dopant diffusion in complex structures. Further reduction of the series resistance within this structure could realistically enable efficiencies over 50%.},<br/> doi = {10.1038/s41560-020-0598-5},<br/> url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1659948}, journal = {Nature Energy},<br/> issn = {2058-7546},<br/> number = 4,<br/> volume = 5,<br/> place = {United States},<br/> year = {Mon Apr 13 00:00:00 EDT 2020},<br/> month = {Mon Apr 13 00:00:00 EDT 2020}<br/> } </code> </div> <div class="text-right small" style="margin-top:1em;"><a href="#" class="clip-cite-bib" data-clipboard-target="biblio-cite-bib-code"><span class="fa fa-files-o"></span> Copy to clipboard</a></div> </section> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-left d-inline-block p-relative"> <a href="#" data-jq-dropdown="#biblio-save-export" style="padding:1em; white-space:nowrap;" data-vertical-offset="15" class="">Export <span class="fa fa-angle-down" style="color:#aaa;" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <div id="biblio-save-export" class="jq-dropdown jq-dropdown-tip jq-dropdown-relative" style="display: none; 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Solar Energy Technologies Office</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small clearfix"> <dt>Grant/Contract Number:<span class="infotip-show-hidden d-none"></span></dt> <dd>AC36-08GO28308</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small clearfix"> <dt>OSTI ID: <span class="infotip-show-hidden d-none"></span></dt> <dd>1659948</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small clearfix"> <dt>Report Number(s): <span class="infotip-show-hidden d-none"></span></dt> <dd>NREL/JA-5900-74788; MainId:6503; UUID:8274b369-89ce-e911-9c26-ac162d87dfe5; MainAdminID:13679</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small clearfix"> <dt>Journal Information: <span class="infotip-show-hidden d-none"></span></dt> <dd> Nature Energy, Vol. 5, Issue 4; ISSN 2058-7546</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small clearfix"><dt>Publisher: <span class="infotip-show-hidden d-none"></span></dt> <dd itemprop="publisher">Nature Publishing Group<a href="/disclaim#copyright" style="display:inline-block; margin-left:2rem;">Copyright Statement</a> </dd></dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small clearfix"> <dt>Country of Publication: <span class="infotip-show-hidden d-none"></span></dt> <dd>United States</dd> </dl> <dl class="dl-horizontal small clearfix"> <dt>Language: <span class="infotip-show-hidden d-none"></span></dt> <dd>English</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 biblio-summary biblio-summary-right pl-2"> <header class="subheader biblio-avail">Citation Metrics:</header> <div class="biblio-secondary-group"> <div class="biblio-secondary-item small"> <span class="fa fa-book" style="color:#999;" aria-hidden="true"></span> Cited by: 328 works </div> <div class="small text-muted" style="margin-top: 0.5em; line-height:1.4rem;"><em>Citation information provided by<br/> Web of Science</em></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <hr class="mt-2 mb-2"/> <section id="section-references" data-list="list_ref" class="tab-content-sec osti-curated biblio-section section-scroll" style="scroll-margin-top:110px;"> <div class="biblio-section-navbar active row"> <div class="col"> <h2 class="abstract biblio-section-title mt-0 mb-0-5" style="cursor:pointer;"><span class="fa indicator"></span> References (61) <span class="text-muted list-table-filternum"></span></h2> </div> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-auto"> <form class="pure-form reference-filter d-print-none"> <div class="small biblio-section-navbar-tool"> <label for="list-table-search-references" class="sr-only">Search references: </label> <input type="text" class="list-table-search mt-0 mb-0-5 ml-1" id="list-table-search-references" placeholder="Search references ..."> </div> <div class="small biblio-section-navbar-tool"> <select class="list-table-type mt-0 mb-0-5"> <option value="">Resource Types</option> <option value="book">Book</option><option value="journal">Journal</option><option value="conference">Conference</option> </select> </div> <div class="small biblio-section-navbar-tool"> <select class="list-table-sort mt-0 mb-0-5"> <option value="date">Sort by Date</option> <option value="title">Sort by Title</option> </select> </div> <div class="small biblio-section-navbar-tool"> <button type="reset" class="pure-button list-table-reset mt-0 mb-0-5">&circlearrowleft;</button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <table id="list-table-references" class="truncate-rows list-table table-striped" data-rows="5" style="width:100%;"><tbody class="list"><tr> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1736034" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="title" data-title="Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of ipni Junction Solar Cells">Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of <i>p‐n</i> Junction Solar Cells<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <ul class="small references-list mb-0 mt-0" style="list-style-type:none; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li class="authors">Shockley, William; Queisser, Hans J.</li> <li class="mb-0-5 source"> <span class="mr-1">Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 32, Issue 3, p. 510-519</span> <span class="text-muted"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1736034" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1736034<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary"> <span class="biblio-refs-type-badge ml-1 type" data-type="journal">journal</span> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary biblio-refs-td-secondary-date"><span class="date" data-date="1961-03-01">March 1961</span></td> </tr><tr> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4798267" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="title" data-title="Optical enhancement of the opencircuit voltage in high quality GaAs solar cells">Optical enhancement of the open-circuit voltage in high quality GaAs solar cells<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <ul class="small references-list mb-0 mt-0" style="list-style-type:none; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li class="authors">Steiner, M. A.; Geisz, J. F.; García, I.</li> <li class="mb-0-5 source"> <span class="mr-1">Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 113, Issue 12</span> <span class="text-muted"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4798267" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4798267<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary"> <span class="biblio-refs-type-badge ml-1 type" data-type="journal">journal</span> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary biblio-refs-td-secondary-date"><span class="date" data-date="2013-03-28">March 2013</span></td> </tr><tr> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2012.2198434" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="title" data-title="Strong Internal and External Luminescence as Solar Cells Approach the ShockleyQueisser Limit">Strong Internal and External Luminescence as Solar Cells Approach the Shockley–Queisser Limit<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <ul class="small references-list mb-0 mt-0" style="list-style-type:none; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li class="authors">Miller, Owen D.; Yablonovitch, Eli; Kurtz, Sarah R.</li> <li class="mb-0-5 source"> <span class="mr-1">IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 2, Issue 3, p. 303-311</span> <span class="text-muted"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2012.2198434" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2012.2198434<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary"> <span class="biblio-refs-type-badge ml-1 type" data-type="journal">journal</span> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary biblio-refs-td-secondary-date"><span class="date" data-date="2012-07-01">July 2012</span></td> </tr><tr> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.328272" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="title" data-title="Limiting efficiencies of ideal single and multiple energy gap terrestrial solar cells">Limiting efficiencies of ideal single and multiple energy gap terrestrial solar cells<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <ul class="small references-list mb-0 mt-0" style="list-style-type:none; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li class="authors">Henry, C. H.</li> <li class="mb-0-5 source"> <span class="mr-1">Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 8</span> <span class="text-muted"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.328272" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.328272<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary"> <span class="biblio-refs-type-badge ml-1 type" data-type="journal">journal</span> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary biblio-refs-td-secondary-date"><span class="date" data-date="1980-08-01">August 1980</span></td> </tr><tr> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(96)00015-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="title" data-title="Limiting efficiencies for photovoltaic energy conversion in multigap systems">Limiting efficiencies for photovoltaic energy conversion in multigap systems<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <ul class="small references-list mb-0 mt-0" style="list-style-type:none; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li class="authors">Martí, Antonio; Araújo, Gerardo L.</li> <li class="mb-0-5 source"> <span class="mr-1">Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 43, Issue 2</span> <span class="text-muted"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(96)00015-3" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(96)00015-3<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary"> <span class="biblio-refs-type-badge ml-1 type" data-type="journal">journal</span> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary biblio-refs-td-secondary-date"><span class="date" data-date="1996-09-01">September 1996</span></td> </tr><tr> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2899" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="title" data-title="Multijunction solar cell design revisited disruption of current matching by atmospheric absorption bands Disruption of current matching by atmospheric absorption bands">Multijunction solar cell design revisited: disruption of current matching by atmospheric absorption bands: Disruption of current matching by atmospheric absorption bands<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <ul class="small references-list mb-0 mt-0" style="list-style-type:none; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li class="authors">McMahon, William E.; Friedman, Daniel J.; Geisz, John F.</li> <li class="mb-0-5 source"> <span class="mr-1">Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 25, Issue 10</span> <span class="text-muted"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2899" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2899<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary"> <span class="biblio-refs-type-badge ml-1 type" data-type="journal">journal</span> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary biblio-refs-td-secondary-date"><span class="date" data-date="2017-05-23">May 2017</span></td> </tr><tr> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.1147" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="title" data-title="Radiative efficiency of stateoftheart photovoltaic cells">Radiative efficiency of state-of-the-art photovoltaic cells<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <ul class="small references-list mb-0 mt-0" style="list-style-type:none; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li class="authors">Green, Martin A.</li> <li class="mb-0-5 source"> <span class="mr-1">Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 20, Issue 4, p. 472-476</span> <span class="text-muted"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.1147" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.1147<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary"> <span class="biblio-refs-type-badge ml-1 type" data-type="journal">journal</span> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary biblio-refs-td-secondary-date"><span class="date" data-date="2011-09-05">September 2011</span></td> </tr><tr> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.085303" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="title" data-title="Reciprocity relation between photovoltaic quantum efficiency and electroluminescent emission of solar cells">Reciprocity relation between photovoltaic quantum efficiency and electroluminescent emission of solar cells<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <ul class="small references-list mb-0 mt-0" style="list-style-type:none; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li class="authors">Rau, Uwe</li> <li class="mb-0-5 source"> <span class="mr-1">Physical Review B, Vol. 76, Issue 8</span> <span class="text-muted"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.085303" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.085303<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary"> <span class="biblio-refs-type-badge ml-1 type" data-type="journal">journal</span> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary biblio-refs-td-secondary-date"><span class="date" data-date="2007-08-01">August 2007</span></td> </tr><tr> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.21.797" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="title" data-title="Calculation of Miscibility Gap in Quaternary InGaPAs with Strictly Regular Solution Approximation">Calculation of Miscibility Gap in Quaternary InGaPAs with Strictly Regular Solution Approximation<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <ul class="small references-list mb-0 mt-0" style="list-style-type:none; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li class="authors">Onabe, Kentaro</li> <li class="mb-0-5 source"> <span class="mr-1">Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 21, Issue Part 1, No. 5</span> <span class="text-muted"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.21.797" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.21.797<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary"> <span class="biblio-refs-type-badge ml-1 type" data-type="journal">journal</span> </td> <td class="small text-muted biblio-refs-td-secondary biblio-refs-td-secondary-date"><span class="date" data-date="1982-05-20">May 1982</span></td> </tr><tr> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2988497" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="title" data-title="408 efficient inverted triplejunction solar cell with two independently metamorphic junctions">40.8% efficient inverted triple-junction solar cell with two independently metamorphic junctions<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <ul class="small references-list mb-0 mt-0" style="list-style-type:none; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li class="authors">Geisz, J. F.; Friedman, D. J.; Ward, J. 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class="btn btn-link btn-sm"><span class="author" itemprop="author">Steiner, Myles A.; </span></a></span> <span class="text-muted">+5 more</span> </div> <hr/> <a href="/biblio/1808848" target="_blank">Multi-junction solar cells paving the way for super high-efficiency</a> <div class="small" style="line-height:1.4rem;"> Journal Article <span style="padding-left: 0.75rem;padding-right: 0.75rem;">·</span> Wed Jun 23 00:00:00 EDT 2021 <span style="padding-left: 0.75rem;padding-right: 0.75rem;">·</span> Journal of Applied Physics <span style="padding-left: 0.75rem;padding-right: 0.75rem;">·</span> <span class="text-muted" style="padding-right:0.5em;">OSTI ID:</span>1659948 </div> <div class="small" style="line-height:1.4rem;"> <span class="author-link"><a href="/search/author:"Yamaguchi, Masafumi"" class="btn btn-link btn-sm"><span class="author" itemprop="author">Yamaguchi, Masafumi; </span></a></span> <span class="author-link"><a href="/search/author:"Dimroth, Frank"" class="btn btn-link btn-sm"><span class="author" itemprop="author">Dimroth, Frank; </span></a></span> <span class="author-link"><a href="/search/author:"Geisz, John F."" class="btn btn-link btn-sm"><span class="author" itemprop="author">Geisz, John F.; </span></a></span> <span class="text-muted">+1 more</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-4" style="padding-left:40px; border-left:1px solid #ddd;"> <h2 class="abstract">Related Subjects</h2> <div class="small" style="line-height:1.6rem;"> <a href="/search/subject:14 SOLAR ENERGY">14 SOLAR ENERGY</a><br/> <a href="/search/subject:electronic materials">electronic materials</a><br/> <a href="/search/subject:solar cells">solar cells</a><br/> <a href="/search/subject:solar conversion efficiency">solar conversion efficiency</a><br/> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </section> <footer class="" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; /* padding-top: 0.5rem; */"> <div class="footer-minor"> <div class="container"> <hr class="footer-separator" /> <div 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Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration (Journal Article) | OSTI.GOV