CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91358b381ed14918',cH: 'SQXwRnrcuQEsEiJ_DEqnARcqgBQ6RX2gJe2iO5VNIko-1739792858-1.2.1.1-BqBJ.okhw5.j5M7xA6M7oRiKJjzimWNoikNmvGPu9WARo7UXgdiATczokRs8R.LY',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Spiral%20Welded%20Pipe&__cf_chl_tk=QTBnmWUTn40s2yBcUIrbJ0wsE8zyrO0NZXEL6K3H3b0-1739792858-1.0.1.1-NM1_1sR.eJE28pjihehBd8lt0pkzzDsUxuvOBhAYpNg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792858',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Spiral%20Welded%20Pipe&__cf_chl_f_tk=QTBnmWUTn40s2yBcUIrbJ0wsE8zyrO0NZXEL6K3H3b0-1739792858-1.0.1.1-NM1_1sR.eJE28pjihehBd8lt0pkzzDsUxuvOBhAYpNg",md: "bmkWAFDsKgA6PDzAKGT_pL67QVkYbBUNyP.TvBwLF2E-1739792858-1.2.1.1-tChdFHDPdrCAHJDKZGgD3H96egCBmcd0R_2w5Zglp64YxikOJTA6C4k7ZeYUX4Hla1i8xIcfd2.Uc2hf2IdQkGuFBZu6iQV7ZZCxK5jwEFJKa8JICaamSIE0qshwex0CrXoHnNVRSKhoDajepfUo_Bed8f.5L22y7Dqi4qVezMil7T298QpE3P82Uq_x7Zwyvb878EGmbzo1SxFayTxdCy.iQzLLxzMxIiunxaQPWat4.MptS_mR8riImkRsFy6R0ZATHtFxmfVNMhuzTPzOMVZlqGL5864SYruinto4lzKvW8CSlR8GZJjteDQ4kGDwTSXdUA0c_iX7tFA2txB5T33wXoD0NZposemshbLow.Q63JIvNEYQ.B3pgXn1nWfQwEyiFjlYcW0iM6tBBPggTTV7UU1qhSSmA1Hy.VNvt9EgqIqG9iCLiADvUA44jyxsEqgynFmE.ZqyBZb1XhCGw2bQu9c6rGSclhfFfABl0my4DgxHcqu7WhnZJ7AOWlA.K6L4wLBryw5lLZa_YjpxDUlfniEjAPFNlkwPOdqIRw6lCjOmAePyRqE2TEeLaaY5pRoGX1U1HfAclRxWzndfPcAmmfR9GOR1IP7oHYfTPDDekvSZSzDliqOgriNVgXDSjOUdpyLpGThaxtQhLXMRTfaNL9RqOsf0SmLRbwiZ9PRrnmT1tfvVYN99duRPGF2ODhwrKYLWxWFMi0HJaB6Aedsa.M2lQ4AI.P9ryouFK1eW4LXL3dwq2WEmw2Z2TE2rbFIymszdkrSi9_E3HnlBByZWSfL99IDhOBuxGbol3wWbLuEFLkKEuHT8p_hFow8I2z9PAid2ua3_xP.i8vXhvFvJaN3Dx49w1v_oQFGZJ4AUJSnEWQ9yPljkhHDSunBG.ICfAISF62c33Dr6k7nzCN6W2C.smIbXEuHlDV19uLSoNkFc0wW0F3BT.HJfLRuvzta9ye6WgQiCl.K4ZsiYIqpnQknpWGKNhY5bEUjAEGYb6HkYVw0kLftqY9ivKpJA5FNnOCaCWvp2_._aORTJGXrLc1P3NKaxmgBmVZn28HS2SvQdCcQuHNynGflMmPcVyzFTYAb8rHbkvTyyWuAFknlxopHDtEQ1gQ6yPsI9v7LF_f8GZd_Dy5VGlkJ04W6RI4EssZbVMCse7ZFrshuWU.XvekwvlEFsM9Kh8Yo6o547hsg5V_aYleG8nTJbKCGOXayxpIDR50i2GXr43XGEhI6JHXDgltm7H2quHa3fggif8ZyQGlb2ES1iUk4HAL.H91AFV_GPhOhSt2QVML827eXhnYXZyUktPnw6pFSjosUe2WiWHWlWRckEOm5s.IZ7vi2_6RJX3bv7j7_U_yS0Qs4nex_eqDt4JFARHDKkVTAfQHvcx44bQ3AixAk.8SLn1DOrjaP75n2aa2CfQC.YIYsRckat3xQ75fPhxj.tK.gtyFNotwDvi0kKs0mpN0N_xBz1M_FCNEAJ9ymzX8r5tJFi8lwKGZD9ED0bOz02UoTQTxy198RwJDj7EpqC8kxatzMRn1ciETVLiw0N1yWhETH4zPJrGK5GF7kOUuzFcffVuVRPc3hOU3R5QC1fCzuWM.szB.YPBd8h55RpJvehnTnkZXQxIwPN9_hnnrrILn19x_w1CzGcl6iWKI1M2ZcNqYUhWvm1rGv6sHswzMBRjg6oXhsxPXFbeYBMmdsfmTzhnd1H7UGkkT4MWoC2Dsmq6D9qfXjdjZgiiZ9E_C1ih2HnnMkzhkpzAKcwWp.NONeH9a3wy0M32R8SgexNvv4JTEUyYjAReRwyBPbN3PWbZzxWwep9j1rBjkMRAsDhxVY3qEGbxP84v9B.YAnN7XoBedI8prtymAOV56osDs2tVBykx0YSzEABfvZSxPTexgZ4uVQN6OiuBjd32kCGdFeSBO1imb_6Z_VSEojk4hpPXsI9asOwWOI6sGYsONIjPmxlcb1JhYPyXIZZAOUcUlp8",mdrd: "vTxoux5a5VUAUmM_YCuvfJUSUtm98n9bVN3bGBxMvEs-1739792858-1.2.1.1-fxM_QwoFiy7YTMhfKvgbyA4zWRxupLFehxdWVCj55TnDwyNGDDBszav_WP5ACQbg2igNxkoSZXhd013GN1xHEIy.7TVgzIFdBqAmA8k5YFjtTwakro2aFz6tre3QI6H8Axlga86TKVop3evfaiFL7Z54rMrfmr.DGz5N1yRMs2K_BcZoCEC872WtGH1.AQJucQZ2NmAlCIbbfTehrsgWLe5IPSG.bsCWCdpzv0.IyqQi5FaxzF4HyDay5e5FTz4sfSccitboi18VYUlELAxR_KFGMdkbxQC5PCh_lhYJyRx5qd9DdgF09s77OVNNETxyVYqK8nGerPQPwYQMTwlKPMoM.bfpFVApPnSrQwUWaJR1iaGQ1hEQhHlc2P38FkJmzXdU5z1SnnYncv8m4.h2fVljF8zjPkWjrkfS4vPTkWoVZNr.zpVc1LBzRTZJuHYd5DWZZb1PwM3HHo6PCa9EOGp4oKhHQQRdAim.NF8mucX_FGSvqfB_l0GaZGU9I39_rX95NhF_8O7SdPyOnII_118EVfRKJCl875DB6.7oiCXz5hfZIthF4vTQFrRAVOTZzLH08HkRcE2SBZKTeOZMtUs40c0Mi7N5H0tEZU6V42SOByXQ6d_dFJ4UfGILOB.IgVFHJVVq3JuDf06m7o3OcLYhjhMxH5BI6kZQFeGSEP1D5c67ggXS6svQ57UY1QLcAWRiEinr3wK8GBtHzjCCieSChSog6C101On9yjjhsya7uBo5rcE9M_GIGFXeostyJDFUhjMKP4oHn8.5_wP_ZZSCDKfuCSgqQPllLr11xK.GsWvME2brypdkBbfeWc9h4Yu5D2pVy5DI2e72GkmlnYXplUT72xE6nBM6ZV3bx7TlPkJMMYzgd48HoK9o6Wd3wiBNatzbxMWpO83Vk6C_NiSjXVc0HSVDXOBLG.UTTVFr6r_cuB2RgBCdDb_qd7G5sU4nn.GdOWu5nz52VuABi5RNx8vyQbYWhffmUnRGcuni2pDUMBYbWjzzEQn08MrmTBm4LdlkZ.LQXb.5PjLmOCYzmlbVF5JYhzCRvs_o1HC6ZYGbStY3ltkb.hnshkAL_Be6GYvrUU2k_WnKpgib41YOoljVnIWbpC5o356vBiTCqs60px95YfENlMKk6IbPjbafG1aLaZj.Kl1EcSct3_.8Vg9URV4qoiKhSqIq2hbxZEPaM22tBhmCKoBWKU9vUS2uPUeAdr8_PT_u3ojbMyz5RESxrJ.GfCYIDOc7HB7Vxzxh.4.Ne1YhIMww415Hq7guV5EGcATSLNNcSpYPCzIj3HYacNVh8j.IiCefAg8EH07ke37.nl3Lx6_gGFUGQhCwivex86bwiiSV6UjibhNX.qRNCpbvb0a1dJjRNq7rCWQy.aDKrFniyiLRfGg7olrCtuRPMzDv7aFrcDzrh9V03n2A6YHHpnvO6IIKa4MXCFm4P0S62J85qg7Bgy0t4DH22l7Cr6GIzaOHzlnNOAN7nnOrO_fbptfzhfbLfhdlMLtndCPPNcsmQvy1JpH3wIZoBrsIE0XfTOtbKiHq65brj0ZBAObQnmTxXJIwT.Fr86HC3pjbn.LigarvxXiO_.vkmNW_XQQKKgoCjcKb7iSGCOLQOUZI7O7jFQ4tlWLaWIHDd9SqOm8lke7GVBcN110_z844whL6kCIr7dzNgdaWgNP_nsgo88dnAiWvLrU4bCg.WVUvj8cIZFaAQEvql.IwVW.3SIFEeRHA0AgqV1xENznoqAbxYWJ863FmolNMd4p3S02f6DkDSwHVSjnz5EDIHB0y2b27PP0Knh9hDdHC8WcsN1JDYt0sqTELdQOEwZzKSYsm12KvzDTTYLeucnNXmT.WFm7Q6Dlybh4W.F4iWI5Tz2Lr0ZL4FVkueV7A4.f5F0wkzLvt.SE9Qb5KSf8jMZ1GWzcBafm5rzZaIv.xxwxVlUly8DwCbtc8WDKeMjtIB8cFn1HM6_6rmkhlrU3KnHt3Kok7lkdwax6Q4w"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91358b381ed14918';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Spiral%20Welded%20Pipe&__cf_chl_rt_tk=QTBnmWUTn40s2yBcUIrbJ0wsE8zyrO0NZXEL6K3H3b0-1739792858-1.0.1.1-NM1_1sR.eJE28pjihehBd8lt0pkzzDsUxuvOBhAYpNg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>