Risk Factors for Obesity | Obesity

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March 18, 2024 </time> </section> <div class="cdc-page-title cdc-page-offset syndicate"> <h1>Risk Factors for Obesity</h1> </div> <div id="content" class="cdc-page-content cdc-page-offset syndicate container"> <div class="cdc-dfe-body "> <div class="cdc-dfe-body__top "> <div class="dfe-section dfe-section--page-summary summary-blurb summary-paragraph" data-section="cdc_generic_summary"> <div class="dfe-section__header"> <h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-wotqolkdky">At a glance</h2> </div> <div class="dfe-section__content"> <p>Obesity is a complex and costly chronic disease influenced by many factors. These factors include health behaviors, stress, health conditions and medications, genes, and people's environment. Knowing the risk factors can help individuals and communities take steps to prevent and reduce obesity.</p> <div class="dfe-section__nav hide" id="dfe-section__nav"> <div class="dfe-section__nav__header" id="dfe-section__nav__header"> </div> <div class="dfe-section__nav-links" id="dfe-section__nav-links"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dfe-section__image" id="page-summary-image"> <figure class="dfe-image dfe-image__large"><div class="image-container calculated-ratio-16-9 aspect-ratio-16-9"><img src="/diabetes/images/basics/Diabetes-Risk-Factors.jpg" alt="Illustration of risk being measured as if it were on a scale." title="Measuring device concept"></div></figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cdc-dfe-body__center "> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_generic_section_1"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_generic_section_1-health-behaviors" name="Health%20behaviors" title="Health behaviors"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-m8dpybpqcl">Health behaviors</h2> <p>Certain health behaviors can contribute to excess weight gain and are risk factors for obesity:</p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Lack of <a href="/physical-activity-basics/guidelines/index.html">physical activity</a>.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Unhealthy eating patterns such as:<ul> <li class="level-2">Too many highly processed foods or <a href="/healthy-weight-growth/be-sugar-smart/index.html" class="">added sugars</a>, including too many <a href="/healthy-weight-growth/rethink-your-drink/index.html" class="">sugar-sweetened beverages</a>.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-2">Too little fiber and <a href="/healthy-weight-growth/healthy-eating/fruits-vegetables.html">fruits and vegetables</a>.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Not enough <a href="/sleep/about/index.html" class="">sleep</a> or poor quality sleep.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Too much TV, computer, video games, and other screen time.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="dfe-block dfe-block--keep_reading"><b>Keep Reading:</b> <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity/features/index.html">Physical Activity in Daily Life</a></div><div class="dfe-block dfe-block--keep_reading"><b>Keep Reading:</b> <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/features/index.html">Nutrition in Daily Life</a></div> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_generic_section_2"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_generic_section_2-stress" name="Stress" title="Stress"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-i0y4eka9pp">Stress</h2> <p>Long-term stress can affect your brain and trigger your body to make high levels of hormones, such as cortisol. These hormones help regulate energy balances and hunger urges. High levels of these hormones can increase your appetite and promote cravings for foods that are high in fats and added sugars.<span class="cdc-references-cite"><a class="cdc-references-cite__link" href="#cdcreference_1" aria-label="Reference link 1">1</a></span></p> <div class="dfe-block dfe-block--keep_reading"><b>Keep Reading:</b> <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/cope-with-stress/index.html">Healthy Ways to Cope with Stress</a></div> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_generic_section_4"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_generic_section_4-health-conditions-and-medications" name="Health%20conditions%20and%20medications" title="Health conditions and medications"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-5meqnsyil1">Health conditions and medications</h2> <p>Some health conditions may lead to excess weight gain, obesity, or insulin resistance. These conditions include Cushing syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, or underactive thyroid.</p> <p>Some medications may also cause weight gain by disrupting the brain's signals for hunger or through other mechanisms. These medications can include:</p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Psychiatric medications, such as antipsychotics and antidepressants.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Steroids.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Certain types of hormonal birth control, such as progestins.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Anti-seizure or mood-stabilizing drugs.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Certain blood pressure and diabetes medications.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_generic_section_5"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_generic_section_5-genes" name="Genes" title="Genes"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-0gmpsmszm_">Genes</h2> <p>In specific, rare, single-gene disorders, genes can directly cause obesity. Examples of these disorders are Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome.</p> <p>It is more common for multiple genes to be responsible for a person's feelings of hunger, sense of fullness, and metabolism.<span class="cdc-references-cite"><a class="cdc-references-cite__link" href="#cdcreference_2" aria-label="Reference link 2">2</a></span></p> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_generic_section_6"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_generic_section_6-systems-and-environment" name="Systems%20and%20environment" title="Systems and environment"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-oca3jfqwp2">Systems and environment</h2> <p>Health is influenced by the conditions in which people live, learn, work, and play. Health can also be influenced by forces and policies that shape these conditions. These factors affect a person's ability to make healthy choices and influence their risk of gaining excess weight and developing obesity.</p> <p>Examples include:</p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Access to <a href="/nutrition/php/healthy-food-environments/index.html">healthy, affordable foods</a> and beverages.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Access to safe <a href="/physical-activity/php/strategies/access-to-places.html">places for physical activity</a>.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="/physical-activity/php/strategies/increasing-physical-activity-through-community-design-prevention-strategies.html" class="">Community design</a> to support activity-friendly routes to everyday destinations.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Supportive <a href="/early-care-education/about/index.html" class="ce-selection">childcare</a> and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/healthybehaviors.htm" class="">school environments</a>.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Access to high-quality <a href="https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/health-care-access-and-quality" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">health care services<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/housing-and-homes" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">Safe housing<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a> and <a href="https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/transportation" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">transportation<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/economic-stability" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">Economic stability<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>.<br><strong></strong><ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Also, some chemicals in the environment can disrupt how our bodies work and cause excess weight gain. Understanding these factors and how we can use that knowledge to improve our health is ongoing.</p> </div> </div> <div class="cdc-dfe-body__right page-right-rail"> <aside class="page-right-rail__static noindex" role="complementary"> <div class="on-this-page " data-sid=""> <h2 class="on-this-page__heading"> On This Page </h2> <div class="card-body"> <ul> <li><a href="#cdc_generic_section_1-health-behaviors">Health behaviors</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_generic_section_2-stress">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_generic_section_4-health-conditions-and-medications">Health conditions and medications</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_generic_section_5-genes">Genes</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_generic_section_6-systems-and-environment">Systems and environment</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </aside> <aside class="page-right-rail__dynamic noindex" role="complementary"> <div data-related-nav></div> </aside> </div> </div> <div data-journey-next></div> <section class="container page-mobile-bar"> <time class="page-mobile-bar__item page-mobile-bar__item--date" datetime="2024-03-18 00:00:00"> March 18, 2024 </time> </section> <div class="page-content-sources noindex"> <div class="page-content-sources__header"> <a data-action="summary" class="collapsed" href="#content-sources" role="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="content-sources" data-cs-toggle="">Sources</a> <a data-action="print" href="#print" class="d-none d-md-block" aria-label="print this page" onclick="window.print()">Print</a> <a data-action="share" href="#share" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-label="share this page" aria-expanded="false">Share</a> <div class="dropdown-menu page-share-bar" data-popper-placement="bottom-start"> <a href="#" class="page-share-facebook"><span class="cdc-icon-facebook"></span></a> <a href="#" class="page-share-linkedin"><span class="cdc-icon-linkedin"></span></a> <a href="#" class="page-share-twitter"><span class="cdc-icon-twitter"></span></a> <a href="#" class="page-share-syndication"><span class="cdc-icon-rss"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="page-share-container"> <div class="page-share-popup" id="page-share-popup" role="dialog"> <a target="_blank" title="Share to Facebook" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="page-share-facebook metrics-share-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov"> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> <span class="cdc-icon-facebook-inverse"></span> </a> <a target="_blank" title="Share to LinkedIn" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="page-share-linkedin metrics-share-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov&title=Living%20with%20High%20Blood%20Pressure"> <span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span> <span class="cdc-icon-linkedin-inverse"></span> </a> <a target="_blank" title="Share to Twitter" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="page-share-twitter metrics-share-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov&text=Living%20with%20High%20Blood%20Pressure"> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> <span class="cdc-icon-twitter-inverse"></span> </a> <a target="_blank" title="Embed this Page" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="page-share-syndication metrics-share-syndicate" href="https://tools.cdc.gov/medialibrary/index.aspx#/sharecontent/https://https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/risk-factors/risk-factors.html"> <span class="sr-only">Syndicate</span> <span class="fi cdc-icon-syndication-round"></span> </a> </div> </div> <div id="content-sources" class="page-content-sources__body accordion-collapse collapse"> <div class="callout callout-content-source" role="status"> <div class="callout-heading">Content Source:</div> <a class="cdc-block-link" href="/nccdphp/index.html">National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP)</a> </div> <div class="page-content-sources__section page-content-sources__section--references"><label for="page_references">References</label><ol id="page_references"><li id="cdcreference_1">Scott KA, Melhorn SJ, Sakai RR. Effects of chronic social stress on obesity. <em>Curr Obes Rep.</em> 2012 Mar;1(1):16-25. doi: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428710/" class="ce-selection tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">10.1007/s13679-011-0006-3<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a></li> <li id="cdcreference_2">Mahmoud R, Kimonis V, Butler MG. Genetics of obesity in humans: a clinical review. <em>Int J Mol Sci.</em> 2022 Sep 20;23(19):11005. doi: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9569701/" class="ce-selection tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">10.3390/ijms231911005<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a></li></ol></div> </div> </div> <section class="container related-pages related-pages__mobile"> <div data-related-nav-mobile></div> </section> </div> </main> <section class="site-footer container noindex"> <div class="row cdc-footer__inner"> <div class="col-lg-3 site-footer__heading has-home-link "> <h2> <a href="/obesity/index.html" class="cdc-footer__super-title" aria-label="Obesity"> <i class="cdc-icon cdc-fa-solid cdc-fa-house"></i> <span>Obesity</span> <i class="cdc-icon cdc-fa-light cdc-fa-angle-right"></i> </a> </h2> <p 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