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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecologia" title="Portal:Ecologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%C3%98kologien" title="Portal:Økologien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portal:Økologien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecolog%C3%ADa" title="Portal:Ecología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Ecología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="درگاه:بوم‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:بوم‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:%C3%89cologie" title="Portail:Écologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Écologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%ED%95%99" title="포털:생태학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포털:생태학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Екологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Екологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecologia" title="Portal:Ecologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecologie" title="Portal:Ecologie – Romanian" 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Learn how to <a href="/wiki/Template:Portal_maintenance_status#How_to_update_the_maintenance_information_for_a_portal" title="Template:Portal maintenance status">update the maintenance information here</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r888483065">.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left{float:left;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right{float:right;width:49%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-wide{float:left;width:60%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-narrow{float:right;width:39%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-extra-wide{float:left;width:70%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:right;width:29%}@media only screen and (max-width:800px){.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-wide,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-narrow,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-extra-wide,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:inherit;width:inherit}}</style><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia portal for content related to Ecology</div> <p><span class="anchor" id="portals-browsebar"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></p><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="vertical-align: middle;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#FEFE22;border:solid 1px #000000;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:100%" width="25%"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Earth_flag_PD.jpg/28px-Earth_flag_PD.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Earth_flag_PD.jpg/42px-Earth_flag_PD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Earth_flag_PD.jpg/56px-Earth_flag_PD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="724" /></span></span> <big><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portal</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color:#FEFE22;border:solid 1px #000000;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:100%" width="25%"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/46px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <big><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology/Topics_and_categories" title="Portal:Ecology/Topics and categories">Topics and categories</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color:#FEFE22;border:solid 1px #000000;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:100%" width="25%"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/28px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/42px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/56px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <big><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject</a></big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:#FEFE22; color:#000000; border: 1px solid #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding: 1px; text-align: center;font-family:sans-serif; font-size:160%; line-height:139%;"><span style="color: #002600;"><b>Ecology</b></span></div> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#cdf; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="55%" style="vertical-align:top; padding: 0; margin:0;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BC%B6%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:οἶκος">οἶκος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>oîkos</i></span>)</i> 'house' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:-λογία">-λογία</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/-logy" title="-logy">-logía</a></i></span>)</i> 'study of') is the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> of the relationships among living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> levels. Ecology overlaps with the closely related sciences of <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>. </p><p>Ecology is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, and is the study of <a href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">abundance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>, and distribution of organisms in the context of the environment. It encompasses life processes, interactions, and <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptations</a>; movement of materials and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> through living communities; <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">successional</a> development of ecosystems; cooperation, competition, and predation within and between <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>; and patterns of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and its effect on ecosystem processes. </p><p>Ecology has practical applications in <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> management, <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">natural resource management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">agroecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">urban ecology</a>), <a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">community health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic science">basic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a>, and human social interaction (<a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">human ecology</a>). </p><p>The word <i>ecology</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ökologie</i>) was coined in 1866 by the German scientist <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>. The science of ecology as we know it today began with a group of American botanists in the 1890s. <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolutionary</a> concepts relating to adaptation and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> are cornerstones of modern <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_ecology" title="Theoretical ecology">ecological theory</a>. </p><p>Ecosystems are dynamically interacting systems of organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living (<a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic</a>) components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrient cycling">nutrient cycling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niche_construction" title="Niche construction">niche construction</a>, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. Ecosystems have <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysical</a> feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (<a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a>) and abiotic components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and provide <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> like <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> production (food, fuel, fiber, and medicine), the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, global <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_filtration" class="mw-redirect" title="Water filtration">water filtration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">soil formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> control, flood protection, and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value. (<b><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ecology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_article_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected article - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ecology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Vacant_niche" title="Vacant niche">vacant niche</a></b> or <b>empty niche</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a> in a particular ecosystem that is not occupied by a particular species. The issue of what exactly defines a vacant <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a> and whether they exist in <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> is controversial. The subject is intimately tied into a much broader debate on whether ecosystems can reach equilibrium, where they could theoretically become maximally saturated with species. Given that saturation is a measure of the number of species per resource axis per ecosystem, the question becomes: is it useful to define unused resource clusters as niche 'vacancies'? (<b><a href="/wiki/Vacant_niche" title="Vacant niche">Full article...</a></b>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">List of selected articles</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">History of ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Forest ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">Old-growth forest</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">Cleaner fish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lotic_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotic ecosystem">Lotic ecosystem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_ecology" title="Theoretical ecology">Theoretical ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_ecology" title="Spatial ecology">Spatial ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_fitting" title="Ecological fitting">Ecological fitting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_California" title="Ecology of California">Ecology of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity of Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Storage_effect" title="Storage effect">Storage effect</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_ecology" title="Desert ecology">Desert ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">Disturbance (ecology)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_facilitation" title="Ecological facilitation">Ecological facilitation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_art" title="Ecological art">Ecological art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_resilience" title="Ecological resilience">Ecological resilience</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_North_Cascades" title="Ecology of the North Cascades">Ecology of the North Cascades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains" title="Ecology of the Rocky Mountains">Ecology of the Rocky Mountains</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Environmental issues with coral reefs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Acclimatisation_society" title="Acclimatisation society">Acclimatisation society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">Island restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intraspecific_competition" title="Intraspecific competition">Intraspecific competition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Interspecific_competition" title="Interspecific competition">Interspecific competition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor%27s_law" title="Taylor's law">Taylor's law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_Geographical_Scheme_for_Recording_Plant_Distributions" title="World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions">World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_theory_of_ecology" title="Metabolic theory of ecology">Metabolic theory of ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_management" title="Ecosystem-based management">Ecosystem-based management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Planet_(TV_series)" title="The Green Planet (TV series)">The Green Planet (TV series)</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_image_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected image - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ecology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee_swarm_on_fallen_tree02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bee_swarm_on_fallen_tree02.jpg/280px-Bee_swarm_on_fallen_tree02.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bee_swarm_on_fallen_tree02.jpg/420px-Bee_swarm_on_fallen_tree02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bee_swarm_on_fallen_tree02.jpg/560px-Bee_swarm_on_fallen_tree02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="margin: 0.5em 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">Swarming (honey bee)</a></span></div><small>Credit: <a href="/wiki/User:Fir0002" title="User:Fir0002">User:Fir0002</a></small></div></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A <b><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">bee swarm</a></b> of <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_ligustica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera ligustica">Apis mellifera ligustica</a></i> (the <i>Italian bee</i>), a sub-species of the <i>western honey bee</i> (<i>Apis mellifera</i>), on a fallen log</div><div class="noprint" style="text-align:right; margin-top:0.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Ecology/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></b></li></ul></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="General_images" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">General images</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><small><b>The following are images from various ecology-related articles on Wikipedia.</b></small></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021884966">.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container>.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .randomSlideshow-sr-only{display:block;width:1px;height:1px;text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{display:inline-block!important;padding:0.2em 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{transform:scale(1.4)}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label:last-child{display:none!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{display:block;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox li,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox p{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow:first-child{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);display:inline-block;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{order:99999;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{flex:0 0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div>div{width:inherit!important;max-width:100%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .nomobile+ul label{display:none!important}</style><div class="randomSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1Wetland habitat types in Borneo (from Habitat)"><img alt="Image 1Wetland habitat types in Borneo (from Habitat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg/120px-Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg/180px-Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg/240px-Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span>Wetland habitat types in Borneo (from <b><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2Twenty-five years after the devastating eruption at Mount St. Helens, United States, pioneer species have moved in. (from Habitat)"><img alt="Image 2Twenty-five years after the devastating eruption at Mount St. Helens, United States, pioneer species have moved in. (from Habitat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg/120px-Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg/180px-Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg/240px-Mt_st_helens_Johnston_ridge_25_years_later.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span>Twenty-five years after the devastating eruption at <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>, United States, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a> have moved in. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3Ibex in an alpine habitat (from Habitat)"><img alt="Image 3Ibex in an alpine habitat (from Habitat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG/90px-Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG/135px-Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG/180px-Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">Ibex</a> in an alpine habitat (from <b><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avalanche_Lake,_looking_south.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4The High Peaks Wilderness Area in the 6,000,000-acre (2,400,000 ha) Adirondack Park is an example of a diverse ecosystem. (from Ecosystem)"><img alt="Image 4The High Peaks Wilderness Area in the 6,000,000-acre (2,400,000 ha) Adirondack Park is an example of a diverse ecosystem. (from Ecosystem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Avalanche_Lake%2C_looking_south.jpg/120px-Avalanche_Lake%2C_looking_south.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Avalanche_Lake%2C_looking_south.jpg/180px-Avalanche_Lake%2C_looking_south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Avalanche_Lake%2C_looking_south.jpg/240px-Avalanche_Lake%2C_looking_south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span>The <a href="/wiki/High_Peaks_Wilderness_Area" title="High Peaks Wilderness Area">High Peaks Wilderness Area</a> in the 6,000,000-acre (2,400,000 ha) <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Park" title="Adirondack Park">Adirondack Park</a> is an example of a diverse ecosystem. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piet-my-vrou_%26_cape_robin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5A red-chested cuckoo chick being feed by a significantly smaller Cape robin-chat adult (from Community (ecology))"><img alt="Image 5A red-chested cuckoo chick being feed by a significantly smaller Cape robin-chat adult (from Community (ecology))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Piet-my-vrou_%26_cape_robin.jpg/120px-Piet-my-vrou_%26_cape_robin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Piet-my-vrou_%26_cape_robin.jpg/180px-Piet-my-vrou_%26_cape_robin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Piet-my-vrou_%26_cape_robin.jpg/240px-Piet-my-vrou_%26_cape_robin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span>A red-chested cuckoo chick being feed by a significantly smaller Cape robin-chat adult (from <b><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community (ecology)</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6Desert scene in Egypt (from Habitat)"><img alt="Image 6Desert scene in Egypt (from Habitat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg/120px-Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg/180px-Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg/240px-Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span>Desert scene in Egypt (from <b><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prey_symmetric.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7Table visualising size-symmetric competition, using fish as consumers and crabs as resources. (from Community (ecology))"><img alt="Image 7Table visualising size-symmetric competition, using fish as consumers and crabs as resources. (from Community (ecology))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Prey_symmetric.png/120px-Prey_symmetric.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Prey_symmetric.png/180px-Prey_symmetric.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Prey_symmetric.png/240px-Prey_symmetric.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span>Table visualising size-symmetric competition, using fish as consumers and crabs as resources. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community (ecology)</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_loch_lomond.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8Loch Lomond in Scotland forms a relatively isolated ecosystem. The fish community of this lake has remained stable over a long period until a number of introductions in the 1970s restructured its food web. (from Ecosystem)"><img alt="Image 8Loch Lomond in Scotland forms a relatively isolated ecosystem. The fish community of this lake has remained stable over a long period until a number of introductions in the 1970s restructured its food web. (from Ecosystem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/View_of_loch_lomond.JPG/120px-View_of_loch_lomond.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/View_of_loch_lomond.JPG/180px-View_of_loch_lomond.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/View_of_loch_lomond.JPG/240px-View_of_loch_lomond.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> forms a relatively isolated ecosystem. The fish community of this lake has remained stable over a long period until a number of <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introductions</a> in the 1970s restructured its <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_predation_on_salmon_can_be_high_in_many_Alaskan_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such as predation are a key aspect of community ecology. (from Community (ecology))"><img alt="Image 9A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such as predation are a key aspect of community ecology. (from Community (ecology))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bear_predation_on_salmon_can_be_high_in_many_Alaskan_rivers.jpg/120px-Bear_predation_on_salmon_can_be_high_in_many_Alaskan_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bear_predation_on_salmon_can_be_high_in_many_Alaskan_rivers.jpg/180px-Bear_predation_on_salmon_can_be_high_in_many_Alaskan_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bear_predation_on_salmon_can_be_high_in_many_Alaskan_rivers.jpg/240px-Bear_predation_on_salmon_can_be_high_in_many_Alaskan_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span>A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such as <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> are a key aspect of community ecology. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community (ecology)</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decomposition_stages.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10Sequence of a decomposing pig carcass over time (from Ecosystem)"><img alt="Image 10Sequence of a decomposing pig carcass over time (from Ecosystem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Decomposition_stages.jpg/120px-Decomposition_stages.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Decomposition_stages.jpg/180px-Decomposition_stages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Decomposition_stages.jpg/240px-Decomposition_stages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span>Sequence of a decomposing pig carcass over time (from <b><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epiphytes_(Dominica).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11Rich rainforest habitat in Dominica (from Habitat)"><img alt="Image 11Rich rainforest habitat in Dominica (from Habitat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg/90px-Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg/135px-Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg/180px-Epiphytes_%28Dominica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span>Rich rainforest habitat in <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_(62).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12This coral reef in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area provides habitat for numerous marine species. (from Habitat)"><img alt="Image 12This coral reef in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area provides habitat for numerous marine species. (from Habitat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG/120px-Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG/180px-Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG/240px-Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_%2862%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span>This <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands_Protected_Area" title="Phoenix Islands Protected Area">Phoenix Islands Protected Area</a> provides habitat for numerous marine species. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trophic_Cascade.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13A simple trophic cascade diagram. On the right shows when wolves are absent, showing an increase in elks and reduction in vegetation growth. The left one shows when wolves are present and controlling the elk population. (from Community (ecology))"><img alt="Image 13A simple trophic cascade diagram. On the right shows when wolves are absent, showing an increase in elks and reduction in vegetation growth. The left one shows when wolves are present and controlling the elk population. (from Community (ecology))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trophic_Cascade.svg/120px-Trophic_Cascade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trophic_Cascade.svg/180px-Trophic_Cascade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trophic_Cascade.svg/240px-Trophic_Cascade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span>A simple trophic cascade diagram. On the right shows when wolves are absent, showing an increase in elks and reduction in vegetation growth. The left one shows when wolves are present and controlling the elk population. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community (ecology)</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14Spiny forest at Ifaty, Madagascar, featuring various Adansonia (baobab) species, Alluaudia procera (Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation (from Ecosystem)"><img alt="Image 14Spiny forest at Ifaty, Madagascar, featuring various Adansonia (baobab) species, Alluaudia procera (Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation (from Ecosystem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg/120px-Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg/180px-Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg/240px-Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span>Spiny forest at Ifaty, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, featuring various <i><a href="/wiki/Adansonia" title="Adansonia">Adansonia</a></i> (baobab) species, <i><a href="/wiki/Alluaudia_procera" title="Alluaudia procera">Alluaudia procera</a></i> (Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation (from <b><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Predator_prey_curve.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15A generalised graph of a predator-prey population density cycle (from Community (ecology))"><img alt="Image 15A generalised graph of a predator-prey population density cycle (from Community (ecology))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Predator_prey_curve.png/120px-Predator_prey_curve.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Predator_prey_curve.png/180px-Predator_prey_curve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Predator_prey_curve.png/240px-Predator_prey_curve.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span>A generalised graph of a predator-prey population density cycle (from <b><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community (ecology)</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TrophicWeb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 16a) A trophic pyramid showing the different trophic levels in a community. b) A food web of the same community (from Community (ecology))"><img alt="Image 16a) A trophic pyramid showing the different trophic levels in a community. b) A food web of the same community (from Community (ecology))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/TrophicWeb.jpg/120px-TrophicWeb.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/TrophicWeb.jpg/180px-TrophicWeb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/TrophicWeb.jpg/240px-TrophicWeb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3260" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 16</span></span>a) A trophic pyramid showing the different trophic levels in a community. b) A food web of the same community (from <b><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community (ecology)</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_(js)_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 17Few creatures make the ice shelves of Antarctica their habitat, but water beneath the ice can provide habitat for multiple species. Animals such as penguins have adapted to live in very cold conditions. (from Habitat)"><img alt="Image 17Few creatures make the ice shelves of Antarctica their habitat, but water beneath the ice can provide habitat for multiple species. Animals such as penguins have adapted to live in very cold conditions. (from Habitat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg/120px-Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg/180px-Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg/240px-Antarctic_%28js%29_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5584" data-file-height="3663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 17</span></span>Few creatures make the <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">ice shelves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> their habitat, but water beneath the ice can provide habitat for multiple species. Animals such as penguins have adapted to live in very cold conditions. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 18Biological nitrogen cycling (from Ecosystem)"><img alt="Image 18Biological nitrogen cycling (from Ecosystem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg/120px-Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg/180px-Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg/240px-Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 18</span></span>Biological nitrogen cycling (from <b><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptoendolith.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 19An Antarctic rock split apart to show endolithic lifeforms showing as a green layer a few millimeters thick (from Habitat)"><img alt="Image 19An Antarctic rock split apart to show endolithic lifeforms showing as a green layer a few millimeters thick (from Habitat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cryptoendolith.jpg/120px-Cryptoendolith.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cryptoendolith.jpg/180px-Cryptoendolith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cryptoendolith.jpg/240px-Cryptoendolith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="174" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 19</span></span>An Antarctic rock split apart to show <a href="/wiki/Endolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endolithic">endolithic</a> lifeforms showing as a green layer a few millimeters thick (from <b><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_leaf_beetle_(Aulacophora_indica)_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 20The leaves of an Alnus nepalensis tree provide a microhabitat for species like the leaf beetle Aulacophora indica. (from Habitat)"><img alt="Image 20The leaves of an Alnus nepalensis tree provide a microhabitat for species like the leaf beetle Aulacophora indica. (from Habitat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-A_leaf_beetle_%28Aulacophora_indica%29_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 20</span></span>The leaves of an <i><a href="/wiki/Alnus_nepalensis" title="Alnus nepalensis">Alnus nepalensis</a></i> tree provide a microhabitat for species like the leaf beetle <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aulacophora_indica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aulacophora indica (page does not exist)">Aulacophora indica</a></i>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 21Dense mass of white crabs at a hydrothermal vent, with stalked barnacles on right (from Habitat)"><img alt="Image 21Dense mass of white crabs at a hydrothermal vent, with stalked barnacles on right (from Habitat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg/120px-Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg/180px-Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg/240px-Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 21</span></span>Dense mass of white crabs at a hydrothermal vent, with stalked barnacles on right (from <b><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 22Rainforest ecosystems are rich in biodiversity. This is the Gambia River in Senegal's Niokolo-Koba National Park. (from Ecosystem)"><img alt="Image 22Rainforest ecosystems are rich in biodiversity. This is the Gambia River in Senegal's Niokolo-Koba National Park. (from Ecosystem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif/120px-River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif/180px-River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif/240px-River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 22</span></span><a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">Rainforest</a> ecosystems are rich in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. This is the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Niokolo-Koba_National_Park" title="Niokolo-Koba National Park">Niokolo-Koba National Park</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baja_California_Desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 23Flora of Baja California desert, Cataviña region, Mexico (from Ecosystem)"><img alt="Image 23Flora of Baja California desert, Cataviña region, Mexico (from Ecosystem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baja_California_Desert.jpg/120px-Baja_California_Desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baja_California_Desert.jpg/180px-Baja_California_Desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baja_California_Desert.jpg/240px-Baja_California_Desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 23</span></span><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_desert" title="Baja California desert">Baja California desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catavi%C3%B1a" title="Cataviña">Cataviña</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 24Global oceanic and terrestrial phototroph abundance, from September 1997 to August 2000. As an estimate of autotroph biomass, it is only a rough indicator of primary production potential and not an actual estimate of it. (from Ecosystem)"><img alt="Image 24Global oceanic and terrestrial phototroph abundance, from September 1997 to August 2000. As an estimate of autotroph biomass, it is only a rough indicator of primary production potential and not an actual estimate of it. (from Ecosystem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/120px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/180px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/240px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="819" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 24</span></span>Global oceanic and terrestrial phototroph abundance, from September 1997 to August 2000. As an estimate of <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotroph</a> biomass, it is only a rough indicator of primary production potential and not an actual estimate of it. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_presa_las_ni%C3%B1as_mogan_gran_canaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 25 A freshwater lake in Gran Canaria, an island of the Canary Islands. Clear boundaries make lakes convenient to study using an ecosystem approach. (from Ecosystem)"><img alt="Image 25 A freshwater lake in Gran Canaria, an island of the Canary Islands. Clear boundaries make lakes convenient to study using an ecosystem approach. (from Ecosystem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Panorama_presa_las_ni%C3%B1as_mogan_gran_canaria.jpg/120px-Panorama_presa_las_ni%C3%B1as_mogan_gran_canaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Panorama_presa_las_ni%C3%B1as_mogan_gran_canaria.jpg/180px-Panorama_presa_las_ni%C3%B1as_mogan_gran_canaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Panorama_presa_las_ni%C3%B1as_mogan_gran_canaria.jpg/240px-Panorama_presa_las_ni%C3%B1as_mogan_gran_canaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 25</span></span><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> lake in <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>. Clear boundaries make lakes convenient to study using an <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_approach" title="Ecosystem approach">ecosystem approach</a>.</div> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></b>)</div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Related_WikiProjects" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related WikiProjects</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject Ecology</a></b></div><br /> <hr /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Community.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Community.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="32" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject Environment</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecoregions" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecoregions">WikiProject Ecoregions</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Extinction" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Extinction">WikiProject Extinction</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biology">WikiProject Biology</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Protected_areas" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Protected areas">WikiProject Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Soil" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Soil">WikiProject Soil</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">WikiProject Agriculture</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Science">WikiProject Science</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AEcology%2FThings_you_can_do&action=edit"><span style="color:fffff">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Things_you_can_do" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Things you can do</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table style="background:none;color:inherit;width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/75px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/100px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><br /><div style="width: 55px; height: 0px;"></div> </td> <td> <div style="position: relative; left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; z-index: 15;">Here are some tasks awaiting attention: <ul style="font-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0.3em 25px;"> <li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles">Article requests</a></i> :</b> Create any of the missing articles listed on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject Ecology</a> page, <a href="/wiki/Alkali_bee" title="Alkali bee">Alkali bee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem function">Ecosystem function</a> (presently a redirect), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_flow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nutrient flow (page does not exist)">Nutrient flow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Synecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Synecology">Synecology</a>), <a href="/wiki/Seed_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed crop">Seed crop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a>)</li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verify</a></i> :</b> <a href="/wiki/Agroecosystem" title="Agroecosystem">Agroecosystem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">Biologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_pyramid" title="Ecological pyramid">Ecological pyramid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological selection">Ecological selection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">Ecological succession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">Ecotone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_ecology" title="Functional ecology">Functional ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macroecology" title="Macroecology">Macroecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">Uncontacted peoples</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikify" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikify">Wikify</a></i> :</b> Add <b>{{Portal|Ecology}}</b> to the See also sections of ecology-related articles.</li><li><b><i>Other</i> :</b> For additional tasks, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology/to_do" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology/to do">Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology/to do</a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><i> – When a task is completed, please remove it from the list.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Recognized_content_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_support_vote.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/38px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Recognized content - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ecology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/23px-Cscr-featured.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/35px-Cscr-featured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/46px-Cscr-featured.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="158" /></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"><div style="text-align: center;"><i><small>Entries here consist of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GA">Good</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FA">Featured</a> articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards.</small></i></div> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></b> is a social goal for people to co-exist on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> over a long period of time. Definitions of this term are disputed and have varied with literature, context, and time. Sustainability usually has three dimensions (or pillars): environmental, economic, and social. Many definitions emphasize the environmental dimension. This can include addressing key <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental problems</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>. The idea of sustainability can guide decisions at the global, national, organizational, and individual levels. A related concept is that of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, and the terms are often used to mean the same thing. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> distinguishes the two like this: "<i>Sustainability</i> is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while <i>sustainable development</i> refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it." </p><p>Details around the economic dimension of sustainability are controversial. Scholars have discussed this under the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Weak_and_strong_sustainability" title="Weak and strong sustainability">weak and strong sustainability</a></i>. For example, there will always be tension between the ideas of "welfare and prosperity for all" and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental conservation</a>, so <a href="/wiki/Trade-off" title="Trade-off">trade-offs</a> are necessary. It would be desirable to find ways that <a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">separate economic growth from harming the environment</a>. This means using fewer resources per unit of output even while growing the economy. This decoupling reduces the environmental impact of economic growth, such as <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. Doing this is difficult. Some experts say there is no evidence that such a decoupling is happening at the required scale. (<b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Full article...</a></b>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">List of recognized articles</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Automimicry" title="Automimicry">Automimicry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">Apex predator</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive mimicry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Pine_Bush" title="Albany Pine Bush">Albany Pine Bush</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_predator" title="Ambush predator">Ambush predator</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">Flagship species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">Host (biology)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">Keystone species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_camouflage" title="Motion camouflage">Motion camouflage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">Parasitoid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Geography and ecology of the Everglades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Report" title="Leopold Report">Leopold Report</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_species_in_the_Everglades" title="List of invasive species in the Everglades">List of invasive species in the Everglades</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_biography_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected biography - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ecology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aziz_Ab%27Saber_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Aziz_Ab%27Saber_1.jpg/220px-Aziz_Ab%27Saber_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Aziz_Ab%27Saber_1.jpg/330px-Aziz_Ab%27Saber_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Aziz_Ab%27Saber_1.jpg/440px-Aziz_Ab%27Saber_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Ab%27S%C3%A1ber" title="Aziz Ab'Sáber">Aziz Nacib Ab'Sáber</a></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[aˈziz<span class="wrap"> </span>naˈsib<span class="wrap"> </span>abˈsabeʁ]</a></span>; October 24, 1924 – March 16, 2012) was a geographer and one of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>'s most respected scientists, honored with the highest awards of Brazilian science in <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>. Graduated in geography, he was a president and honorary president of the <a href="/wiki/Sociedade_Brasileira_para_o_Progresso_da_Ci%C3%AAncia" title="Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência">Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência</a> (Brazilian Society for the Advancement of Science) and <a href="/wiki/Emeritus_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeritus Professor">Emeritus Professor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>. He received the Grand Cross in Earth Sciences of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Scientific_Merit" title="National Order of Scientific Merit">National Order of Scientific Merit</a>, the highest rank. Among the awards, he has received the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Prize on Science and the Environment in 2001 and the Prize to the Intellectual of Brazil in 2011. </p><p>The contributions of Ab'Saber to science range from the first research of oil camps in Brazil's northeast to surveys of Brazil′s natural realms and the restoration of the history of forests, camps and primitive humans over geologic time in South America. He made central contributions to biology, South American archaeology, and to Brazilian ecology, geology and geography. He has published more than 480 works, most of them scientific publications. Among his scientific proposals are FLORAM, the Code of biodiversity and his theory of refuges related to the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Ab%27S%C3%A1ber" title="Aziz Ab'Sáber">Full article...</a></b>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">List of selected biographies</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_Warming" title="Eugenius Warming">Eugenius Warming</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Winogradsky" title="Sergei Winogradsky">Sergei Winogradsky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leonty_Ramensky" title="Leonty Ramensky">Leonty Ramensky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Odum" title="Eugene Odum">Eugene Odum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Skinner_Cooper" title="William Skinner Cooper">William Skinner Cooper</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dansereau" title="Pierre Dansereau">Pierre Dansereau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith_Deevey_Jr." title="Edward Smith Deevey Jr.">Edward Smith Deevey Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Burroughs" title="John Burroughs">John Burroughs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Norberg-Hodge" title="Helena Norberg-Hodge">Helena Norberg-Hodge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gerzabek" title="Martin Gerzabek">Martin Gerzabek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Exequiel_Ezcurra" title="Exequiel Ezcurra">Exequiel Ezcurra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lian_Pin_Koh" title="Lian Pin Koh">Lian Pin Koh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Fowler_Rhoads" title="Ann Fowler Rhoads">Ann Fowler Rhoads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Margalef" title="Ramon Margalef">Ramon Margalef</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sutherland_Elton" title="Charles Sutherland Elton">Charles Sutherland Elton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_James_(ecologist)" title="Frances James (ecologist)">Frances James (ecologist)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Stanley_Beard" title="John Stanley Beard">John Stanley Beard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Chicaje" title="Liz Chicaje">Liz Chicaje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aparajita_Datta" title="Aparajita Datta">Aparajita Datta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Holling" title="C. S. Holling">C. S. Holling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A9e_Fortin" title="Marie-Josée Fortin">Marie-Josée Fortin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Kokko" title="Hanna Kokko">Hanna Kokko</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6bius" title="Karl Möbius">Karl Möbius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Quarterman" title="Elsie Quarterman">Elsie Quarterman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stirling_(biologist)" title="Ian Stirling (biologist)">Ian Stirling (biologist)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sears" title="Paul Sears">Paul Sears</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Roughgarden" title="Joan Roughgarden">Joan Roughgarden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christen_C._Raunki%C3%A6r" title="Christen C. Raunkiær">Christen C. Raunkiær</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Ricketts" title="Ed Ricketts">Ed Ricketts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Brower" title="Lincoln Brower">Lincoln Brower</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Did_you_know_(auto-generated)" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="Did_you_know_.28auto-generated.29"></span>Did you know <small>(auto-generated)</small></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/71px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/94px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>... that PlantSims, human–plant hybrids in <i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Sims_2:_Seasons" title="The Sims 2: Seasons">The Sims 2: Seasons</a></b></i>, have been studied as examples of <a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">ecofeminism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a>?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Gynecology_in_ancient_Rome" title="Gynecology in ancient Rome">ancient Roman gynecologists</a></b> believed that <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstrual blood</a> could be used to drive dogs insane?</li> <li>... that the British political theorist <b><a href="/wiki/Chris_Armstrong_(political_theorist)" title="Chris Armstrong (political theorist)">Chris Armstrong</a></b> has called for a "blue new deal" to secure <a href="/wiki/Ecological_resilience" title="Ecological resilience">ecological resilience</a> for the ocean and a just <a href="/wiki/Blue_economy" title="Blue economy">blue economy</a>?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">wampum</a> artist <b><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_James-Perry" title="Elizabeth James-Perry">Elizabeth James-Perry</a></b> also works on <a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">ecological restoration</a> projects, including the reintroduction of native plant life?</li> <li>... that scientist <b><a href="/wiki/Adelaida_K._Semesi" title="Adelaida K. Semesi">Adelaida K. Semesi</a></b> was known as "mama mangroves" due to her specialist knowledge of their ecology?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">gynaecologist</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Oon_Chiew_Seng" title="Oon Chiew Seng">Oon Chiew Seng</a></b>, who was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> in 2013, was the founding chairperson of the first dementia home in Singapore?</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_quote_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected quote - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ecology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table align="center" width="100%" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><span style="color:#bcbcbc; font-size:30px; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding-right:10px">“</span> </td> <td style="font-size:105%">Ethics that focus on human interactions, morals that focus on humanity's relationship to a Creator, fall short of these things we've learned. They fail to encompass the big take-home message, so far, of a century and a half of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> is—more than anything else—a process; it creates, and depends on, relationships among energy, land, water, air, time and various living things. It's not just about human-to-human interaction; it's not just about spiritual interaction. It's about all interaction. We're bound with the rest of life in a network, a network including not just all living things but the energy and nonliving matter that flows through the living, making and keeping all of us alive as we make it alive. We can keep debating ideologies and sending entreaties toward heaven. But unless we embrace the fuller reality we're in—and reality's implications—we'll face big problems." </td> <td style="vertical-align:bottom;"><span style="color:#bcbcbc; font-size:30px; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding-left:10px">”</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">— <a href="/wiki/Carl_Safina" title="Carl Safina">Carl Safina</a><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology/Selected_quote" title="Portal:Ecology/Selected quote">More selected quotes</a></b></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Ecology_news" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Ecology news</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Portal:Environment" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Portal:Environment">From the Wikinews Environment portal</a></b></div><div style="float:right;margin-left:0.9em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Read and edit Wikinews"><img alt="Read and edit Wikinews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/75px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/113px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/150px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:European_Union_to_reduce_carbon_emissions_by_55%25_of_1990_levels_by_2030" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:European Union to reduce carbon emissions by 55% of 1990 levels by 2030">European Union to reduce carbon emissions by 55% of 1990 levels by 2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Wikinews_interviews_Craig_Farquharson,_Liberal_Democrat_candidate_for_2020_Groom_by-election" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Wikinews interviews Craig Farquharson, Liberal Democrat candidate for 2020 Groom by-election">Wikinews interviews Craig Farquharson, Liberal Democrat candidate for 2020 Groom by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Wikinews_interviews_Sandra_Jephcott,_Sustainable_Australia_candidate_for_2020_Groom_by-election" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Wikinews interviews Sandra Jephcott, Sustainable Australia candidate for 2020 Groom by-election">Wikinews interviews Sandra Jephcott, Sustainable Australia candidate for 2020 Groom by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Greta_Thunberg_named_2019_Time_Person_of_the_Year" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Greta Thunberg named 2019 Time Person of the Year">Greta Thunberg named 2019 Time Person of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Researchers_break_down_deaths_due_to_power_plant_pollution_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Researchers break down deaths due to power plant pollution in the United States">Researchers break down deaths due to power plant pollution in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Slippery_business:_Materials_scientists_invent_new_coating_for_self-cleaning,_water-efficient_toilets" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Slippery business: Materials scientists invent new coating for self-cleaning, water-efficient toilets">Slippery business: Materials scientists invent new coating for self-cleaning, water-efficient toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Northern_Arapaho_Tribe_welcomes_buffalo_herd_in_Wyoming,_United_States" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Northern Arapaho Tribe welcomes buffalo herd in Wyoming, United States">Northern Arapaho Tribe welcomes buffalo herd in Wyoming, United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Scientists_describe_how_%27upside-down_rivers%27_of_warm_water_break_Antarctica%27s_ice_shelf" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Scientists describe how 'upside-down rivers' of warm water break Antarctica's ice shelf">Scientists describe how 'upside-down rivers' of warm water break Antarctica's ice shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Voracious_fish_defend_coral_reefs_against_warming,_say_scientists" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Voracious fish defend coral reefs against warming, say scientists">Voracious fish defend coral reefs against warming, say scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Scientists_report_skyrocketing_phytoplankton_population_in_aftermath_of_K%C4%ABlauea_eruption" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Scientists report skyrocketing phytoplankton population in aftermath of Kīlauea eruption">Scientists report skyrocketing phytoplankton population in aftermath of Kīlauea eruption</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Additional News Highlights</b></div> <ul><li>November 5, 2009: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/New_ocean_forming_in_African_desert" class="extiw" title="n:New ocean forming in African desert">"New ocean forming in African desert."</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Portal:Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Portal:Ecology">More ecology news</a> on <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikinews.org">Wikinews</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_publication_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected publication - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ecology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/African_Invertebrates" title="African Invertebrates">African Invertebrates</a></b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journal</a> that covers the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">palaeontology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, whether terrestrial, freshwater, or marine. <i>African Invertebrates</i> is currently published twice a year and accepts large revisionary works, as well as review papers and smaller contributions. (<b><a href="/wiki/African_Invertebrates" title="African Invertebrates">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology/Selected_publications" title="Portal:Ecology/Selected publications">More selected publications</a></b></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/27px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/41px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/54px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/25px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/50px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/27px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/41px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/54px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/27px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/41px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/54px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/25px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/38px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/50px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/27px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/41px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/54px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/23px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/35px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/45px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fungi" title="Portal:Fungi">Fungi</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/25px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/38px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/50px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/16px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/33px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/27px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="27" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/41px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/54px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micon-Turbine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Micon-Turbine.JPG/27px-Micon-Turbine.JPG" decoding="async" width="27" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Micon-Turbine.JPG/41px-Micon-Turbine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Micon-Turbine.JPG/54px-Micon-Turbine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wind_power" title="Portal:Wind power">Wind power</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaccato_vulcano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/27px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/41px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/53px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Volcanoes</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/25px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/38px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/50px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/27px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/41px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/54px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="816" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Global warming">Global warming</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TsunamiHazardSign.svg/27px-TsunamiHazardSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TsunamiHazardSign.svg/41px-TsunamiHazardSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TsunamiHazardSign.svg/54px-TsunamiHazardSign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="524" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tsunamis" title="Portal:Tsunamis">Tsunamis</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/25px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/50px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/27px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/41px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/54px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%;"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="More_did_you_know_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">More did you know - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ecology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="float:left;margin-right:1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg/100px-Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg/150px-Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg/200px-Calliphora_sp_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span> </div> </td> <td align="center">... <b><a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a></b> are among the most diverse groups of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> on the planet, include more than a million described <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and represent more than half of all known living organisms?<br /> <p>(<i>Pictured left</i>: A <a href="/wiki/Calliphora_hilli" title="Calliphora hilli">Calliphora hilli</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Calliphoridae" title="Calliphoridae">blow fly</a> species in the genus <a href="/wiki/Calliphora" title="Calliphora">Calliphora</a>.) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology/Did_you_know" title="Portal:Ecology/Did you know">Other "Did you know" facts...</a></b></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">Read more...</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin <span style="font-size:85%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biology_nav" title="Template:Biology nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biology_nav" title="Template talk:Biology nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biology_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biology nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Introduction (<a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Evolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology" title="Outline of biology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles" title="Index of biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></li> <li>Properties (<a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism"> Energy processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure#Biological" title="Structure">Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replication</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Response to environment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">Organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a> > <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">Community</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism#In_science" title="Reductionism">Reductionistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence"> Emergent property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical philosophy">Mechanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory"> Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law"> Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biology_journals" title="List of biology journals">Biology journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">Common name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">Cell cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Gene regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">Post-transcriptional modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">Function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">Alga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant form <br /> and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Plant stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal form <br />and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_environment" title="Internal environment">Internal environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">Microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_(biology)" title="Resource (biology)">Resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology" title="List of research methods in biology">Research <br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory <br /> techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">Gel electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">Centrifugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">Green fluorescent protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)" title="Vector (molecular biology)">vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_purification" title="Protein purification">Protein purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">Western blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">Northern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot">Southern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">Restriction enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening" title="Two-hybrid screening">Two-hybrid screening</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_transect" title="Belt transect">Belt transect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_and_recapture" title="Mark and recapture">mark and recapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_discovery_curve" title="Species discovery curve">species discovery curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecological terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Plant morphology terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/16px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/24px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biology" title="Category:Biology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biology">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biology">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_science" title="Template:Environmental science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_science" title="Template talk:Environmental science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_soil_science" title="Environmental soil science">Soil science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/100px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/150px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/200px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">epidemiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_statistics" title="Environmental statistics">Environmental statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioecology" title="Radioecology">Radioecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport encouragement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">Road ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_journals#Environmental_sciences" title="List of environmental journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_research_institutes" title="List of environmental research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_environmental_science" title="Glossary of environmental science">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_environment" title="List of years in the environment">Environment by year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_science" title="Category:Environmental science">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_scientists" title="Category:Environmental scientists">scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental sciences">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth" title="Template talk:Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth" title="Outline of Earth">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">Troposphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">Exosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Energy balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Culture and society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_symbol" title="Earth symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth#Etymology" title="Earth">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">Tomography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Age of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Geologic record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">The Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">Geology of solar terrestrial planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location in the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Ecology" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Ecology">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Ecology">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Ecology">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Ecology">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Ecology">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Ecology">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Ecology">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Ecology">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:fffff;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FEFE22;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:fffff;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Web_resources" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:fffff;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Web resources</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ecology/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Ecology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Ecology_(collection)">The Encyclopedia of Earth – Ecology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/ecology-102">The Nature Education Knowledge Project – Ecology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ecology/">National Geographic – Ecology</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" 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/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> 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