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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_and_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_and_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Communication and translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_and_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Recent trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flanders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_French_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_French_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Dutch-speaking municipalities with facilities for French speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_French_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wallonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wallonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wallonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wallonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_Dutch_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_Dutch_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>French-speaking municipalities with facilities for Dutch speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_Dutch_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_German_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_German_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>French-speaking municipalities with facilities for German speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_German_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French-speaking_municipalities_with_limited_educational_provisions_for_both_German_and_Dutch_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French-speaking_municipalities_with_limited_educational_provisions_for_both_German_and_Dutch_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>French-speaking municipalities with limited educational provisions for both German and Dutch speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-speaking_municipalities_with_limited_educational_provisions_for_both_German_and_Dutch_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_French_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_French_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>German-speaking municipalities with facilities for French speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_French_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Municipalities with language facilities</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceyos_con_facilidaes_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADstiques" title="Conceyos con facilidaes llingüístiques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conceyos con facilidaes llingüístiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aezamanto%C3%B9_yezhel" title="Aezamantoù yezhel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aezamantoù yezhel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipis_amb_facilitats_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstiques" title="Municipis amb facilitats lingüístiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Municipis amb facilitats lingüístiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazilit%C3%A4ten-Gemeinde" title="Fazilitäten-Gemeinde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fazilitäten-Gemeinde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipios_con_facilidades_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticas" title="Municipios con facilidades lingüísticas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Municipios con facilidades lingüísticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_erraztasunak_dituzten_udalerriak" title="Hizkuntza erraztasunak dituzten udalerriak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza erraztasunak dituzten udalerriak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilit%C3%A9s_linguistiques_en_Belgique" title="Facilités linguistiques en Belgique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Facilités linguistiques en Belgique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լեզվական արտոնությունները Բելգիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեզվական արտոնությունները Բելգիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuni_a_facilitazione_linguistica" title="Comuni a facilitazione linguistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comuni a facilitazione linguistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comun_a_facilitazion_lenguistega" title="Comun a facilitazion lenguistega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Comun a facilitazion lenguistega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faciliteitengemeente" title="Faciliteitengemeente – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Faciliteitengemeente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Бельгийские языковые льготы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бельгийские языковые льготы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%BE%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87" title="语言便利市镇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="语言便利市镇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multi-linguistic status in Belgium</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faciliteitengemeenten_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Faciliteitengemeenten_en.png/220px-Faciliteitengemeenten_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Faciliteitengemeenten_en.png/330px-Faciliteitengemeenten_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Faciliteitengemeenten_en.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The municipalities with language facilities in Belgium, shaded darker. All of the German area (in yellow) has language facilities.<br /> <b>1.</b> Comines-Warneton <b>2.</b> Mesen <b>3.</b> Mouscron <b>4.</b> Spiere-Helkijn <b>5.</b> Ronse <b>6.</b> Flobecq <b>7.</b> Bever <b>8.</b> Enghien <b>9.</b> Drogenbos <b>10.</b> Linkebeek <b>11.</b> Sint-Genesius-Rode <b>12.</b> Wemmel <b>13.</b> Kraainem <b>14.</b> Wezembeek-Oppem <b>15.</b> Herstappe <b>16.</b> Voeren <b>17.</b> Malmedy <b>18.</b> Waimes <b>19.</b> Lontzen <b>20.</b> Raeren <b>21</b>. Eupen <b>22.</b> Kelmis <b>23.</b> Burg-Reuland <b>24.</b> Sankt Vith <b>25.</b> Amel <b>26</b>. Bütgenbach <b>27.</b> Büllingen<sup id="cite_ref-eu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, there are 27 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">municipalities</a> with language facilities (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">faciliteitengemeenten</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">communes à facilités</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Fazilitäten-Gemeinden</i>), which must offer linguistic services to residents in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, or <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> in addition to their single official languages. All other municipalities – with the exception of those in the bilingual <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels region</a> – are monolingual and offer services only in their official languages, either Dutch or French.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Language_legislation_in_Belgium" title="Language legislation in Belgium">Belgian law stipulates</a> that: </p> <ul><li>12 municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> must offer services in French; of these 12, six (<a href="/wiki/Brussels_Periphery" title="Brussels Periphery">located around Brussels</a>) are now believed to have <a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">become majority French-speaking</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> contains two language areas: <ul><li>In the French-speaking part of Wallonia, four municipalities offer services in Dutch and another two offer services in German.</li> <li>All municipalities in the German-speaking part of Wallonia (<a href="/wiki/East_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cantons">annexed after WWI</a>) offer services in French in addition to German.</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Dutch and French are co-official.</li> <li>At the federal level, Dutch, French and German are all <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Language_legislation_in_Belgium" title="Language legislation in Belgium">Language legislation in Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1921–1962"><span id="1921.E2.80.931962"></span>1921–1962</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1921–1962"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were three <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">language areas</a> as from the 31 July 1921 law: the Dutch-speaking Flemish area, the French-speaking Walloon area, and the bilingual area of Brussels (capital city). These language areas of 1921 actually had no institutional translation in the structure of the Belgian state, then still constitutionally divided into provinces and municipalities. Thence a French-speaking unilingual municipality could, for instance, be part of the province of West Flanders. </p><p>The Belgian law of 28 June 1932, on the use of languages for administrative matters based the language status of every Belgian municipality on the decennial census that included, since 1846, several language questions about the knowledge as well as the day-to-day practice.<sup id="cite_ref-facilities_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facilities-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criterion to belong to the Flemish- or Walloon-language area was a threshold of 50%; whereas, with a threshold of 30%, the municipal authorities had to offer services in the minority language as well.<sup id="cite_ref-facilities_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facilities-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A municipality could ask the government to change its linguistic status by a royal decree only after a census showed a passage over the 30% or 50% threshold. </p><p>The German- and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>-speaking minorities in Eastern Wallonia were not mentioned in the 1921 or 1931 laws. The German-speaking minority was mostly settled in the '<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Cantons">Eastern Cantons</a>', several Prussian municipalities ceded to Belgium by the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and administered from 1920 to 1925 by a Belgian military High Commissioner. There was, and still is, a Luxembourgish-speaking minority in some municipalities bordering the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a>. </p><p>The 1932 law was implemented only once, as the invasion of Belgium by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1940 prevented the organization of the decennial census, which was organized in 1947 and applied only on 2 July 1954, when an ad hoc law modifying the law of 28 June 1932 on the use of languages for administrative matters transferred three previously unilingual Flemish municipalities with language facilities to the French-speaking minority (<a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere">Evere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganshoren" title="Ganshoren">Ganshoren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sint-Agatha-Berchem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sint-Agatha-Berchem">Sint-Agatha-Berchem</a>) to the bilingual region of Brussels, thus and introduced language facilities for the French-speaking minority in four previously unilingual Flemish municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Drogenbos" title="Drogenbos">Drogenbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kraainem" title="Kraainem">Kraainem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wemmel" title="Wemmel">Wemmel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linkebeek" title="Linkebeek">Linkebeek</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1962_onwards">1962 onwards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1962 onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1962–1963 four language areas were formally determined: the Dutch-language area (now also corresponding with the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a>), the bilingual area of Brussels-Capital, (whose borders came to determine those of the present <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a>), the French-language area, and the German-language area (together coinciding with <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>). </p><p>The situation around Brussels (in the <i>rim municipalities</i>, see below) differs from the situation along the border between Flanders and Wallonia, and between the German- and French-speaking areas in Wallonia, where certain municipalities have had linguistic minorities for several centuries. The language border appears quite stable and peaceful, except for the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Voeren" title="Voeren">Voeren</a> (French: <i>Fourons</i>) and, to a much lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Mouscron" title="Mouscron">Mouscron</a> (Dutch: <i>Moeskroen</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Comines-Warneton" title="Comines-Warneton">Comines-Warneton</a> (Dutch: <i>Komen-Waasten</i>). </p><p>During the 1970s, many municipalities were merged into a bigger municipality in order to lessen administrative overhead. However, the difficult situation of the municipalities with language facilities had the effect that no other municipalities liked to merge with those (unless they had the same facilities already). As a result, many of the smallest municipalities in Belgium today are municipalities with language facilities. S.a. the least populated municipality (<a href="/wiki/Herstappe" title="Herstappe">Herstappe</a>) and the smallest municipality with a city title (<a href="/wiki/Mesen" title="Mesen">Mesen</a>). </p><p>In the early 1990s, a revision of the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> made it more difficult to change the language status of the concerned municipalities by requiring that any such change had to gain a majority in each of the two language groups in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Previously, an overall majority would have been enough, which could have in theory allowed a near unanimity of Flemish representatives to impose an abolition of the facilities against the unanimous wish of the French-speaking representatives. This revision of the Constitution was widely seen by French speakers as a recognition that language facilities had permanent status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, both Dutch and French speakers complain about poor or absent respect by certain authorities for their linguistic rights. Belgian and European courts are frequently solicited to arbitrate. Related political debates often take place in the various Belgian assemblies i.e. the federal, regional and community Parliaments. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In accordance with Article 6 of the Act on linguistic arrangements in educational matters promulgated on 30 July 1963<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Article 3 of the Royal Decree of 14 March 1960 (implementing Article 4 of the law of 29 May 1959 to which it refers):<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nursery and primary education may be organised in another national language than the official language of the linguistic area under the condition that: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>at least 16 heads of households residing in the same municipality make an official request for such a school;</li> <li>the language most commonly used by their children to be provided with schooling is the considered language</li> <li>there is no school providing education in that language at less than 4 kilometres.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Since the 1988 reform which transferred educational matters from the federal government's level to the Communities’ level, the hosting Community is responsible for financing schools that meet the above criteria. However, the finances come from a special federal fund, which is shared between Communities according to the number of schools/pupils they respectively have in charge under the above legal arrangements. Annual subvention: nearly 10 million euros. </p><p>In conformity with the above legal arrangements: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>The Dutch-speaking Community finances nine French-speaking nursery and primary schools for French speakers in Drogenbos (1), Linkebeek (1), Sint-Genesius-Rode (2), Wemmel (1), Kraainem (1), Wezembeek-Oppem (2), and Ronse (1).<sup id="cite_ref-Flemish_gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flemish_gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The French-speaking Community finances a Dutch-speaking nursery and primary school for Dutch speakers in Mouscron.<sup id="cite_ref-la_wallonie_aussi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_wallonie_aussi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In addition, the Decree of the Belgian French-speaking Community of 13 July 1998<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequent decrees and circulars on the organisation of education authorise schools which are funded by the French-speaking Community to offer <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">language immersion</a> education. In 2011, the French-speaking Community finances 152 nursery and primary schools <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 101 secondary schools <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing such type of education in Wallonia and Brussels. Out of them, 118 nursery and primary schools and 76 secondary schools use Dutch as language of immersion and 16 are located in municipalities with language facilities for Dutch speakers: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>8 nursery and primary schools with Dutch <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">language immersion</a> in Mouscron (3), Comines-Warneton (1) and Enghien (2).</li> <li>8 secondary schools with Dutch <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">language immersion</a> in Mouscron (4), Comines-Warneton (1) and Enghien (3).</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Apart from the above, there are also: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>1 small private Dutch-speaking nursery and primary school in the Walloon municipality of Comines-Warneton. Since the above legal criteria to establish such a school had not been met, it is financed by the Dutch-language Community.<sup id="cite_ref-la_wallonie_aussi_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_wallonie_aussi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 special French-speaking school for sick children (falling under a different law) in the Flemish municipality (not with language facilities) of De Haan,<sup id="cite_ref-Flemish_gov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flemish_gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> linked with the paediatric medical centre of Zeepreventorium. It is financed by the Dutch-language Community.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In 2011, Dutch-speaking schools in Wallonia and French-speaking schools in Flanders are respectively inspected by Dutch- and French-speaking school inspectors <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In 2007, the Flemish government decided that French-speaking schools in Flanders should be inspected by Flemish inspectors but the Constitutional Court canceled this decision in 2010 for the municipalities with language facilities around Brussels and confirmed its judgment in 2011 while extending it to all Flemish municipalities with language facilities for French speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_and_translation">Communication and translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communication and translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language facilities are regulated by the Belgian laws promulgated on 8 November 1962 and 2 August 1963. The administration of municipalities with facilities is internally monolingual (the administration works in one language) and externally bilingual (it communicates with the population in two languages). Until the 1990s, these laws were implemented in addressing the local residents in their own respective languages and in publishing public notices in both languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="in all Belgian municipalities regardless the region? (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late 1990s, two Flemish ministers (Leo Peeters and Luc Vandenbrande) proposed a stricter interpretation of the above laws and instructed the Flemish municipalities with facilities for the French speakers to send all documents only in Dutch and to provide a French translated version only to people who would place an individual formal request which should be renewed for every document. These instructions sharpened the practice until then condoned by the Permanent Commission for Language Control, a joint commission set up by the law to control the correct application of the language laws in Belgium. </p><p>French speakers asked the Council of Europe to advise on the general situation of protection of national minorities in Belgium and petitioned for the Flemish Region to restore the previous practice. In 2002, after having sent various representatives to investigate the situation,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> adopted Resolution 1301 (2002) on Protection of minorities in Belgium supporting French speakers' claim to be recognised as a "national minority" in the Flemish region, like Dutch speakers and German speakers in Wallonia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this assembly has a moral advisory role and not authority to impose rules on its members. </p><p>Until now, neither the French-speaking authorities nor the German-speaking authorities have taken any formal step to restrict language facilities in a similar way for the Dutch/French/German speakers living in Walloon municipalities with language facilities. However, in 2005 the Flemish newspaper <i>De Tijd</i> pointed out that the documents sent to the residents of the Walloon municipality of <a href="/wiki/Enghien" title="Enghien">Enghien</a> were generally written only in French while including just a small note in Dutch asking the receiver to inform whether he/she wished to get a Dutch copy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the municipality has corrected this practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts">Courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belgian courts are extremely reluctant to arbitrate in all matters related to the linguistic and ethnic rights of the various ethnic and language groups in Belgium. An attempt was made in Belgium's highest administrative court: in 2004, in a rare case of disavowing the recommendation of its Auditor, the 12th Flemish Chamber of the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Belgium)" title="Council of State (Belgium)">Council of State</a> judged that the Flemish interpretation of the linguistic laws did not contradict the aforementioned laws. French speakers have generally considered that this ruling was politically motivated and legally unsound; and have kept demanding that the Flemish interpretation of linguistic laws be softened and that Belgium ratifies the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a> as per the Council of Europe's recommendations (a demand presently blocked by most Flemish political parties). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_trends">Recent trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recent trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, <a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a> have become dissatisfied by the continued and growing presence of French speakers in the "rim" municipalities around Brussels. As a result, there is now a strong and growing reaction in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> demanding that the current language facilities should be phased out, especially for the recent 'migrants' around Brussels. For the facilities in the municipalities with historic minorities on the Walloon–Flemish border, there is still a willingness to consider maintaining them on condition of reciprocity (that these facilities are also properly implemented in Wallonia). </p><p>French speakers want to maintain all current facilities in <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flanders</a>, the more militant wing wanting to extend them in scope and/or area. French-speaking political parties, especially, protested against the Flemish ministerial circular letters from the socialist minister <a href="/wiki/Leo_Peeters" title="Leo Peeters">Leo Peeters</a> (see supra). These circular letters, various additional restrictions put on the use of French in those municipalities, and the claims made by more and more Flemish politicians for the abolition of the facilities have caused a radicalisation of part of the French speakers, many of whom now think their linguistic rights would be better protected if the "rim" municipalities joined the bilingual Brussels-Capital Region. At the same time, French speakers from the civil society like Professor <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs" title="Philippe Van Parijs">Philippe Van Parijs</a> and French speakers among the members of the Brussels Enterprises Commerce and Industry Association (BECI) made proposals meant at addressing these issues (among others) while addressing at the same time Flemish concerns and demand for respect of the Flemish 'principle of territoriality': </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>BECI, on the basis of a study conducted by the Swiss agency “Bak Basel Economics” comparing Brussels productivity with 15 metropolitan areas in Europe, advocates the establishment of Brussels Metropolitan across the existing regional borders throughout Brussels’ economic hinterland. It would enclose Brussels, a large part of the Flemish district of <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde" title="Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde">Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde</a> and a large part of the Walloon district of <a href="/wiki/Nivelles" title="Nivelles">Nivelles</a>. While some see in this proposal the opportunity to expand the borders of bilingual Brussels Region, others state that existing regional borders would remain unpaired but sound socio-economical and urban development policies strongly coordinated throughout the area.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>In a proposal dated 23 August 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs" title="Philippe Van Parijs">Philippe Van Parijs</a> explains that, while <i>it would be foolish to think that Brussels could be coherently managed separately from his immediate hinterland (Flemish and Walloon Brabant)</i>, French speakers should be realistic and abandon such claims for the expansion of the Brussels Region to its entire economic hinterland since such expansion would <i>put the Dutch language at risk</i>. He suggests that <i>the facilities would be maintained for the French speakers who presently live in the 2 largest municipalities among the 6 municipalities with facilities around Brussels, whereas they would no longer apply to their children and newcomers. The four smaller municipalities (covering less than 40% of the combined territory of the six communes) would be included into the bilingual region of Brussels; and the <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde" title="Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde">Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde</a> district would be split along this new border</i>. In 2010 in a publication titled <i>"The linguistic territoriality principle: Right violation or parity of esteem"</i> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he reiterated his belief in “territorial linguistic federalism” as opposed to “non-territorial linguistic federalism”. Indeed, the latter implies that <i>people living in the same place</i> would <i>access services that may be of greatly different quality</i> depending on the linguistic community they depend upon whereas the first, while avoiding this drawback, also addresses <i>irreducibly special nature of any coherent, comprehensive project for a political community</i>.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flanders">Flanders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_French_speakers">Dutch-speaking municipalities with facilities for French speakers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dutch-speaking municipalities with facilities for French speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Flanders, there are two kinds of municipalities with facilities. Rim municipalities are situated in the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Periphery" title="Brussels Periphery">Flemish rim</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a> and form part of <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish Brabant</a>. The other municipalities are called language border municipalities because they lie close to the border with <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrondissement_Brussels-Periphery_Belgium_Map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arrondissement_Brussels-Periphery_Belgium_Map.PNG/220px-Arrondissement_Brussels-Periphery_Belgium_Map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Arrondissement_Brussels-Periphery_Belgium_Map.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>The municipalities with language facilities near Brussels</figcaption></figure> <p>Rim municipalities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drogenbos" title="Drogenbos">Drogenbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraainem" title="Kraainem">Kraainem</a> (French, not common: <i>Crainhem</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linkebeek" title="Linkebeek">Linkebeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint-Genesius-Rode" title="Sint-Genesius-Rode">Sint-Genesius-Rode</a> (French: <i>Rhode-Saint-Genèse</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemmel" title="Wemmel">Wemmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wezembeek-Oppem" title="Wezembeek-Oppem">Wezembeek-Oppem</a></li></ul> <p>Wezembeek-Oppem and Kraainem are sometimes referred to as the <i>oostrand</i> (eastern rim). A survey published in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a></i> on 14 February 2005, indicated that in all six rim municipalities, the majority of the population was French-speaking (the study was unofficial since the public authorities refuse to undertake a census). More precisely, the survey claimed that the French-speaking population amounts to 55% of the population in Drogenbos, 78% in Kraainem, 79% in Linkebeek, 58% in Sint-Genesius-Rode, 54% in Wemmel, and 72% in Wezembeek-Oppem. </p><p>Language border municipalities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bever,_Belgium" title="Bever, Belgium">Bever</a> (French: <i>Biévène</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstappe" title="Herstappe">Herstappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesen" title="Mesen">Mesen</a> (French: <i>Messines</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronse" title="Ronse">Ronse</a> (French: <i>Renaix</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiere-Helkijn" title="Spiere-Helkijn">Spiere-Helkijn</a> (French: <i>Espierres-Helchin</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voeren" title="Voeren">Voeren</a> (French: <i>Fourons</i>)</li></ul> <p>Although Sint-Genesius-Rode also borders Wallonia, it is considered a rim municipality rather than a border municipality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wallonia">Wallonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wallonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_Dutch_speakers">French-speaking municipalities with facilities for Dutch speakers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: French-speaking municipalities with facilities for Dutch speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comines-Warneton" title="Comines-Warneton">Comines-Warneton</a> (Dutch: <i>Komen-Waasten</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enghien" title="Enghien">Enghien</a> (Dutch: <i>Edingen</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flobecq" title="Flobecq">Flobecq</a> (Dutch: <i>Vloesberg</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouscron" title="Mouscron">Mouscron</a> (Dutch: <i>Moeskroen</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_German_speakers">French-speaking municipalities with facilities for German speakers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French-speaking municipalities with facilities for German speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malmedy" title="Malmedy">Malmedy</a> (German, not common: <i>Malmünd</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waimes" title="Waimes">Waimes</a> (German: <i>Weismes</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French-speaking_municipalities_with_limited_educational_provisions_for_both_German_and_Dutch_speakers">French-speaking municipalities with limited educational provisions for both German and Dutch speakers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French-speaking municipalities with limited educational provisions for both German and Dutch speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baelen" title="Baelen">Baelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res" title="Plombières">Plombières</a> (Dutch: <i>Blieberg</i>, German: <i>Bleiberg</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welkenraedt" title="Welkenraedt">Welkenraedt</a> (Dutch: <i>Welkenraat</i>, German: <i>Welkenrath</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German-speaking_municipalities_with_facilities_for_French_speakers">German-speaking municipalities with facilities for French speakers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: German-speaking municipalities with facilities for French speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All municipalities in the German-language community have French-language facilities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amel" title="Amel">Amel</a> (French: <i>Amblève</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCllingen" title="Büllingen">Büllingen</a> (French: <i>Bullange</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burg-Reuland" title="Burg-Reuland">Burg-Reuland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCtgenbach" title="Bütgenbach">Bütgenbach</a> (French: <i>Butgenbach</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a> (old French: <i>Néau</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelmis" title="Kelmis">Kelmis</a> (French: <i>La Calamine</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontzen" title="Lontzen">Lontzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raeren" title="Raeren">Raeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankt_Vith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankt Vith">Sankt Vith</a> (French: <i>Saint-Vith</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities in Belgium">Municipalities in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Francization of Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region">List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Flemish_Region" title="List of municipalities of the Flemish Region">List of municipalities of the Flemish Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Wallonia" title="List of municipalities in Wallonia">List of municipalities in Wallonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Gordel" title="De Gordel">De Gordel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde" title="Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde">Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_legislation_in_Belgium" title="Language legislation in Belgium">Language legislation in Belgium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/French_Language_Services_Act" title="French Language Services Act">French Language Services Act</a></i> – similar legislation regarding French-language services in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eu_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eu_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/countries/membersLP/Belgium/Pages/default.aspx">"Belgium"</a>. <i>protal.cor.europa.eu</i>. Committee of the Regions<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=protal.cor.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Belgium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.cor.europa.eu%2Fdivisionpowers%2Fcountries%2FmembersLP%2FBelgium%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-facilities-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-facilities_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-facilities_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830104726/http://taalwetgeving.procol.be/drupal-5.2/?q=nl%2Ftaxonomy_menu%2F1%2F2">Over faciliteiten</a>, Taalwetgeving Faciliteitengemeenten</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/loi/loi.htm">"30 JULI 1963. – Wet houdende taalregeling in het onderwijs / Loi concernant le régime linguistique dans l'enseignement"</a> (in Dutch and French). Justel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30+JULI+1963.+%E2%80%93+Wet+houdende+taalregeling+in+het+onderwijs+%2F+Loi+concernant+le+r%C3%A9gime+linguistique+dans+l%27enseignement.&rft.pub=Justel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejustice.just.fgov.be%2Floi%2Floi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallilex.cfwb.be/document/pdf/04892_000.pdf">"Arrêté royal portant application de l'article 4 de la loi du 29 mai 1959"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). gallilex.cfwb.be<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9+royal+portant+application+de+l%27article+4+de+la+loi+du+29+mai+1959.&rft.pub=gallilex.cfwb.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallilex.cfwb.be%2Fdocument%2Fpdf%2F04892_000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flemish_gov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flemish_gov_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flemish_gov_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/onderwijsaanbod/lijst.asp?taal=fr">"Basisscholen vestigingsplaatsen met franstalig onderwijs"</a> (in Dutch). Vlaams Ministerie van Onderwijs en Vorming<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basisscholen+vestigingsplaatsen+met+franstalig+onderwijs&rft.pub=Vlaams+Ministerie+van+Onderwijs+en+Vorming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ond.vlaanderen.be%2Fonderwijsaanbod%2Flijst.asp%3Ftaal%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-la_wallonie_aussi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-la_wallonie_aussi_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-la_wallonie_aussi_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/article/392035/la-wallonie-a-aussi-ses-ecoles-a-facilites.html">"La Wallonie aussi a ses écoles à facilités"</a> (in French). La Libre Belgique. 26 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Wallonie+aussi+a+ses+%C3%A9coles+%C3%A0+facilit%C3%A9s&rft.pub=La+Libre+Belgique&rft.date=2007-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalibre.be%2Factu%2Fbelgique%2Farticle%2F392035%2Fla-wallonie-a-aussi-ses-ecoles-a-facilites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallilex.cfwb.be/fr/leg_res_01.php?ncda=22229&referant=l01">"Décret portant organisation de l'enseignement maternel et primaire ordinaire et modifiant la réglementation de l'enseignement"</a> (in French). Gallilex<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9cret+portant+organisation+de+l%27enseignement+maternel+et+primaire+ordinaire+et+modifiant+la+r%C3%A9glementation+de+l%27enseignement&rft.pub=Gallilex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallilex.cfwb.be%2Ffr%2Fleg_res_01.php%3Fncda%3D22229%26referant%3Dl01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enseignement.be/index.php?page=23801">"L'Immersion Linguistique dans le Fondamental: Liste des Ecoles"</a> (in French). Communaut’e Française de Belgique. 2010–2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Immersion+Linguistique+dans+le+Fondamental%3A+Liste+des+Ecoles&rft.pub=Communaut%E2%80%99e+Fran%C3%A7aise+de+Belgique&rft.date=2010%2F2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enseignement.be%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3D23801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enseignement.be/index.php?page=23793">"L'immersion Linguistique dans le Secondaire"</a> (in French). 2011–2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27immersion+Linguistique+dans+le+Secondaire&rft.date=2011%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enseignement.be%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3D23793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805233756/http://www.enseignons.be/actualites/2011/05/07/recours-gagnant-inspection-flamande/">"Le décret flamand sur l'inspection scolaire en périphérie est annulé"</a> (in French). Enseignons.be. 28 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enseignons.be/actualites/2011/05/07/recours-gagnant-inspection-flamande/">the original</a> on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+d%C3%A9cret+flamand+sur+l%27inspection+scolaire+en+p%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rie+est+annul%C3%A9&rft.pub=Enseignons.be&rft.date=2010-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enseignons.be%2Factualites%2F2011%2F05%2F07%2Frecours-gagnant-inspection-flamande%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leading to the writing of various reports among which the Domeni Columberg report and Lili Nabholz-Haidegger's report, all inviting Belgium to recognise the fact that there is a French-speaking minority in Flanders. Their recommendations were seen by some Flemish experts as based on legally unstable grounds since there was no definition of <a href="/wiki/National_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="National minorities">national minorities</a> (not from EU legislation or from any other competent international body). However in its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta02/ERES1301.htm">Resolution 1301 (2002) on Protection of minorities in Belgium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613135452/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FDocuments%2FAdoptedText%2Fta02%2FERES1301.htm">Archived</a> 2010-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> the European Council clarified this point in reiterating the definition it had already provided in its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA93/EREC1201.HTM">Recommendation 1201 (1993)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta02/ERES1301.htm">Resolution 1301 (2002) on Protection of minorities in Belgium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613135452/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FDocuments%2FAdoptedText%2Fta02%2FERES1301.htm">Archived</a> 2010-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuysentruyt,_Stefaan2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huysentruyt, Stefaan (24 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haviko.org/perscommentaar_Vlaams/De_Tijd_24-1-2005.pdf">"Faciliteiten zijn Fransiliteiten"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/De_Tijd" title="De Tijd">De Tijd</a> (financial & economical newspaper)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2007</span>. <q>In hun berichten aan de bevolking, moeten de faciliteitengemeenten tweetalig zijn. Maar in Edingen staat in het beste geval in een verloren hoekje van het bericht de mededeling: 'Wenst u een Nederlandstalige kopie van deze brief, gelieve het ons te melden.' In het slechtste geval worden de brieven verstuurd door privé-firma's of VZW's en zijn ze compleet in het Frans. Het delegeren van gemeentetaken aan VZW's, om zo de taalwet te omzeilen, is een techniek waaraan alle Waalse faciliteitengemeenten zich gretig bezondigen, net als de Brusselse gemeenten overigens. <i>(In their messages to the population, the municipalities with facilities must be bilingual. But in <a href="/wiki/Enghien" title="Enghien">Enghien</a>, at best a statement in a small corner of the message mentions: 'In case you wish a Dutch-language copy of this letter, please inform us of such.' In the worst case, the letters are sent by private firms or <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">NPOs</a> and are entirely in French. The delegating of municipal tasks to NPOs, so as to circumvent the Law on language, is a technique by which all Walloon municipalities with facilities eagerly sin, just like the municipalities of Brussels, by the way.)</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faciliteiten+zijn+Fransiliteiten&rft.pub=De+Tijd+%28financial+%26+economical+newspaper%29&rft.date=2005-01-24&rft.au=Huysentruyt%2C+Stefaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haviko.org%2Fperscommentaar_Vlaams%2FDe_Tijd_24-1-2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span> (quote attributed to the interviewed Leo Camerlynck)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/etes/documents/2007ze.EnAvantLS.pdf">"Réforme de l'Etat : En avant !"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Le Soir. 23 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9forme+de+l%27Etat+%3A+En+avant+%21&rft.pub=Le+Soir&rft.date=2007-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uclouvain.be%2Fcps%2Fucl%2Fdoc%2Fetes%2Fdocuments%2F2007ze.EnAvantLS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rethinkingbelgium.eu/rebel-initiative-files/events/fourth-public-event-belgium-health-care-system-and-linguistic-territoriality-principle/Van-Parijs-linguistic-territoriality-principle.pdf">"The linguistic territoriality principle: Right violation or parity of esteem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Re-Bel Initiative. December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+linguistic+territoriality+principle%3A+Right+violation+or+parity+of+esteem&rft.pub=Re-Bel+Initiative&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rethinkingbelgium.eu%2Frebel-initiative-files%2Fevents%2Ffourth-public-event-belgium-health-care-system-and-linguistic-territoriality-principle%2FVan-Parijs-linguistic-territoriality-principle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+with+language+facilities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc02/EDOC9536.htm">Summary of the report from Lili Nabholz-Haidegger</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&oldid=1252370321">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_with_language_facilities&oldid=1252370321</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Category:Municipalities of Belgium">Municipalities of Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Belgium" title="Category:Politics of Belgium">Politics of Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_legislation" title="Category:Language legislation">Language legislation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_geography" title="Category:Language geography">Language geography</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)">Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 October 2024, at 01:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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