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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wealth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wealth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forbes_Celebrity_100" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forbes_Celebrity_100"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Forbes</i> Celebrity 100</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forbes_Celebrity_100-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entrepreneurship_and_endorsements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrepreneurship_and_endorsements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Entrepreneurship and endorsements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrepreneurship_and_endorsements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_for_being_famous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_for_being_famous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Famous for being famous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_for_being_famous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_media_phenomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_media_phenomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mass media phenomena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_media_phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_networking_and_video_hosting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_networking_and_video_hosting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Social networking and video hosting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_networking_and_video_hosting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_restriction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_restriction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Access restriction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_restriction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Fifteen_minutes_of_fame"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Fifteen_minutes_of_fame""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>"Fifteen minutes of fame"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Fifteen_minutes_of_fame"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Health implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Celebrity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مشاهير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشاهير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selebrity" title="Selebrity – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Selebrity" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C)" title="Зорка (знакамітасць) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зорка (знакамітасць)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebritat" title="Celebritat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Celebritat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrita" title="Celebrita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Celebrita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enwog" title="Enwog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enwog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendis" title="Kendis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kendis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prominenz" title="Prominenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prominenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prominent" title="Prominent – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prominent" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Σελέμπριτι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σελέμπριτι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebridad" title="Celebridad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Celebridad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famulo" title="Famulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Famulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertsona_ospetsu" title="Pertsona ospetsu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pertsona ospetsu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سلبریتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلبریتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9l%C3%A9brit%C3%A9" title="Célébrité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Célébrité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebridade" title="Celebridade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Celebridade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%AA%85%EC%9D%B8" title="유명인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유명인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रसिद्धि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रसिद्धि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selebritas" title="Selebritas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Selebritas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebritate" title="Celebritate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Celebritate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrit%C3%A0" title="Celebrità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Celebrità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="ידוען – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ידוען" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famosus" title="Famosus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Famosus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AE%C5%BEymyb%C4%97" title="Įžymybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Įžymybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADress%C3%A9g" title="Híresség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Híresség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selebriti" title="Selebriti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Selebriti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="セレブリティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セレブリティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjendis" title="Kjendis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjendis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjendis" title="Kjendis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjendis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D2%A5" title="Палыме еҥ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Палыме еҥ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebryta" title="Celebryta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Celebryta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebridade" title="Celebridade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Celebridade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Звезда (знаменитость) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звезда (знаменитость)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Celebrity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrita" title="Celebrita – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Celebrita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caan" title="Caan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Caan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Позната личност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Позната личност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Celebrity" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julkisuuden_henkil%C3%B6" title="Julkisuuden henkilö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julkisuuden henkilö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ndis" title="Kändis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kändis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="ผู้มีชื่อเสียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผู้มีชื่อเสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celebrities&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrities">Celebrities</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fame in mass media</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Celebrity (disambiguation)">Celebrity (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Television personalities" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Television_Personalities" title="Television Personalities">Television Personalities</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Star (person)" redirects here. For people named Star, see <a href="/wiki/Star_(name)" title="Star (name)">Star (name)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naomi_Campbell_Cannes_2017_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Naomi Campbell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Naomi_Campbell_Cannes_2017_2.jpg/114px-Naomi_Campbell_Cannes_2017_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Naomi_Campbell_Cannes_2017_2.jpg/171px-Naomi_Campbell_Cannes_2017_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Naomi_Campbell_Cannes_2017_2.jpg/228px-Naomi_Campbell_Cannes_2017_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lionel_Messi_in_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lionel Messi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lionel_Messi_in_2018.jpg/107px-Lionel_Messi_in_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lionel_Messi_in_2018.jpg/161px-Lionel_Messi_in_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lionel_Messi_in_2018.jpg/214px-Lionel_Messi_in_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taylor_Swift_at_the_2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_(3).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Taylor Swift" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Taylor_Swift_at_the_2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_%283%29.png/109px-Taylor_Swift_at_the_2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_%283%29.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Taylor_Swift_at_the_2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_%283%29.png/164px-Taylor_Swift_at_the_2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_%283%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Taylor_Swift_at_the_2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_%283%29.png/218px-Taylor_Swift_at_the_2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_%283%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1703" data-file-height="2516" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tom Cruise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/125px-Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/188px-Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/250px-Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="2895" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marilyn_Monroe_in_How_to_Marry_a_Millionaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marilyn Monroe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Marilyn_Monroe_in_How_to_Marry_a_Millionaire.jpg/103px-Marilyn_Monroe_in_How_to_Marry_a_Millionaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Marilyn_Monroe_in_How_to_Marry_a_Millionaire.jpg/155px-Marilyn_Monroe_in_How_to_Marry_a_Millionaire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Marilyn_Monroe_in_How_to_Marry_a_Millionaire.jpg/206px-Marilyn_Monroe_in_How_to_Marry_a_Millionaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="2876" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwayne_Johnson_2014_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dwayne Johnson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dwayne_Johnson_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/102px-Dwayne_Johnson_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dwayne_Johnson_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/153px-Dwayne_Johnson_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dwayne_Johnson_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Dwayne_Johnson_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Various celebrities, from top, left to right</i>: <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Campbell" title="Naomi Campbell">Naomi Campbell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Messi" title="Lionel Messi">Lionel Messi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson" title="Dwayne Johnson">Dwayne Johnson</a></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Celebrity</b> is a condition of fame and broad public recognition of a person or group due to the attention given to them by <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>. The word is also used to refer to famous individuals. A person may attain celebrity status by having great <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>, participation in sports or the entertainment industry, their position as a political figure, or even their connection to another celebrity. 'Celebrity' usually implies a favorable public image, as opposed to the neutrals 'famous' or 'notable', or the negatives 'infamous' and 'notorious'.<sup id="cite_ref-I_want_to_be_famous_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I_want_to_be_famous-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Western_world_kids_want_to_grow_up_to_be_famous_Children_in_developing_countries_want_to_be_doctors_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western_world_kids_want_to_grow_up_to_be_famous_Children_in_developing_countries_want_to_be_doctors-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>In his 2020 book <i>Dead Famous: An Unexpected History Of Celebrity</i>, British historian <a href="/wiki/Greg_Jenner" title="Greg Jenner">Greg Jenner</a> uses the definition: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Celebrity (noun): a unique persona made widely known to the public via media coverage, and whose life is publicly consumed as dramatic entertainment, and whose commercial brand is made profitable for those who exploit their popularity, and perhaps also for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-jenner_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although his book is subtitled "from Bronze Age to Silver Screen", and despite the fact that "Until very recently, sociologists argued that <i>celebrity</i> was invented just over 100 years ago, in the flickering glimmer of early Hollywood" and the suggestion that some medieval saints might qualify, Jenner asserts that the earliest celebrities lived in the early 1700s, his first example being <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sacheverell" title="Henry Sacheverell">Henry Sacheverell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenner_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dabhoiwala_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabhoiwala-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg/220px-Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg/330px-Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg/440px-Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Choregos" title="Choregos">Choregos</a> and theater actors, from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Tragic_Poet" title="House of the Tragic Poet">House of the Tragic Poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, Italy. <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archeological Museum">Naples National Archeological Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Athlete" title="Athlete">Athletes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> were welcomed home as heroes, had songs and poems written in their honor, and received free food and gifts from those seeking <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_endorsement" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrity endorsement">celebrity endorsement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> similarly lauded actors and notorious gladiators, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> appeared on a coin in his own lifetime (a departure from the usual depiction of battles and divine lineage).<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> became famous following his murder, the first possible case of <a href="/wiki/Posthumous" class="mw-disambig" title="Posthumous">posthumous</a> popularity. The Christian Church promoted him as a martyr, and images of him and scenes from his life became widespread in just a few years. In a pattern often repeated, what started as an explosion of popularity (often referred to with the suffix 'mania') turned into long-lasting fame: pilgrimages to Canterbury Cathedral, where he was killed, became instantly fashionable, and the fascination with his life and death inspired plays and films. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Dickens_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles_Dickens_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg/170px-Charles_Dickens_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles_Dickens_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg/255px-Charles_Dickens_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Charles_Dickens_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>The reaction at <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s public readings, where "people sometimes fainted at his shows", have been compared to those of a contemporary pop star.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The cult of personality (particularly in the west) can be traced back to the Romantics in the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose livelihood as artists and poets depended on the currency of their reputation. Establishing cultural hot spots became important in generating fame, such as in London and Paris in the 18th and 19th centuries. Newspapers started including "gossip" columns,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certain clubs and events became places to be seen to receive publicity. <a href="/wiki/David_Lodge_(author)" title="David Lodge (author)">David Lodge</a> called <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> the "first writer to feel the intense pressure of being simultaneously an artist and an object of unrelenting public interest and adulation", and Juliet John backed up the claim for Dickens "to be called the first self-made global media star of the age of mass culture."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theatrical actors were often considered celebrities. Restaurants near theaters, where actors would congregate, began putting up caricatures or photographs of actors on <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_wall" title="Celebrity wall">celebrity walls</a> in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-whitaker_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitaker-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject of widespread public and media interest, <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a>, made her <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End theatre</a> debut in 1881 causing a sensation in London by becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Socialite" title="Socialite">socialite</a> to appear on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year she became the poster-girl for <a href="/wiki/Pears_(soap)" title="Pears (soap)">Pears Soap</a>, becoming the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> became the subject of "one of the first celebrity trials".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of celebrities in the entertainment industry was in music, beginning in the mid-19th century. Never seen before in music, many people engaged in an immense fan frenzy called <a href="/wiki/Lisztomania" title="Lisztomania">Lisztomania</a> that began in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This created the basis for the behavior fans have around their favorite musicians in modern society. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlie_Chaplin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlie_Chaplin.jpg/170px-Charlie_Chaplin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlie_Chaplin.jpg/255px-Charlie_Chaplin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlie_Chaplin.jpg/340px-Charlie_Chaplin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> as <a href="/wiki/The_Tramp" title="The Tramp">the Tramp</a> in 1915. </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">movie industry</a> spread around the globe in the first half of the 20th century, creating the first film celebrities. The term celebrity was not always tied to actors in films however, especially when cinema was starting as a medium. As Paul McDonald states in <i>The Star System: Hollywood's Production of Popular Identities</i>, "In the first decade of the twentieth century, American film production companies withheld the names of film performers, despite requests from audiences, fearing that public recognition would drive performers to demand higher salaries."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public fascination went well beyond the on-screen exploits of <a href="/wiki/Movie_star" title="Movie star">movie stars</a>, and their private lives became headline news: for example, in Hollywood the marriages of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> the affairs of <a href="/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a> in the 1950s. Like theatrical actors before them, movie actors were the subjects of <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_wall" title="Celebrity wall">celebrity walls</a> in restaurants they frequented, near movie studios, most notably at <a href="/wiki/Sardi%27s" title="Sardi's">Sardi's</a> in Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-whitaker_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitaker-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen,_June_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg/170px-Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg/255px-Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg/340px-Elvis_Presley_-_Modern_Screen%2C_June_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2771" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> was a singer and actor whose charismatic performances and distinctive voice revolutionized the music industry.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second half of the century saw <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and popular music bring new forms of celebrity, such as the rock star and the pop group, epitomised by <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, respectively. <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>'s highly controversial 1966 quote: "We're <a href="/wiki/More_popular_than_Jesus" title="More popular than Jesus">more popular than Jesus</a> now",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he later insisted was not a boast, and that he was not in any way comparing himself with Christ,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1997295_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1997295-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives an insight into both the adulation and notoriety that fame can bring. Unlike movies, television created celebrities who were not primarily actors; for example, presenters, talk show hosts, and newsreaders. However, most of these are only famous within the regions reached by their particular broadcaster, and only a few such as <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Springer" title="Jerry Springer">Jerry Springer</a>, or <a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">David Frost</a> could be said to have broken through into wider stardom. Television also gave exposure to sportspeople, notably <a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a> after his emergence at the <a href="/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1958 FIFA World Cup">1958 FIFA World Cup</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Barney_Ronay" title="Barney Ronay">Barney Ronay</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> stating, "What is certain is that Pelé invented this game, the idea of individual global sporting superstardom, and in a way that is unrepeatable now."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the '60s and early '70s, the book publishing industry began to persuade major celebrities to put their names on autobiographies and other titles in a genre called celebrity publishing. In most cases, the book was not written by the celebrity but by a <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a>, but the celebrity would then be available for a book tour and appearances on talk shows.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wealth">Wealth</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forbes_Celebrity_100"><i>Forbes</i> Celebrity 100</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MadonnaO2171023_(97_of_133)_(53269593787)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/MadonnaO2171023_%2897_of_133%29_%2853269593787%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-MadonnaO2171023_%2897_of_133%29_%2853269593787%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/MadonnaO2171023_%2897_of_133%29_%2853269593787%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-MadonnaO2171023_%2897_of_133%29_%2853269593787%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/MadonnaO2171023_%2897_of_133%29_%2853269593787%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/350px-MadonnaO2171023_%2897_of_133%29_%2853269593787%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>'s groundbreaking music career and business ventures have kept her near the top of the list.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> magazine releases an annual <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Celebrity_100" title="Forbes Celebrity 100"><i>Forbes</i> Celebrity 100</a> list of the highest-paid celebrities in the world. The total earnings for all top celebrity 100 earners totaled $4.5 billion in 2010 alone. </p><p>For instance, <i>Forbes</i> ranked <a href="/wiki/Media_mogul" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mogul">media mogul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talk_show_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Talk show host">talk show host</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> as the top earner "Forbes magazine's annual ranking of the most powerful celebrities", with earnings of $290 million in the past year. Forbes cites that <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> reportedly earned over $90 million in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Lady_Gaga_Tops_Celebrity_100_List_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lady_Gaga_Tops_Celebrity_100_List-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, golfer <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a> was one of highest-earning celebrity athletes, with an income of $74 million and is consistently ranked one of the highest-paid <a href="/wiki/Sportsperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportsperson">athletes</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Lady_Gaga_Tops_Celebrity_100_List_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lady_Gaga_Tops_Celebrity_100_List-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> was ranked as the fifth most powerful and the highest-earning celebrity of the year with earnings of $125 million. She has consistently been among the most powerful and highest-earning celebrities in the world, occupying the third place in Forbes Celebrity 100 2009 with $110 million of earnings, and getting the tenth place in the 2011 edition of the list with annual earnings equal to $58 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Madonna_highest-earning_celebrity_of_2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madonna_highest-earning_celebrity_of_2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> has also appeared in the top ten in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017, and topped the list in 2014 with earnings of $115 million.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo" title="Cristiano Ronaldo">Cristiano Ronaldo</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Messi" title="Lionel Messi">Lionel Messi</a> in 2020 became the first two athletes in a team sport to surpass $1 billion in earnings during their careers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Forbes</i> also lists the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_dead_celebrities" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid dead celebrities">top-earning deceased celebrities</a>, with singer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, fantasy author <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> and children's author <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a> each topping the annual list with earnings of $500 million over the course of a year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entrepreneurship_and_endorsements">Entrepreneurship and endorsements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_branding" title="Celebrity branding">Celebrity branding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_branding" title="Personal branding">Personal branding</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beckswimbledon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Beckswimbledon.jpg/175px-Beckswimbledon.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Beckswimbledon.jpg/263px-Beckswimbledon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Beckswimbledon.jpg/350px-Beckswimbledon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="1988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Beckham" title="David Beckham">David Beckham</a> is a successful entrepreneur, co-owning the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> team <a href="/wiki/Inter_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter Miami">Inter Miami</a> and engaging in high-profile endorsements with brands such as <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Celebrity endorsements have proven very successful around the world where, due to increasing <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, a person owns a "status symbol" by purchasing a celebrity-endorsed product.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it has become commonplace for celebrities to place their name with endorsements onto products just for quick money, some celebrities have gone beyond merely using their names and have put their entrepreneurial spirit to work by becoming entrepreneurs by attaching themselves in the business aspects of entertainment and building their own business brand beyond their traditional salaried activities. Along with investing their salaried wages into growing business endeavors, several celebrities have become innovative business leaders in their respective industries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rihanna_Fenty_2024_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rihanna_Fenty_2024_02.jpg/170px-Rihanna_Fenty_2024_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rihanna_Fenty_2024_02.jpg/255px-Rihanna_Fenty_2024_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rihanna_Fenty_2024_02.jpg/340px-Rihanna_Fenty_2024_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a> maintains celebrity entrepreneurship through her ventures <a href="/wiki/Fenty_Beauty" title="Fenty Beauty">Fenty Beauty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savage_X_Fenty" title="Savage X Fenty">Savage X Fenty</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous celebrities have ventured into becoming <a href="/wiki/Business_mogul" class="mw-redirect" title="Business mogul">business moguls</a> and established themselves as entrepreneurs, idolizing many well known business leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>. For instance, former basketball player <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a> became an entrepreneur involved with many sports-related ventures including investing a minority stake in the <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bobcats" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Bobcats">Charlotte Bobcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> started his own <a href="/wiki/Salad_dressing" title="Salad dressing">salad dressing</a> business after leaving behind a distinguished acting career, and rap musician <a href="/wiki/Birdman_(rapper)" title="Birdman (rapper)">Birdman</a> started his own <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a>, clothing line, and an <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil business</a> while maintaining a career as a rap artist. In 2014, <a href="/wiki/David_Beckham" title="David Beckham">David Beckham</a> became co-owner of new <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> team <a href="/wiki/Inter_Miami_CF" title="Inter Miami CF">Inter Miami</a>, which began playing in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Brazil striker and World Cup winner <a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_(Brazilian_footballer)" title="Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)">Ronaldo</a> became the majority owner of La Liga club <a href="/wiki/Real_Valladolid" title="Real Valladolid">Real Valladolid</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> have become successful entrepreneurs through starting their own film production companies and running their own <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie studio">movie studios</a> beyond their traditional activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Newman_Donates_Salad_Dressing_Ownership_To_Charity_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Newman_Donates_Salad_Dressing_Ownership_To_Charity-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeBron_James_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/LeBron_James_%281%29.jpg/175px-LeBron_James_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/LeBron_James_%281%29.jpg/263px-LeBron_James_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/LeBron_James_%281%29.jpg/350px-LeBron_James_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a> has had endorsement contracts with <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crypto.com" title="Crypto.com">Crypto.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Deck_Company" title="Upper Deck Company">Upper Deck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_Farm" title="State Farm">State Farm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StateFarm-USAToday_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateFarm-USAToday-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gossip_magazine" title="Gossip magazine">Tabloid magazines</a> and talk TV shows bestow a great deal of attention to celebrities. To stay in the public eye and build wealth in addition to their salaried labor, numerous celebrities have begun participating and branching into various business ventures and endorsements, which include: animation, publishing, fashion designing, cosmetics, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>, household items and <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">appliances</a>, cigarettes, <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a> and alcoholic beverages, hair care, hairdressing, <a href="/wiki/Jewelry_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry design">jewelry design</a>, fast food, credit cards, video games, writing, and toys.<sup id="cite_ref-Best_And_Worst_Celebrity_Side_Businesses_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Best_And_Worst_Celebrity_Side_Businesses-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these, some celebrities have been involved with some business and investment-related ventures also include: sports team ownership, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion retailing</a>, establishments such as restaurants, cafes, hotels, and casinos, movie theaters, advertising and event planning, management-related ventures such as <a href="/wiki/Sports_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports management">sports management</a>, financial services, <a href="/wiki/Modeling_agency" title="Modeling agency">model management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">talent management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record labels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">film production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_producer" title="Television producer">television production</a>, publishing <a href="/wiki/Book_publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Book publisher">books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_publisher_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music publisher (popular music)">music</a>, massage therapy, <a href="/wiki/Beauty_salon" title="Beauty salon">salons</a>, health and fitness, and real estate.<sup id="cite_ref-Best_And_Worst_Celebrity_Side_Businesses_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Best_And_Worst_Celebrity_Side_Businesses-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some celebrities have achieved additional financial success from various business ventures, the vast majority of celebrities are not successful businesspeople and still rely on salaried labored wages to earn a living. Not all celebrities eventually succeed with their businesses and other related side ventures. Some celebrities either went <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/broke" class="extiw" title="wikt:broke">broke</a> or filed for bankruptcy as a result of dabbling with such side businesses or endorsements.<sup id="cite_ref-7_Most_Embarrassing_Celebrity_Business_Failures_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_Most_Embarrassing_Celebrity_Business_Failures-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_for_being_famous">Famous for being famous</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Famous_for_being_famous" title="Famous for being famous">Famous for being famous</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Hilton_at_the_US_Capitol_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paris_Hilton_at_the_US_Capitol_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Paris_Hilton_at_the_US_Capitol_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paris_Hilton_at_the_US_Capitol_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Paris_Hilton_at_the_US_Capitol_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paris_Hilton_at_the_US_Capitol_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Paris_Hilton_at_the_US_Capitol_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Socialite" title="Socialite">socialite</a> <a href="/wiki/Paris_Hilton" title="Paris Hilton">Paris Hilton</a> is one celebrity that is commonly described as "famous for being famous".</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Famous for being famous</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> terminology, refers to someone who attains celebrity status for no particular identifiable reason, or who achieves fame through association with a celebrity.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>, suggesting the target has no particular talents or abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-JenJones_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JenJones-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British journalist <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Malcolm Muggeridge</a> made the first known usage of the phrase in the introduction to his book <i>Muggeridge Through The Microphone: BBC Radio and Television</i> (1967) in which he wrote:</p><blockquote><p>In the past if someone was famous or notorious, it was for something—as a writer or an actor or a criminal; for some talent or distinction or abomination. Today one is famous for being famous. People who come up to one in the street or in public places to claim recognition nearly always say: "I've seen you on the telly!"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The coinages "<a href="/wiki/Famesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Famesque">famesque</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Celebutante" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebutante">celebutante</a>" are of similar pejorative gist. </p><p>This shift has sparked criticism for promoting superficial recognition over substantive achievements and reflects broader changes in how fame and success are perceived in modern culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_media_phenomena">Mass media phenomena</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Kardashian_West,_Parramatta_Westfield_Sydney_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kim_Kardashian_West%2C_Parramatta_Westfield_Sydney_Australia.jpg/175px-Kim_Kardashian_West%2C_Parramatta_Westfield_Sydney_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kim_Kardashian_West%2C_Parramatta_Westfield_Sydney_Australia.jpg/263px-Kim_Kardashian_West%2C_Parramatta_Westfield_Sydney_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kim_Kardashian_West%2C_Parramatta_Westfield_Sydney_Australia.jpg/350px-Kim_Kardashian_West%2C_Parramatta_Westfield_Sydney_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kardashian" title="Kim Kardashian">Kim Kardashian</a> rose to fame through reality TV and social media, transforming her visibility into a powerful brand while navigating intense public scrutiny and personal challenges.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mass media has dramatically reshaped the concept of celebrity by amplifying visibility and extending fame globally. With the rise of television, social media, and reality TV, individuals can achieve stardom not just through traditional talents but also through their personal lives and online presence.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This heightened visibility brings intense public scrutiny, where every detail of a celebrity's life is subject to constant media coverage. Celebrities often become brands themselves, influencing trends and consumer behavior while navigating the pressures of privacy erosion and mental health challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celebrities may be resented for their accolades, and the public may have a love/hate relationship with celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the high visibility of celebrities' private lives, their successes and shortcomings are often made very public. Celebrities are alternately portrayed as glowing examples of perfection, when they garner awards, or as decadent or immoral if they become associated with a scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When seen in a positive light, celebrities are frequently portrayed as possessing skills and abilities beyond average people; for example, celebrity actors are routinely celebrated for acquiring new skills necessary for filming a role within a very brief time, and to a level that amazes the professionals who train them. Similarly, some celebrities with very little formal education can sometimes be portrayed as experts on complicated issues. Some celebrities have been very vocal about their political views. For example, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> expressed his displeasure with 2008 US vice presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>, as well as with the 2011 <a href="/wiki/United_States_debt-ceiling_crisis_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011">United States debt-ceiling crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet">Internet</h2></div> <p>Also known as being <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_celebrity" title="Internet celebrity">internet famous</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_networking_and_video_hosting">Social networking and video hosting</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MrBeast_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/MrBeast_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-MrBeast_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/MrBeast_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-MrBeast_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/MrBeast_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/350px-MrBeast_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2847" /></a><figcaption>YouTube personality <a href="/wiki/MrBeast" title="MrBeast">MrBeast</a> is known for his elaborate stunts and philanthropy.</figcaption></figure><p>Most high-profile celebrities participate in <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a> and photo or video hosting platforms such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTubers" title="List of YouTubers">YouTube</a>, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking services</a> allow celebrities to communicate directly with their fans, removing the "traditional" media. Through social media, many people outside of the entertainment and sports sphere become a celebrity in their own sphere. Social media humanizes celebrities in a way that arouses public fascination as evident by the success of magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Us_Weekly" title="Us Weekly">Us Weekly</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People Weekly</a></i>. Celebrity blogging has also spawned stars such as <a href="/wiki/Perez_Hilton" title="Perez Hilton">Perez Hilton</a> who is known for not only blogging but also <a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">outing</a> celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social media and the rise of the smartphone has changed how celebrities are treated and how people gain the platform of fame. Websites like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube allow people to become a celebrity in a different manner. For example, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber" title="Justin Bieber">Justin Bieber</a> got his start on YouTube by posting videos of him singing. His fans were able to directly contact him through his content and were able to interact with him on several social media platforms. The internet, as said before, also allows fans to connect with their favorite celebrity without ever meeting them in person.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social media sites have also contributed to the fame of certain celebrities, such as <a href="/wiki/Tila_Tequila" title="Tila Tequila">Tila Tequila</a> who became known through MySpace.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_Hye-kyo_in_2016_KBS_Drama_Award.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Song_Hye-kyo_in_2016_KBS_Drama_Award.jpg/175px-Song_Hye-kyo_in_2016_KBS_Drama_Award.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Song_Hye-kyo_in_2016_KBS_Drama_Award.jpg/263px-Song_Hye-kyo_in_2016_KBS_Drama_Award.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Song_Hye-kyo_in_2016_KBS_Drama_Award.jpg/350px-Song_Hye-kyo_in_2016_KBS_Drama_Award.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Song_Hye-kyo" title="Song Hye-kyo">Song Hye-kyo</a> is a renowned South Korean actress celebrated for her roles in acclaimed dramas like <a href="/wiki/Autumn_in_My_Heart" title="Autumn in My Heart">Autumn in My Heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_the_Sun" title="Descendants of the Sun">Descendants of the Sun</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A report by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> highlighted a longtime trend of Asian internet celebrities called <a href="/wiki/Wanghong_economy" title="Wanghong economy">Wanghong</a> in Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinese_Internet_Fame_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinese_Internet_Fame-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the BBC, there are two kinds of online celebrities in China—those who create original content, such as <a href="/wiki/Papi_Jiang" title="Papi Jiang">Papi Jiang</a>, who is regularly censored by Chinese authorities for cursing in her videos, and Wanghongs fall under the second category, as they have clothing and cosmetics businesses on Taobao, China's equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinese_Internet_Fame_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinese_Internet_Fame-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access_restriction">Access restriction</h2></div> <p>Access to celebrities is strictly controlled by the celebrities entourage of staff which includes <a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publicist" title="Publicist">publicists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talent_agent" title="Talent agent">agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_assistant" title="Personal assistant">personal assistants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguards</a>. Journalists may even have difficulty accessing celebrities for interviews. Writer and actor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Musto" title="Michael Musto">Michael Musto</a> said, "You have to go through many hoops just to talk to a major celebrity. You have to get past three different sets of publicists: the publicist for the event, the publicist for the movie, and then the celebrity's personal publicist. They all have to approve you."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celebrities also typically have security staff at their home or properties, to protect them and their belongs from similar threats.<sup id="cite_ref-Celebrity-stalking_has_common_threads_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celebrity-stalking_has_common_threads-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Fifteen_minutes_of_fame""><span id=".22Fifteen_minutes_of_fame.22"></span>"Fifteen minutes of fame"</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/15_minutes_of_fame" title="15 minutes of fame">15 minutes of fame</a> and <a href="/wiki/One-hit_wonder" title="One-hit wonder">One-hit wonder</a></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/15_minutes_of_fame" title="15 minutes of fame">15 minutes of fame</a>" is a phrase often used as slang to short-lived publicity. Certain "15 minutes of fame" celebrities can be average people seen with an A-list celebrity, who are sometimes noticed on entertainment news channels such as <a href="/wiki/E!_News" title="E! News">E! News</a>. These are ordinary people becoming celebrities, often based on the ridiculous things they do. </p><p>"In fact, many reality show contestants fall into this category: the only thing that qualifies them to be on TV is that they're real."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_implications">Health implications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oprah_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oprah_in_2014.jpg/175px-Oprah_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oprah_in_2014.jpg/263px-Oprah_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oprah_in_2014.jpg/350px-Oprah_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> is known for her impactful health and wellness advice, particularly through "<a href="/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show" title="The Oprah Winfrey Show">The Oprah Winfrey Show</a>" and her various media ventures.</figcaption></figure> <p>Common threats such as <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a> have spawned <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_worship_syndrome" title="Celebrity worship syndrome">celebrity worship syndrome</a> where a person becomes overly involved with the details of a celebrity's personal life.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumaker_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumaker-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologists have indicated that though many people obsess over glamorous film, television, sport and music stars, the disparity in salaries in society seems to value <a href="/wiki/Professional_athlete" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional athlete">professional athletes</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_entertainment_industry_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of entertainment industry topics">entertainment industry-based professionals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that singers, musicians, actors and athletes die younger on average than writers, composers, academics, politicians and businesspeople, with a greater incidence of cancer and especially lung cancer. However, it was remarked that the reasons for this remained unclear, with theories including <a href="/wiki/Innate" title="Innate">innate</a> tendencies towards risk-taking as well as the pressure or opportunities of particular types of fame.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fame might have negative <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> effects.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An academic study on the subject said that fame has an <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addictive</a> quality to it. When a celebrity's fame recedes over time, the celebrity may find it difficult to adjust psychologically.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, there has been more attention toward the impact celebrities have on health decisions of the population at large.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the public will follow celebrities' health advice to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can have positive impacts when the celebrities give solid, evidence-informed health advice, however, it can also have detrimental effects if the health advice is not accurate enough.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism#Acquired_situational_narcissism" title="Narcissism">Acquired situational narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-star" title="All-star">All-star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_bond" title="Celebrity bond">Celebrity bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_branding" title="Celebrity branding">Celebrity branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Worship_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrity Worship Syndrome">Celebrity Worship Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva" title="Diva">Diva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fame_in_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Fame in the 20th century">Fame in the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_(presentation)" title="Glamour (presentation)">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infamy" title="Infamy">Infamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invision_Agency" title="Invision Agency">Invision Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_celebrities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of celebrities">List of celebrities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_celebrities_with_advanced_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of celebrities with advanced degrees">List of celebrities with advanced degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_celebrity_inventors" title="List of celebrity inventors">List of celebrity inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entertainment_industry_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of entertainment industry topics">List of entertainment industry topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look-alike" title="Look-alike">Look-alike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Score" title="Q Score">Q Score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_personality" title="Radio personality">Radio personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_celebrity" title="Scientific celebrity">Scientific celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selling_out" title="Selling out">Selling out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstar" title="Superstar">Superstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Idol" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen Idol">Teen Idol</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-I_want_to_be_famous-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-I_want_to_be_famous_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrockes2010" class="citation news cs1">Brockes, Emma (April 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/apr/17/i-want-to-be-famous">"I want to be famous"</a>. London: Celebbuzz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=I+want+to+be+famous&rft.date=2010-04-17&rft.aulast=Brockes&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2010%2Fapr%2F17%2Fi-want-to-be-famous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Western_world_kids_want_to_grow_up_to_be_famous_Children_in_developing_countries_want_to_be_doctors-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Western_world_kids_want_to_grow_up_to_be_famous_Children_in_developing_countries_want_to_be_doctors_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101230510/http://www.news1130.com/news/local/article/304123--western-world-kids-want-to-grow-up-to-be-famous">"Western world kids want to grow up to be famous"</a>. Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/News1130" class="mw-redirect" title="News1130">News1130</a>. November 28, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news1130.com/news/local/article/304123--western-world-kids-want-to-grow-up-to-be-famous">the original</a> on January 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Western+world+kids+want+to+grow+up+to+be+famous&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news1130.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticle%2F304123--western-world-kids-want-to-grow-up-to-be-famous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenner-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenner_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenner_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenner2020" class="citation book cs1">Jenner, Greg (2020). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Dead+Famous%3A+An+Unexpected+History+of+Celebrity+from+Bronze+Age+to+Silver+Screen&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0297869801&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmile.amazon.co.uk%2FDead-Famous-Celebrity-Greg-Jenner%2Fdp%2F0297869809%2Fref%3Dsmi_www_rco2_go_smi_g5447869900%3F_encoding%3DUTF8%26%252AVersion%252A%3D1%26%252Aentries%252A%3D0%26ie%3DUTF8%23reader_B07VTMZGGQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dabhoiwala-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dabhoiwala_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabhoiwala2020" class="citation news cs1">Dabhoiwala, Fara (March 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/mar/18/dead-famous-by-greg-jenner-review">"Dead Famous by Greg Jenner review – a joyous history of celebrity"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dead+Famous+by+Greg+Jenner+review+%E2%80%93+a+joyous+history+of+celebrity&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft.aulast=Dabhoiwala&rft.aufirst=Fara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2020%2Fmar%2F18%2Fdead-famous-by-greg-jenner-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Stephen (2004). <i>Ancient Greek Athletics</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-11529-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-11529-6"><bdi>0-300-11529-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Athletics&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-300-11529-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1777554.stm">"A brief history of celebrity"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. April 4, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+celebrity&rft.date=2003-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F1777554.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinn2004" class="citation news cs1">Shinn, Matt (January 31, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2004/jan/31/theatre.classics">"Stage frights"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104173933/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2004/jan/31/theatre.classics">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Stage+frights&rft.date=2004-01-31&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2004%2Fjan%2F31%2Ftheatre.classics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis2010" class="citation book cs1">Inglis, Fred (2010). <i>A Short History of Celebrity</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691135625" title="Special:BookSources/9780691135625"><bdi>9780691135625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Celebrity&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780691135625&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203234400/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/news/concisehistbritnews/britnews19th/">"Concise History of the British Newspaper in the Nineteenth Century"</a>. British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/news/concisehistbritnews/britnews19th/">the original</a> on December 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concise+History+of+the+British+Newspaper+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Freshelp%2Ffindhelprestype%2Fnews%2Fconcisehistbritnews%2Fbritnews19th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/charles-dickens-and-fame-vs-celebrity/">"Charles Dickens and Fame vs. Celebrity"</a>. JSTOR Daily<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Charles+Dickens+and+Fame+vs.+Celebrity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fcharles-dickens-and-fame-vs-celebrity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitaker-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whitaker_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitaker_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Whitaker, "Faces on the wall", <i>Restaurant-ing through history</i>, blog, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://restaurant-ingthroughhistory.com/2016/09/11/faces-on-the-wall/">September 11, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lillie-Langtry">"Lillie Langtry British actress"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Lillie+Langtry+British+actress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLillie-Langtry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorin2002" class="citation news cs1">Morin, Richard (February 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/02/03/when-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad/260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce/">"When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2022</span>. <q>British actress Lillie Langtry became the world's first celebrity endorser in 1893 when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=When+Celebrity+Endorsers+Go+Bad&rft.date=2002-02-03&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F2002%2F02%2F03%2Fwhen-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad%2F260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2014" class="citation news cs1">Field, Marcus (October 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/oscar-wilde-facing-retrial-9773718.html">"Is Oscar Wilde's reputation due for another reassessment?"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302134040/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/oscar-wilde-facing-retrial-9773718.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Is+Oscar+Wilde%27s+reputation+due+for+another+reassessment%3F&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftheatre-dance%2Ffeatures%2Foscar-wilde-facing-retrial-9773718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1987" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Alan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lCw4cxHmpgYC&pg=PA371"><i>Franz Liszt: The virtuoso years, 1811-1847</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9421-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9421-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-9421-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%3A+The+virtuoso+years%2C+1811-1847&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9421-5&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlCw4cxHmpgYC%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2000" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZjHTABEWTYC&pg=PA15"><i>The Star System: Hollywood's Production of Popular Identities</i></a>. Great Britain: Wallflower. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903364-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903364-02-4"><bdi>978-1-903364-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Star+System%3A+Hollywood%27s+Production+of+Popular+Identities&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Wallflower&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-903364-02-4&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcZjHTABEWTYC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleave,_Maureen1966" class="citation news cs1">Cleave, Maureen (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatlesbible.com/1966/03/04/how-does-a-beatle-live-by-maureen-cleave/">"How does a Beatle live"</a>. <i>London Evening Standard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330104259/https://www.beatlesbible.com/1966/03/04/how-does-a-beatle-live-by-maureen-cleave/">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2023 – via The Beatles Bible.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=How+does+a+Beatle+live&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Cleave%2C+Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beatlesbible.com%2F1966%2F03%2F04%2Fhow-does-a-beatle-live-by-maureen-cleave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1997295-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1997295_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1997">Miles 1997</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonay2021" class="citation news cs1">Ronay, Barney (January 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/jan/01/pele-revolutionary-status-must-survive-numbers-game-against-lionel-messi-santos">"Pelé's revolutionary status must survive numbers game against Lionel Messi"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pel%C3%A9%27s+revolutionary+status+must+survive+numbers+game+against+Lionel+Messi&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Ronay&rft.aufirst=Barney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2021%2Fjan%2F01%2Fpele-revolutionary-status-must-survive-numbers-game-against-lionel-messi-santos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorda1999" class="citation book cs1">Korda, Michael (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anotherlifememoi00kord"><i>Another Life: A Memoir of Other People</i></a></span>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679456599" title="Special:BookSources/9780679456599"><bdi>9780679456599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Life%3A+A+Memoir+of+Other+People&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780679456599&rft.aulast=Korda&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanotherlifememoi00kord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lady_Gaga_Tops_Celebrity_100_List-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lady_Gaga_Tops_Celebrity_100_List_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lady_Gaga_Tops_Celebrity_100_List_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomerantz2016" class="citation news cs1">Pomerantz, Dorothy (May 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191350/http://www.forbes.com/2011/05/16/lady-gaga-tops-celebrity-100-11.html/=">"Lady Gaga Tops Celebrity 100 List"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2011/05/16/lady-gaga-tops-celebrity-100-11.html/=">the original</a> on January 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251292">"Celebrities' impact on health-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and status outcomes: protocol for a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis"</a>. <i>Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13643-016-0395-1">10.1186/s13643-016-0395-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2046-4053">2046-4053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251292">5251292</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28109320">28109320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Celebrities%27+impact+on+health-related+knowledge%2C+attitudes%2C+behaviors%2C+and+status+outcomes%3A+protocol+for+a+systematic+review%2C+meta-analysis%2C+and+meta-regression+analysis&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2017-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5251292%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2046-4053&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28109320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13643-016-0395-1&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Mansoor%2C+Yasmeen&rft.au=Natt%2C+Navneet&rft.au=Sritharan%2C+Lathika&rft.au=Belluz%2C+Julia&rft.au=Caulfield%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Freedhoff%2C+Yoni&rft.au=Lavis%2C+John+N.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Arya+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5251292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Goldman" title="Jonathan Goldman">Goldman</a>, Jonathan (2011) <i>Modernism Is the Literature of Celebrity</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72339-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72339-9">978-0-292-72339-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Grinin" title="Leonid Grinin">Grinin</a>, Leonid (2009) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809121231/http://old.uchitel-izd.ru/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=184&Itemid=58">'People of Celebrity' as a New Social Stratum and Elite</a>". In <i>Hierarchy and Power in the History of Civilizations: Cultural Dimensions</i> (pp. 183–206). Ed. by Leonid E. Grinin and <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Andrey V. Korotayev</a>. Moscow: KRASAND/<a href="/wiki/Editorial_URSS" title="Editorial URSS">Editorial URSS</a>, 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Miles" title="Barry Miles">Miles, Barry</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulmccartneyman00mile_0"><i>Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now</i></a></span>. Henry Holt & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-436-28022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-436-28022-1"><bdi>978-0-436-28022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+McCartney%3A+Many+Years+from+Now&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-436-28022-1&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulmccartneyman00mile_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schickel" title="Richard Schickel">Schikel, Richard</a>. <i>Intimate Strangers: The Culture of Celebrity</i>. New York: Doubleday, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-12336-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-12336-1">0-385-12336-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2019" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Sharon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9N9-DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Drama of Celebrity</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691177595" title="Special:BookSources/9780691177595"><bdi>9780691177595</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1059270781">1059270781</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2019</span>. On the history of Sarah Bernhardt, one of the first "global superstars", and her celebrity.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drama+of+Celebrity&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1059270781&rft.isbn=9780691177595&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9N9-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelebrity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" 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