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id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Reverberation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weergalming" title="Weergalming – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Weergalming" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="رد الصوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رد الصوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberasiya" title="Reverberasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Reverberasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Реверберация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реверберация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberaci%C3%B3" title="Reverberació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reverberació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dozvuk" title="Dozvuk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dozvuk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efterklang" title="Efterklang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Efterklang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachhall" title="Nachhall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachhall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4relk%C3%B5la" title="Järelkõla – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Järelkõla" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberaci%C3%B3n" title="Reverberación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reverberación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resono" title="Resono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Resono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreberberazio" title="Erreberberazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreberberazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="بازآوایش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازآوایش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9verb%C3%A9ration_(acoustique)" title="Réverbération (acoustique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réverbération (acoustique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberaci%C3%B3n" title="Reverberación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reverberación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%94%ED%96%A5" title="잔향 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잔향" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ռեվերբերացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեվերբերացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8" title="अनुरणन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुरणन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverb_(musik)" title="Reverb (musik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reverb (musik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverbero" title="Riverbero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riverbero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Реверберация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Реверберация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Реверберация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Реверберация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid%C4%97jimas" title="Aidėjimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aidėjimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riv%C3%A8rber" title="Rivèrber – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rivèrber" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverber%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Reverberáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Reverberáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അനുരണനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനുരണനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentalunan" title="Pentalunan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pentalunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galm" title="Galm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Galm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%8B%E9%9F%BF" title="残響 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="残響" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang" title="Klang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang" title="Klang – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klang" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pog%C5%82os" title="Pogłos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pogłos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverbera%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Reverberação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reverberação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Реверберация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реверберация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reverberation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4lkikaiunta" title="Jälkikaiunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jälkikaiunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efterklang" title="Efterklang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Efterklang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எதிர்முழக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதிர்முழக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yank%C4%B1_s%C3%BCresi" title="Yankı süresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yankı süresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Реверберація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реверберація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev%C3%A8rbero" title="Revèrbero – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Revèrbero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E9%9F%BF" title="混響 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="混響" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Persistence of sound after it is produced</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Reverb" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reverb_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reverb (disambiguation)">Reverb (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the acoustic phenomenon. For the audio effect, see <a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb effect</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reverberation" title="Special:EditPage/Reverberation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Reverberation%22">"Reverberation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Reverberation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Reverberation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Reverberation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Reverberation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Reverberation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverberation_effect.ogg" title="File:Reverberation effect.ogg">Short sample of reverberation effect</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Reverberation_effect.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Reverberation_effect.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Reverberation_effect.ogg/Reverberation_effect.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Clean signal, followed by different versions of reverberation (with longer and longer decay times).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="384" style="width:384px;" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="C_Chord_With_Reverb.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:C_Chord_With_Reverb.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/C_Chord_With_Reverb.ogg/C_Chord_With_Reverb.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/C_Chord_With_Reverb.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Reverb on a guitar</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Reverberation</b> (commonly shortened to <b>reverb</b>), in <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>, is a persistence of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> after it is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reverberation is created when a sound or signal is reflected. This causes numerous reflections to build up and then decay as the sound is absorbed by the surfaces of objects in the space – which could include furniture, people, and air.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is most noticeable when the sound source stops but the <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflections</a> continue, their <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> decreasing, until zero is reached. </p><p>Reverberation is frequency dependent: the length of the decay, or reverberation time, receives special consideration in the architectural design of spaces which need to have specific reverberation times to achieve optimum performance for their intended activity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison to a distinct <a href="/wiki/Echo" title="Echo">echo</a>, that is detectable at a minimum of 50 to 100 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a> after the previous sound, reverberation is the occurrence of reflections that arrive in a sequence of less than approximately 50 ms. As time passes, the amplitude of the reflections gradually reduces to non-noticeable levels. Reverberation is not limited to indoor spaces as it exists in forests and other outdoor environments where reflection exists. </p><p>Reverberation occurs naturally when a person sings, talks, or plays an instrument acoustically in a hall or performance space with sound-reflective surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reverberation is applied artificially by using <a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">reverb effects</a>, which simulate reverb through means including <a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber" title="Echo chamber">echo chambers</a>, vibrations sent through metal, and digital processing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although reverberation can add naturalness to recorded sound by adding a sense of space, it can also reduce <a href="/wiki/Speech_intelligibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech intelligibility">speech intelligibility</a>, especially when noise is also present. People with hearing loss, including users of <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing aids">hearing aids</a>, frequently report difficulty in understanding speech in reverberant, noisy situations. Reverberation is also a significant source of mistakes in automatic <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dereverberation" title="Dereverberation">Dereverberation</a></i> is the process of reducing the level of reverberation in a sound or signal. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reverberation_time"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Reverberation_time"></span><span class="vanchor-text"> Reverberation time</span></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverberation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reverberation time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverberation_time_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Reverberation_time_diagram.svg/220px-Reverberation_time_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Reverberation_time_diagram.svg/330px-Reverberation_time_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Reverberation_time_diagram.svg/440px-Reverberation_time_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Sound level in a reverberant cavity excited by a pulse, as a function of time (very simplified diagram)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Reverberation time</b> is a measure of the time required for the sound to "fade away" in an enclosed area after the source of the sound has stopped. </p><p>When it comes to accurately measuring reverberation time with a meter, the term <i>T<sub>60</sub></i> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an abbreviation for reverberation time 60 dB) is used. T<sub>60</sub> provides an objective reverberation time measurement. It is defined as the time it takes for the sound pressure level to reduce by 60 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a>, measured after the generated test signal is abruptly ended. </p><p>Reverberation time is frequently stated as a single value if measured as a wideband signal (20  Hz to 20 kHz). However, being frequency-dependent, it can be more precisely described in terms of frequency bands (one octave, 1/3 octave, 1/6 octave, etc.). Being frequency dependent, the reverberation time measured in narrow bands will differ depending on the frequency band being measured. For precision, it is important to know what ranges of frequencies are being described by a reverberation time measurement. </p><p>In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Clement_Sabine" title="Wallace Clement Sabine">Wallace Clement Sabine</a> started experiments at Harvard University to investigate the impact of absorption on the reverberation time. Using a portable wind chest and organ pipes as a sound source, a <a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a> and his ears, he measured the time from interruption of the source to inaudibility (a difference of roughly 60 dB). He found that the reverberation time is proportional to room dimensions and inversely proportional to the amount of absorption present. </p><p>The optimum reverberation time for a space in which music is played depends on the type of music that is to be played in the space. Rooms used for speech typically need a shorter reverberation time so that speech can be understood more clearly. If the reflected sound from one <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> is still heard when the next syllable is spoken, it may be difficult to understand what was said.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Cat", "cab", and "cap" may all sound very similar. If on the other hand the reverberation time is too short, tonal balance and loudness may suffer. Reverberation effects are often used in <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">studios</a> to add depth to sounds. Reverberation changes the perceived spectral structure of a sound but does not alter the pitch. </p><p>Basic factors that affect a room's reverberation time include the size and shape of the enclosure as well as the materials used in the construction of the room. Every object placed within the enclosure can also affect this reverberation time, including people and their belongings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement">Measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverberation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RT60_measurement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/RT60_measurement.jpg/240px-RT60_measurement.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/RT60_measurement.jpg/360px-RT60_measurement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/RT60_measurement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Automatically determining T20 value - 5dB trigger - 20dB measurement - 10dB headroom to noise floor</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, reverberation time could only be measured using a level recorder (a plotting device which graphs the noise level against time on a ribbon of moving paper). A loud noise is produced, and as the sound dies away the trace on the level recorder will show a distinct slope. Analysis of this slope reveals the measured reverberation time. Some modern digital <a href="/wiki/Sound_level_meter" title="Sound level meter">sound level meters</a> can carry out this analysis automatically.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several methods exist for measuring reverberation time. An impulse can be measured by creating a sufficiently loud noise (which must have a defined cut-off point). <a href="/wiki/Impulse_noise_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse noise (audio)">Impulse noise</a> sources such as a <a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">blank</a> pistol shot or balloon burst may be used to measure the impulse response of a room. </p><p>Alternatively, a <a href="/wiki/Colors_of_noise" title="Colors of noise">random noise signal</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pink_noise" title="Pink noise">pink noise</a> or <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a> may be generated through a loudspeaker, and then turned off. This is known as the interrupted method, and the measured result is known as the interrupted response. </p><p>A two-port measurement system can also be used to measure noise introduced into a space and compare it to what is subsequently measured in the space. Consider sound reproduced by a loudspeaker into a room. A recording of the sound in the room can be made and compared to what was sent to the loudspeaker. The two signals can be compared mathematically. This two port measurement system utilizes a <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a> to mathematically derive the impulse response of the room. From the impulse response, the reverberation time can be calculated. Using a two-port system allows reverberation time to be measured with signals other than loud impulses. Music or recordings of other sounds can be used. This allows measurements to be taken in a room after the audience is present. </p><p>Under some restrictions, even simple sound sources like handclaps can be used for measurement of reverberation <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reverberation time is usually stated as a decay time and is measured in seconds. There may or may not be any statement of the frequency band used in the measurement. Decay time is the time it takes the signal to diminish 60 dB below the original sound. It is often difficult to inject enough sound into the room to measure a decay of 60 dB, particularly at lower frequencies. If the decay is linear, it is sufficient to measure a drop of 20 dB and multiply the time by 3, or a drop of 30 dB and multiply the time by 2. These are the so-called T20 and T30 measurement methods. </p><p>The RT<sub>60</sub> reverberation time measurement is defined in the <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> 3382-1 standard for performance spaces, the <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> 3382-2 standard for ordinary rooms, and the <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> 3382-3 for open-plan offices, as well as the <a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> E2235 standard. </p><p>The concept of reverberation time implicitly supposes that the decay rate of the sound is exponential, so that the sound level diminishes regularly, at a rate of so many dB per second. It is not often the case in real rooms, depending on the disposition of reflective, dispersive and absorbing surfaces. Moreover, successive measurement of the sound level often yields very different results, as differences in phase in the exciting sound build up in notably different sound waves. In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_R._Schroeder" title="Manfred R. Schroeder">Manfred R. Schroeder</a> published "A new method of Measuring Reverberation Time" in the <i>Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. He proposed to measure, not the power of the sound, but the energy, by integrating it. This made it possible to show the variation in the rate of decay and to free acousticians from the necessity of averaging many measurements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabine_equation">Sabine equation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverberation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sabine equation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Clement_Sabine" title="Wallace Clement Sabine">Sabine</a>'s reverberation equation was developed in the late 1890s in an <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> fashion. He established a relationship between the <i>T</i><sub>60</sub> of a room, its volume, and its total absorption (in <a href="/wiki/Sabin_(unit)" title="Sabin (unit)">sabins</a>). This is given by the equation: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{60}={\frac {24\ln 10^{1}}{c_{20}}}{\frac {V}{Sa}}\approx 0.1611\,\mathrm {s} \mathrm {m} ^{-1}{\frac {V}{Sa}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>60</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>24</mn> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>20</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0.1611</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{60}={\frac {24\ln 10^{1}}{c_{20}}}{\frac {V}{Sa}}\approx 0.1611\,\mathrm {s} \mathrm {m} ^{-1}{\frac {V}{Sa}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a0b88e5f240211dd458fa8747cb0df6addd0bbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:37.846ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{60}={\frac {24\ln 10^{1}}{c_{20}}}{\frac {V}{Sa}}\approx 0.1611\,\mathrm {s} \mathrm {m} ^{-1}{\frac {V}{Sa}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>where <i>c</i><sub>20</sub> is the speed of sound in the room (at 20 °C), <i>V</i> is the volume of the room in m<sup>3</sup>, <i>S</i> total surface area of room in m<sup>2</sup>, <i>a</i> is the average absorption coefficient of room surfaces, and the product <i>Sa</i> is the total absorption in sabins. </p><p>The total absorption in sabins (and hence reverberation time) generally changes depending on frequency (which is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic properties</a> of the space). The equation does not take into account room shape or losses from the sound traveling through the air (important in larger spaces). Most rooms absorb less sound energy in the lower frequency ranges resulting in longer reverb times at lower frequencies. </p><p>Sabine concluded that the reverberation time depends upon the reflectivity of sound from various surfaces available inside the hall. If the reflection is coherent, the reverberation time of the hall will be longer; the sound will take more time to die out. </p><p>The reverberation time <i>RT</i><sub>60</sub> and the <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> <i>V</i> of the room have great influence on the <a href="/wiki/Critical_distance" title="Critical distance">critical distance</a> <i>d</i><sub>c</sub> (conditional equation): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d_{\mathrm {c} }\approx 0{.}057\cdot {\sqrt {\frac {V}{RT_{60}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> <mn>057</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>60</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d_{\mathrm {c} }\approx 0{.}057\cdot {\sqrt {\frac {V}{RT_{60}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/748db90cac5e18744f70da926c6776abd068f320" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:20.403ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d_{\mathrm {c} }\approx 0{.}057\cdot {\sqrt {\frac {V}{RT_{60}}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where critical distance <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d_{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d_{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f0e05c9ed7d63c294459e537c80502b8080f546" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.153ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d_{c}}"></span> is measured in meters, volume <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span> is measured in m³, and reverberation time <i>RT</i><sub>60</sub> is measured in <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyring_equation">Eyring equation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverberation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eyring equation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eyring's reverberation time equation was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Eyring" title="Carl F. Eyring">Carl F. Eyring</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This equation aims to better estimate the reverberation time in small rooms with relatively large quantities of sound absorption, identified by Eyring as "dead" rooms. These rooms tend to have lower reverberation times than larger, more acoustically live rooms. Eyring's equation is similar in form to Sabine's equation, but includes modifications to <a href="/wiki/Natural_logarithm" title="Natural logarithm">logarithmically</a> scale the <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(acoustics)" title="Absorption (acoustics)">absorption</a> term. The units and variables within the equation are the same as those defined for Sabine's equation. The Eyring reverberation time is given by the equation: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{60}\approx -0.161\ {\frac {V}{S\ln(1-a)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>60</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.161</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{60}\approx -0.161\ {\frac {V}{S\ln(1-a)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/732ff5d9bbb01ba0a5a2b6d0342f7c7c8f7ec0aa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:25.721ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{60}\approx -0.161\ {\frac {V}{S\ln(1-a)}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Eyring's equation was developed from first principles using an image source model of sound reflection, as opposed to Sabine's <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> approach. The experimental results obtained by Sabine generally agree with Eyring's equation since the two formulae become identical for very live rooms, the type in which Sabine worked. However, Eyring's equation becomes more valid for smaller rooms with large quantities of absorption. As a result, the Eyring equation is often implemented to estimate the reverberation time in <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studio</a> control rooms or other critical listening environments with high quantities of sound absorption. The Sabine equation tends to over-predict reverberation time for small rooms with high amounts of absorption. For this reason, reverberation time calculators available for smaller recording studio environments, such as <a href="/wiki/Home_recording" title="Home recording">home recording</a> studios, often utilize Eyring's equation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorption_coefficient">Absorption coefficient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverberation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Absorption coefficient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The absorption coefficient of a material is a number between 0 and 1 which indicates the proportion of sound which is absorbed by the surface compared to the proportion which is reflected back to the room. A large, fully open window would offer no reflection as any sound reaching it would pass straight out and no sound would be reflected. This would have an absorption coefficient of 1. Conversely, a thick, smooth painted concrete ceiling would be the acoustic equivalent of a mirror and have an absorption coefficient very close to 0. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music">In music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverberation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Reverse_Reverb.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Reverse_Reverb.mp3"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Reverse_Reverb.mp3/Reverse_Reverb.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Reverse_Reverb.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Reverse Reverb: Dry recording / reversed / reverb added / reversed with reverb</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> described reverberation as "arguably the oldest and most universal sound effect in music", used in music as early as 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">plainsong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composers including <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> wrote music to exploit the acoustics of certain buildings. <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> may have developed in response to the long reverberation time of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a>, limiting the number of notes that could be sung before blending chaotically.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artificial reverberation is applied to sound using <a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">reverb effects</a>. These simulate reverb through means including <a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber" title="Echo chamber">echo chambers</a>, vibrations sent through metal, and digital processing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverberation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dereverberation" title="Dereverberation">Dereverberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_resonance" title="Acoustic resonance">Acoustic resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_decay" title="Exponential decay">Exponential decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverberation_room" title="Reverberation room">Reverberation room</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverberation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFValenteHolly_Hosford-DunnRoss_J._Roeser2008" class="citation book cs1">Valente, Michael; Holly Hosford-Dunn; Ross J. Roeser (2008). <i>Audiology</i>. Thieme. pp. <span class="nowrap">425–</span>426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-520-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-520-8"><bdi>978-1-58890-520-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audiology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E425-%3C%2Fspan%3E426&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58890-520-8&rft.aulast=Valente&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Holly+Hosford-Dunn&rft.au=Ross+J.+Roeser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1970" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Llewelyn Southworth (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcmmusic.net/"><i>Music and Sound</i></a>. Ayer Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcmmusic.net/">169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5188-2"><bdi>978-0-8369-5188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Sound&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-5188-2&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Llewelyn+Southworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcmmusic.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2007" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Leland M. 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Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881889000" title="Special:BookSources/9780881889000"><bdi>9780881889000</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sound+reinforcement+handbook&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+WI&rft.pages=259&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780881889000&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd7ft6F8ZUdcC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2012" class="citation web cs1">Weir, William (2012-06-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/06/how-humans-conquered-echo/258557/">"How humans conquered echo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1930). "Reverberation Time in "Dead" Rooms". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>1</b> (2A): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1930ASAJ....1..217E">1930ASAJ....1..217E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1915175">10.1121/1.1915175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Reverberation+Time+in+%22Dead%22+Rooms&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2A&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.1915175&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1930ASAJ....1..217E&rft.aulast=Eyring&rft.aufirst=Carl+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverberation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acoustic/reverb.html#c1">Reverberation</a> - Hyperphysics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ind.rwth-aachen.de/air/#">A database of measured room impulse responses to generate realistic reverberation effects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amplifiedparts.com/tech_corner/spring_reverb_tanks_explained_and_compared#">Spring Reverb Tanks Explained and Compared</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sound.whsites.net/articles/reverb.htm#">Care and Feeding of Spring Reverb Tanks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220112254/http://sound.whsites.net/articles/reverb.htm">Archived</a> 2016-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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