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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kaiserstuhl_volcano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Kaiserstuhl volcano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kaiserstuhl_volcano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Seismic activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_Rhine_aquifer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Rhine_aquifer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Upper Rhine aquifer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Rhine_aquifer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberrheinische_Tiefebene" title="Oberrheinische Tiefebene – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Oberrheinische Tiefebene" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Верхнярэйнская нізіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Верхнярэйнская нізіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Горнорейнска низина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Горнорейнска низина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plana_del_Rin" title="Plana del Rin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plana del Rin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornor%C3%BDnsk%C3%A1_n%C3%AD%C5%BEina" title="Hornorýnská nížina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hornorýnská nížina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhingraven" title="Rhingraven – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rhingraven" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberrheinische_Tiefebene" title="Oberrheinische Tiefebene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oberrheinische Tiefebene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaltebena%C4%B5o_de_Supra_Rejno" title="Malaltebenaĵo de Supra Rejno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malaltebenaĵo de Supra Rejno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="جلگه راین بالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جلگه راین بالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foss%C3%A9_rh%C3%A9nan" title="Fossé rhénan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fossé rhénan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_Renana" title="Fossa Renana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fossa Renana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_auk%C5%A1tupio_%C5%BEemuma" title="Reino aukštupio žemuma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Reino aukštupio žemuma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boven-Rijnse_Laagvlakte" title="Boven-Rijnse Laagvlakte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boven-Rijnse Laagvlakte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E5%9C%B0%E6%BA%9D%E5%B8%AF" title="ライン地溝帯 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライン地溝帯" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinebene" title="Rheinebene – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Rheinebene" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizina_G%C3%B3rnore%C5%84ska" title="Nizina Górnoreńska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nizina Górnoreńska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planalto_Superior_do_Reno" title="Planalto Superior do Reno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Planalto Superior do Reno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Верхнерейнская низменность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Верхнерейнская низменность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgornja_dolina_Rena" title="Zgornja dolina Rena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgornja dolina Rena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Upper_Rhine_Plain&params=48.9650_N_8.2340_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:DE"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°57′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">8°14′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.9650°N 8.2340°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.9650; 8.2340</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major rift between Basel and Frankfurt/Wiesbaden</div> <p>The <b>Upper Rhine Plain</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Rhine Rift Valley</b><sup id="cite_ref-Elkins_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Upper Rhine Graben</b><sup id="cite_ref-Dèzes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dèzes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i>Oberrheinische Tiefebene</i>, <i>Oberrheinisches Tiefland</i> or <i>Oberrheingraben</i>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Vallée du Rhin</i>) is a major <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rift</a>, about 350-kilometre-long (220 mi) and on average 50-kilometre-wide (31 mi), between <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in the south and the cities of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> in the north. Its southern section straddles the <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_border" title="France–Germany border">France–Germany border</a>. It forms part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Cenozoic_Rift_System" title="European Cenozoic Rift System">European Cenozoic Rift System</a>, which extends across <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. The Upper Rhine Graben formed during the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, as a response to the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to the south. It remains active to the present day. Today, the Rhine Rift Valley forms a downfaulted trough through which the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> flows. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinegraben_sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Rhinegraben_sat.jpg/275px-Rhinegraben_sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Rhinegraben_sat.jpg/413px-Rhinegraben_sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Rhinegraben_sat.jpg/550px-Rhinegraben_sat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image showing the southern section of the Upper Rhine Plain and the rift flanks of Vosges, France, and the Black Forest, Germany.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinegrabencross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rhinegrabencross.jpg/250px-Rhinegrabencross.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rhinegrabencross.jpg/375px-Rhinegrabencross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rhinegrabencross.jpg/500px-Rhinegrabencross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Schematic cross-section of the Rhine Rift Valley.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Upper Rhine Plain was formed during the Early <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> era, during the Late <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> epoch. At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Orogeny">Alpine Orogeny</a>, the major mountain building event that was to produce the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, was in its early stages. The Alps were formed because the continents of Europe and Africa collided. It is thought that because the collision was <b>irregular</b>, the initial contact between the two continents resulted in the formation of dilational (extensional) structures in the <a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">foreland basin</a> to the north of the Alps.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was substantial crustal thinning, forming a major extensional <i><a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a></i> and causing isolated volcanic activity. The <b>stretch factor</b> is estimated to be ~2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rift_flank_uplift">Rift flank uplift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rift flank uplift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To both the east and west of the Rhine Plain, two major hill ranges have formed that run the length of the basin. To the west, in France, these hills are known as the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_mountain_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges mountain range">Vosges mountain range</a> and in the east, in Germany, the hills comprise the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>. These ranges exhume the same types of rocks in their cores, including deep crustal <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>. Both ranges correspond to uplifts of more than 2,500 metres, much of which has since been eroded. This uplift has occurred because of the isostatic response associated with the formation of an extensional basin. As a consequence, the highest mountains exist immediately adjacent to the margin of the basin, and become increasingly low outwards. The boundaries between the hill ranges and the Rhine Graben are defined by major, <a href="/wiki/Normal_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal fault">normal fault</a> zones. </p><p>The northern section of the Rhine Plain is equally framed by somewhat lower mountain ranges, the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_Forest" title="Palatinate Forest">Palatinate Forest</a> on the western and the <a href="/wiki/Odenwald" title="Odenwald">Odenwald</a> on the eastern side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volcanic_activity">Volcanic activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Volcanic activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhine_rift.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rhine_rift.png/250px-Rhine_rift.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="441" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Rhine_rift.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Rhine Graben (blue shades) between Basel and Frankfurt with adjoining mountain ranges (green to brown); colour-coding according to digital elevation model</figcaption></figure> <p>The extension induced by the formation of the Alps was sufficient to thin the crust and provide suitable dilational conduits for magmatic and volcanic activity to occur. This resulted in the emplacement of <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dykes</a>, which follow the general structural trend of the extensional faults. In addition, isolated volcanoes such as the Kaiserstuhl were formed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kaiserstuhl_volcano">The Kaiserstuhl volcano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Kaiserstuhl volcano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kaiserstuhl_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg)">Kaiserstuhl</a> (literally "Emperor's Chair") is a cluster of volcanic hills to the northwest of Freiburg, within the Rhine Graben. The highest point of this small, isolated volcanic centre is the <a href="/wiki/Totenkopf_(mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Totenkopf (mountain)">Totenkopf</a> (557 metres). Volcanic activity was most prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> epoch, some 15 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the Kaiserstuhl volcano is extinct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seismic_activity">Seismic activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Seismic activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1356, the <a href="/wiki/Basel_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel earthquake">Basel earthquake</a> occurred in the Rhine Plain. It was perhaps the most destructive earthquake ever in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Europe">northwest Europe</a>, destroying the city of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> and flattening buildings as far as 200 km away. It was the most significant historic seismological event to have occurred in Central Europe. Its epicenter was between <a href="/wiki/Waldkirch" title="Waldkirch">Waldkirch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Peter,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Sankt Peter, Baden-Württemberg">St. Peter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald" title="Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald">Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald</a>. However, it remains disputed whether the fault that ruptured to cause this earthquake was part of the Rhine Valley extensional system, or simply one of the many <a href="/wiki/Thrust_faults" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust faults">thrust faults</a> that make up the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to the south. Doubts have been raised over the adequacy of the seismic evaluation and design of the <a href="/wiki/Fessenheim_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant">Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant</a>, built in the Rhine Plain close to the faults.<sup id="cite_ref-resonance_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resonance-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oberrheinische_Tiefebene_2006-09_Pfalz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Upper Rhine Plain, view from west to east. Front: a vineyard near Neustadt an der Weinstraße, background: Mannheim (right: Mannheim Power Station, far north: the Odenwald"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Oberrheinische_Tiefebene_2006-09_Pfalz.jpg/700px-Oberrheinische_Tiefebene_2006-09_Pfalz.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Oberrheinische_Tiefebene_2006-09_Pfalz.jpg/1050px-Oberrheinische_Tiefebene_2006-09_Pfalz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Oberrheinische_Tiefebene_2006-09_Pfalz.jpg/1400px-Oberrheinische_Tiefebene_2006-09_Pfalz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oberrheinische_Tiefebene_2006-09_Pfalz.jpg" title="File:Oberrheinische Tiefebene 2006-09 Pfalz.jpg"> </a></div>The Upper Rhine Plain, view from west to east. Front: a vineyard near <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe" title="Neustadt an der Weinstraße">Neustadt an der Weinstraße</a>, background: <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> (right: Mannheim Power Station, far north: the <a href="/wiki/Odenwald" title="Odenwald">Odenwald</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upper_Rhine_aquifer">Upper Rhine aquifer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Upper Rhine aquifer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located below the plain, the Upper Rhine <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> – one of the largest in Europe – holds an estimated 45,000 km<sup>3</sup> (11,000 cu mi) of fresh water and supplies some 3 million people in France and Germany, supplying 75% of their drinking water and 50% of the water used by industry.<sup id="cite_ref-iwra-2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwra-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s it has suffered increasingly serious pollution from <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">VOCs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iwra-2008_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwra-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oberrheingraben-NASA-250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Oberrheingraben-NASA-250.jpg/220px-Oberrheingraben-NASA-250.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Oberrheingraben-NASA-250.jpg/330px-Oberrheingraben-NASA-250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Oberrheingraben-NASA-250.jpg/440px-Oberrheingraben-NASA-250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption>A satellite view of the plain: Shot taken by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> satellite </figcaption></figure><p><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A collaboration of 25 universities and government agencies have been researching seismic hazards, neotectonics, and water management of the Quaternary Graben fill. The research focuses on four themes:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Neotectonics" title="Neotectonics">Neotectonics</a> and Seismic Hazard (identification of zones of on-going deformation, current stress regime, earthquake location & frequency, hazard assessment)"</li> <li>"Modeling of Hydro systems (modeling of Plio-Quaternary hydro systems of the Upper Rhine Graben and transfer time of pollutants within them)"</li> <li>"Structure and Evolution (reassessment of structural evolution of the Upper Rhine Graben and implications for its neotectonic deformation, fault reactivation, crustal rheology and earthquake activity)"</li> <li>"Dynamic Modeling (multi scale dynamic modeling of the past and present deformation of the Rhine Graben area)"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ried_(natural_region)" title="Ried (natural region)">Ried</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDickinson1964" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, Robert E. (1964). <i>Germany: A regional and economic geography</i> (2nd ed.). London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+A+regional+and+economic+geography&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Rhine+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins1972" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, T. H. (1972). <i>Germany</i> (3rd ed.). London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7010-0087-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7010-0087-2"><bdi>0-7010-0087-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7010-0087-2&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Rhine+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dèzes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dèzes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDèzesSchmid_S.M.Ziegler_P.A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dèzes, P.; Schmid S.M.; Ziegler P.A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151514/http://pages.unibas.ch/earth/tecto/research/dezes_ziegler.pdf">"Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System: interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland lithosphere"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tectonophysics_(journal)" title="Tectonophysics (journal)">Tectonophysics</a></i>. <b>389</b> (1–2): 1–33. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Tectp.389....1D">2004Tectp.389....1D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2004.06.011">10.1016/j.tecto.2004.06.011</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.unibas.ch/earth/tecto/research/dezes_ziegler.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+European+Cenozoic+Rift+System%3A+interaction+of+the+Alpine+and+Pyrenean+orogens+with+their+foreland+lithosphere&rft.volume=389&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2004.06.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Tectp.389....1D&rft.aulast=D%C3%A8zes&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Schmid+S.M.&rft.au=Ziegler+P.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.unibas.ch%2Fearth%2Ftecto%2Fresearch%2Fdezes_ziegler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Rhine+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sengor, A.M.C. 1976. "Collision of irregular continental margins: Implications for foreland deformation of Alpine-type orogens", <i>Geology</i>, 4, 779–782.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_A._Allen" title="Philip A. Allen">Allen, P.A</a>. & Allen, J.R. 2005. <i>Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications</i> (Second Edition). Blackwell Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-resonance-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-resonance_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kantonslabor-bs.ch/files/presse/93_3_Expertise-Fessenheim-f.pdf">Centrale Nucléaire de Fessenheim : appréciation du risque sismique</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000723/http://www.kantonslabor-bs.ch/files/presse/93_3_Expertise-Fessenheim-f.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> RÉSONANCE Ingénieurs-Conseils SA, published 2007-09-05, accessed 2011-03-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iwra-2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iwra-2008_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iwra-2008_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwra.org/congress/2008/resource/authors/abs483_article.pdf">Assessing the benefits of different groundwater protection levels: results and lessons learnt from a contingent valuation survey in the Upper Rhine valley aquifer, France</a>, S Aulong & JD Rinaudo, IWRA 13th World Water Congress, published 2008-01-09, accessed 2011-04-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608084207/http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=4666">"Visible Earth: Northwestern Europe"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=4666">the original</a> on 2011-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visible+Earth%3A+Northwestern+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisibleearth.nasa.gov%2Fview_rec.php%3Fid%3D4666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Rhine+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070726064433/http://comp1.geol.unibas.ch/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1">"The EUCOR-URGENT Project - Home"</a>. comp1.geol.unibas.ch. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+EUCOR-URGENT+Project+-+Home&rft.pub=comp1.geol.unibas.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomp1.geol.unibas.ch%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_frontpage%26Itemid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Rhine+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070726064433/http://comp1.geol.unibas.ch/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1">EUCOR-URGENT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkell_Spring_Grounds" title="Arkell Spring Grounds">Arkell Spring Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_River_System" title="Laurentian River System">Laurentian River System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridges_Moraine" title="Oak Ridges Moraine">Oak Ridges Moraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscayne_Aquifer" title="Biscayne Aquifer">Biscayne Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Subbasin" title="Bishop Subbasin">Bishop Subbasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_Valley_Aquifer_System" title="Buried Valley Aquifer System">Buried Valley Aquifer System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Aquifer" title="Edwards Aquifer">Edwards Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridan_aquifer" title="Floridan aquifer">Floridan aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Hills_Formation" title="Fox Hills Formation">Fox Hills Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood%E2%80%93Cohansey_aquifer" title="Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer">Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahomet_Aquifer" title="Mahomet Aquifer">Mahomet Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Formation" title="San Diego Formation">San Diego Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankoty_Aquifer" title="Sankoty Aquifer">Sankoty Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_valley_aquifer" title="Santa Clara valley aquifer">Santa Clara valley aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Aquifer" title="Snake River Aquifer">Snake River Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hills_Aquifer" title="Southern Hills Aquifer">Southern Hills Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turlock_Basin" title="Turlock Basin">Turlock Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wekepeke" title="Wekepeke">Wekepeke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Aquifer" title="Guarani Aquifer">Guarani Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_River" title="Hamza River">Hamza River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botany_Sands_Aquifer" title="Botany Sands Aquifer">Botany Sands Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnangara_Mound" title="Gnangara Mound">Gnangara Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Artesian_Basin" title="Great Artesian Basin">Great Artesian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandakot_Mound" title="Jandakot Mound">Jandakot Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarragadee_Aquifer" title="Yarragadee Aquifer">Yarragadee Aquifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waiwhetu_Aquifer" title="Waiwhetu Aquifer">Waiwhetu Aquifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bas_Saharan_Basin" title="Bas Saharan Basin">Bas Saharan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotikipi_Basin_Aquifer" title="Lotikipi Basin Aquifer">Lotikipi Basin Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System" title="Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System">Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle-East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarkon-Taninim_Aquifer" title="Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer">Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alnarpsstr%C3%B6mmen" title="Alnarpsströmmen">Alnarpsströmmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyll_Aquifer" title="Schwyll Aquifer">Schwyll Aquifer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upper Rhine Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquifers" title="List of aquifers">List of aquifers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifers_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifers in the United States">Aquifers in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">Aquifer storage and recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_test" title="Aquifer test">Aquifer test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesian_aquifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Artesian aquifer">Artesian aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_Source_Aquifer" title="Sole Source Aquifer">Sole Source Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surficial_aquifer" title="Surficial aquifer">Surficial aquifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquifers" title="Category:Aquifers">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22964#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22964#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22964#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244991998">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hornorýnská nížina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1017381&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Upper_Rhine_Plain&params=48.9650_N_8.2340_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:DE"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°57′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">8°14′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.9650°N 8.2340°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.9650; 8.2340</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&oldid=1237681672">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Rhine_Plain&oldid=1237681672</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rifts_and_grabens" title="Category:Rifts and grabens">Rifts and grabens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_regions_of_the_South_German_Scarplands" title="Category:Natural regions of the South German Scarplands">Natural regions of the South German Scarplands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Germany" title="Category:Geology of Germany">Geology of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_France" title="Category:Geology of France">Geology of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Metropolitan_France" title="Category:Landforms of Metropolitan France">Landforms of Metropolitan France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Germany" title="Category:Landforms of Germany">Landforms of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aquifers" title="Category:Aquifers">Aquifers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhineland" title="Category:Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Category:Regions of Baden-Württemberg">Regions of Baden-Württemberg</a></li><li><a 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