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<span>Battles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Orphan_Hills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Orphan_Hills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Battle of the Orphan Hills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Orphan_Hills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_174_Meter_Hill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_174_Meter_Hill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Battle of 174 Meter Hill</span> </div> </a> <ul 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fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_the_Russian_Pacific_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Surrender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Losses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1" title="حصار ميناء آرثر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار ميناء آرثر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پورت آرتور موحاصیره‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پورت آرتور موحاصیره‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Обсада на Порт Артур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обсада на Порт Артур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Port_Arturu" title="Obléhání Port Arturu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obléhání Port Arturu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Port_Arthur" title="Belagerung von Port Arthur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belagerung von Port Arthur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asedio_de_Port_Arthur" title="Asedio de Port Arthur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asedio de Port Arthur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="محاصره پورت آرتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره پورت آرتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Port-Arthur" title="Siège de Port-Arthur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Port-Arthur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%88%9C%ED%95%AD_%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%84%EC%A0%84" title="여순항 포위전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여순항 포위전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Port_Arthur" title="Pengepungan Port Arthur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Port Arthur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Port_Arthur" title="Assedio di Port Arthur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Port Arthur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_van_Port_Arthur" title="Beleg van Port Arthur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beleg van Port Arthur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86%E6%94%BB%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6" title="旅順攻囲戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="旅順攻囲戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrona_Port_Artur" title="Obrona Port Artur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obrona Port Artur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Port_Arthur" title="Cerco de Port Arthur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Port Arthur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asediul_de_la_Port_Arthur" title="Asediul de la Port Arthur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asediul de la Port Arthur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Оборона Порт-Артура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оборона Порт-Артура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliehanie_pr%C3%ADstavu_Port_Arthur" title="Obliehanie prístavu Port Arthur – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obliehanie prístavu Port Arthur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опсада Порт Артура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опсада Порт Артура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsada_Port_Artura" title="Opsada Port Artura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opsada Port Artura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthurin_piiritys" title="Port Arthurin piiritys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Port Arthurin piiritys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A4gringen_av_Port_Arthur" title="Belägringen av Port Arthur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belägringen av Port Arthur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="การปิดล้อมพอร์ตอาร์เธอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปิดล้อมพอร์ตอาร์เธอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Облога Порт-Артура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Облога Порт-Артура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86%E6%9C%83%E6%88%B0" title="旅順會戰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="旅順會戰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210800#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&params=38_48_45_N_121_14_30_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°48′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°14′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.81250°N 121.24167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.81250; 121.24167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of the Russo-Japanese war</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the land battle. For the naval battle, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="Battle of Port Arthur">Battle of Port Arthur</a>. For the First Sino-Japanese War battle in 1894, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lushunkou" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lushunkou">Battle of Lushunkou</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Siege_of_Port_Arthur" title="Special:EditPage/Siege of Port Arthur">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Siege+of+Port+Arthur%22">"Siege of Port Arthur"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Siege+of+Port+Arthur%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Siege+of+Port+Arthur%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Siege+of+Port+Arthur%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Siege+of+Port+Arthur%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Siege+of+Port+Arthur%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Port Arthur</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RusShellJapLine1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/RusShellJapLine1905.jpg/300px-RusShellJapLine1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/RusShellJapLine1905.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="225" /></a></span><br />Russian 500-pound shell bursting near the Japanese siege guns, near Port Arthur</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 1, 1904 – January 2, 1905<br />(5 months and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Port Arthur (modern <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou District">Lüshunkou District</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Japanese victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" 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data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">Nogi Maresuke</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kodama_Gentar%C5%8D" 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class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nakamura_Satoru_(general)" title="Nakamura Satoru (general)">Nakamura Satoru</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Tōgō Heihachirō</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Stessel" title="Anatoly Stessel">Anatoly Stessel</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kondratenko" title="Roman Kondratenko">Roman Kondratenko</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fok" title="Alexander Fok">Alexander Fok</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Smirnov" title="Konstantin Smirnov">Konstantin Smirnov</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Viren" title="Robert Viren">Robert Viren</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 201,000<div><ul><li>150,000 troops</li><li>51,000 reserves</li></ul></div> 474 artillery pieces</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 101,000<div><ul><li>50,000 troops</li><li>44,000 volunteers</li><li>12,000 sailors</li><li>7,000 recruits</li></ul></div> 506 artillery pieces</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 91,549<div><ul><li>57,780 army casualties<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>33,769 sick<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> 16 warships lost including 2 battleships and 4 cruisers<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 55,675<div><ul><li>31,306 army casualties<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>24,369 captured<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> Entire fleet lost<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War"><span class="wrap">Russo-Japanese War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Russo-Japanese_War" title="List of battles of the Russo-Japanese War">Naval battles</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="Battle of Port Arthur">1st Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay" title="Battle of Chemulpo Bay">Chemulpo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Maru_Incident" title="Hitachi Maru Incident"><i>Hitachi Maru</i> convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea" title="Battle of the Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Ulsan" title="Battle off Ulsan">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsakov" title="Battle of Korsakov">Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank_incident" title="Dogger Bank incident">Dogger Bank incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Tsushima</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Russo-Japanese_War" title="List of battles of the Russo-Japanese War">Land battles</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yalu_River_(1904)" title="Battle of the Yalu River (1904)">Yalu River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanshan" title="Battle of Nanshan">Nanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Te-li-Ssu" title="Battle of Te-li-Ssu">Te-li-Ssu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Motien_Pass" title="Battle of Motien Pass">Motien Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tashihchiao" title="Battle of Tashihchiao">Tashihchiao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hsimucheng" title="Battle of Hsimucheng">Hsimucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoyang" title="Battle of Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaho" title="Battle of Shaho">Shaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandepu" title="Battle of Sandepu">Sandepu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" title="Battle of Mukden">Mukden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Sakhalin" title="Japanese invasion of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalian_dot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dalian_dot.png/220px-Dalian_dot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dalian_dot.png/330px-Dalian_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dalian_dot.png/440px-Dalian_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>Location within China</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>siege of Port Arthur</b> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">旅順攻囲戦</span>, <i>Ryojun Kōisen</i>; Russian: <span lang="ru">Оборона Порт-Артура</span>, <i>Oborona Port-Artura</i>, August 1, 1904 – January 2, 1905) was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Russo-Japanese_War" title="List of battles of the Russo-Japanese War">longest and most violent</a> land battle of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou District">Port Arthur</a>, the deep-water port and Russian naval base at the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, had been widely regarded as one of the most strongly fortified positions in the world. However, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">General Nogi Maresuke</a> had taken the city from the forces of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a> in only a few days. The ease of his victory during the previous conflict, and overconfidence by the Japanese <a href="/wiki/General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff">General Staff</a> in its ability to overcome improved Russian fortifications, led to a much longer campaign and far greater losses than expected. </p><p>The siege of Port Arthur saw the introduction of much technology used in subsequent wars of the 20th century (particularly in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>) including massive <a href="/wiki/28_cm_Howitzer_L/10" class="mw-redirect" title="28 cm Howitzer L/10">28 cm howitzers</a> that fired 217-kilogram (478-pound) shells with a range of 8 kilometers (5.0 miles), rapid-firing light <a href="/wiki/Howitzers" class="mw-redirect" title="Howitzers">howitzers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim machine guns</a>, bolt-action magazine rifles, <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a> entanglements, <a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">electric fences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Searchlights" class="mw-redirect" title="Searchlights">searchlights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">tactical radio signalling</a> (and, in response, the first military use of <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">radio jamming</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">hand grenades</a>, extensive <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>, and the use of modified <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a> as land weapons. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian forces</a> manning the defenses of Port Arthur under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Stoessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoly Stoessel">Anatoly Stoessel</a> consisted of almost 50,000 men including the crews of the Russian warships in port (the total population of Port Arthur at the time was around 87,000) and 506 guns. He also had the option of removing the guns from the fleet to bolster the land defenses. </p><p>Russian improvements to the defences of Port Arthur included a multi-perimeter layout with overlapping fields of fire and making the best possible use of the natural terrain. However, many of the <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a> and fortifications were still unfinished, as considerable resources were either in very short supply or had been diverted to improving the fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalny</a>, further north on the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>. </p><p>The outer defense perimeter of Port Arthur consisted of a line of hills, including Hsiaokushan and Takushan near the Ta-ho River in the east, and Namakoyama, Akasakayama, 174-Meter Hill, <a href="/wiki/203_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="203 Hill">203-Meter Hill</a> and False Hill in the west. All of these hills were heavily fortified. Approximately 1.5 kilometers (0.93 miles) behind this defensive line was the original stone Chinese wall, which encircled the Old Town of Lushun from the south to the Lun-ho River at the northwest. The Russians had continued the line of the Chinese wall to the west and south, enclosing the approaches to the harbor and the New Town of Port Arthur with concrete forts, machine gun emplacements, and connecting trenches. </p><p>General Stoessel withdrew to Port Arthur on July 30, 1904. Facing the Russians was the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Third_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Third Army">Japanese Third Army</a>, about 150,000 strong, backed by 474 artillery guns, under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> <a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">Nogi Maresuke</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battles">Battles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Encirclement_of_Port_Arthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_of_the_Encirclement_of_Port_Arthur.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Encirclement_of_Port_Arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_of_the_Encirclement_of_Port_Arthur.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Encirclement_of_Port_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_of_the_Encirclement_of_Port_Arthur.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Encirclement_of_Port_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>Advances of the Japanese 3rd Army<br />Blue line: July 30, Red: August 15, Yellow: August 20, Green: January 2</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Orphan_Hills">Battle of the Orphan Hills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of the Orphan Hills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shelling of Port Arthur began on August 7, 1904, by a pair of land-based 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns, and was carried on intermittently until August 19, 1904. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Japanese fleet</a> also participated in shore bombardment, while in the northeast the army prepared to attack the two semi-isolated hills protruding from the outer defense perimeter: 600-foot (180 m) high Takushan (Big Orphan Hill) and the smaller Hsuaokushan (Little Orphan Hill). These hills were not heavily fortified, but had steep slopes and were fronted by the Ta River, which had been dammed by the Russians to provide a stronger obstacle. The hills commanded a view over almost a kilometer of flat ground to the Japanese lines, and it was thus essential for the Japanese to take these hills to complete their encirclement of Port Arthur. </p><p>After pounding the two hills from 04:30 until 19:30, General Nogi launched a frontal <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> assault, which was hampered by heavy rain, poor visibility and dense clouds of smoke. The Japanese were able to advance only as far as the forward slopes of both hills, and many soldiers drowned in the Ta River. Even night attacks suffered unexpectedly high casualties, as the Russians used powerful <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlights</a> to expose the attackers to <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and machine-gun cross-fire. </p><p>Undeterred, Nogi resumed artillery bombardment the following day, August 8, 1904, but his assault stalled again, this time due to heavy fire from the Russian fleet led by the cruiser <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Novik_(1900)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian cruiser Novik (1900)"><i>Novik</i></a>. Nogi ordered his men to press on regardless of casualties. Despite some confusion in orders behind the Russian lines, which led to some units abandoning their posts, numerous Russian troops held on tenaciously. The Japanese finally managed to overrun the Russian positions mostly through sheer superiority in numbers. Takushan was captured at 20:00, and the following morning, August 9, 1904, Hsiaokushan also fell to the Japanese. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GUERRA_RUSSO-JAPONEZA._Episodios_da_defeza_de_Porto_Arthur._Uma_bateria_russa_em_combate,_no_momento_de_rebentar_uma_granada_atirada_pela_esquadra_sob_o_commando_do_almirante_Togo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/GUERRA_RUSSO-JAPONEZA._Episodios_da_defeza_de_Porto_Arthur._Uma_bateria_russa_em_combate%2C_no_momento_de_rebentar_uma_granada_atirada_pela_esquadra_sob_o_commando_do_almirante_Togo.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/GUERRA_RUSSO-JAPONEZA._Episodios_da_defeza_de_Porto_Arthur._Uma_bateria_russa_em_combate%2C_no_momento_de_rebentar_uma_granada_atirada_pela_esquadra_sob_o_commando_do_almirante_Togo.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/GUERRA_RUSSO-JAPONEZA._Episodios_da_defeza_de_Porto_Arthur._Uma_bateria_russa_em_combate%2C_no_momento_de_rebentar_uma_granada_atirada_pela_esquadra_sob_o_commando_do_almirante_Togo.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3298" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>The siege of Port Arthur – Russian batteries against <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Togo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angelo_Agostini" title="Angelo Agostini">Angelo Agostini</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/O_Malho" title="O Malho">O Malho</a></i>, 1904)</figcaption></figure> <p>Gaining these two hills cost the Japanese 1,280 killed and wounded. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese Army</a> complained bitterly to the Navy about the ease with which the Russians were able to obtain naval fire support; in response the Japanese Navy brought in a battery of 12-pounder guns, with a range sufficient to ensure that there would be no recurrence of a Russian naval sortie. </p><p>The loss of the two hills, when reported to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">the Tsar</a>, caused him to consider the safety of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Pacific_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Pacific Fleet">Russian Pacific Fleet</a> trapped at Port Arthur, and he sent immediate orders to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilgelm_Vitgeft" title="Wilgelm Vitgeft">Wilgelm Vitgeft</a>, in command of the fleet after the death of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Stepan Makarov</a>, to join the squadron at <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>. Vitgeft put to sea at 08:30 on August 10, 1904, and engaged the waiting Japanese under Admiral <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Tōgō Heihachirō</a> in what was to become known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Yellow Sea (1904)">Battle of the Yellow Sea</a>. </p><p>On August 11, 1904, the Japanese sent an offer of temporary cease-fire to Port Arthur, so the Russians could allow all non-combatants to leave under guarantee of safety. The offer was rejected, but the foreign military observers all decided to leave for safety on August 14, 1904. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_174_Meter_Hill">Battle of 174 Meter Hill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of 174 Meter Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At noon on August 13, 1904, General Nogi launched a <a href="/wiki/Photo_reconnaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo reconnaissance">photo reconnaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">balloon</a> from the Wolf Hills, which the Russians unsuccessfully attempted to shoot down. Nogi was reportedly very surprised at the lack of coordination of the Russian artillery efforts, and he decided to proceed with a direct frontal assault down the Wantai Ravine, which, if successful, would carry Japanese forces directly into the heart of the city. Given his previous high casualty rate and his lack of heavy artillery, the decision created controversy in his staff; however, Nogi was under orders to take Port Arthur as quickly as possible. </p><p>After sending an immediately refused message to the garrison of Port Arthur demanding surrender, the Japanese began their assault at dawn on August 19, 1904. The main thrust was directed at 174 Meter Hill, with flanking and diversionary attacks along the line from Fort Sung-shu to the Chi-Kuan Battery. The Russian defensive positions on 174 Meter Hill itself were held by the 5th and 13th East Siberian Regiments, reinforced by sailors, under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tretyakov" title="Nikolai Tretyakov">Nikolai Tretyakov</a>, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanshan" title="Battle of Nanshan">Battle of Nanshan</a>. </p><p>Just as he had done at the Battle of Nanshan, Tretyakov, despite having his first line of trenches overrun, tenaciously refused to retreat and held control of 174 Meter Hill despite severe and mounting casualties. On the following day, August 20, 1904, Tretyakov asked for reinforcements but, just as at Nanshan, none were forthcoming. With more than half of his men killed or wounded and with his command disintegrating as small groups of men fell back in confusion, Tretyakov had no choice but to withdraw, and 174 Meter Hill was overrun by the Japanese; it had cost the Japanese some 1,800 killed and wounded, and the Russians over 1,000. </p><p>The assaults on the other sections of the Russian line had also cost the Japanese heavily, but with no results and no ground gained. When Nogi finally called off his attempt to penetrate the Wantai Ravine on August 24, 1904, he had only 174 Meter Hill and the West and East Pan-lung to show for his loss of more than 16,000 men. With all other positions remaining firmly under Russian control, Nogi at last decided to abandon frontal assaults in favor of a protracted <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>. </p><p>On August 25, 1904, the day after Nogi's last assault had failed, Marshal <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cyama_Iwao" title="Ōyama Iwao">Ōyama Iwao</a> engaged the Russians under General <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Kuropatkin" title="Aleksey Kuropatkin">Aleksey Kuropatkin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoyang" title="Battle of Liaoyang">Battle of Liaoyang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege">Siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_28_cm_Howitzer_during_the_Siege_of_Port_Arthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Japanese_28_cm_Howitzer_during_the_Siege_of_Port_Arthur.jpg/220px-Japanese_28_cm_Howitzer_during_the_Siege_of_Port_Arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Japanese_28_cm_Howitzer_during_the_Siege_of_Port_Arthur.jpg/330px-Japanese_28_cm_Howitzer_during_the_Siege_of_Port_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Japanese_28_cm_Howitzer_during_the_Siege_of_Port_Arthur.jpg/440px-Japanese_28_cm_Howitzer_during_the_Siege_of_Port_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Japanese 11-inch howitzers during the siege of Port Arthur</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Port_Arthur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_Port_Arthur.png/220px-Map_of_Port_Arthur.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_Port_Arthur.png/330px-Map_of_Port_Arthur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_Port_Arthur.png/440px-Map_of_Port_Arthur.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1165" /></a><figcaption>Map of Port Arthur</figcaption></figure> <p>Having failed to penetrate the Port Arthur fortifications by direct assault, Nogi now ordered <a href="/wiki/Sappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sappers">sappers</a> to construct trenches and tunnels under the Russian forts in order to explode <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">mines</a> to bring down the walls. By now, Nogi had also been reinforced by additional artillery and 16,000 more troops from Japan, which partially compensated for the casualties sustained in his first assaults. However, the major new development was the arrival of the first battery of huge 11-inch (280 mm) <a href="/wiki/28_cm_Howitzer_L/10" class="mw-redirect" title="28 cm Howitzer L/10">siege howitzers</a>, replacing those lost when the transport <i><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Maru" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi Maru">Hitachi Maru</a></i>, loaded with a battalion of the First Reserve Regiment of the Guards, was sunk by Russian cruisers on June 15, 1904. The massive 11-inch howitzers could throw a 227-kilogram (500.4-pound) shell over 9 kilometers (5.6 miles), and Nogi at last had the firepower necessary to make a serious attempt against the Russian fortifications. The huge shells were nicknamed "roaring trains" by the Russian troops (for the sound they made just before impact), and during the guns' period at Port Arthur over 35,000 of these shells were fired. The <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">Armstrong</a> howitzers had originally been installed in shore batteries in forts overlooking <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Bay" title="Osaka Bay">Osaka Bay</a>, and had been intended for anti-ship operations. </p><p>While the Japanese set to work in the sapping campaign, General Stoessel continued to spend most of his time writing complaining letters to the Tsar about lack of cooperation from his fellow officers in the navy. The garrison in Port Arthur was starting to experience serious outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> due to the lack of fresh food. </p><p>Nogi now shifted his attention to the Temple Redoubt and the Waterworks Redoubt (also known as the Erhlung Redoubt) to the east, and to 203 Meter Hill and Namakoyama to the west. Strangely, at this time neither Nogi nor Stoessel seem to have realized the strategic importance of 203 Meter Hill: its unobstructed views of the harbor would have enabled the Japanese to control the harbor and to fire on the Russian fleet sheltering there. This fact was only brought to Nogi's attention when he was visited by General <a href="/wiki/Kodama_Gentar%C5%8D" title="Kodama Gentarō">Kodama Gentarō</a>, who immediately saw that the hill was the key to the whole Russian defense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2014)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Siege_of_Port_Arthur#Dubious" title="Talk:Siege of Port Arthur">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By mid-September the Japanese had dug over eight kilometers (5 miles) of trenches and were within 70 meters (230 feet) of the Waterworks Redoubt, which they attacked and captured on September 19, 1904. Thereafter they successfully took the Temple Redoubt, while another attacking force was sent against both Namakoyama and 203 Meter Hill. The former was taken that same day, but on 203 Meter Hill the Russian defenders cut down the dense columns of attacking troops with machine-gun and cannon fire. The attack failed, and the Japanese were forced back, leaving the ground covered with their dead and wounded. The battle at 203 Meter Hill continued for several more days, with the Japanese gaining a foothold each day, only to be forced back each time by Russian counter-attacks. By the time General Nogi abandoned the attempt, he had lost over 3,500 men. The Russians used the respite to begin further strengthening the defenses on 203 Meter Hill, while Nogi began a prolonged artillery bombardment of the town and those parts of the harbor within range of his guns. </p><p>Nogi attempted yet another mass "human wave" assault on 203 Meter Hill on October 29, 1904 intending the hill to be a present for the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji Emperor's</a> birthday. However, aside from seizing some minor fortifications, the attack failed after six days of hand-to-hand combat, leaving Nogi with the deaths of an additional 124 officers and 3,611 men and no victory. </p><p>The onset of winter did little to slow the intensity of the battle. Nogi received additional reinforcements from Japan, including 18 more Armstrong 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers, which were manhandled from the railway by teams of 800 soldiers along an eight-mile (13 km)-long narrow gauge track that had been laid expressly for that purpose. These howitzers were added to the 450 other guns already in place. One innovation of the campaign was the centralization of the Japanese fire control, with the artillery batteries connected to the field headquarters by miles of telephone lines. </p><p>Now well aware that the Russian Baltic Fleet was on its way, the Japanese Imperial Headquarters fully understood the necessity of destroying what Russian ships were still serviceable at Port Arthur. It thus became essential that 203 Meter Hill be captured without further delay, and political pressure began to mount for Nogi's replacement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_203_Meter_Hill">Battle of 203 Meter Hill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of 203 Meter Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:203_Meter_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/203_Meter_Hill.jpg/220px-203_Meter_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/203_Meter_Hill.jpg/330px-203_Meter_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/203_Meter_Hill.jpg/440px-203_Meter_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>203 Meter Hill, December 14, 1904</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortArthur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PortArthur.JPG/220px-PortArthur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PortArthur.JPG/330px-PortArthur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PortArthur.JPG/440px-PortArthur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Port Arthur viewed from the summit of the 203 Meter Hill, November 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>The highest elevation within Port Arthur, designated "203 Meter Hill", overlooked the harbor. The name "203-Meter Hill" is a misnomer, as the hill consists of two peaks (203 meters and 210 meters high, and 140 meters apart) connected by a sharp ridge. It was initially unfortified; however, after the start of the war the Russians realized its critical importance and built a strong defensive position.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowner_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as the natural strength of its elevated position with steep sides, it was protected by a massive redoubt and two earth-covered keeps reinforced by steel rails and timber, and completely surrounded by electrified barbed wire entanglements. It was also connected to the neighboring strongholds on False Hill and Akasakayama by trenches. On top of the lower peak was the fortified Russian command post in reinforced concrete. The Russian defenders entrenched on the 203-meter summit were commanded by Colonel Tretyakov, and were organized into five companies of infantry with machine gun detachments, a company of engineers, a few sailors and a battery of artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Jukes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jukes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 18, Japanese General Kodama visited General Nogi for the first time, and drew his attention to the strategic importance of 203 Meter Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-Connaughton_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connaughton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogi directed the first infantry assault against the hill on September 20,<sup id="cite_ref-Kowner_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but found its fortifications impenetrable to Japanese artillery and was forced to retreat by September 22 with over 2500 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Connaughton_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connaughton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then resumed his attempts to break through the fortifications at Port Arthur in other locations, cumulating in a six-day general assault at the end of October, which cost the Japanese a further 124 officers and 3611 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Connaughton_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connaughton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of this defeat inflamed Japanese popular opinion against Nogi. General Yamagata Aritomo urged his <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>, but Nogi was saved from this only through the unprecedented personal intervention of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>. However, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Oyama_Iwao" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyama Iwao">Oyama Iwao</a> found the continuing unavailability of the 3rd Army's manpower to be intolerable, and sent General <a href="/wiki/Kodama_Gentar%C5%8D" title="Kodama Gentarō">Kodama Gentarō</a> to compel Nogi to take drastic action, or else relieve him of command. Kodama returned to visit Nogi again in mid-November, but decided to give him one last chance.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After arduous sapping work and an artillery assault with the new Armstrong 11-inch siege guns, mines were exploded underneath some of the Russian fortifications on the main defense perimeter from November 17–24, with a general assault planned for the night of November 26. Coincidentally, this was the same day that the Russian Baltic Fleet was entering the Indian Ocean. The assault contained a <a href="/wiki/Forlorn_hope" title="Forlorn hope">forlorn hope</a> attack by 2600 men (including 1200 from the newly arrived <a href="/wiki/IJA_7th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 7th Division">IJA 7th Division</a>) led by General <a href="/wiki/Nakamura_Satoru_(general)" title="Nakamura Satoru (general)">Nakamura Satoru</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Warner_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the attack failed, with direct frontal assaults on both Fort Erhlung and Fort Sungshu once again beaten back by the Russian defenders. Japanese casualties were officially 4,000 men, but unofficially perhaps twice as high.<sup id="cite_ref-Connaughton_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connaughton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian General <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kondratenko" title="Roman Kondratenko">Roman Kondratenko</a> took the precaution of stationing snipers to <a href="/wiki/Barrier_troops" title="Barrier troops">shoot any of his front line troops attempting to abandon their positions</a>. At 08:30 on November 28, with massive artillery support, Japanese troops again attempted an assault up the sides of both Akasakayama and 203 Meter Hill. Over a thousand 500 lb (230 kg) shells from the 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers were fired in a single day to support this attack. The Japanese reached as far as the Russian line of barbed wire entanglements by daybreak and held their ground throughout the following day, November 29, while their artillery kept the defenders busy by a continuous bombardment. Nonetheless, the Japanese forces suffered serious losses, as the Russian defenders were well positioned to use <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">hand grenades</a> and machine guns against the tightly packed mass of Japanese soldiers. On November 30, a small party of Japanese succeeded in planting the Japanese flag at the summit of the hill, but by the morning of December 1, the Russians had successfully counterattacked. Still retaining the authority to replace Nogi if necessary, Kodama assumed temporary command of the Japanese front-line forces, but officially maintained the despondent Nogi in nominal command.<sup id="cite_ref-Connaughton_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connaughton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle continued throughout the following days with very heavy hand-to-hand combat with control of the summit changing hands several times. Finally, at 10:30 on December 5, following another massive artillery bombardment during which Russian Colonel Tretyakov was severely wounded, the Japanese managed to overrun 203 Meter Hill, finding only a handful of defenders still alive on the summit. The Russians launched two counter-attacks to retake the hill, both of which failed, and by 17:00, 203 Meter Hill was securely under Japanese control. </p><p>For Japan, the cost of capturing this landmark was great, with over 8,000 dead and wounded in the final assault alone, including most of the IJA 7th Division.<sup id="cite_ref-Jukes_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jukes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Nogi, the cost of capturing 203 Meter Hill was made even more poignant when he received word that his last surviving son had been killed in action during the final assault on the hill. The Russians, who had no more than 1,500 men on the hill at any one time, lost over 6,000 killed and wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Connaughton_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connaughton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_the_Russian_Pacific_fleet">Destruction of the Russian Pacific fleet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Destruction of the Russian Pacific fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg/220px-Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg/330px-Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg/440px-Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="2792" /></a><figcaption>Japanese 11-inch howitzer firing; shell visible in flight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Port_Arthur_and_Imperial_Russian_Leaders.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/View_of_Port_Arthur_and_Imperial_Russian_Leaders.png/220px-View_of_Port_Arthur_and_Imperial_Russian_Leaders.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/View_of_Port_Arthur_and_Imperial_Russian_Leaders.png/330px-View_of_Port_Arthur_and_Imperial_Russian_Leaders.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/View_of_Port_Arthur_and_Imperial_Russian_Leaders.png/440px-View_of_Port_Arthur_and_Imperial_Russian_Leaders.png 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshun_Port" title="Lüshun Port">Port Arthur</a> with Imperial Russian leaders. From left, Ambassador to China, <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Лессар, Павел Михайлович">Pavel Lessar</a>; Ambassador to Japan, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosen" title="Roman Rosen">Roman Rosen</a>; Minister of Navy, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Avellan" title="Theodor Avellan">Theodor Avellan</a>; Minister of Army, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Sakharov" title="Vladimir Sakharov">Vladimir Sakharov</a>: Interior Minister, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve" title="Vyacheslav von Plehve">Vyacheslav von Plehve</a>; Foreign Minister, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lambsdorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Lambsdorff">Vladimir Lambsdorff</a>; Prince <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Khilkov" title="Dmitry Khilkov">Dmitry Khilkov</a>; Finance Minister, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a>; Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Ivanovich_Alekseyev" title="Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev">Yevgeni Alekseyev</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With a <a href="/wiki/Artillery_observer" title="Artillery observer">spotter</a> on a phone line at the vantage point on 203 Meter Hill overlooking Port Arthur harbor, Nogi could now bombard the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Pacific_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Pacific Fleet">Russian fleet</a> with heavy 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers with 500-pound (~220 kg) armor-piercing shells. He started systematically sinking the Russian ships within range. </p><p>On December 5, 1904, the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Poltava_(1894)" title="Russian battleship Poltava (1894)"><i>Poltava</i></a> was sunk, followed by the battleship <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Retvizan" title="Russian battleship Retvizan"><i>Retvizan</i></a> on December 7, 1904, and the battleships <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Pobeda" title="Russian battleship Pobeda"><i>Pobeda</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Peresvet" title="Russian battleship Peresvet"><i>Peresvet</i></a> and the cruisers <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Pallada_(1899)" title="Russian cruiser Pallada (1899)"><i>Pallada</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Bayan_(1900)" title="Russian cruiser Bayan (1900)"><i>Bayan</i></a> on December 9, 1904. The battleship <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Sevastopol_(1895)" title="Russian battleship Sevastopol (1895)"><i>Sevastopol</i></a>, although hit 5 times by the howitzer shells, managed to move out of range of the guns. Stung by the Russian Pacific Fleet having been sunk by the army and not by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and with a direct order from Tokyo that the <i>Sevastopol</i> was not to be allowed to escape, Admiral Togo sent in wave after wave of <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> in six separate attacks on the sole remaining Russian battleship. After 3 weeks, the <i>Sevastopol</i> was still afloat, having survived 124 <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> fired at her while sinking two Japanese destroyers and damaging six other vessels. The Japanese had meanwhile lost the cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Takasago" title="Japanese cruiser Takasago"><i>Takasago</i></a> to a mine outside the harbor. </p><p>On the night of January 2, 1905, after Port Arthur surrendered, Captain <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Essen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Essen">Nikolai Essen</a> of the <i>Sevastopol</i> had the crippled battleship scuttled in 30 <a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">fathoms</a> (55 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>) of water by opening the sea cocks on one side, so that the ship would sink on its side and could not be raised and salvaged by the Japanese. The other six ships were eventually raised and <a href="/wiki/List_of_warships_sunk_during_the_Russo-Japanese_War#Russian_ships_captured,_repaired_and_recommissioned_by_Japan" title="List of warships sunk during the Russo-Japanese War">recommissioned</a> into the Imperial Japanese Navy. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pallada under fire as the Oil Depot burns"><img alt="Pallada under fire as the Oil Depot burns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg/120px-Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg/180px-Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg/240px-Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Pallada_(1899)" title="Russian cruiser Pallada (1899)"><i>Pallada</i></a> under fire as the Oil Depot burns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pallada and Pobeda"><img alt="Pallada and Pobeda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg/120px-Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg/180px-Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg/240px-Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pallada</i> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Pobeda" title="Russian battleship Pobeda"><i>Pobeda</i></a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrecked ships of the Russian Pacific Fleet, which were later salvaged by the Japanese navy"><img alt="Wrecked ships of the Russian Pacific Fleet, which were later salvaged by the Japanese navy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg/120px-Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg/180px-Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg/240px-Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wrecked ships of the Russian Pacific Fleet, which were later salvaged by the Japanese navy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrender">Surrender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surrender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times/Nogi_and_Stoessel_meet" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The New York Times/Nogi and Stoessel meet">Nogi and Stoessel meet</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nogi_and_Stessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nogi_and_Stessel.jpg/220px-Nogi_and_Stessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nogi_and_Stessel.jpg/330px-Nogi_and_Stessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nogi_and_Stessel.jpg/440px-Nogi_and_Stessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Nogi (Center left), Stoessel (Center right) and their staffs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the loss of the Pacific Fleet, the rationale for holding onto Port Arthur was questioned by Stoessel and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fok" title="Alexander Fok">Alexander Fok</a> in a council on December 8, 1904, but the idea of surrender was rejected by the other senior officers. Japanese trench and <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">tunnel warfare</a> continued. With the death of General Kondratenko on December 15, 1904, at Fort <a href="/wiki/Dongjiguan_Mountain" title="Dongjiguan Mountain">Tongchikuan</a>, Stoessel appointed the incompetent Fok in his place. On December 18, 1904, the Japanese exploded an 1,800-kilogram (3,968-pound) mine under Fort Chikuan, which fell that night. On December 28, 1904, Fort Erhlung was also undermined and destroyed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Rendi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Porto_Arthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/A_Rendi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Porto_Arthur.jpg/220px-A_Rendi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Porto_Arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/A_Rendi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Porto_Arthur.jpg/330px-A_Rendi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Porto_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/A_Rendi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Porto_Arthur.jpg/440px-A_Rendi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Porto_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>The Surrender of Port Arthur (<a href="/wiki/Angelo_Agostini" title="Angelo Agostini">Angelo Agostini</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/O_Malho" title="O Malho">O Malho</a></i>, 1905).</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 31, 1904, a series of mines were exploded under Fort Sungshu, the sole surviving major fortress, which surrendered that day. On January 1, 1905, Wantai finally fell to the Japanese. On the same day, Stoessel and Fok sent a message to a surprised General Nogi, offering to surrender. None of the other senior Russian staff had been consulted, and notably Smirnov and Tretyakov were outraged. The surrender was accepted and signed on January 5, 1905, in the northern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a>. </p><p>With this, the Russian garrison was taken into captivity. Civilians were allowed to leave, and the Russian officers were given the choice of either going into <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camps</a> with their men or being given <a href="/wiki/Parole#Prisoners_of_war" title="Parole">parole conditional</a> on taking no further part in the war. </p><p>The Japanese were astounded to find that a huge store of food and ammunition remained in Port Arthur, which implied that Stoessel had surrendered while still able to hold out for a long time. Stoessel, Fok and Smirnov were <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialed</a> on their return to <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a>. </p><p>Nogi, after leaving a garrison in Port Arthur, led the surviving bulk of his army of 120,000 men north to join Marshal Oyama at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" title="Battle of Mukden">Battle of Mukden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Losses">Losses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Losses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russian land forces in the course of the siege suffered 31,306 casualties,<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of whom at least 6,000 were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower figures such as 15,000 killed, wounded, and missing are sometimes claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-Defence1908_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defence1908-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the siege, the Japanese captured a further 878 army officers and 23,491 other ranks; 15,000 of those captured were wounded. The Japanese also captured 546 guns<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 82,000 artillery shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition the Russians lost their entire fleet based at Port Arthur, which was either sunk or interned. The Japanese captured 8,956 seamen.<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese army casualties were later officially listed as 57,780 casualties (killed, wounded and missing),<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of whom 14,000 were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition 33,769 became sick during the siege (including 21,023 with <a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese navy lost 16 ships in the course of the siege, including two battleships and four cruisers.<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were higher estimates of Japanese army casualties at the time such as 94,000<sup id="cite_ref-Ashmead-Bartlett_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashmead-Bartlett-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-110,000<sup id="cite_ref-Defence1908_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defence1908-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> killed, wounded, and missing, though these were written without access to the Japanese Medical History of the War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_stamp_Siege_of_Port_Arthur_2004_10r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russia_stamp_Siege_of_Port_Arthur_2004_10r.jpg/220px-Russia_stamp_Siege_of_Port_Arthur_2004_10r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russia_stamp_Siege_of_Port_Arthur_2004_10r.jpg/330px-Russia_stamp_Siege_of_Port_Arthur_2004_10r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russia_stamp_Siege_of_Port_Arthur_2004_10r.jpg/440px-Russia_stamp_Siege_of_Port_Arthur_2004_10r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>2004 Russian <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">stamp</a> "100th anniversary of the heroic defence of Port Arthur" showing the military decoration, the <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_Cross" title="Port Arthur Cross">Port Arthur Cross</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The capture of Port Arthur and the subsequent Japanese victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" title="Battle of Mukden">Battle of Mukden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Tsushima</a> gave Japan a dominant military position, resulting in favorable arbitration by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a>, which ended the war. The loss of the war in 1905 led to major political unrest in Imperial Russia (see: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>). </p><p>At the end of the war, Nogi made a report directly to Emperor Meiji during a <i><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></i>. When explaining battles of the siege of Port Arthur in detail, he broke down and wept, apologizing for the 56,000 lives lost in that campaign and asking to be allowed to kill himself in atonement. Emperor Meiji told him that suicide was unacceptable, as all responsibility for the war was due to imperial orders, and that Nogi must remain alive, at least as long as he himself lived.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogi and his wife Shizuko committed suicide by <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>'s funeral cortege left the imperial palace on 13 September 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:203high.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/203high.JPG/220px-203high.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/203high.JPG/330px-203high.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/203high.JPG/440px-203high.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption> Surviving monument on <a href="/wiki/Hill_203" title="Hill 203">Hill 203</a>, depicting a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Murata_rifle" title="Murata rifle">8x53mmR Murata</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridge</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Clodfelter648-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter648_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clodfelter, Micheal, <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts, a statistical reference, Volume II 1900–91</i>, pub McFarland, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-815-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-815-4">0-89950-815-4</a> p648.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kowner-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kowner_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowner_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kowner, <i> Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War</i>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jukes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jukes_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jukes_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jukes, <i> The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905</i>. p. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connaughton-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connaughton_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connaughton_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connaughton_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connaughton_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connaughton_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connaughton_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Connaughton, <i> Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear</i>. p. 230–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warner_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warner_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, <i> The Tide at Sunrise </i>, p. 428–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Defence1908-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Defence1908_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Defence1908_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzRomanovsky1908" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwarz, Alexis von; Romanovsky, Yuri (1908). <i>Оборона Порт-Артура</i> [<i>The Defence of Port Arthur</i>] (in Russian). Vol. I, II. Saint Petersburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Alexis+von&rft.au=Romanovsky%2C+Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Port+Arthur" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashmead-Bartlett-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashmead-Bartlett_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Port Arthur, the siege and capitulation, Volume 1</i>, Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett, 1906, p. 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keene, Donald. (2005). <i>Emperor of Japan, Meiji and his World, 1852–1912</i>, pp. 712–713. New York: Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12340-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12340-2">978-0-231-12340-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824083728/http://www.battlefieldanomalies.com/port_arthur/06_aftermath.htm">"Aftermath"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battlefieldanomalies.com/port_arthur/06_aftermath.htm">the original</a> on August 24, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aftermath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefieldanomalies.com%2Fport_arthur%2F06_aftermath.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Port+Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNørregaard1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wegner_N%C3%B8rregaard" title="Benjamin Wegner Nørregaard">Nørregaard, Benjamin Wegner</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatsiegeinves00norrgoog"><i>The Great Siege: The Investment and Fall of Port Arthur</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen Publishing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Siege%3A+The+Investment+and+Fall+of+Port+Arthur&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=N%C3%B8rregaard&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Wegner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatsiegeinves00norrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Port+Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnaughton2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Connaughton" title="Richard Connaughton">Connaughton, Richard</a> (2003). <i>Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear</i>. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36657-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36657-9"><bdi>0-304-36657-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+Sun+and+Tumbling+Bear&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-304-36657-9&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Port+Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowner2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rotem_Kowner" title="Rotem Kowner">Kowner, Rotem</a> (2006). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War</i>. Scarecrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5"><bdi>0-8108-4927-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8108-4927-5&rft.aulast=Kowner&rft.aufirst=Rotem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Port+Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jukes, Geoffrey. <i>The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905</i>. Osprey Essential Histories. (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-446-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-446-7">978-1-84176-446-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_à_Court_Repington1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%A0_Court_Repington" title="Charles à Court Repington">Charles à Court Repington</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warinfareast00repigoog"><i>The War in the Far East, 1904-1905</i></a>. J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+in+the+Far+East%2C+1904-1905&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Charles+%C3%A0+Court+Repington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarinfareast00repigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Port+Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sedgwick, F.R. (1909). <i>The Russo-Japanese War</i>. Macmillan.</li> <li>Warner, Peggy. <i>The Tide at Sunrise: a history of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905</i>. Routledge (1974) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714652563" title="Special:BookSources/0714652563">0714652563</a>.</li> <li>Birolli, Bruno, <i>Port-Arthur, 8 février 1904, 5 janvier 1905</i>, Economica (2015) – French</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakurai1907" class="citation book cs1">Sakurai, Tadayoshi (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanbulletsaso01bacogoog"><i>Human bullets, a soldier's story of Port Arthur</i></a>. Houghton, Mifflin and company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+bullets%2C+a+soldier%27s+story+of+Port+Arthur&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Sakurai&rft.aufirst=Tadayoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanbulletsaso01bacogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Port+Arthur" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Siege_of_Port_Arthur" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Siege of Port Arthur">Siege of Port Arthur</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russojapanesewar.com">The Russo-Japanese War Research Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lafayette.edu/collections/eastasia#rjw-stereo">Siege of Port Arthur Stereoviews</a> Lafayette College Library, from the collection of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Mammana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Mammana (page does not exist)">Richard Mammana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19050509-1.2.54.aspx">PRISONERS AND SPOILS OF PORT ARTHUR.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>, May 9, 1905, Page 7 </i></li> <li>Graham J. Morris (2005) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824082623/http://www.battlefieldanomalies.com/port_arthur/05_siege.htm">Port Arthur – The Siege</a></i> available at battlefieldanomalies.com</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Port_Arthur&params=38_48_45_N_121_14_30_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°48′45″N</span> <span 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