CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" data-document-language="true" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="3d8066e6-8b9d-44df-bdfe-fa197dd1cf73" tb-donotmove></script> <script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://static.techbriefs.com/templates/tb_cmo_2017/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#324a98"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://kit-pro.fontawesome.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagservices.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://olytics.omeda.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://px.ads.linkedin.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://snap.licdn.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://agent.extrawatch.com"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="/templates/tb_cmo_2017/css/template.min.css?t=1732180729" integrity="sha512-K26FuLEPyUwYkP20X00ZnEFnfPWvTnNFfxWErl7pCIi2bHy5WpiYx1lJjKVCmzyXV/zV1EqM+1WsGDxZiFfmMQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cloudinary-core/2.13.1/cloudinary-core-shrinkwrap.min.js" integrity="sha512-stp48jOOmT4TXnB4bMJ0rlcR7XagE92cqr7pEb+oFQox6qNSyKiN31GajDsg5VVn+HgM5mhOZinSRXowsRmgPg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/e04325f501.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/masonry/4.2.2/masonry.pkgd.min.js" integrity="sha512-JRlcvSZAXT8+5SQQAvklXGJuxXTouyq8oIMaYERZQasB8SBDHZaUbeASsJWpk0UUrf89DP3/aefPPrlMR1h1yQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/lazysizes.min.js" integrity="sha512-q583ppKrCRc7N5O0n2nzUiJ+suUv7Et1JGels4bXOaMFQcamPk9HjdUknZuuFjBNs7tsMuadge5k9RzdmO+1GQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/plugins/print/ls.print.min.js" integrity="sha512-tY3D/iSWSdQE2NSLW/mRWQd/bvHAGjyCLRwSd23sqNbbgVnUaah2t+ZpX7hdBOskZ7PqYvwe4E+qxNARGojJGQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-v2CJ7UaYy4JwqLDIrZUI/4hqeoQieOmAZNXBeQyjo21dadnwR+8ZaIJVT8EE2iyI61OV8e6M8PP2/4hpQINQ/g==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.2.3/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" integrity="sha512-i9cEfJwUwViEPFKdC1enz4ZRGBj8YQo6QByFTF92YXHi7waCqyexvRD75S5NVTsSiTv7rKWqG9Y5eFxmRsOn0A==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/limonte-sweetalert2/11.14.5/sweetalert2.all.min.js" integrity="sha512-m4zOGknNg3h+mK09EizkXi9Nf7B3zwsN9ow+YkYIPZoA6iX2vSzLezg4FnW0Q6Z1CPaJdwgUFQ3WSAUC4E/5Hg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" integrity="sha512-g2SduJKxa4Lbn3GW+Q7rNz+pKP9AWMR++Ta8fgwsZRCUsawjPvF/BxSMkGS61VsR9yinGoEgrHPGPn2mrj8+4w==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/js/bootstrap-select.min.js" integrity="sha512-yrOmjPdp8qH8hgLfWpSFhC/+R9Cj9USL8uJxYIveJZGAiedxyIxwNw4RsLDlcjNlIRR4kkHaDHSmNHAkxFTmgg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="pubdate" content="20190601"> <meta name="keywords" content="Connectivity,Data Acquisition,Imaging,Photonics/Optics,Photonics,Lasers & Laser Systems,Optical Components,Sensors/Data Acquisition,Sensors,Detectors,Transportation,Automotive,"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <meta name="author" content="SAE Media Group"> <meta value="twitter:site" content="@TechBriefsMag"> <meta property="og:description" content="Insight Photonic SolutionsLafayette, COwww.sweptlaser.comA driver’s ability to see and avoid other vehicles is essential to safe driving. The same is true for autonomous vehicles, which rely on sensors to allow them to navigate safely through traffic. A technology that allows ophthalmologists to study the retina of the eye is being considered for the latest generation of autonomous vehicles."> <meta property="og:image" content="http://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1560149703/sites/tb/features-16x9/34623/tb-0619-p50_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1560149703/sites/tb/features-16x9/34623/tb-0619-p50_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/34623-retinas-to-roadways-the-evolution-of-optical-coherence-technology"> <meta property="og:title" content="Retinas to Roadways: The Evolution of Optical Coherence Technology"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-06-14 18:10:59"> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-06-14 18:10:59"> <meta property="article:publisher" content="SAE Media Group"> <meta name="description" content="Insight Photonic SolutionsLafayette, COwww.sweptlaser.comA driver’s ability to see and avoid other vehicles is essential to safe driving. The same is true for autonomous vehicles, which rely on sensors to allow them to navigate safely through traffic. A technology that allows ophthalmologists to study the retina of the eye is being considered for the latest generation of autonomous vehicles."> <title>Retinas to Roadways: The Evolution of Optical Coherence Technology - Tech Briefs</title> <link href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/34623-retinas-to-roadways-the-evolution-of-optical-coherence-technology" rel="canonical"> <style> /*! inlined from /media/plg_content_ntb_tagsbot/css/template.min.css by ntb_minifier */ .ntb_tagsbot .taglist { font-style: italic; margin-top: 10px } .ntb_tagsbot .tagmenus { background: #FFE; border: 1px dashed #DDD; padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px } .ntb_tagsbot .clusterlist { font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 10px; } .ntb_cluster_div { display: none; } .tagmenus div:first-of-type { font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 10px; } /* end /media/plg_content_ntb_tagsbot/css/template.min.css */ </style> <link href="/plugins/content/jw_disqus/jw_disqus/tmpl/css/template.min.css?v=3.7.0" rel="stylesheet" /> <style>/** * Critical CSS created by criticalcss.com * file: /css/critical/article-default.css' * createdAt : 2024-11-21T09:22:13.000Z * resultStatus : GOOD * originalSize : 288914 * size : 0 * validationStatus : GOOD */ @charset "UTF-8";#startOfPage{visibility:hidden}@font-face{font-family:Lato;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lato/v24/S6uyw4BMUTPHjx4wWw.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Lato;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lato/v24/S6u9w4BMUTPHh6UVSwiPHA.ttf) format('truetype')}:root{--bs-blue:#0d6efd;--bs-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-purple:#6f42c1;--bs-pink:#d63384;--bs-red:#dc3545;--bs-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-green:#198754;--bs-teal:#20c997;--bs-cyan:#0dcaf0;--bs-black:#000;--bs-white:#fff;--bs-gray:#6c757d;--bs-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-gray-100:#f8f9fa;--bs-gray-200:#e9ecef;--bs-gray-300:#dee2e6;--bs-gray-400:#ced4da;--bs-gray-500:#adb5bd;--bs-gray-600:#6c757d;--bs-gray-700:#495057;--bs-gray-800:#343a40;--bs-gray-900:#212529;--bs-primary:#324a98;--bs-secondary:#6c757d;--bs-success:#198754;--bs-info:#0dcaf0;--bs-warning:#ffc107;--bs-danger:#e60000;--bs-light:#f8f9fa;--bs-dark:#212529;--bs-inverse:#000;--bs-navbar:#324a98;--bs-navitem:#fff;--bs-lightgray:#e9ecef;--bs-color-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-color-cyan:#0dcaf0;--bs-color-blue:#0d6efd;--bs-color-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-color-red:#dc3545;--bs-color-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-color-teal:#20c997;--bs-color-green:#198754;--bs-color-pink:#d63384;--bs-color-black:#000;--bs-color-white:#fff;--bs-color-gray:#6c757d;--bs-color-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-primary-rgb:50,74,152;--bs-secondary-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-success-rgb:25,135,84;--bs-info-rgb:13,202,240;--bs-warning-rgb:255,193,7;--bs-danger-rgb:230,0,0;--bs-light-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-dark-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-inverse-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-navbar-rgb:50,74,152;--bs-navitem-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-lightgray-rgb:233,236,239;--bs-color-indigo-rgb:102,16,242;--bs-color-cyan-rgb:13,202,240;--bs-color-blue-rgb:13,110,253;--bs-color-orange-rgb:253,126,20;--bs-color-red-rgb:220,53,69;--bs-color-yellow-rgb:255,193,7;--bs-color-teal-rgb:32,201,151;--bs-color-green-rgb:25,135,84;--bs-color-pink-rgb:214,51,132;--bs-color-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-color-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-color-gray-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-color-gray-dark-rgb:52,58,64;--bs-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-body-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-body-bg-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-font-sans-serif:"Lato",sans-serif;--bs-font-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;--bs-gradient:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));--bs-body-font-family:Lucida Bright,Lucidabright,Lucida Serif,Lucida,Palatino,Times New Roman,Times,serif;--bs-body-font-size:1rem;--bs-body-font-weight:400;--bs-body-line-height:1.5;--bs-body-color:#212529;--bs-body-bg:#ffffff;--bs-border-width:1px;--bs-border-style:solid;--bs-border-color:#ced4da;--bs-border-color-translucent:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-border-radius-sm:0.25rem;--bs-border-radius-lg:0.5rem;--bs-border-radius-xl:1rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl:2rem;--bs-border-radius-pill:50rem;--bs-link-color:#324a98;--bs-link-hover-color:rgb(40, 59.2, 121.6);--bs-code-color:#d63384;--bs-highlight-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4)}*,::after,::before{box-sizing:border-box}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{margin:0;font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align);background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;padding-top:150px}hr{margin:1rem 0;color:inherit;border:0;border-top:1px solid #6c757d;opacity:.25}h1,h4,h5,h6{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}h1{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h1{font-size:2rem}}h4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + .3vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h4{font-size:1.5rem}}h5{font-size:1.25rem}h6{font-size:1rem}p{margin-top:0}ol,ul{padding-left:2rem;margin-top:0}ol,p,ul{margin-bottom:1rem}a{color:var(--bs-link-color);text-decoration:none}a:not([href]):not([class]){color:inherit;text-decoration:none}img{vertical-align:middle;max-width:100%;height:auto}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0;text-transform:none;margin:0;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}input{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::file-selector-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}iframe{border:0}.container,.container-fluid{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media (min-width:576px){.container{max-width:540px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container{max-width:960px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1140px}}@media (min-width:1400px){.container{max-width:1320px}}.row{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-gutter-y));margin-right:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x));margin-left:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x))}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y)}.col{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.col-2,.col-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-3{width:25%}.col-8,.col-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-9{width:75%}.col-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.g-0{--bs-gutter-x:0;--bs-gutter-y:0}.g-1{--bs-gutter-x:0.25rem;--bs-gutter-y:0.25rem}@media (min-width:768px){.col-md-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-md-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-md-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-md-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}}@media (min-width:992px){.row-cols-lg-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-lg-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-lg-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ced4da;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border-radius:.375rem;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.075)}.form-control::-webkit-date-and-time-value{height:1.5em}.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:#6c757d;opacity:1}.form-floating{position:relative}.form-floating>.form-control{height:calc(3.5rem + 2px);line-height:1.25;padding:1rem .75rem}.form-floating>label{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;padding:1rem .75rem;overflow:hidden;text-align:start;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid transparent;transform-origin:0 0}.form-floating>.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:transparent}.form-floating>.form-control:-webkit-autofill{padding-top:1.625rem;padding-bottom:.625rem}.form-floating>.form-control:-webkit-autofill~label{opacity:.65;transform:scale(.85) translateY(-.5rem) translateX(.15rem)}.input-group{position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:stretch;width:100%}.input-group>.form-floating{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;width:1%;min-width:0}.input-group .btn{position:relative;z-index:2}.input-group:not(.has-validation)>.form-floating:not(:last-child)>.form-control{border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.input-group>:not(:first-child):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.valid-tooltip):not(.valid-feedback):not(.invalid-tooltip):not(.invalid-feedback){margin-left:-1px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.btn{color:var(--bs-btn-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);--bs-btn-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-btn-padding-y:0.375rem;--bs-btn-font-size:1rem;--bs-btn-font-weight:400;--bs-btn-line-height:1.5;--bs-btn-color:#212529;--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-width:1px;--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15),0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-btn-disabled-opacity:0.65;--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb), .5);display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);font-family:var(--bs-btn-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-btn-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-btn-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-btn-line-height);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-btn-border-radius);background-image:var(--bs-gradient);box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-box-shadow)}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-bg:#324a98;--bs-btn-border-color:#324a98;--bs-btn-hover-bg:rgb(42.5, 62.9, 129.2);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:rgb(40, 59.2, 121.6);--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:81,101,167;--bs-btn-active-bg:rgb(40, 59.2, 121.6);--bs-btn-active-border-color:rgb(37.5, 55.5, 114);--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#324a98;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#324a98}.btn-primary,.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color:#fff;--bs-btn-hover-color:#fff;--bs-btn-active-color:#fff;--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#fff}.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-hover-bg:rgb(91.8, 99.45, 106.25);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:rgb(86.4, 93.6, 100);--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:130,138,145;--bs-btn-active-bg:rgb(86.4, 93.6, 100);--bs-btn-active-border-color:rgb(81, 87.75, 93.75);--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#6c757d}.btn-link{--bs-btn-font-weight:400;--bs-btn-color:var(--bs-link-color);--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-hover-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-active-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-active-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:none;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:81,101,167;text-decoration:none;background-image:none}.btn-sm{--bs-btn-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-btn-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-btn-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-btn-border-radius:0.25rem}.fade:not(.show){opacity:0}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-link-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:#6c757d;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.nav-link{display:block;padding:var(--bs-nav-link-padding-y) var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color)}.nav-fill .nav-item{flex:1 1 auto;text-align:center}.nav-fill .nav-item .nav-link{width:100%}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%280, 0, 0, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width:0.25rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-navbar-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-padding-x);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.navbar>.container,.navbar>.container-fluid{display:flex;flex-wrap:inherit;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-brand{padding-top:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);padding-bottom:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);margin-right:var(--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-brand-font-size);color:var(--bs-navbar-brand-color);white-space:nowrap}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.navbar-collapse{flex-basis:100%;flex-grow:1;align-items:center}.navbar-toggler{padding:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-navbar-color);background-color:transparent;border:var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius)}@media (min-width:576px){.navbar-expand-sm{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-collapse{display:flex!important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-toggler{display:none}}body:before{display:none}.navbar-dark{--bs-navbar-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);--bs-navbar-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:transparent;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:none}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y:1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x:1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-border-width:1px;--bs-card-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-card-inner-border-radius:calc(0.375rem - 1px);--bs-card-cap-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x:1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);--bs-card-bg:#f8f9fa;--bs-card-img-overlay-padding:1rem;--bs-card-group-margin:0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-card-border-radius);box-shadow:var(--bs-card-box-shadow)}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.breadcrumb{display:flex;list-style:none;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x:0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom:0;--bs-breadcrumb-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg:transparent;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color:#6c757d;--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color:#6c757d;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "|")}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.alert{--bs-alert-bg:transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x:1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y:1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-alert-color:inherit;--bs-alert-border-color:transparent;--bs-alert-border:1px solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius:0.375rem;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary,.alert-secondary{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(30, 44.4, 91.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214, 218.8, 234.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(193.5, 200.7, 224.1)}.alert-primary .alert-link{color:#182449}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-secondary .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-native,.alert-success,.alert-validation{--bs-alert-color:rgb(15, 81, 50.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(209, 231, 220.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(186, 219, 203.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-native .alert-link,.alert-success .alert-link,.alert-validation .alert-link{color:#0c4128}.alert-info,.alert-warning{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color:rgb(5.2, 80.8, 96);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 244.4, 252);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 239.1, 250.5)}.alert-info .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-warning .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-danger,.alert-error{--bs-alert-color:#8a0000;--bs-alert-bg:#facccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(247.5, 178.5, 178.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-danger .alert-link,.alert-error .alert-link{color:#6e0000}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color:rgb(99.2, 99.6, 100);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(253.6, 253.8, 254);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(252.9, 253.2, 253.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-light .alert-link{color:#4f5050}.alert-cleanup,.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.8, 22.2, 24.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.6, 211.4, 212.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.4, 189.6, 190.8);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cleanup .alert-link,.alert-dark .alert-link{color:#101214}.alert-inverse{--bs-alert-color:black;--bs-alert-bg:#cccccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 178.5, 178.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-inverse .alert-link{color:#000}.alert-navbar{--bs-alert-color:rgb(30, 44.4, 91.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214, 218.8, 234.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(193.5, 200.7, 224.1)}.alert-navbar .alert-link{color:#182449}.alert-lightgray,.alert-navbar,.alert-navitem{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-navitem{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white}.alert-navitem .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-lightgray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(93.2, 94.4, 95.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(250.6, 251.2, 251.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(248.4, 249.3, 250.2)}.alert-lightgray .alert-link{color:#4b4c4c}.alert-advertising,.alert-color-indigo{--bs-alert-color:rgb(61.2, 9.6, 145.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(224.4, 207.2, 252.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(209.1, 183.3, 251.1);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-advertising .alert-link,.alert-color-indigo .alert-link{color:#310874}.alert-color-cyan,.alert-notice{--bs-alert-color:rgb(5.2, 80.8, 96);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 244.4, 252);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 239.1, 250.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-cyan .alert-link,.alert-notice .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-color-blue,.alert-criticalcss{--bs-alert-color:rgb(7.8, 66, 151.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 226, 254.6);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 211.5, 254.4);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-blue .alert-link,.alert-criticalcss .alert-link{color:#063579}.alert-cache,.alert-color-orange{--bs-alert-color:rgb(151.8, 75.6, 12);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(254.6, 229.2, 208);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(254.4, 216.3, 184.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cache .alert-link,.alert-color-orange .alert-link{color:#793c0a}.alert-color-red{--bs-alert-color:rgb(132, 31.8, 41.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(248, 214.6, 217.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(244.5, 194.4, 199.2);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-red .alert-link{color:#6a1921}.alert-cdnjs,.alert-color-yellow{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cdnjs .alert-link,.alert-color-yellow .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-color-teal,.alert-topic{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.2, 120.6, 90.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.4, 244.2, 234.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.1, 238.8, 223.8);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-teal .alert-link,.alert-topic .alert-link{color:#0f6048}.alert-color-green{--bs-alert-color:rgb(15, 81, 50.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(209, 231, 220.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(186, 219, 203.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-green .alert-link{color:#0c4128}.alert-cloudinary,.alert-color-pink{--bs-alert-color:rgb(128.4, 30.6, 79.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(246.8, 214.2, 230.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(242.7, 193.8, 218.1);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cloudinary .alert-link,.alert-color-pink .alert-link{color:#67183f}.alert-color-black{--bs-alert-color:black;--bs-alert-bg:#cccccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 178.5, 178.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-black .alert-link{color:#000}.alert-color-white{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white;background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-white .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-color-gray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-gray .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-color-gray-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(31.2, 34.8, 38.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214.4, 215.6, 216.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(194.1, 195.9, 197.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-gray-dark .alert-link{color:#191c1f}.list-group{--bs-list-group-color:#212529;--bs-list-group-bg:#ffffff;--bs-list-group-border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-list-group-border-width:1px;--bs-list-group-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-x:1rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-list-group-action-color:#495057;--bs-list-group-action-hover-color:#495057;--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg:#f8f9fa;--bs-list-group-action-active-color:#212529;--bs-list-group-action-active-bg:#e9ecef;--bs-list-group-disabled-color:#6c757d;--bs-list-group-disabled-bg:#ffffff;--bs-list-group-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-list-group-active-bg:#324a98;--bs-list-group-active-border-color:#324a98;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;border-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}.list-group-item{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-y) var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-list-group-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-bg);border:var(--bs-list-group-border-width) solid var(--bs-list-group-border-color)}.list-group-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:inherit;border-top-right-radius:inherit}.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:inherit;border-bottom-left-radius:inherit}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.btn-close{box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;color:#000;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;border-radius:.375rem;opacity:.5}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex:1055;--bs-modal-width:500px;--bs-modal-padding:1rem;--bs-modal-margin:0.5rem;--bs-modal-bg:#ffffff;--bs-modal-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-border-radius:0.5rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius:calc(0.5rem - 1px);--bs-modal-header-padding-x:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding:1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-title-line-height:1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap:0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width:1px;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin)}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transform:translate(0,-50px)}.modal-content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;color:var(--bs-modal-color);background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-modal-border-radius);box-shadow:var(--bs-modal-box-shadow);outline:0}.modal-header{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color);border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius)}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}@media (min-width:576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin:1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width:300px}}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-bg:#ffffff;--bs-offcanvas-border-width:1px;--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow)}.offcanvas.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(-100%)}.offcanvas-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)}.offcanvas-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)*.5);margin-top:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y));margin-right:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y))}.offcanvas-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:1.5}.offcanvas-body{flex-grow:1;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x);overflow-y:auto}.fixed-top{position:fixed;right:0;left:0;z-index:1030;top:0}.float-end{float:right!important}.d-inline-block{display:inline-block!important}.d-block{display:block!important}.d-none{display:none!important}.position-relative{position:relative!important}.border-0{border:0!important}.border-end-0{border-right:0!important}.border-bottom-0{border-bottom:0!important}.border-start-0{border-left:0!important}.border-primary{--bs-border-opacity:1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-border-opacity))!important}.w-50{width:50%!important}.w-75{width:75%!important}.w-100{width:100%!important}.h-100{height:100%!important}.flex-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}.align-content-center{align-content:center!important}.m-0{margin:0!important}.mx-2{margin-right:.5rem!important;margin-left:.5rem!important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}.my-1,.navbar-side-item p{margin-top:.25rem!important;margin-bottom:.25rem!important}.my-2{margin-top:.5rem!important;margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.my-3{margin-top:1rem!important;margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mt-1{margin-top:.25rem!important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem!important}.mt-5{margin-top:3rem!important}.me-1{margin-right:.25rem!important}.me-2{margin-right:.5rem!important}.me-3{margin-right:1rem!important}.me-4{margin-right:1.5rem!important}.me-auto{margin-right:auto!important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0!important}.mb-2{margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.mb-3{margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem!important}.ms-0{margin-left:0!important}.ms-1{margin-left:.25rem!important}.ms-2{margin-left:.5rem!important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem!important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto!important}.p-0{padding:0!important}.p-1{padding:.25rem!important}.px-0{padding-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important}.py-0{padding-top:0!important;padding-bottom:0!important}.pt-0{padding-top:0!important}.pe-5{padding-right:3rem!important}.pb-0{padding-bottom:0!important}.pb-1{padding-bottom:.25rem!important}.navbar-side-item p{padding-left:0!important}.ps-3{padding-left:1rem!important}.ps-5{padding-left:3rem!important}.fw-lighter{font-weight:lighter!important}.text-center{text-align:center!important}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase!important}.text-primary{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-dark{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important;color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-black{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-color-gray-dark-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important;color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-muted{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:#6c757d!important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:inherit!important}.bg-inverse,.bg-navbar{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-inverse-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important}.bg-navbar{background-color:rgba(var(--bs-navbar-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important}.rounded-0{border-radius:0!important}@media (min-width:576px){.d-sm-none{display:none!important}.ps-sm-0{padding-left:0!important}.form-inline .form-control{max-width:100%}}@media (min-width:768px){.d-md-block{display:block!important}.d-md-flex{display:flex!important}.d-md-none{display:none!important}}@media (min-width:992px){.d-lg-block{display:block!important}}@media (min-width:1200px){.d-xl-block{display:block!important}}form{font-family:Lato,sans-serif}[role=button]{font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button{font-family:Lato,sans-serif!important}@media (max-width:767.98px){.list-group-horizontal-down-md{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-down-md>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-down-md>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-down-md>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.navbar{border-bottom:10px solid #324a98}}.nav-link{font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.nav-bottom .nav-link{font-size:11px;height:100%;letter-spacing:.1em}.nav-bottom li{border-left:1px solid #fff}.nav-bottom li:last-child{border-right:1px solid #fff}.navbar{font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-weight:700}.navbar-brand img{max-width:none;max-height:65px}.navbar-side{padding:0;list-style:none}.navbar-side a{color:#212529}.navbar-side h6{color:#324a98;text-transform:uppercase}.navbar-side h6 a{color:#324a98}.navbar-side hr{border-color:#495057;margin-left:1rem}.navbar-side-item{padding-left:1rem}.menu-side-sections>div li:first-of-type,.navbar-side-item p:first-of-type{margin-top:1.25rem}.navbar-side-item a{font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-weight:700}.navbar-toggler{padding:.75rem!important}.navbar-toggler-left{position:absolute}.card-img-left{border-bottom-left-radius:calc(.25rem - 1px);border-top-left-radius:calc(.25rem - 1px);float:left;max-height:100%;position:relative;width:100%;height:auto;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;background-size:cover}.breadcrumb{text-transform:uppercase;font-family:Lato,sans-serif}.alert{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:smaller}.alert-heading{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:1rem;font-weight:lighter}@media (min-width:576px){.container{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.blur-up{filter:blur(3px)}html{scroll-padding-top:100px}.panel-heading h6:after{font-family:"Arial Black",Arial,sans-serif;content:"–";float:right;color:#343a40;padding:0 5px;font-size:1.2rem}.panel-heading .collapsed h6:after{content:"+"}.tb-mediagroup{background-color:#fff;padding:5px 0;color:#000}.tb-mediagroup a{color:#000}.story-list a,.tb-mediagroup .panel-heading h6:after,footer nav a{color:#212529}@media (max-width:575.98px){.navbar-brand img{max-width:90%}body:before{content:"xs"}}@media (min-width:576px) and (max-width:767.98px){body:before{content:"sm"}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991.98px){body:before{content:"md"}}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1199.98px){body:before{content:"lg"}}@media (min-width:1200px) and (max-width:1399.98px){#menu-top-hubs ul{width:1140px}body:before{content:"xl"}}[class^=ad-position]{max-width:1200px}@media (min-width:1400px){#menu-top-hubs ul{width:1320px}body:before{content:"xxl"}[class^=ad-position]{max-width:1400px;margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}}.article-social{text-align:center}.article-social ul li{margin-right:1.5rem!important;padding:.5rem 0}@media (max-width:767.98px){body{padding-top:85px}.article-social{text-align:left}.article-social ul li{padding-top:0}}.article-social ul li a{color:#343a40}article .overline{font-weight:400}.printmessage{display:none}article .related-content h6{font-size:.9rem}@media (min-width:576px){article .related-content h6{font-size:.7875rem}}article .related-content a{font-size:1rem;display:inline-block;line-height:1.4}@media (min-width:576px){article .related-content a{font-size:.875rem}}#mainstory h1{font-size:2rem}.section-overline{color:#324a98}.overline,.section-overline{text-transform:uppercase;width:100%}.overline{color:#6c757d;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-size:.75rem}.section-overline{border-top:4px solid #324a98;padding-top:.5rem;margin-bottom:1rem;text-align:left}.story-list h4{border-top:4px solid #324a98;padding-top:.5rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;color:#324a98}.story-list h6{font-size:.75rem;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:0}.story-list p{font-size:.875rem;border-bottom:1px solid #495057;padding-bottom:.5rem;line-height:1.2}.story-list p:last-of-type{border:0}.story-list img{width:80px;height:45px}.story-min-height{min-height:2.6rem}@media (max-width:991.98px){.story-min-height{min-height:1px}}.followus-link{color:#495057;text-decoration:none;font-size:1.5rem}.followus-link:after{display:inline-block;padding-right:.5rem;padding-left:.5rem;content:"|"}.followus-link:last-child:after{content:""} article .article-body .auto-half-width, article .article-body .half-width, article .article-body .auto-third-width, article .article-body .third-width { position: relative; width: 100%; padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px; flex: 0 0 100%; max-width: 100%; text-align: center !important; clear: left; float: left !important; } article .article-body > figure.third-width img, article .article-body > img.third-width, article .article-body > figure.auto-third-width img, article .article-body > img.auto-third-width, article .article-body > figure.half-width img, article .article-body > img.half-width, article .article-body > figure.auto-half-width img, article .article-body > img.auto-half-width { margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important; } article .article-body > figure.third-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.auto-third-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.half-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.auto-half-width figcaption { padding-right: 3rem !important; padding-left: 3rem !important; } @media (min-width: 576px) { article .article-body > figure.third-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.auto-third-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.half-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.auto-half-width figcaption { padding-right: 0 !important; padding-left: 0 !important; } article .article-body .auto-third-width, article .article-body .third-width, article .article-body .auto-half-width, article .article-body .half-width { text-align: left !important; } article .article-body .auto-third-width, article .article-body .third-width { flex: 0 0 33.3333333333%; max-width: 33.3333333333%; } .article-body .auto-half-width, article .article-body .half-width { flex: 0 0 50%; max-width: 50%; } } </style> <script type="application/json" class="joomla-script-options new">{"system.paths":{"root":"","rootFull":"https:\/\/www.techbriefs.com\/","base":"","baseFull":"https:\/\/www.techbriefs.com\/"},"csrf.token":"736e2beca291801a15e94299cd0d1716","system.keepalive":{"interval":3600000,"uri":"\/component\/ajax\/?format=json"}}</script> <script type="module"> /*! inlined from /media/system/js/keepalive.min.js by ntb_minifier */ /** * @copyright (C) 2018 Open Source Matters, Inc. <https://www.joomla.org> * @license GNU General Public License version 2 or later; see LICENSE.txt */ /** * Keepalive javascript behavior * * Used for keeping the session alive * * @package Joomla.JavaScript * @since 3.7.0 */ if (!window.Joomla) { throw new Error('Joomla API was not properly initialised'); } const keepAliveOptions = Joomla.getOptions('system.keepalive'); const keepAliveInterval = keepAliveOptions && keepAliveOptions.interval ? parseInt(keepAliveOptions.interval, 10) : 45 * 1000; let keepAliveUri = keepAliveOptions && keepAliveOptions.uri ? keepAliveOptions.uri.replace(/&/g, '&') : ''; // Fallback in case no keepalive uri was found. if (keepAliveUri === '') { const systemPaths = Joomla.getOptions('system.paths'); keepAliveUri = `${systemPaths ? `${systemPaths.root}/index.php` : window.location.pathname}?option=com_ajax&format=json`; } setInterval(() => fetch(keepAliveUri, { method: 'POST' }), keepAliveInterval); /* end /media/system/js/keepalive.min.js */ </script> <script src="/plugins/content/econa/js/picturefill.min.js"></script> <script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" async tb-donotmove></script> <script>// // GTM datalayer // window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({'navCluster' : "TB"}); dataLayer.push({'navTag' : "Application Briefs"}); temisClusters = []; temisClusters.push("Electrical, Electronics, and Avionics"); temisClusters.push("Human Factors and Ergonomics"); temisClusters.push("Management and Organization"); temisClusters.push("Vehicles, Equipment, and Performance"); topicClusters = []; topicClusters.push("Connectivity"); topicClusters.push("Data Acquisition"); topicClusters.push("Imaging"); topicClusters.push("Photonics\/Optics"); topicClusters.push("Sensors\/Data Acquisition"); topicClusters.push("Transportation"); dataLayer.push({'topicClusters': topicClusters}); dataLayer.push({'temisClusters': temisClusters}); dataLayer.push({'canonicalURL': 'https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/34623-retinas-to-roadways-the-evolution-of-optical-coherence-technology'}); dataLayer.push({'articleID': '34623'}); dataLayer.push({'relatedID': '50127'}); </script> <noscript tb-donotmove> <img class="nolazyload" height="1" width="1" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=240802493731265&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/> </noscript>  <script tb-donotmove>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MSN5FV9'); </script>  </head> <body>  <noscript tb-donotmove > <iframe src = "https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MSN5FV9" height = "0" width = "0" style = "display:none;visibility:hidden" ></iframe > </noscript >  <header class="header"> <div class="header-container container-fluid fixed-top p-0"> <nav class="header-nav navbar navbar-expand-sm navbar-dark bg-inverse"> <div class="container-fluid"> <button class="hamburger navbar-toggler navbar-toggler-left d-sm-none d-block" type="button" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" data-bs-target="#HamburgerSidebar" aria-controls="HamburgerSidebar"> <i class="fas fa-bars"></i> </button> <div id="hamburger-menu" class="navbar-collapse collapse d-md-block d-none"> <ul class="navbar-nav me-auto"> <li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" href="#HamburgerSidebar" role="button" aria-controls="HamburgerSidebar"> <i class="fas fa-bars me-2"></i>Menu </a></li></ul></div> <a href="/" class="navbar-brand ps-sm-0 ps-5 mx-auto"> <img class="logolarge d-none d-md-block nolazyload" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/q_auto,f_auto/sites/tb/template/site-logo_tag.png" alt="Tech Briefs" height="65"/> <img class="logosmall d-md-none nolazyload" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/q_auto,f_auto/sites/tb/template/site-logo.png" alt="Tech Briefs"/> </a> <div id="newsmag-menu" class="navbar-collapse collapse"><ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto"> <li class="nav-item d-lg-block d-none"> <a class="nav-link" href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#cb-form">LOGIN</a></li> <li class="nav-item d-lg-block d-none"> <a class="nav-link" href="/account/registration">SIGN UP</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" id="search-side-button" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" href="#HamburgerSidebar" role="button" aria-controls="HamburgerSidebar"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </a></li></ul></div></div> </nav> <nav class="main-nav bg-navbar navbar navbar-expand-sm navbar-dark main-nav nav-fill py-0"> <div class="main-nav-container container mx-auto px-0"><div id="menu-top-hubs"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-bottom flex-nowrap d-md-flex d-none mx-auto"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/electronics-software">Electronics & Software</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging">Photonics & Imaging</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/motion-control-automation">Motion Control/Automation</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/sensors-test">Sensors & Test</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing">Materials & Manufacturing</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics">Mechanical/Mechatronics</a></li></ul></div></div> <div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" style="position: relative"> <div id="toast_container" style="position: absolute; top: 40px; right: 5px; z-index: 10"></div></div> </nav></div><div class="offcanvas offcanvas-start" tabindex="-1" id="HamburgerSidebar" aria-labelledby="HamburgerSidebarLabel"> <div class="offcanvas-header"> <h5 class="offcanvas-title" id="HamburgerSidebarLabel"></h5> <button type="button" class="btn-close text-reset" data-bs-dismiss="offcanvas" aria-label="Close"></button></div> <div class="offcanvas-body px-0 pt-0"> <div class="search-container w-100 ps-3"><form id="searchform" action="/tb/search" method="get"> <div class="input-group pe-5"> <div class="form-floating"> <input type="text" name="query" placeholder="Search" id="searchbox" class="form-control" value=""> <label for="searchbox">Search</label></div> <button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" onclick="$('#searchform').submit()"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </button></div></form></div> <ul class="navbar-side nav-bar"><div class="menu-side-sections row me-1"> <div class="navbar-side-item col-12"> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/techbriefs">Tech Briefs</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tv">Tech Briefs TV</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/webcasts">Webinars</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/webcasts/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/whitepapers">White Papers</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/stories/blog">Blog</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/features/products">Products</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/features">Features</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/resources/special-reports">Special Reports</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/events">Events</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/tb/stories/quiz">Quizzes</a></li></div></div><div id="sidebar-accordion" class="navbar-side-item" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true"><div id="menu-side-hubs"> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software">Electronics & Software</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-874" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-874" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-874"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-874" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-874"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/software">Software</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/communications">Communications</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/lighting">Lighting</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/electrical-electronics">Electrical/Electronics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/rf-microwave-electronics">RF & Microwave Electronics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/semiconductors-ics">Semiconductors & ICs</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software/energy">Energy</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging">Photonics & Imaging</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-876" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-876" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-876"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-876" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-876"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging/photonics-optics">Photonics/Optics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging/imaging">Imaging</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/motion-control-automation">Motion Control/Automation</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-877" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-877" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-877"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-877" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-877"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/motion-control-automation/motion-control">Motion Control</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/motion-control-automation/robotics-automation-control">Robotics, Automation & Control</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/sensors-test">Sensors & Test</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-878" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-878" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-878"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-878" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-878"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/sensors-test/test-measurement">Test & Measurement</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/sensors-test/sensors-data-acquisition">Sensors/Data Acquisition</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing">Materials & Manufacturing</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-879" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-879" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-879"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-879" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-879"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing/manufacturing-prototyping">Manufacturing & Prototyping</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing/materials-coatings">Materials & Coatings</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics">Mechanical/Mechatronics</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-880" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-880" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-880"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-880" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-880"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics/mechanical-fluid-systems">Mechanical & Fluid Systems</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics/propulsion">Propulsion</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics/transportation">Transportation</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics/automotive">Automotive</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="menu-side-explore row mt-2 me-1 tb-mediagroup"> <div class="explore-title col-10 navbar-side-item"> <h6 class="my-2">Explore SAE Media Group</h6></div> <div id="explore-heading" class="col-2 navbar-side-item panel-heading" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed mt-1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#explore-collapse" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="explore-collapse"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="explore-collapse" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="explore-heading"> <div class="explore-wrapper col-12"> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/">Medical Design Briefs</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/">Mobility Engineering Technology</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://createthefuturecontest.com">Create the Future Design Contest</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="/tb/spinoff">NASA Spinoffs</a></li></div></div></div><div class="col-12 px-0"> <li class="me-3"> <p><a href="/component/content/article/52032-doc-9512" class="side-link w-75"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1730256851/sites/tb/covers/TB-2024-11.jpg' class='w-50 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></a></p> <p><a href="/component/content/article/52032-doc-9512" class="side-link text-uppercase">Current Issue</a></p></li> <li> <p><a href="/tb/magazine/archives" class="side-link text-uppercase">Magazine Archives</a></p></li> <li> <p> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=TEBland" target="_km"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm"> SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i> </button> </a></p></li></div><div class="menu-side-followus mb-5"> <hr class="ms-0 me-4 my-1"> <div class="followus-wrapper my-3"> <div class="title-wrapper"> <h6 class="mb-0">FOLLOW US</h6></div> <div class="menu-wrapper"> <p class="text-primary"> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=facebook&username=TechBriefsMagazine" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=twitter&username=TechBriefsMag" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=linkedin_company&username=sae-media-group" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=instagram&username=techbriefs" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-instagram"></i></a></p></div></div></div></div></ul></div></div></header> <section id="print-only-message" class="printmessage"> <h6><img data-src="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/q_auto,f_auto/sites/tb/template/print-logo_tag.png" class="printlogo lazyload"/></h6> </section> <span itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <meta itemprop="name" content="SAE Media Group"/> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com"/> <span itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com/templates/tbmg/images/tbmg_logo.png"/> <meta itemprop="width" content="210"/> <meta itemprop="height" content="50"/> </span> </span><div class="container"><nav aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/tb/features"><span itemprop="name">Features</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/tb/features/application-briefs"><span itemprop="name">Application Briefs</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page"> <span> Article</span></li></ol> </nav><div id="system-message-container"></div><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm','md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_1800x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_1800x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_11_modid_337',target_pos:'11',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_11_modid_337' class=""></div></div></div><section id="content" class="row my-3"> <section id="mainstory" class="left-column col-lg-8 col-md-7 col-12"> <div><article class="item-page" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-GB"/> <div class="row"> <div class="article-title col-12 mb-2"><h6 class="overline"> <time datetime="2019-06-01T08:00:00-04:00" itemprop="dateCreated"> June 1, 2019</time> <span class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/connectivity/*/tb/*">Connectivity</a> <span class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/data_acquisition/*/tb/*">Data Acquisition</a> <span class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging/imaging">Imaging</a> <span class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging/photonics-optics">Photonics/Optics</a> <span class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/tb/topic/sensors-test/sensors-data-acquisition">Sensors/Data Acquisition</a> <span class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/transportation/*/tb/*">Transportation</a></h6> <time datetime="2019-06-14T14:10:59-04:00" itemprop="dateModified"> </time> <meta itemprop="keywords" content="Imaging,Photonics/Optics,Sensors/Data Acquisition"><h1 itemprop="headline">Retinas to Roadways: The Evolution of Optical Coherence Technology</h1></div></div> <div class="row" itemprop="articleBody"><aside class="article-social text-center col-md-1 col-12"> <ul class="list-group list-group-horizontal-down-md"> <li class="d-block list-group-item border-0"> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&apitype=1&v=1&service=facebook&link=https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/34623-retinas-to-roadways-the-evolution-of-optical-coherence-technology?r=50127&title=Retinas+to+Roadways%3A+The+Evolution+of+Optical+Coherence+Technology" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook fa-lg"></i></a></li> <li class="d-block list-group-item border-0"> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&apitype=1&v=1&service=twitter&link=https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/34623-retinas-to-roadways-the-evolution-of-optical-coherence-technology?r=50127&title=Retinas+to+Roadways%3A+The+Evolution+of+Optical+Coherence+Technology" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter fa-lg"></i></a></li> <li class="d-block list-group-item border-0"> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&apitype=1&v=1&service=linkedin&link=https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/34623-retinas-to-roadways-the-evolution-of-optical-coherence-technology?r=50127&title=Retinas+to+Roadways%3A+The+Evolution+of+Optical+Coherence+Technology" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin fa-lg"></i></a></li> <li class="d-block list-group-item border-0"> <a href="#" onclick="$('html, body').animate({scrollTop:($('#disqus_thread').offset().top)},500);"> <i class="fa fa-comment-alt fa-lg"></i> </a></li></ul> </aside><div class="article-body col-md-11 col-12"><span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <meta itemprop="name" content="Tech Briefs"> </span><a id="startOfPage"></a> <h6>Insight Photonic Solutions<br />Lafayette, CO<br /><a href="http://www.sweptlaser.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">www.sweptlaser.com</a></h6> <p>A driver’s ability to see and avoid other vehicles is essential to safe driving. The same is true for autonomous vehicles, which rely on sensors to allow them to navigate safely through traffic. A technology that allows ophthalmologists to study the retina of the eye is being considered for the latest generation of autonomous vehicles.</p> <figure title=""><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iOTgzIj48cmVjdCB4PSIwIiB5PSIwIiB3aWR0aD0iMTAyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI5ODMiIGZpbGw9IiNkYmNmYmEiIC8+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJzY2FsZSg2LjgyKSB0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC41IDAuNSkiPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiNiNzk3NjYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgY3g9IjgyIiBjeT0iNzUiIHJ4PSI1OSIgcnk9IjU5IiAvPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDU3LjcwIDAuMDApIHJvdGF0ZSgxNzQuNjIpIHNjYWxlKDE0My4xNyAyNS4yNCkiPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiNmZmZmZmYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgY3g9IjAiIGN5PSIwIiByeD0iMSIgcnk9IjEiIC8+PC9nPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDAuMDAgMTA0LjcwKSByb3RhdGUoMzYuNjgpIHNjYWxlKDM3LjI3IDQ5Ljk0KSI+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmZiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iMCIgY3k9IjAiIHJ4PSIxIiByeT0iMSIgLz48L2c+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iIzAwMDAwMCIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSI5MyIgeT0iMTkiIHdpZHRoPSIyNiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxNCIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMjEgODEpIHJvdGF0ZSgtMikgc2NhbGUoNDMgMTIpIj48cmVjdCBmaWxsPSIjMDAwMDAwIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHg9Ii0wLjUiIHk9Ii0wLjUiIHdpZHRoPSIxIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEiIC8+PC9nPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDExLjAzIDUzLjYxKSByb3RhdGUoMjY1LjU2KSBzY2FsZSgzLjU2IDIyLjg2KSI+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iIzAwMDAwMCIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iMCIgY3k9IjAiIHJ4PSIxIiByeT0iMSIgLz48L2c+PHBvbHlnb24gZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmZiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBwb2ludHM9IjE1MSwxNTkgOTksMTUzIDE1OCw1MiIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMzQgNTgpIHJvdGF0ZSgyNzQpIHNjYWxlKDEyIDI1KSI+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iIzAwMDAwMCIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSItMC41IiB5PSItMC41IiB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjMDAwMDAwIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSI1MCIgY3k9IjY4IiByeD0iOCIgcnk9IjEwIiAvPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiMwMDAwMDAiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iMzAiIHk9IjExOSIgd2lkdGg9IjI5IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjUiIC8+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmZiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iNzAiIGN5PSIxNDMiIHJ4PSIxNDkiIHJ5PSIxMiIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxNDQgMjQpIHJvdGF0ZSgxMzgpIHNjYWxlKDM1IDEwMCkiPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiNmZmZmZmYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iLTAuNSIgeT0iLTAuNSIgd2lkdGg9IjEiIGhlaWdodD0iMSIgLz48L2c+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iI2ZhZGZhOSIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSI1NyIgeT0iNDYiIHdpZHRoPSI0NiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0OCIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMTguMzkgMTAxLjYzKSByb3RhdGUoMTgwLjQ5KSBzY2FsZSgxNS40NCA0Ljg0KSI+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iIzZmMzIwMCIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iMCIgY3k9IjAiIHJ4PSIxIiByeT0iMSIgLz48L2c+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmZiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iMTM4IiBjeT0iNjgiIHJ4PSI0NiIgcnk9IjYiIC8+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmZiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iMiIgY3k9IjEyIiByeD0iMjkiIHJ5PSIzNyIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSg1LjkyIDEwOS40OCkgcm90YXRlKDIwNS4wMSkgc2NhbGUoMTcuODggNTUuMDEpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjMGIzNjExIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIxMCIgY3k9IjUzIiByeD0iMjMiIHJ5PSI1IiAvPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiM2ZTdjODIiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iMjEiIHk9Ijg1IiB3aWR0aD0iMTkiIGhlaWdodD0iMTMiIC8+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmZiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iMTA1IiBjeT0iMyIgcng9IjE0OSIgcnk9IjE3IiAvPjxwb2x5Z29uIGZpbGw9IiNmZmZmZmYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgcG9pbnRzPSIxNjUuMDAsMTIyLjk0LDk0LjU4LDE1OS4wMCwxNjUuMDAsODEuMzEsMTIxLjgxLDkwLjk1IiAvPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiNmOGRiYWIiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iMzIiIHk9IjIyIiB3aWR0aD0iMzQiIGhlaWdodD0iMzciIC8+PHBvbHlnb24gZmlsbD0iIzljNDgxZSIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBwb2ludHM9Ijg4LDM0IDY3LDI3IDY5LDM5IiAvPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDMwLjU2IDE0MC4xOSkgcm90YXRlKDI4Mi4yOSkgc2NhbGUoMTIuNTAgNzcuMjkpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48cG9seWdvbiBmaWxsPSIjZWRkMmE2IiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHBvaW50cz0iMTIzLjAwLDY4Ljk0LDczLjIxLDQ1LjMxLDEzNS42MCwyNi43NCwxMjMuMjQsNTAuMjQiIC8+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1560112779/sites/tb/articles/2019/applications/TB-0619-p50_fig1.jpg' class=' w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>OCT is used in a growing number of medical specialties and applications including ophthalmology, cardiology, oncology, dentistry, and guided surgery.</figcaption></figure> <p>Autonomous vehicles employ various sensor types to perceive and understand the world around them including cameras, radars, ultrasound, and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). Each type has its own strengths and drawbacks for this application. LiDAR sensors offer the advantage of providing detailed 3D images but in the past, their range has been limited to distances of roughly 80-100 meters or less. The LiDAR sensors that have been deployed so far in test vehicles are based on a time-based technique known as Time of Flight (ToF) or direct detection. Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) is an alternative LiDAR technology that offers many advantages over ToF, including higher sensitivity, immunity to stray light, and the ability to detect velocity directly.</p> <p>One major difference between ToF LiDAR and FMCW LiDAR is their laser source requirements. ToF employs a simple, relatively inexpensive pulsed laser diode; however, FMCW demands far more precise control over a tunable continuous wave laser source in order to sweep it through its wavelength chirps very linearly, very fast, and very repeatably. For automotive LiDAR design, one of the biggest challenges is designing laser sources that offer sufficient coherence length to produce a beam that retains coherence long enough to reach the farthest target required and return to the sensor without breaking up.</p> <p>Insight Photonic Solutions has been developing swept laser sources — from work done at UC Santa Barbara to develop tunable lasers for telecommunications applications — for a dozen years for use in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), which uses coherent detection to look at features of the human body for biomedical imaging and diagnostics applications. These include applications in ophthalmology, dermatology, cardiology, and more than a dozen other specialties. The Insight swept-source laser’s high measurement speed reduces movement blurring and its wide tuning range supports high-definition 3D imaging. This technology found its first commercial medical imaging application in ophthalmology and OCT is now a standard of care in that industry.</p> <p>Researchers at Insight Photonic Solutions understood that OCT and FMCW LiDAR were essentially the same technique, just known by different names. Experimentation confirmed that their OCT imaging system could be used as an FMCW LiDAR system. The researchers turned a system that was being used to image a mouse brain on its side and captured an image of the lab. The team, led by Dr. Chris Wood, then modified the swept-source laser and detection system to optimize them for the longer ranges required for automotive LiDAR.</p> <p>Although OCT and FMCW LiDAR share the same core coherent detection technique, further development work was necessary to adapt Insight’s technology to autonomous vehicle applications. In OCT applications, the goal is micron-level resolution to produce precise images of biological structures at close range. In automotive Li-DAR, however, the goal is imaging at a wide range of distances from less than one meter to 200 meters or more with centimeter resolution.</p><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_22_modid_365',target_pos:'22',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_22_modid_365' class=""></div></div></div><p>In FMCW, unlike ToF, rather than sending a short pulse of light out and looking for its return, the laser transmits a continuous sweep of wavelengths of light. As in ToF, the goal is to look for the return signal, but with FMCW detection, the sensor retains a portion of the transmitted signal, and this retained piece is combined with the returned signal, which produces a multiplicative effect that boosts the signal and provides much greater sensitivity, which is critical to the distance that a LiDAR sensor can “see.”</p> <figure title="" class=" auto-half-width" ><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1576683273/sites/tb/articles/2019/applications/TB-0619-p51_fig1.jpg' class=' w-100 w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>Dr. Chris Wood was captured with the OCT system originally used to image a mouse brain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Autonomous vehicle designers and other software stack developers that are creating “drivers” for these vehicles are looking for LiDAR sensors capable of seeing objects 200 meters away with reflectivity as low as 10 percent, which is roughly the reflectivity of a car tire. When traveling at highway speeds, 200 meters gives an autonomous vehicle only about six seconds to identify the object and take appropriate action. Traditional ToF systems have difficulty in meeting that 200-meter range requirement.</p> <p>Most ToF LiDARs operate somewhere between 850 and 905 nm. There is a limit to the amount of laser power that a LiDAR sensor can emit at that wavelength and still remain “eye safe,” i.e., it doesn’t run the risk of blinding someone. A new class of ToF lasers operates at 1,550 nm, which allows the use of higher power while remaining eye safe, but the sources and all the associated components are far more expensive than the 850 to 905 nm lasers, so they can’t meet industry cost targets of approximately $250 for the complete LiDAR sensor system.</p> <p>Insight’s FMCW LiDAR, with its higher sensitivity, puts all of the optical components onto Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs), enabling low volume cost. In addition, Insight’s swept-source and dynamic software controls — which were originally developed for medical imaging — offer high resolution, so even a small object like a child can be detected and identified more than two football fields away.</p> <p>A variety of technological challenges must be overcome before autonomous vehicles can become an everyday reality on our roadways. Currently, the autonomous vehicles being road-tested employ ToF LiDAR sensors. Insight’s FMCW LiDARs are now in the early stages of being evaluated for these applications. The autonomous passenger vehicles of the future will likely combine ToF LiDAR (for shorter-range imaging) and FMCW LiDAR (for longer-range imaging).</p> <p>For Free Info Visit <a href="http://www.sweptlaser.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Here <i class="fad fa-external-link fa-sm"></i></a></p> <hr> <div class="ntb_tagsbot"> <div class="taglist"> <strong class="sans-serif text-small">Topics:</strong><br> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/149/1961/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-people-roof"></i> Anatomy</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/transportation/automotive/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-train"></i> Automotive</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/201/1485/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-truck"></i> Autonomous vehicles</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/149/3497/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-people-roof"></i> Cardiovascular system</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/1442/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Computer software and hardware</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/connectivity/connectivity/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-circle-nodes"></i> Connectivity</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/sensors_data_acquisition/data_acquisition/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-sensor-on"></i> Data Acquisition</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/data_acquisition/data_acquisition/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-database"></i> Data Acquisition</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/130/1107/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-sitemap"></i> Data management</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/sensors_data_acquisition/detectors/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-sensor-on"></i> Detectors</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/imaging/imaging/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-film"></i> Imaging</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/1700/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Imaging and visualization</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/photonics_optics/lasers/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-aperture"></i> Lasers & Laser Systems</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/1976/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Lidar</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/149/34358325/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-people-roof"></i> Medical, health and wellness</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/149/1100/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-people-roof"></i> Medical, health, and wellness</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/photonics_optics/optical_components/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-aperture"></i> Optical Components</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/1083/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Optics</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/photonics_optics/photonics/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-aperture"></i> Photonics</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/sensors_data_acquisition/sensors/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-sensor-on"></i> Sensors</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/1082/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Sensors and actuators</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/130/2662/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-sitemap"></i> Technical review</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/1440/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Telecommunications</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/transportation/transportation/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-train"></i> Transportation</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/201/1445/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-truck"></i> Vehicles</a></div></div> <div class="related-content"> <hr> <h4>More From SAE Media Group</h4> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-lg-2 g-1"> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/11681-10976-211?r=34623">Laser Diode</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1549367738/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/2007/products/10976-211_fig1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/36373-seeing-around-corners-to-detect-object-shapes?r=34623">Seeing Around Corners to Detect Object Shapes</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1585874759/sites/tb/features-16x9/36373/tb-0420-p42_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/11023-dpss-lasers?r=34623">DPSS Lasers</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1535060582/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/2011/products/34458-217_1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics & Imaging Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/25938-discrete-amplification-geiger-mode-arrays?r=34623">Discrete Amplification Geiger Mode Arrays</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1524696048/sites/tb/articles/sup/PIT/2016/products/61067-211_fig1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="row g-1 collapse more_related show"> <div class="col-12"> <span class="mx-auto d-block badge bg-primary text-uppercase sans-serif mt-2" style="width:200px" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target=".more_related" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls=="#more_related"> More <i class="fad fa-chevron-double-down"></i> </span></div></div> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-lg-2 g-1 more-related collapse more_related" id="more_related"> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics & Imaging Technology INSIDER</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/36797-upconverting-nanolasers-from-subwavelength-plasmons?r=34623">Upconverting Nanolasers from Subwavelength Plasmons</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1597024093/sites/tb/articles/2020/insider/20200506_Photonics_Story1.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/11254-15138-201?r=34623">Nanophotonics Principles and Applications</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1549236017/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/2008/applications/15138-201_fig1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/47139-a-laser-focused-approach-to-lidar?r=34623">A Laser-Focused Approach to LiDAR</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1698758708/sites/tb/features-16x9/47139/tb-1222-p34_fig1r_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/37465-gsc-tops-93?r=34623">Pseudo-Random Coding Technique for 3D Imaging</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1597794518/sites/tb/features-16x9/37465/tb-0820-p36_fig2_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics & Imaging Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/24313-laser-diode-modules-0316?r=34623">Laser Diode Modules</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1563091821/sites/tb/articles/sup/PIT/2016/products/61059-210_fig1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/11589-10966-201?r=34623">Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) Imaging Aids Laser Tracking, Detection</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1551564582/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/2007/applications/10966-201_fig1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/29554-gsc13869?r=34623">Holographic Circle-to-Point Converter </a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNTczIj48cmVjdCB4PSIwIiB5PSIwIiB3aWR0aD0iMTAyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1NzMiIGZpbGw9IiNlY2VlZWQiIC8+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJzY2FsZSg2LjgyKSB0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC41IDAuNSkiPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiM2NjY0NjUiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgY3g9IjI1IiBjeT0iMTkiIHJ4PSI0MSIgcnk9IjQiIC8+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iIzc3NzU3NiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSI5NyIgeT0iMzIiIHdpZHRoPSI0NSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMSIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSg2MS4zMCA1OC44Nykgcm90YXRlKDE4Ny40Mikgc2NhbGUoMTUuMTIgMjYuMjMpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjYWJiM2FlIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48cmVjdCBmaWxsPSIjMzgzNjM3IiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHg9IjUxIiB5PSI4IiB3aWR0aD0iMzgiIGhlaWdodD0iMiIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMjcuODEgMTIuOTkpIHJvdGF0ZSgxNzkuMTIpIHNjYWxlKDM5LjQ1IDE5LjEzKSI+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmZiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iMCIgY3k9IjAiIHJ4PSIxIiByeT0iMSIgLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1535618830/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/2001/briefs/GSC13869.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/32198-0698ptb3?r=34623">Room-Temperature External-Cavity Diode Lasers at 2.0 µm </a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1535277997/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/1998/briefs/0698PTB3_A.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs INSIDER</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/22317-high-power-laser-spinoff-proves-versatility-is-strength?r=34623">High-Power Laser Spinoff Proves Versatility is Strength</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1552075824/sites/tb/articles/2015/insider/0604_3web.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics & Imaging Technology INSIDER</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/26938-new-products-may-2017-photonics-imaging?r=34623">New Products</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1601768612/sites/tb/articles/2017/insider/ptb_0525_np1.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics & Imaging Technology INSIDER</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/50411-researchers-claim-lowest-ever-microwave-noise-on-a-integrated-photonic-chip?r=34623">Researchers Claim Lowest Ever Microwave Noise on a Integrated Photonic Chip</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1711655149/sites/tb/features-16x9/50411/20240329_photonics_story4_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics & Imaging Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/45326-time-of-flight-vs-fmcw-lidar-systems?r=34623">Time of Flight vs. FMCW LiDAR Systems</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1686861902/sites/tb/features-16x9/45326/pit-0322-p18_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/11152-15122-200?r=34623">Combining Multimode Emissions from Broad Area Laser Diodes into Single-Mode Spots without Feedback</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1549179410/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/2008/features/15122-200_fig1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Sensor Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/28535-new-depth-sensors-could-be-sensitive-enough-for-self-driving-cars?r=34623">New Depth Sensors Could be Sensitive Enough for Self-Driving Cars</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1520549556/sites/tb/features-16x9/28535/st-0318-p11_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/11019-laser-modules-56127567?r=34623">Laser Modules</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNTczIj4KPHJlY3QgeD0iMCIgeT0iMCIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNTczIiBmaWxsPSIjN2E4MTZjIiAvPgo8ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InNjYWxlKDYuODI2NjY3KSB0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC41IDAuNSkiPgo8ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgzNC43NTkyNjcgNzIuNTE3OTYxKSByb3RhdGUoMzE1Ljk5MzYzNSkgc2NhbGUoMzMuMDE1ODExIDY3Ljk4MDExOCkiPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiNmZmZmZmYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MDE5NjEiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz4KPGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iIzJlMjkwMCIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwMTk2MSIgY3g9IjEyNiIgY3k9IjUxIiByeD0iNjAiIHJ5PSI0MCIgLz4KPGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoNDguOTg1Njc2IDYuOTA0OTE1KSByb3RhdGUoMjg3LjAyODM4OSkgc2NhbGUoMTAuMzI5MzMzIDIzLjg0MDQ0NCkiPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiMwMDAwMDAiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MDE5NjEiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz4KPGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iI2IzYjE0MSIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwMTk2MSIgY3g9IjExMiIgY3k9IjU3IiByeD0iMjUiIHJ5PSIyNSIgLz4KPGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMjUuNDA3MzIwIDc3LjA5MDQ0Nykgcm90YXRlKDM1OC4wNDk3NTEpIHNjYWxlKDUwLjkzMTY1OCAyMi45ODY5ODkpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZWZmZGY1IiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAxOTYxIiBjeD0iMCIgY3k9IjAiIHJ4PSIxIiByeT0iMSIgLz48L2c+CjwvZz4KPC9zdmc+' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1535060582/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/2011/products/34458-213.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics & Imaging Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/27229-new-products-1500566210?r=34623">New Products</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1523743643/sites/tb/articles/sup/PIT/2017/products/07_PIT-0717-p22_fig1.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics & Imaging Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/24320-single-mode-fiber-coupler?r=34623">Single Mode Fiber Coupler</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1563091821/sites/tb/articles/sup/PIT/2016/products/61059-214_fig1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Sensor Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/26492-nasa-navigation-sensor-may-land-in-applications-beyond-mars?r=34623">NASA Navigation Sensor May Land in Applications Beyond Mars</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1600764454/sites/tb/articles/sup/ST/2017/applications/03_ST-0317-p13_fig1.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs INSIDER</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/19034-250w-co2-laser?r=34623">250W CO2 Laser</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1552175006/sites/tb/articles/2014/insider/ptb_prod2_020314.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/11642-10968-220?r=34623">Fiber Laser</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1549363837/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/2007/products/10968-220_fig1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/48595-photonics-solutions-for-automotive-lidar?r=34623">Photonics Solutions for Automotive LiDAR</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1689615128/sites/tb/features-16x9/48595/hamamatsu-photonics-solutions-for-auto-lidar_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/16417-fiber-delivery-of-lasers-in-bioinstrumentation?r=34623">Fiber Delivery of Lasers in Bioinstrumentation</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNTczIj48cmVjdCB4PSIwIiB5PSIwIiB3aWR0aD0iMTAyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1NzMiIGZpbGw9IiNlYmViZTIiIC8+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJzY2FsZSg2LjgyKSB0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC41IDAuNSkiPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDQxIDMyKSByb3RhdGUoMjI2KSBzY2FsZSgyOCAyOSkiPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiNkMjdlMDMiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iLTAuNSIgeT0iLTAuNSIgd2lkdGg9IjEiIGhlaWdodD0iMSIgLz48L2c+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iIzI1NGUxNiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSI5MSIgeT0iMTMiIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMCIgLz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSI5MSIgY3k9IjY1IiByeD0iMzUiIHJ5PSIzNCIgLz48cmVjdCBmaWxsPSIjYTliZjVmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHg9IjUiIHk9IjI1IiB3aWR0aD0iNzMiIGhlaWdodD0iMTQiIC8+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iIzA2NWE0MyIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSIxMjciIHk9IjI3IiB3aWR0aD0iMyIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MiIgLz48L2c+PC9zdmc+' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1561878738/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/2013/features/45603-200_fig1.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics & Imaging Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/25940-pulsed-laser-diode-driver?r=34623">Pulsed Laser Diode Driver</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1524696048/sites/tb/articles/sup/PIT/2016/products/61067-219_fig1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Photonics Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/12119-gsc-14759-1?r=34623">Full-Duplex Digital Communication on a Single Laser Beam</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1548755686/sites/tb/articles/sup/PTB/2006/briefs/GSC-14759-1_fig1.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/28613-with-laser-based-imaging-self-driving-cars-see-around-corners?r=34623">With Laser-Based Imaging, Self-Driving Cars See Around Corners</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1520454001/sites/tb/features-16x9/28613/stanford_corner_8655_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col "> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Imaging Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 fw-lighter text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/8507-28057-171?r=34623">Imaging Technology Enables 3D Monitoring for Surveillance and Missile Defense</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1535012944/sites/tb/articles/sup/IT/2010/applications/28057-171.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div></div> <ul></ul><hr class="border-0"> <div class="card my-3" style="clear:both"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1580305781/sites/tb/covers/TB-2019-06.jpg' class='card-img-left lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body"> <h5 class="card-title text-primary">Tech Briefs Magazine</h5> <p class="card-text">This article first appeared in the June, 2019 issue of <em>Tech Briefs</em> Magazine (Vol. 43 No. 6).</p></p> <p class="card-text">Read more articles from this issue <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/34717-doc-7424">here</a>.</p> <p class="card-text"> Read more articles from the archives <a href="/tb/magazine/archives">here</a>.</p> <p class="card-text"> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=TEBland"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary "> SUBSCRIBE<span class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-book-open-reader ms-2"></span> </button> </a></p></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="jwDisqusForm"> <div id="disqus_thread"></div> <script> var disqus_developer = '0'; var disqus_config = function(){ // TBMG -- use NTB canonicalURL instead of itemURL this.page.url = 'https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/34623-retinas-to-roadways-the-evolution-of-optical-coherence-technology'; // TBMG this.page.identifier = '0e9876ef7f_id34623'; // TBMG -- added article title as disqus_title this.page.title = "Retinas to Roadways: The Evolution of Optical Coherence Technology"; // TBMG this.language = ''; }; (function() { var d = document, s = d.createElement('script'); s.src = 'https://techbriefs.disqus.com/embed.js'; s.setAttribute('data-timestamp', +new Date()); (d.head || d.body).appendChild(s); })(); </script> <noscript> <a href="https://techbriefs.disqus.com/?url=ref_noscript">View the discussion thread.</a> </noscript> <div id="jwDisqusFormFooter"> <div class="clr"></div></div></div> <div class="clr"></div></div></div><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_23_modid_366',target_pos:'23',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_23_modid_366' class=""></div></div></div></article></div> </section> <section id="sidebar" class="right-column col-lg-4 col-md-5 d-md-block d-none"> <div><div class="story-list row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12"> <h4 class="section-overline">Top Stories</h4><div class="top-stories-box story-list"> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/51608-a-shape-shifting-metamaterial-inspired-by-push-puppets"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1726584292/sites/tb/features-16x9/51608/091824-tb-blog-pushpuppet_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-pen-fancy me-1"></i> Blog: Materials</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51608-a-shape-shifting-metamaterial-inspired-by-push-puppets" alt="A Shape-Shifting Metamaterial Inspired by Push Puppets"> A Shape-Shifting Metamaterial Inspired by Push Puppets</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/51890-ausa-2024-new-drones-and-counter-uas-technology"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1729882804/sites/tb/features-16x9/51890/screenshot-2024-10-25-at-12-05-22 pm_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-tv me-1"></i> Videos: Unmanned Systems</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51890-ausa-2024-new-drones-and-counter-uas-technology" alt="AUSA 2024: New Drones and Counter UAS Technology"> AUSA 2024: New Drones and Counter UAS Technology</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/51860-building-tiny-batteries-to-power-cell-sized-robots"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1729532143/sites/tb/features-16x9/51860/102224-tb-blog_zinc1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-pen-fancy me-1"></i> Blog: Power</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51860-building-tiny-batteries-to-power-cell-sized-robots" alt="Building Tiny Batteries to Power Cell-Sized Robots"> Building Tiny Batteries to Power Cell-Sized Robots</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/52011-how-to-meet-the-challenge-of-ai-power-demand"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1730824350/sites/tb/features-16x9/52011/110824-tb-quiz-ai_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Quiz: AR/AI</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52011-how-to-meet-the-challenge-of-ai-power-demand" alt="How to Meet the Challenge of AI Power Demand"> How to Meet the Challenge of AI Power Demand</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/51812-pure-lithium-bets-on-vanadium-cathodes-to-save-u-s-battery-independence"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1728999953/sites/tb/features-16x9/51812/20241010_battery_electrification_story2_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> News: Materials</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51812-pure-lithium-bets-on-vanadium-cathodes-to-save-u-s-battery-independence" alt="Pure Lithium Bets on Vanadium Cathodes to Save U.S. Battery Independence"> Pure Lithium Bets on Vanadium Cathodes to Save U.S. Battery Independence</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none position-relative" style="width:80px"> <a href="/component/content/article/52028-innovative-framework-for-autonomous-robot-learning-and-task-mastery"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1731012391/sites/tb/features-16x9/52028/20241108_robotics_automation_story1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-eye me-1"></i> INSIDER: Unmanned Systems</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52028-innovative-framework-for-autonomous-robot-learning-and-task-mastery" alt="Innovative Framework for Autonomous Robot Learning and Task Mastery"> Innovative Framework for Autonomous Robot Learning and Task Mastery</a></p></div></div></div> <div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_21_modid_361',target_pos:'21',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_21_modid_361' class=""></div></div></div> <div class="story-list row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12"> <h4 class="section-overline">Webcasts</h4><div class="webinars-box story-list"> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1730062075/sites/tb/features-16x9/51892/shutterstock_1724892874_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Green Design & Manufacturing</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51892-adopting-a-digital-twin-strategy-for-sustainable-manufacturing"> Adopting a Digital-Twin Strategy for Sustainable Manufacturing</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1724872536/sites/tb/features-16x9/51281/prismatic-module-with-c2c-barrier_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Energy</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51281-ahead-of-the-curve-empirical-end-of-life-performance-modeling-of-aerogel-thermal-barriers"> Ahead of the Curve: Empirical End-of-Life Performance Modeling of Aerogel Thermal Barriers</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1730191375/sites/adt/features-16x9/51900/shutterstock_194837228_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Defense</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51900-best-practices-for-developing-safe-and-secure-modular-software"> Best Practices for Developing Safe and Secure Modular Software</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1731011187/sites/tb/features-16x9/51885/shutterstock_282827843_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Software</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51885-developing-an-end-to-end-wire-harness-process"> Developing an End-to-End Wire Harness Process</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1728721385/sites/mdb/features-16x9/51616/enedo-a-guide-to-selecting-power-supplies_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Medical</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51616-a-guide-to-selecting-power-supplies-for-medical-equipment"> A Guide to Selecting Power Supplies for Medical Equipment</a></p> <h6 class="overline"> <div class="float-end d-xl-block ms-1 d-none" style="width:80px"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1731611719/sites/ae/features-16x9/52036/gamma-technologies-designing-an-hvac-modeling-workflow-2_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-bullhorn me-1"></i> Upcoming Webinars: Automotive</h6> <p class="story-min-height mt-1"> <a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52036-designing-an-hvac-modeling-workflow-for-cabin-energy-management-and-xil-testing"> Designing an HVAC Modeling Workflow for Cabin Energy Management and XiL Testing</a></p></div></div></div> <div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_22_modid_362',target_pos:'22',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_22_modid_362' class=""></div></div></div> <div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm','md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_300x150_125x125_234x60',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_300x150_125x125_234x60',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[300,150],[125,125],[234,60]],div_id:'GAM_pos_31_modid_363',target_pos:'31',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_31_modid_363' class=""></div></div></div> <div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_23_modid_364',target_pos:'23',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_23_modid_364' class=""></div></div></div></div> </section> </section><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm','md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_1200x150',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_1200x150',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_14_modid_344',target_pos:'14',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_14_modid_344' class=""></div></div></div><footer><div class="newsmatrix-hubheadlines mt-5 sans-serif row"> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-1 col-lg-3 col-6 order-lg-5"> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/stories/blog" rel="nofollow">Blog</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52081-looking-to-kirigami-to-shape-modern-wireless-technology"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1732051224/sites/tb/features-16x9/52081/112124-tb-blog_kirigamis_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52081-looking-to-kirigami-to-shape-modern-wireless-technology">Looking to Kirigami to Shape Modern Wireless Technology</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52079-celebrating-innovation-and-innovators-at-the-2024-create-the-future-design-contest">Celebrating Innovation and Innovators at the 2024 Create the Future Design...</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/28772-answering-your-questions-lithium-air-vs-lithium-ion-batteries">Answering Your Questions: Lithium-Air Battery vs. Lithium-Ion</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-2 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/electronics-software" rel="nofollow">Electronics & Software</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52089-backup-system-can-keep-an-airplane-on-course-when-it-cannot-rely-on-gps-satellites"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1732210292/sites/tb/features-16x9/52089/20241222_motion_design_story1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52089-backup-system-can-keep-an-airplane-on-course-when-it-cannot-rely-on-gps-satellites">Backup System Can Keep an Airplane on Course When It Cannot Rely on GPS...</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/28337-comparison-between-wave-soldering-and-reflow-soldering">Comparison Between Wave Soldering and Reflow Soldering</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/26379-printed-electronics-the-future-is-flexible">Printed Electronics: The Future Is Flexible</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-3 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/photonics-imaging" rel="nofollow">Photonics & Imaging</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52083-can-a-breakthrough-in-photonic-time-crystals-change-how-we-use-control-light"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1732135068/sites/tb/features-16x9/52083/20241121_photonics_story2_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52083-can-a-breakthrough-in-photonic-time-crystals-change-how-we-use-control-light">Can a Breakthrough in Photonic Time Crystals Change How We Use and Control...</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/20063-ccd-and-cmos-sensors">CCD and CMOS Sensors</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/14324-0511ltp6">Polycarbonate Seen As Top Choice for LED Lighting</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-4 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/motion-control-automation" rel="nofollow">Motion Control/Automation</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52090-controlling-prosthetic-hands-more-precisely-by-the-power-of-thought"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1732210538/sites/tb/features-16x9/52090/20241222_motion_design_story3_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52090-controlling-prosthetic-hands-more-precisely-by-the-power-of-thought">Controlling Prosthetic Hands More Precisely by the Power of Thought</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/20013-the-modern-industrial-workhorse-pid-controllers">The Modern Industrial Workhorse: PID Controllers</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/26431-the-basics-of-encoder-selection-2">The Basics of Encoder Selection</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-5 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/sensors-test" rel="nofollow">Sensors & Test</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51772-a-quick-guide-to-multi-axis-simulation-and-component-testing"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1729951721/sites/ae/features-16x9/51772/element-quick-guide-image_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/51772-a-quick-guide-to-multi-axis-simulation-and-component-testing">A Quick Guide to Multi-Axis Simulation and Component Testing</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/33212-smart-sensor-technology-for-the-iot">Smart Sensor Technology for the IoT</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/27510-networking-the-iot-with-ieee-802-15-4-6lowpan">Networking the IoT with IEEE 802.15.4/6LoWPAN</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-6 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing" rel="nofollow">Materials & Manufacturing</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52088-test-your-knowledge-about-hydrogen-powered-aircraft"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1732205758/sites/tb/features-16x9/52088/112224-tb-quiz-hydrogenaircraft_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52088-test-your-knowledge-about-hydrogen-powered-aircraft">Test Your Knowledge About Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/14234-msc-24389-1">High-Thermal-Conductivity Fabrics</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/9998-34454-200">Laser Beam vs. Electron Beam Welding Which process works best for what?</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-7 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/topic/mechanical-mechatronics" rel="nofollow">Mechanical/Mechatronics</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52086-first-toroidal-micro-robot-to-swim-autonomously-in-viscous-liquids"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1732210412/sites/tb/features-16x9/52086/20241222_motion_design_story2_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52086-first-toroidal-micro-robot-to-swim-autonomously-in-viscous-liquids">First Toroidal Micro-Robot to Swim Autonomously in Viscous Liquids</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/22850-mechanical-carbon-materials-for-aircraft-seal-applications">Mechanical Carbon Materials for Aircraft Seal Applications</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/18889-sae-2012-01-0426">Brushless Motors for In-Tank Fuel Pumps</a></p></div> <div class="newsmatrix-block order-8 col-lg-3 col-6 "> <h6 class="mt-2"> <a href="/tb/webcasts/podcasts" rel="nofollow">Podcasts</a></h6> <a class="w-100 newsmatrix_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52071-the-unusual-machines-approach-to-low-cost-drones-and-drone-components"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1731940134/sites/tb/features-16x9/52071/111824-tb-podcast-drones_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52071-the-unusual-machines-approach-to-low-cost-drones-and-drone-components">The Unusual Machines Approach to Low-Cost Drones and Drone Components</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/52034-processing-exploitation-and-dissemination-the-armys-future-vision-for-fused-ai">Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination: The Army's Future Vision for Fused...</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a class="newsmatrix_module_link text-dark" href="/component/content/article/51973-why-the-air-force-is-using-the-virtualitics-ai-approach-to-weapon-sustainment">Why the Air Force Is Using the Virtualitics AI Approach to Weapon Sustainment</a></p></div></div><hr class="border-top border-primary"> <nav id="footernav" class="sans-serif"> <div class="footer-bottom row"> <div class="left-column col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-12"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/about">About</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/">Medical Design Briefs</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/">Mobility Engineering Technology</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://status.saemediagroup.com/">Service Status</a></p></div><div id="cb-form" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="exampleModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-sm mt-5" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalLabel">Sign In</h5> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button></div> <div class="modal-body"> <form action="https://www.techbriefs.com/account/login" method="post" id="login-form" class="form-inline cbLoginForm" data-bs-target="#cb-form"> <input type="hidden" name="option" value="com_comprofiler"/> <input type="hidden" name="view" value="login"/> <input type="hidden" name="op2" value="login"/> <input type="hidden" name="return" value="B:aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGVjaGJyaWVmcy5jb20vY29tcG9uZW50L2NvbnRlbnQvYXJ0aWNsZS8zNDYyMy1yZXRpbmFzLXRvLXJvYWR3YXlzLXRoZS1ldm9sdXRpb24tb2Ytb3B0aWNhbC1jb2hlcmVuY2UtdGVjaG5vbG9neT9yPTUwMTI3"/> <input type="hidden" name="message" value="0"/> <input type="hidden" name="loginfrom" value="loginmodule"/> <input type="hidden" name="736e2beca291801a15e94299cd0d1716" value="1" /> <div class="form-floating mb-3 w-100"> <input name="username" type="text" class="form-control col-8" id="inputUserName" placeholder="Username"> <label for="inputUserName">Username or Email</label></div> <div class="form-floating mb-3 w-100"> <input name="passwd" type="password" class="form-control col-8" id="inputPassword" placeholder="Password"> <label for="inputPassword">Password</label></div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary col-12 mb-3">Submit <i class="fas fa-sign-in ms-2"></i></button> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/account/forgot-login" class="col-12"> <i class="fas fa-unlock-alt me-2"></i> Forgot Login? </a> <div class="posttext cb_template cb_template_default"> <p><i>By submitting your personal information, you agree that SAE Media Group and carefully selected industry sponsors of this content may contact you and that you have read and agree to the <a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a>. </i></p> <p><i>You may reach us at <a href="mailto:privacy@saemediagroup.com">privacy@saemediagroup.com</a>. </i></p> <p><i>You may unsubscribe at any time.</i></p></div></form></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mid-column col-sm-3 col-12"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/tb/subscription-services">Subscriber Services</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/tb/feedback">Feedback</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com/company-directory">Contact Us</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/tb/sitemap">Site Map</a></p></div></div> <div class="right-column col-sm-3 col-12"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com">Advertise</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/cookie-usage-statement">Cookie Usage</a></p></div><p class="menu-footer-followus my-2"> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=facebook&username=TechBriefsMagazine" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=twitter&username=TechBriefsMag" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=linkedin_company&username=sae-media-group" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i></a> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&service_nickname=instagram&username=techbriefs" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-instagram"></i></a></p></div></div> </nav> <div class="row mb-5"> <div class="copyright col-12"> <p class="font-italic small">© 2009-2024 SAE Media Group</p></div></div> </footer></div><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cloudinary-core/2.13.1/cloudinary-core-shrinkwrap.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-stp48jOOmT4TXnB4bMJ0rlcR7XagE92cqr7pEb+oFQox6qNSyKiN31GajDsg5VVn+HgM5mhOZinSRXowsRmgPg=="></script><script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/e04325f501.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/masonry/4.2.2/masonry.pkgd.min.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-JRlcvSZAXT8+5SQQAvklXGJuxXTouyq8oIMaYERZQasB8SBDHZaUbeASsJWpk0UUrf89DP3/aefPPrlMR1h1yQ=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/lazysizes.min.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-q583ppKrCRc7N5O0n2nzUiJ+suUv7Et1JGels4bXOaMFQcamPk9HjdUknZuuFjBNs7tsMuadge5k9RzdmO+1GQ=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-v2CJ7UaYy4JwqLDIrZUI/4hqeoQieOmAZNXBeQyjo21dadnwR+8ZaIJVT8EE2iyI61OV8e6M8PP2/4hpQINQ/g=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.2.3/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-i9cEfJwUwViEPFKdC1enz4ZRGBj8YQo6QByFTF92YXHi7waCqyexvRD75S5NVTsSiTv7rKWqG9Y5eFxmRsOn0A=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/js/bootstrap-select.min.js" defer tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-yrOmjPdp8qH8hgLfWpSFhC/+R9Cj9USL8uJxYIveJZGAiedxyIxwNw4RsLDlcjNlIRR4kkHaDHSmNHAkxFTmgg=="></script><script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> $(function () { var cl = cloudinary.Cloudinary.new({ cloud_name: "tbmg" }); cl.config({ defaultBreakpoints: [100,200,400,500,800,1000,1200], responsive_use_breakpoints: true, }); cl.responsive(); }); var match_md_max = window.matchMedia("(max-width: 991px)"); $(function () { var tooltipTriggerList = [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('[data-bs-toggle="tooltip"]')) var tooltipList = tooltipTriggerList.map(function (tooltipTriggerEl) { return new bootstrap.Tooltip(tooltipTriggerEl) }) }); </script> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js" as="script"/> <meta name="shareaholic:site_id" content="65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582"/> <script data-cfasync="false" async src="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> $(function () { // olytics 3.0 window.olytics || (window.olytics = []), window.olytics.methods = ["fire", "confirm"], window.olytics.factory = function (i) { return function () { var t = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); return t.unshift(i), window.olytics.push(t), window.olytics } }; for (var i = 0; i < window.olytics.methods.length; i++) { var method = window.olytics.methods[i]; window.olytics[method] = window.olytics.factory(method) } olytics.load = function (i) { if (!document.getElementById("olyticsImport")) { window.a = window.olytics; var t = document.createElement("script"); t.async = !0, t.id = "olyticsImport", t.type = "text/javascript"; var o = ""; void 0 !== i && void 0 !== i.oid && (o = i.oid), t.setAttribute("data-oid", o), t.src = "https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/js/v3/p/olytics.min.js", t.addEventListener("load", function (t) { for (olytics.initialize({Olytics: i}); window.a.length > 0;) { var o = window.a.shift(), s = o.shift(); olytics[s] && olytics[s].apply(olytics, o) } }, !1); var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t, s) } }, olytics.load({oid: "c1d61b8c10b7440fb3c59fe5b6424a6b"}); }); </script><noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=3077140&fmt=gif" class="nolazyload"/> </noscript>  <script src="https://static.techbriefs.com/media/system/js/core.min.js?37ffe4186289eba9c5df81bea44080aff77b9684"></script> <script src="https://static.techbriefs.com/media/vendor/jquery/js/jquery.min.js?3.7.1"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/templates/tb_cmo_2017/css/template.min.css?t=1732180729" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-K26FuLEPyUwYkP20X00ZnEFnfPWvTnNFfxWErl7pCIi2bHy5WpiYx1lJjKVCmzyXV/zV1EqM+1WsGDxZiFfmMQ=="/> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/plugins/print/ls.print.min.js" defer crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-tY3D/iSWSdQE2NSLW/mRWQd/bvHAGjyCLRwSd23sqNbbgVnUaah2t+ZpX7hdBOskZ7PqYvwe4E+qxNARGojJGQ=="></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/limonte-sweetalert2/11.14.5/sweetalert2.all.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-m4zOGknNg3h+mK09EizkXi9Nf7B3zwsN9ow+YkYIPZoA6iX2vSzLezg4FnW0Q6Z1CPaJdwgUFQ3WSAUC4E/5Hg=="></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-g2SduJKxa4Lbn3GW+Q7rNz+pKP9AWMR++Ta8fgwsZRCUsawjPvF/BxSMkGS61VsR9yinGoEgrHPGPn2mrj8+4w=="/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/css/v3/p/olytics.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"/>  <script> var GAM_breakpoint=window.getComputedStyle(document.querySelector('body'),':before').getPropertyValue('content').replace(/"/g,'');window.googletag=window.googletag||{cmd:[]};googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting('sitepage',['NTB/SensorsDataAcquisition/ApplicationBriefs']).setTargeting('site',["NTB"]).setTargeting('menu_route',["tb\/features\/application-briefs"]).setTargeting('menu_topics',[""]).setTargeting('menu_tags',[""]).setTargeting('article_category',["Application Briefs"]).setTargeting('article_topics',["Connectivity','Data Acquisition','Imaging','Photonics\/Optics','Sensors\/Data Acquisition','Transportation"]).setTargeting('article_navs',["Application Briefs"]);googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();googletag.pubads().setCentering(true);googletag.pubads().setForceSafeFrame(false);googletag.enableServices();});$(function(){function ntb_google_ad_manager_build(item){item_div=$('#'+item.div_id);if(item.display_sizes.includes(GAM_breakpoint)){googletag.cmd.push(function(){var item=this;var item_div=$('#'+item.div_id);size_mapping=[];if(item.size_mapping.length){size_mapping=googletag.sizeMapping();item.size_mapping.forEach(function(size_map){size_mapping.addSize(size_map.view,size_map.map);});size_mapping.build();} var targetSlot=googletag.defineSlot(item.slot,item.slot_ad_sizes,item.div_id).setTargeting('pos',[item.target_pos]).defineSizeMapping(size_mapping);if(item.slot_ad_empty==='default'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(true);} if(item.slot_ad_empty==='collapse'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(true,true);} if(item.slot_ad_empty==='expand'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(false);} targetSlot.addService(googletag.pubads());googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(event){if(event.slot===targetSlot&&event.isEmpty){item_div.parents('.ad-position').addClass('d-none');googletag.destroySlots(event.slot);}});googletag.enableServices();}.bind(item));} else{item_div.parents('.ad-position').addClass('d-none');}} function ntb_google_ad_manager_display(item){if(item.display_all||item.display_sizes.includes(GAM_breakpoint)){googletag.cmd.push(function(){item=this;googletag.display(item.div_id);}.bind(item));}} for(let i=0;i<ntb_google_ad_manager_items.length;i++){ntb_google_ad_manager_build(ntb_google_ad_manager_items[i]);} for(let i=0;i<ntb_google_ad_manager_items.length;i++){ntb_google_ad_manager_display(ntb_google_ad_manager_items[i]);}}); /*! inlined from /media/system/js/keepalive-es5.min.js by ntb_minifier */ (function(){'use strict';if(!window.Joomla){throw new Error('Joomla API was not properly initialised');} var keepAliveOptions=Joomla.getOptions('system.keepalive');var keepAliveInterval=keepAliveOptions&&keepAliveOptions.interval?parseInt(keepAliveOptions.interval,10):45*1000;var keepAliveUri=keepAliveOptions&&keepAliveOptions.uri?keepAliveOptions.uri.replace(/&/g,'&'):'';if(keepAliveUri===''){var systemPaths=Joomla.getOptions('system.paths');keepAliveUri=(systemPaths?systemPaths.root+"/index.php":window.location.pathname)+"?option=com_ajax&format=json";} setInterval(function(){return fetch(keepAliveUri,{method:'POST'});},keepAliveInterval);})(); /*! inlined from /media/legacy/js/$-noconflict.min.js by ntb_minifier */ var $=$.noConflict(); /*! inlined from /media/plg_content_ntb_tagsbot/js/tagsbot.min.js by ntb_minifier */ $(document).ready(function(){var currentTagLinkID=0;$('#ntb_cluster_'+$("#ntb_cluster").children(":selected").attr("value")).show('fast');$("#ntb_cluster").change(function(){$('.ntb_cluster_div').hide('fast');$('#ntb_cluster_'+this.value).show('fast');});$(".currentTagLinks").mouseenter(function(){if(currentTagLinkID!=this.id){currentTagLinkID=this.id;$('.ntb_cluster_div').hide('fast');$('#'+currentTagLinkID.replace('_link','')).show('fast');}});});$(function(){olytics.fire({behaviorId:'5013J3562790A3O',category:"applications",tag:"Connectivity,Data Acquisition,Imaging,Photonics\/Optics,Photonics,Lasers & Laser Systems,Optical Components,Sensors\/Data Acquisition,Sensors,Detectors,Transportation,Automotive",pageType:"content",contentType:"application"})});!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');fbq('init','240802493731265');fbq('track','PageView');!function(s,a,e,v,n,t,z){if(s.saq)return;n=s.saq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!s._saq)s._saq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='1.0';n.queue=[];t=a.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;z=a.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];z.parentNode.insertBefore(t,z)}(window,document,'script','https://tags.srv.stackadapt.com/events.js');saq('ts','3GYZ_Va41jnx_uqfPcLCuQ');$(function(){$('#cb-form').on('shown.bs.modal',function(){$('#inputUserName').focus();})}); /*! inlined from /templates/tb_cmo_2017/js/custom.min.js by ntb_minifier */ $(window).scroll(function(){if($(document).scrollTop()>50){$("nav").addClass("shrink");$(".logolarge").addClass("tb-logo-closed");$(".logosmall").removeClass("d-md-none");$(".add").hide()}else{$("nav").removeClass("shrink");$(".logosmall").addClass("d-md-none");$(".logolarge").removeClass("tb-logo-closed");$(".add").show()}});var _extraWatchParams=_extraWatchParams||[];_extraWatchParams.projectId='df10ea60-5cca-4160-a90f-aec1558e967c';(function(){var ew=document.createElement('script');ew.type='text/javascript';ew.async=true;ew.src='https://agent.extrawatch.com/agent/js/ew.js';var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(ew,s);})();_linkedin_partner_id="3077140";window._linkedin_data_partner_ids=window._linkedin_data_partner_ids||[];window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id);(function(l){if(!l){window.lintrk=function(a,b){window.lintrk.q.push([a,b])};window.lintrk.q=[]} var s=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];var b=document.createElement("script");b.type="text/javascript";b.async=true;b.src="https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(b,s);})(window.lintrk); </script> <script id="dsq-count-scr" src="//techbriefs.disqus.com/count.js" async></script> </body> </html>