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<li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spring_and_Autumn_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring_and_Autumn_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Spring and Autumn period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring_and_Autumn_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warring_States_period_–_Tian_Qi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warring_States_period_–_Tian_Qi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Warring States period – Tian Qi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warring_States_period_–_Tian_Qi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_of_Qi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_of_Qi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture of Qi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_of_Qi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qi_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qi_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Qi architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qi_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qi_in_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qi_in_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Qi in astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qi_in_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_Jiang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Jiang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>House of Jiang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Jiang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Tian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Tian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>House of Tian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Tian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Famous people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qi (state)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="ولاية تشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولاية تشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%AA_(Chiu)" title="Chê (Chiu) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chê (Chiu)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Qi" title="Rouantelezh Qi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Qi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(Shandong)" title="Qi (Shandong) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qi (Shandong)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(Staat)" title="Qi (Staat) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Qi (Staat)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Qi" title="Estado Qi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado Qi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(%C3%89tat)" title="Qi (État) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qi (État)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A8-koet" title="Chhè-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhè-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="제나라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(negara_bagian)" title="Qi (negara bagian) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Qi (negara bagian)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(stato)" title="Qi (stato) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qi (stato)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ცის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(negeri)" title="Qi (negeri) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Qi (negeri)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Чи ванлиг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чи ванлиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(staat)" title="Qi (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Qi (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%89%E5%9B%BD" title="斉国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="斉国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(Shandong)" title="Qi (Shandong) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Qi (Shandong)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi" title="Qi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Qi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(okres_Zhou)" title="Qi (okres Zhou) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Qi (okres Zhou)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Chi" title="Reino de Chi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Chi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8_(%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD)" title="Ци (Шаньдун) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ци (Шаньдун)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C" title="ویلایەتی چی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلایەتی چی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(dr%C5%BEava)" title="Qi (država) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Qi (država)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(stat)" title="Qi (stat) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qi (stat)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B5" title="รัฐฉี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐฉี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_(devlet)" title="Qi (devlet) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Qi (devlet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Ці (держава) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ці (держава)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="چی (ریاست) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چی (ریاست)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%81_(n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc)" title="Tề (nước) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tề (nước)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E5%9B%BD" title="齐国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="齐国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q837855#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qi_(state)&params=36.865_N_118.340_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°51′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">118°20′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.865°N 118.340°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.865; 118.340</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Zhou dynasty Chinese state (1046–221 BCE)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the major state of Q<b>í</b> (<i>齊</i>). For the minor state of Q<b>ǐ</b> (<i>杞</i>), see <a href="/wiki/Qi_(Henan)" title="Qi (Henan)">Qi (Henan)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Qi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Qi (disambiguation)">Qi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Qi Kingdom" redirects here. For the Han dynasty kingdom, see <a href="/wiki/Qi_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Qi Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Qi Kingdom (Han dynasty)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Qi</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">齊</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">*</a>Dzəj</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1046 BCE–221 BCE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EN-QI260BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qi in 260 BCE"><img alt="Qi in 260 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EN-QI260BCE.jpg/250px-EN-QI260BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EN-QI260BCE.jpg/375px-EN-QI260BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EN-QI260BCE.jpg/500px-EN-QI260BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="4348" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Qi in 260 BCE</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Regional State (1046–323 BCE )</li><li>Kingdom (323–221 BCE )</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Yingqiu (11 c.–866 BCE )<br /><a href="/wiki/Pugu_(state)" title="Pugu (state)">Bogu</a> (866–859 BCE )<br /><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Linzi" title="Ancient Linzi">Linzi</a> (859–221 BCE )</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gong_(title)" title="Gong (title)">Lord</a> of Qi</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 685–643 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 547–490 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duke_Jing_of_Qi" title="Duke Jing of Qi">Duke Jing of Qi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of China">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 685–645 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 556–500 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yan_Ying" title="Yan Ying">Yan Ying</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Enfeoffment of <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Ziya" title="Jiang Ziya">Duke Tai</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1046 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquered by Qin </div></th><td class="infobox-data">221 BCE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knife_money" title="Knife money">Knife money</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pugu_(state)" title="Pugu (state)">Pugu</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Qi</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qi_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Qi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/65px-Qi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Qi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/98px-Qi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Qi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/130px-Qi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Qi" in <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BD%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:齊">齊</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BD%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:齐">齐</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chyi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ch'i<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕʰǐ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Zí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Chàih</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Cai<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʰɐj˩]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Chê</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tsê</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn">Cà̤</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]ˤəj</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_wall_of_qi_2008_07_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Great_wall_of_qi_2008_07_14.jpg/275px-Great_wall_of_qi_2008_07_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Great_wall_of_qi_2008_07_14.jpg/413px-Great_wall_of_qi_2008_07_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Great_wall_of_qi_2008_07_14.jpg/550px-Great_wall_of_qi_2008_07_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Qi" title="Great Wall of Qi">Great Wall of Qi</a> on Dafeng Mountain</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Qi</b>, or <b>Ch'i</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> romanization, was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Chinese state">regional state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">ancient China</a>, whose rulers held <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_nobility" title="Zhou dynasty nobility">titles</a> of <i>Hou</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">侯</span></span>), then <i><a href="/wiki/Gong_(title)" title="Gong (title)">Gong</a></i>, before declaring themselves independent Kings. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Linzi" title="Ancient Linzi">Linzi</a>, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muye" title="Battle of Muye">conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span>. Its first monarch was <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Ziya" title="Jiang Ziya">Jiang Ziya</a> (Lord Tai; <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>1046–1015 BCE ), <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor (China)">minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" title="King Wen of Zhou">King Wen</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese legend">legendary</a> figure in Chinese culture. His <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname#Xing" title="Chinese surname">family</a> ruled Qi for several centuries before it was <a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Qi_by_Tian" title="Usurpation of Qi by Tian">replaced by the Tian family</a> in 386<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qi was the final surviving state to be annexed by <a href="/wiki/State_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qin">Qin</a> during its <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">unification of China</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Qi_(state)" title="Special:EditPage/Qi (state)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_knife-shaped_coins_of_State_of_Qi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bronze_knife-shaped_coins_of_State_of_Qi.jpg/220px-Bronze_knife-shaped_coins_of_State_of_Qi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bronze_knife-shaped_coins_of_State_of_Qi.jpg/330px-Bronze_knife-shaped_coins_of_State_of_Qi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bronze_knife-shaped_coins_of_State_of_Qi.jpg/440px-Bronze_knife-shaped_coins_of_State_of_Qi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bronze knife-shaped coins of State of Qi, collected in Shandong Museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muye" title="Battle of Muye">conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Ziya" title="Jiang Ziya">Jiang Ziya</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Ju_County" title="Ju County">Ju County</a> served as the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor (China)">chief minister</a> to <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou" title="King Wu of Zhou">King Wu</a>, the same position he had held in service to King Wu's father. Following the Zhou victory, the lands comprising much of the Shandong peninsula and some nearby surrounds were established as the state of Qi, with Jiang <a href="/wiki/Fengjian" title="Fengjian">charged with</a> ruling and defending them. After King Wu's death, Ziya remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke of Zhou</a>'s regency during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Guards">Three Guards</a>' <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Three_Guards" title="Rebellion of the Three Guards">failed rebellion</a>. The Shang prince <a href="/wiki/Wu_Geng" title="Wu Geng">Wu Geng</a> had joined the revolt along with the <a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dongyi</a> polities of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_(Dongyi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan (Dongyi) (page does not exist)">Yan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%95%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:燕国">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Xu_(Dongyi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu (Dongyi)">Xu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pugu_(Dongyi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pugu (Dongyi)">Pugu</a>, located within the boundaries of Qi. These were suppressed by 1039<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE, but the <i><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Annals" title="Bamboo Annals">Bamboo Annals</a></i> suggest that the native people of Pugu continued to revolt for about another decade before being destroyed a second time <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1026</span>. </p><p>Transmitted documents from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> period are scant, but it is known that <a href="/wiki/King_Yi_of_Zhou_(Xie)" title="King Yi of Zhou (Xie)">King Yi</a> of Zhou (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>865–858 BCE) attacked Qi and <a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">boiled</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ai_of_Qi" title="Duke Ai of Qi">Duke Ai</a> to death. During the time of <a href="/wiki/King_Xuan_of_Zhou" title="King Xuan of Zhou">King Xuan of Zhou</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 827–782), there was a local succession struggle. Throughout this period, many of the native <a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dongyi</a> peoples <a href="/wiki/Sinification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinification">were absorbed</a> into the Zhou cultural sphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spring_and_Autumn_period">Spring and Autumn period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spring and Autumn period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrificial_horsepit_linzi_2010_06_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sacrificial_horsepit_linzi_2010_06_06.jpg/220px-Sacrificial_horsepit_linzi_2010_06_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sacrificial_horsepit_linzi_2010_06_06.jpg/330px-Sacrificial_horsepit_linzi_2010_06_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sacrificial_horsepit_linzi_2010_06_06.jpg/440px-Sacrificial_horsepit_linzi_2010_06_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Sacrificial horses discovered in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Jing_of_Qi" title="Duke Jing of Qi">Duke Jing of Qi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The succession crisis following the violent death of <a href="/wiki/King_You_of_Zhou" title="King You of Zhou">King You of Zhou</a> led to a dramatic and unrecoverable loss of political and military authority in the Zhou royal court. Under this new geopolitical situation, Qi rose to prominence under <a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 685–643<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE ). He and his minister <a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a> strengthened the state by consolidating power in the hands of the central government at the expense of the landed aristocracy, establishing a system of counties (<span lang="zh">縣</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiàn</span></i>) ruled directly by ministers of the state court.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qi annexed 35 neighboring polities – including <a href="/wiki/Tan_(state)" title="Tan (state)">Tan</a> – and brought others into submission. Guan Zhong's administrative reforms also included state monopolies on salt and iron, and in general were characteristic of the later political philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 526">: 526 </span></sup> </p><p>In 667<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE, the lords of Qi, <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a> assembled in one of the first great interstate conferences, and Duke Huan was elected as their leader. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/King_Hui_of_Zhou" title="King Hui of Zhou">King Hui of Zhou</a> pronounced him <i>Bà</i> (<span lang="zh">霸</span>; 'big brother<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>'), the "hegemon-protector" sworn to protect the royal house of Zhou and uphold the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a> (the Zhou king). The first of <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">five</a> such hegemons,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he earned a tribute from the other states, and had the honour of paying the royal court a larger tribute than anyone else. His calls to arms were as binding as the king's own. Using this authority, during the first eleven years of his hegemony, Duke Huan intervened in a power struggle in Lu; protected <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> from encroaching <a href="/wiki/Xirong_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xirong (people)">Western Rong</a> nomads; drove off <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Northern Di</a> nomads after their invasions of <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xing_(state)" title="Xing (state)">Xing</a>, providing the people with provisions and protective garrison units; and led an alliance of eight states to conquer <a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a> and thereby block the northward expansion of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Duke Huan's death, a <a href="/wiki/War_of_Qi%27s_succession" title="War of Qi's succession">war of succession</a> between rival claimants greatly weakened Qi and ending its reign of hegemony. In 632<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE, Qi helped <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a> defeat Chu at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chengpu" title="Battle of Chengpu">Battle of Chengpu</a>, only to be defeated by Jin itself at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_An" title="Battle of An">Battle of An</a> in 589. In 579, the four great powers of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a>, Jin, Chu, and Qi met to declare a truce and limit their military strength. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warring_States_period_–_Tian_Qi"><span id="Warring_States_period_.E2.80.93_Tian_Qi"></span>Warring States period – Tian Qi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Warring States period – Tian Qi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Qi_by_Tian" title="Usurpation of Qi by Tian">Usurpation of Qi by Tian</a></div> <p>Early in the period, Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Tian_(surname)" title="Tian (surname)">Tian</a> clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485, the Tian clan killed the heir to the house of Jiang and fought several rival clans. Four years later, the Tian chief killed a puppet ruler, most of his family, and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the monarch with only the capital of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Linzi" title="Ancient Linzi">Linzi</a> and the area around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a>. In 386, the house of Tian fully replaced the house of Jiang as rulers of Qi. The <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> ended with the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> conquest of Qi, which was the last to fall, in 222. So ended Qi, and the era of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> began. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_of_Qi">Culture of Qi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture of Qi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before Qin unified China, each state's customs, culture, dialects, and orthography had pronounced differences. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Yu_Gong" title="Yu Gong">Yu Gong</a></i> or <i>Tribute of Yu</i>, composed in the fourth or fifth century BCE and included in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Classic of Documents</a></i>, there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail. The work focuses on the travels of the titular sage, <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a>, throughout each of the regions. </p><p>Other texts also discussed these cultural variations. One of these texts was <i>The Book of Master Wu</i>, written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a> on how to cope with the other states. <a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a>, the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain of the environment in which they inhabited. Of Qi, he said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although Qi's troops are numerous, their organization is unstable... The people of Qi are by nature unyielding and their country prosperous, but the ruler and officials are arrogant and care nothing for the people. The state's policies are not uniform and not strictly enforced. Salaries and wages are unfair and unevenly distributed, causing disharmony and disunity. Qi's army is arrayed with their heaviest hitters at the front while the rest follow behind, so that even when their forces appear mighty, they are in reality fragile. To defeat them, we should divide our army into three columns and have two attack the left and right flanks of Qi's army. Once their battle formations are thrown into disarray, the central column should be in position to attack and victory will follow.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wuzi" title="Wuzi">Wuzi</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>While visiting Qi, <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> was deeply impressed with perfection of performance of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shao_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shao music (page does not exist)">Shao music</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">韶</span></span>) therein.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Warring States period, Qi was famous for Linzi's <a href="/wiki/Jixia_Academy" title="Jixia Academy">Jixia Academy</a>, where renowned scholars of the era from all over China would visit. Modern scholarship understands the Jixia Academy not to be a physical institution, but an informal collaboration of sponsored scholars engaged in intellectual work. One impressive surviving achievement of the Jixia school of thought is the <i><a href="/wiki/Yanzi_Chunqiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanzi Chunqiu">Yanzi Chunqiu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qi_architecture">Qi architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Qi architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg/220px-Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg/330px-Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg/440px-Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Remains of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Linzi" title="Ancient Linzi">Ancient Linzi</a> city sewer passing underneath the former city wall of the Qi kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>The state of Qi was known for having well organized cities that were nearly rectangular in shape, with roads that were neatly knit into a grid-like pattern. The palace was strategically positioned facing the south. To the left (eastwardly direction) of the palace resided the <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral temple">ancestral temple</a>, to its right (westward) the temple of the gods, both one hundred paces away. This ensured that balance was achieved. In front of the palace was the court also one hundred paces away and to the back of the palace was the city. This type of layout influenced greatly the way cities were designed in subsequent generations. </p><p>Smaller estates known as <i>chengyi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">城邑</span></span>) were abundant throughout Qi. They typically stretched 450 meters from south to north and 395 meters from east to west. The perimeter was usually surrounded by a wall with the living headquarters situated within and a nearly perfect square-shaped courtyard occupying the center.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Qi" title="Great Wall of Qi">Great Wall of Qi</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">齊長城</span></span>) is the oldest existing <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fodor_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fodor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the wall started in 441 BCE to defend against attacks from the states of <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction ended during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>, with the wall enhancing Qi's defense against enemies states like <a href="/wiki/Ju_(state)" title="Ju (state)">Ju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cultural-china_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cultural-china-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wall stretches from Guangli village of today's Changqing District, <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>, running across the mountain ridges of central Shandong Province to the Yellow Sea in the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cultural-china_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cultural-china-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its total length has been estimated at 600 km (370 miles).<sup id="cite_ref-sdinfobase_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdinfobase-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the wall is still visible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qi_in_astronomy">Qi in astronomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Qi in astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_constellations" title="Chinese constellations">Chinese constellations</a></div> <p>Qi is represented by the star <b><a href="/wiki/Chi_Capricorni" title="Chi Capricorni">Chi Capricorni</a></b> in the "Twelve States" asterism in the "<a href="/wiki/Girl_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Girl (Chinese constellation)">Girl</a>" <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions" title="Twenty-Eight Mansions">lunar mansion</a> in the "<a href="/wiki/Black_Tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Tortoise">Black Turtle</a>" <a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">symbol</a>. Qi is also represented by the star <b><a href="/wiki/112_Herculis" title="112 Herculis">112 Herculis</a></b> in the "Left Wall" asterism in the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure" title="Heavenly Market enclosure">"Heavenly Market" enclosure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Jiang">House of Jiang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: House of Jiang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(Warring_States_period)#House_of_Jiang" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)">House of Jiang family tree</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Title </th> <th width="5%">Name </th> <th width="7%">Reign (BC) </th> <th width="15%">Relationship </th> <th width="20%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Tai_of_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Tai of Qi">Duke Tai</a><br />齊太公</td> <td>Shang<br />尚</td> <td>11th century</td> <td></td> <td>Enfeoffed by <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou" title="King Wu of Zhou">King Wu of Zhou</a>, with capital at <a href="/wiki/Yingqiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yingqiu">Yingqiu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ding_of_Qi" title="Duke Ding of Qi">Duke Ding</a><br />齊丁公</td> <td>Ji<br />伋</td> <td>10th century</td> <td>5th-generation descendant of Duke Tai</td> <td>Traditionally believed to be son of Duke Tai </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Y%C7%90_of_Qi" title="Duke Yǐ of Qi">Duke Yǐ</a><br />齊乙公</td> <td>De<br />得</td> <td>10th century</td> <td>Son of Duke Ding</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Gui_of_Qi" title="Duke Gui of Qi">Duke Gui</a><br />齊癸公</td> <td>Cimu<br />慈母</td> <td>c. 10th century</td> <td>Son of Duke Yǐ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ai_of_Qi" title="Duke Ai of Qi">Duke Ai</a><br />齊哀公</td> <td>Buchen<br />不辰</td> <td>9th century</td> <td>Son of Duke Gui</td> <td>Boiled to death by <a href="/wiki/King_Yi_of_Zhou_(Xie)" title="King Yi of Zhou (Xie)">King Yi of Zhou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Hu_of_Qi" title="Duke Hu of Qi">Duke Hu</a><br />齊胡公</td> <td>Jing<br />靜</td> <td>9th century</td> <td>Son of Duke Gui</td> <td>Moved capital to Bogu, killed by Duke Xian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xian_of_Qi" title="Duke Xian of Qi">Duke Xian</a><br />齊獻公</td> <td>Shan<br />山</td> <td>859?–851</td> <td>Son of Duke Gui</td> <td>Moved capital back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Linzi" title="Ancient Linzi">Linzi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wu_of_Qi" title="Duke Wu of Qi">Duke Wu</a><br />齊武公</td> <td>Shou<br />壽</td> <td>850–825</td> <td>Son of Duke Xian</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Li_of_Qi" title="Duke Li of Qi">Duke Li</a><br />齊厲公</td> <td>Wuji<br />無忌</td> <td>824–816</td> <td>Son of Duke Wu</td> <td>Killed by supporters of Duke Hu's son. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Qi" title="Duke Wen of Qi">Duke Wen</a><br />齊文公</td> <td>Chi<br />赤</td> <td>815–804</td> <td>Son of Duke Li</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Cheng_of_Qi" title="Duke Cheng of Qi">Duke Cheng</a><br />齊成公</td> <td>Yue<br />說</td> <td>803–795</td> <td>Son of Duke Wen</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_I_of_Qi" title="Duke Zhuang I of Qi">Duke Zhuang I</a><br />齊前莊公</td> <td>Gou<br />購</td> <td>794–731</td> <td>Son of Duke Cheng</td> <td>Reigned for 64 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xi_of_Qi" title="Duke Xi of Qi">Duke Xi</a><br />齊僖公</td> <td>Lufu<br />祿甫</td> <td>730–698</td> <td>Son of Duke Zhuang I</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiang_of_Qi" title="Duke Xiang of Qi">Duke Xiang</a><br />齊襄公</td> <td>Zhu'er<br />諸兒</td> <td>697–686</td> <td>Son of Duke Xi</td> <td>Committed incest with sister <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiang" title="Wen Jiang">Wen Jiang</a>, murdered her husband <a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Lu" title="Duke Huan of Lu">Duke Huan of Lu</a>, conquered the state of Ji, murdered by cousin Wuzhi </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>none</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuzhi_(Qi)" title="Wuzhi (Qi)">Wuzhi</a><br />無知</td> <td>686</td> <td>Cousin of Duke Xiang, grandson of Duke Zhuang I</td> <td>Killed by Yong Lin. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan</a><br />齊桓公</td> <td>Xiaobai<br />小白</td> <td>685–643</td> <td>Younger brother of Duke Xiang</td> <td>First of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">Five Hegemons</a>, when Qi reached zenith of its power. Starved to death by ministers </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>none</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wukui" title="Wukui">Wukui</a> or Wugui<br />無虧 or 無詭</td> <td>643</td> <td>Son of Duke Huan</td> <td>Killed by supporters of Duke Xiao </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiao_of_Qi" title="Duke Xiao of Qi">Duke Xiao</a><br />齊孝公</td> <td>Zhao<br />昭</td> <td>642–633</td> <td>Son of Duke Huan</td> <td>Crown prince of Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Zhao_of_Qi" title="Duke Zhao of Qi">Duke Zhao</a><br />齊昭公</td> <td>Pan<br />潘</td> <td>632–613</td> <td>Son of Duke Huan</td> <td>His supporters murdered the son of Duke Xiao </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>none</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/She_(Qi)" title="She (Qi)">She</a><br />舍</td> <td>613</td> <td>Son of Duke Zhao</td> <td>Murdered by uncle Shangren </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Y%C3%AC_of_Qi" title="Duke Yì of Qi">Duke Yì</a><br />齊懿公</td> <td>Shangren<br />商人</td> <td>612–609</td> <td>Uncle of She, son of Duke Huan</td> <td>Killed by two ministers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Hui_of_Qi" title="Duke Hui of Qi">Duke Hui</a><br />齊惠公</td> <td>Yuan<br />元</td> <td>608–599</td> <td>Son of Duke Huan</td> <td>Defeated <a href="/wiki/Long_Di" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Di">Long Di</a> invaders </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Qing_of_Qi" title="Duke Qing of Qi">Duke Qing</a><br />齊頃公</td> <td>Wuye<br />無野</td> <td>598–582</td> <td>Son of Duke Hui</td> <td>Defeated by <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_An" title="Battle of An">Battle of An</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ling_of_Qi" title="Duke Ling of Qi">Duke Ling</a><br />齊靈公</td> <td>Huan<br />環</td> <td>581–554</td> <td>Son of Duke Qing</td> <td>Annexed the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Lai" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Lai">State of Lai</a>; defeated by <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a> at the Battle of Pingyin, capital <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Linzi" title="Ancient Linzi">Linzi</a> burned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_II_of_Qi" title="Duke Zhuang II of Qi">Duke Zhuang II</a><br />齊後莊公</td> <td>Guang<br />光</td> <td>553–548</td> <td>Son of Duke Ling</td> <td>Ascended throne by killing Prince Ya with the help of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cui_Zhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cui Zhu (page does not exist)">Cui Zhu</a>; committed adultery with Cui's wife, killed by Cui </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Jing_of_Qi" title="Duke Jing of Qi">Duke Jing</a><br />齊景公</td> <td>Chujiu<br />杵臼</td> <td>547–490</td> <td>Half brother of Duke Zhuang II</td> <td>Killed Cui Zhu. Had famous statesman <a href="/wiki/Yan_Ying" title="Yan Ying">Yan Ying</a> as prime minister </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/An_Ruzi" title="An Ruzi">An Ruzi</a><br />安孺子</td> <td>Tu<br />荼</td> <td>489</td> <td>Youngest son of Duke Jing</td> <td>Deposed by <a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Qi_by_Tian" title="Usurpation of Qi by Tian">Tian Qi</a> and killed by Duke Dao. Also called Yan Ruzi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Dao_of_Qi" title="Duke Dao of Qi">Duke Dao</a><br />齊悼公</td> <td>Yangsheng<br />陽生</td> <td>488–485</td> <td>Son of Duke Jing</td> <td>Killed by a minister, possibly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Heng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Heng (page does not exist)">Tian Heng</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Jian_of_Qi" title="Duke Jian of Qi">Duke Jian</a><br />齊簡公</td> <td>Ren<br />壬</td> <td>484–481</td> <td>Son of Duke Dao</td> <td>Killed by Tian Heng </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ping_of_Qi" title="Duke Ping of Qi">Duke Ping</a><br />齊平公</td> <td>Ao<br />驁</td> <td>480–456</td> <td>Brother of Duke Jian</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xuan_of_Qi" title="Duke Xuan of Qi">Duke Xuan</a><br />齊宣公</td> <td>Ji<br />積</td> <td>455–405</td> <td>Son of Duke Ping</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Kang_of_Qi" title="Duke Kang of Qi">Duke Kang</a><br />齊康公</td> <td>Dai<br />貸</td> <td>404–386</td> <td>Son of Duke Xuan</td> <td>Deposed by <a href="/wiki/Duke_Tai_of_Tian_Qi" title="Duke Tai of Tian Qi">Duke Tai of Tian Qi</a>, died in 379 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Tian">House of Tian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: House of Tian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(Warring_States_period)#House_of_Tian" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)">House of Tian family tree</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="3%">Title </th> <th width="3%">Name </th> <th width="2%">Reign (BC) </th> <th width="7%">Relationship </th> <th width="5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Tai_of_Tian_Qi" title="Duke Tai of Tian Qi">Duke Tai</a><br />齊太公</td> <td>Tian He<br />田和</td> <td>404–384</td> <td>Son of Tian Bai</td> <td>Officially recognized as Qi ruler in 386<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>none</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yan,_Marquis_of_Tian" title="Yan, Marquis of Tian">Tian Yan</a><br />田剡</td> <td>383–375</td> <td>Son of Duke Tai</td> <td>Killed by Duke Huan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Tian_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Tian Qi">Duke Huan</a><br />齊桓公</td> <td>Tian Wu<br />田午</td> <td>374–357</td> <td>Brother of Tian Yan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Wei_of_Qi" title="King Wei of Qi">King Wei</a><br />齊威王</td> <td>Tian Yinqi<br />田因齊</td> <td>356–320</td> <td>Son of Duke Huan</td> <td>Most powerful Qi ruler of the Warring States. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Xuan_of_Qi" title="King Xuan of Qi">King Xuan</a><br />齊宣王</td> <td>Tian Bijiang<br />田辟彊</td> <td>319–300</td> <td>Son of King Wei</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Min_of_Qi" title="King Min of Qi">King Min</a><br />齊愍王</td> <td>Tian Di<br />田地</td> <td>300–283</td> <td>Son of King Xuan</td> <td>Temporarily declared himself "Emperor of the East". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Xiang_of_Qi" title="King Xiang of Qi">King Xiang</a><br />齊襄王</td> <td>Tian Fazhang<br />田法章</td> <td>283–265</td> <td>Son of King Min</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>none, known as Houzhu of Qi</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jian_of_Qi" title="Jian of Qi">Tian Jian</a><br />田建</td> <td>264–221</td> <td>Son of King Xiang</td> <td>Qi conquered by Qin </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_people">Famous people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Famous people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All dates are BCE </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a> (720–645), prime minister to <a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a> and known for making the state of Qi one of the most power Hegemons at the time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Ying" title="Yan Ying">Yan Ying</a> (578–500), <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor (China)">prime minister</a> to <a href="/wiki/Duke_Jing_of_Qi" title="Duke Jing of Qi">Duke Jing</a>, known from <i><a href="/wiki/Yanzi_Chunqiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanzi Chunqiu">Yanzi Chunqiu</a></i>, to which he is sometimes attributed authorship.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> (544–496) Chinese steategist and writer, famously attributed authorship of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i>. May not have existed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Bin" title="Sun Bin">Sun Bin</a> (?–316), military strategist known for <i><a href="/wiki/Sun_Bin%27s_Art_of_War" title="Sun Bin's Art of War">Sun Bin's Art of War</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyu_Kun" title="Chunyu Kun">Chunyu Kun</a> (386–310), official and master scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Jixia_Academy" title="Jixia Academy">Jixia Academy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> (372–289), official and one of the most renowned <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> philosophers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xun Kuang">Xun Kuang</a> (313–238), philosopher who joined the Jixia Academy when he was 50 years old, known for the <i><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(book)" title="Xunzi (book)">Xunzi</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Qi-ancient-state-China-771-221-BC">"Qi – ancient state, China [771–221 BCE]"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qi+%E2%80%93+ancient+state%2C+China+%5B771%E2%80%93221+BCE%5D&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FQi-ancient-state-China-771-221-BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXunzi2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a> (2003) [c. 230s BCE]. Burton Watson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SE2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Xunzi: Basic Writings</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231521314" title="Special:BookSources/9780231521314"><bdi>9780231521314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xunzi%3A+Basic+Writings&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780231521314&rft.au=Xunzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SE2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in <a href="#CITEREFCambridge_History_of_Ancient_China1999"><i>Cambridge History of Ancient China</i> 1999</a>, pp. 553–554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiserCai2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kiser, Edgar; Cai, Young (2003). "War and bureaucratization in Qin China: Exploring an anomalous case". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 511–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1519737">10.2307/1519737</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1519737">1519737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=War+and+bureaucratization+in+Qin+China%3A+Exploring+an+anomalous+case&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=511-39&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1519737&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1519737%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kiser&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft.au=Cai%2C+Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Goldin, Paul R. (2021). "Etymological Notes on Early Chinese Aristocratic Titles". <i>T'oung Pao</i>. <b>107</b> (3–4). Leiden: Brill: 475–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685322-10703005">10.1163/15685322-10703005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239636418">239636418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=Etymological+Notes+on+Early+Chinese+Aristocratic+Titles&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=475-480&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685322-10703005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239636418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goldin&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in <a href="#CITEREFCambridge_History_of_Ancient_China1999"><i>Cambridge History of Ancient China</i> 1999</a>, p. 555.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in <a href="#CITEREFCambridge_History_of_Ancient_China1999"><i>Cambridge History of Ancient China</i> 1999</a>, pp. 555–556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfucius_(attributed)" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> (attributed). "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E/%E8%BF%B0%E8%80%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83" class="extiw" title="zh:s:論語/述而第七">17 ("Shu er"):14</a>". <a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects"><i>Analects</i> <bdi lang="zh">論語</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17+%28%22Shu+er%22%29%3A14&rft.btitle=Analects+%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Confucius+%28attributed%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingarten2015" class="citation journal cs1">Weingarten, Oliver (2015). "Debates around Jixia: Argument and Intertextuality in Warring States Writings Associated with Qi". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>135</b> (2): 283–307 [283–285]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.135.2.283">10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.2.283</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.2.283">10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.2.283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Debates+around+Jixia%3A+Argument+and+Intertextuality+in+Warring+States+Writings+Associated+with+Qi&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-307+283-285&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.135.2.283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.135.2.283%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weingarten&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fodor-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fodor_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Knowles2001" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Knowles (2001). <i>Fodor's Exploring China</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fodor%27s" title="Fodor's">Fodor's</a>, original from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-676-90161-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-676-90161-1"><bdi>0-676-90161-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+Exploring+China&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Fodor%27s%2C+original+from+the+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-676-90161-1&rft.au=Christopher+Knowles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Atlas of World Heritage: China</i>. Long River Press. 2008. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59265-060-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59265-060-6"><bdi>978-1-59265-060-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+Heritage%3A+China&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Long+River+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59265-060-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Pines" title="Yuri Pines">Pines, Yuri</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yuri-pines-sinology.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Great-Wall-of-Qi-final.pdf">"The Earliest 'Great Wall'? Long Wall of Qi Revisited"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>138</b> (4): 743–762. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.138.4.0743">10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.4.0743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+%27Great+Wall%27%3F+Long+Wall+of+Qi+Revisited&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=743-762&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.138.4.0743&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyuri-pines-sinology.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2FGreat-Wall-of-Qi-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cultural-china-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cultural-china_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cultural-china_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326114335/http://news.cultural-china.com/20090202165049.html?sky0TMVMukzATL9MjkzBTLpMtEw=">"Ancient sites from Zhou Dynasty discovered in the Qi Great Wall in Shandong"</a>. <i>Cultural China</i>. 2 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cultural-china.com/20090202165049.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural+China&rft.atitle=Ancient+sites+from+Zhou+Dynasty+discovered+in+the+Qi+Great+Wall+in+Shandong&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cultural-china.com%2F20090202165049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdinfobase-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sdinfobase_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031104623/http://sd.infobase.gov.cn/sdgd/sd2/4.htm">"List of heritage sites in Shandong"</a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sd.infobase.gov.cn/sdgd/sd2/4.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+heritage+sites+in+Shandong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsd.infobase.gov.cn%2Fsdgd%2Fsd2%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen_Huihua_(陳輝樺)2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chen Huihua (陳輝樺), ed. (24 Jun 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0606/ap060624.html"><bdi lang="zh">中國古代的星象系統 (54)：天市左垣、市樓</bdi></a>. <i>Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy</i> <bdi lang="zh">天文教育資訊網</bdi> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Activities+of+Exhibition+and+Education+in+Astronomy&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%98%9F%E8%B1%A1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1+%2854%29%EF%BC%9A+%E5%A4%A9%E5%B8%82%E5%B7%A6%E5%9E%A3%E3%80%81%E5%B8%82%E6%A8%93&rft.date=2006-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faeea.nmns.edu.tw%2F2006%2F0606%2Fap060624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJens_Østergård_Petersen1992" class="citation journal cs1">Jens Østergård Petersen (1992). "What's in a Name? On the Sources concerning Sun Wu". <i>Asia Major</i>. Third Series. <b>5</b> (1). Academica Sinica: 1–31. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41645475">41645475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+On+the+Sources+concerning+Sun+Wu&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41645475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Jens+%C3%98sterg%C3%A5rd+Petersen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambridge_History_of_Ancient_China1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Michael Loewe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Shaughnessy">Edward L. Shaughnessy</a>, eds. (2006) [1999]. <i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+221+BC&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47030-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_(state)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Qi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Qi">Qi</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ch%27i" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ch'i">Ch'i</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Chi">Chi</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlessner_Creel1979" class="citation book cs1">Glessner Creel, Herrlee (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofchinastu00cree"><i>The birth of China: a study of the formative period of Chinese civilization</i></a></span>. New York: Ungar Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-6093-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8044-6093-0"><bdi>0-8044-6093-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+birth+of+China%3A+a+study+of+the+formative+period+of+Chinese+civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ungar+Publ.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8044-6093-0&rft.aulast=Glessner+Creel&rft.aufirst=Herrlee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthofchinastu00cree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQi+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39237261/SAMPLE_The_Thread_of_Dao_Unraveling_Early_Daoist_Oral_Traditions_in_Guan_Zis_Purifying_the_Heart-Mind_Bai_Xin_Art_of_the_Heart-Mind_Xin_Shu_and_Internal_Cultivation_Nei_Ye_">Unraveling Early Daoist Oral Traditions in Guan Zi's "Purifying the Heart-Mind (Bai Xin)," "Art of the Heart-Mind (Xin Shu)," and "Internal Cultivation (Nei Ye)</a>", Dan G. Reid</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Chinese_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Chinese_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">Ancient Chinese states</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zhou_dynasty_states" title="List of Zhou dynasty states">Zhou dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_(state)" title="Cao (state)">Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)" title="Shu (kingdom)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei_(state)" title="Bei (state)">Bei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chao_(state)" title="Chao (state)">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_(state)" title="Dao (state)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Spring_and_Autumn_period)" title="Dai (Spring and Autumn period)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_(state)" title="Deng (state)">Deng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_(state)" title="E (state)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Guo" title="Eastern Guo">Eastern Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Guo" title="Western Guo">Western Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumie" title="Gumie">Gumie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzhu" title="Guzhu">Guzhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(NW_Zhou_state)" title="Han (NW Zhou state)">Han (NW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(SE_Zhou_state)" title="Han (SE Zhou state)">Han (SE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_(state)" title="Hua (state)">Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_(state)" title="Huang (state)">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_(state)" title="Huo (state)">Huo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_(state_in_modern_Beijing)" title="Ji (state in modern Beijing)">Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_(state_in_modern_Shandong)" title="Ji (state in modern Shandong)"> Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jia (state) (page does not exist)">Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_(state)" title="Ju (state)">Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(state)" title="Lai (state)">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_(state)" title="Liang (state)">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_(Zhou_dynasty_state)" title="Liao (Zhou dynasty state)">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_(state)" title="Lü (state)">Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_(state)" title="Luo (state)">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_(Chinese_state)" title="Na (Chinese state)">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_(Western_Zhou_state)" title="Peng (Western Zhou state)">Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_(state)" title="Pi (state)">Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(Henan)" title="Qi (Henan)">Qǐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_(state)" title="Quan (state)">Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui_(state)" title="Rui (state)">Rui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruo_(state)" title="Ruo (state)">Ruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(state)" title="Shen (state)">Shēn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%9Bn_(state)" title="Shěn (state)">Shěn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_(state)" title="Sui (state)">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_(state)" title="Tan (state)">Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_(state)" title="Teng (state)">Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_(state)" title="Xi (state)">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_(state)" title="Xian (state)">Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xing_(state)" title="Xing (state)">Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_(state)" title="Xu (state)">Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C7%94_(state)" title="Xǔ (state)">Xǔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_(state)" title="Yang (state)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_(state)" title="Ying (state)"> Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiqu" title="Yiqu">Yiqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xian_of_Jin#Conquests_of_Yu_and_Guo" title="Duke Xian of Jin">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_(state)" title="Zeng (state)">Zeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongli_(state)" title="Zhongli (state)">Zhongli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoulai" title="Zhoulai">Zhoulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">Seven states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Warring_States_period)" title="Dai (Warring States period)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou_(state)" title="Eastern Zhou (state)">Eastern Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)" title="Shu (kingdom)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_(state)" title="Teng (state)">Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou_(state)" title="Western Zhou (state)">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiqu" title="Yiqu">Yiqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837855#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4484973-4">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qi_(state)&params=36.865_N_118.340_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°51′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">118°20′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.865°N 118.340°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.865; 118.340</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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BC">221 BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies" title="Category:Former monarchies">Former monarchies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description 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