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Civilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indus_Valley_Civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dravidian_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravidian_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.1 Dravidian identification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dravidian_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline,_migration_and_Dravidianization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline,_migration_and_Dravidianization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.2 Decline, migration and Dravidianization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline,_migration_and_Dravidianization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dravidian_and_Indo-Aryan_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravidian_and_Indo-Aryan_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Dravidian and Indo-Aryan interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dravidian_and_Indo-Aryan_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dravidian_substrate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravidian_substrate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.1 Dravidian substrate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dravidian_substrate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskritization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskritization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.2 Sanskritization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskritization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dravidian_kingdoms_and_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravidian_kingdoms_and_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Dravidian kingdoms and empires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dravidian_kingdoms_and_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_trade_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_trade_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Medieval trade and influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_trade_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_contact_(1500_onward)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_contact_(1500_onward)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 European contact (1500 onward) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_contact_(1500_onward)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dravidian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravidian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Dravidian culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dravidian_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dravidian culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dravidian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_belief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_belief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Religious belief </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Architecture and visual art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre,_dance_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre,_dance_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Theatre, dance and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre,_dance_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_arts_and_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_arts_and_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Martial arts and sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_arts_and_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dravidian peoples</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawidas" title="Drawidas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Drawidas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سلالة درفيدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة درفيدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidl%C9%99r" title="Dravidlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dravidlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="دراویدیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دراویدیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="দ্রাবিড় জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্রাবিড় জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidi" title="Dravidi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dravidi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobles_dravidians" title="Pobles dravidians – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pobles dravidians" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1vidov%C3%A9" title="Drávidové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drávidové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draviden" title="Draviden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Draviden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draviidid" title="Draviidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Draviidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Δραβίδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δραβίδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_drav%C3%ADdicos" title="Pueblos dravídicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblos dravídicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidaj_popoloj" title="Dravidaj popoloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dravidaj popoloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مردمان دراویدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردمان دراویدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidiens" title="Dravidiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dravidiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian" title="Dravidian – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Dravidian" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B8" title="드라비다인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드라비다인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Դրավիդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դրավիդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="द्रविड़ प्रजाति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्रविड़ प्रजाति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidi" title="Dravidi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dravidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Dravida" title="Orang Dravida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Dravida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida" title="Dravida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dravida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דראווידים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דראווידים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1" title="ದ್ರಾವಿಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರಾವಿಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="დრავიდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დრავიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidai" title="Dravidai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dravidai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplas_dravidian" title="Poplas dravidian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Poplas dravidian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidiana_(vahoaka)" title="Dravidiana (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dravidiana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BC" title="ദ്രാവിഡർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്രാവിഡർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="द्राविड लोक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्राविड लोक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="დრავიდეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დრავიდეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge, featured article badge, recommended article"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Dravidia" title="Orang Dravidia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Dravidia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidi%C3%ABrs" title="Dravidiërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dravidiërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%80%E4%BA%BA" title="ドラヴィダ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドラヴィダ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravider" title="Dravider – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dravider" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidlar" title="Dravidlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dravidlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%91" title="دراوڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دراوڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%93" title="دراوړ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دراوړ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawidowie" title="Drawidowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drawidowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidianos" title="Dravidianos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dravidianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Дравиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дравиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%91" title="دراوڑ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="دراوڑ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popujt_dravidian%C3%AB" title="Popujt dravidianë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Popujt dravidianë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ද්‍රවිඩ ජනයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්‍රවිඩ ජනයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dravidian peoples" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%99" title="دراوڙ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دراوڙ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1vidi" title="Drávidi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drávidi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گەلی دراڤیدی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەلی دراڤیدی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Дравиди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дравиди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidi" title="Dravidi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dravidi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidat" title="Dravidat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dravidat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidfolk" title="Dravidfolk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dravidfolk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="திராவிடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திராவிடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ద్రావిడ ప్రజలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్రావిడ ప్రజలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%91" title="ทราวิฑ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทราวิฑ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravid_halklar%C4%B1" title="Dravid halkları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dravid halkları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Дравіди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дравіди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%91" title="دراوڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دراوڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Dravidia" title="Người Dravidia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Dravidia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="达罗毗荼人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="达罗毗荼人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="good article badge, featured article badge, recommended article, featured list badge, featured portal badge"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halak_Dravida" title="Halak Dravida – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Halak Dravida" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li> 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South Asian ethnolinguistic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dravidian (disambiguation)">Dravidian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Dravidians</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Language families">language families</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li>Southern</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dra" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dra">dra</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code>49 = (phylozone)</code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/drav1251">drav1251</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Dravidian_subgroups.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dravidian_subgroups.png/300px-Dravidian_subgroups.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dravidian_subgroups.png/450px-Dravidian_subgroups.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dravidian_subgroups.png/600px-Dravidian_subgroups.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="662" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of subgroups of Dravidian languages: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Northern</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Central</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  South-Central</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Southern</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Dravidian people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Dravidian_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dravidian_map.svg/220px-Dravidian_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dravidian_map.svg/330px-Dravidian_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dravidian_map.svg/440px-Dravidian_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Dravidian speakers in South Asia</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">approx. 250 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a> and others: <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dravidian</a> culture and history</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Dravidian_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dravidian_map.svg/100px-Dravidian_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dravidian_map.svg/150px-Dravidian_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dravidian_map.svg/200px-Dravidian_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Origin</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> <a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi excavation site</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">History of South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Sri Lanka">Ancient history of Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Dravidian dynasties</dt></dl> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala dynasty">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangama_dynasty" title="Sangama dynasty">Sangama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluva_dynasty" title="Saluva dynasty">Saluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuluva_dynasty" title="Tuluva dynasty">Tuluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravidu_dynasty" title="Aravidu dynasty">Aravidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayak_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayak dynasty">Nayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddy_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddy dynasty">Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian civilization">Dravidian civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_culture" title="South Indian culture">South Indian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_studies" title="Dravidian studies">Dravidian studies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Language</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dravidian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Dravidian languages">History of Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian languages</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> (Dravida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dravidian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gondi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannadigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_people" title="Tulu people">Tuluvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irulas" class="mw-redirect" title="Irulas">Irulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Nagas</a> (Extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraavaru_people" title="Giraavaru people">Giraavarus</a> (Extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholanaikkan" title="Cholanaikkan">Cholanaikkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonds" title="Khonds">Khonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Kurukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniya_people" title="Paniya people">Paniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_people" title="Malto people">Malar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliga_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Soliga tribe">Soligas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraga_people" title="Koraga people">Koragas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokak_agitation" title="Gokak agitation">Kannada language rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu_state_movement" title="Tulu Nadu state movement">Tulu Nadu state movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_parties" title="Dravidian parties">Dravidian parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Nadu" title="Dravida Nadu">Dravida Nadu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dravidian" title="Template:Dravidian"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dravidian" title="Template talk:Dravidian"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Dravidian peoples, Dravidian-speakers or Dravidians, are a collection of <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic groups</a> native to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> who speak <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>. There are around 250 million native speakers of Dravidian languages.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Dravidian speakers form the majority of the population of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and are natively found in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LouisSteever2015-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-karim-3">[3]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Giraavaru_people" title="Giraavaru people">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SwanSmith2001-6">[6]</a> Dravidian peoples are also present in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> through <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_diaspora" title="South Indian diaspora">recent migration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian</a> may have been spoken in the Indus civilization, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium BCE",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003501-7">[7]</a> after which it branched into various Dravidian languages.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-8">[8]</a> South Dravidian I (including pre-<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>) and South Dravidian II (including pre-<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003501–502-9">[9]</a> The third century BCE onwards saw the development of many great empires in South India like <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera">Chera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava">Pallava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakatiya">Kakatiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a>. Medieval South Indian guilds and trading organisations like the "Ayyavole of Karnataka and Manigramam" played an important role in the Southeast Asia trade,<a href="#cite_note-World_p.293-10">[10]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">cultural Indianisation</a> of the region. Dravidian visual art is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">stylised temple architecture</a> in major centres, and the production of images on stone and bronze sculptures. The sculpture dating from the <a href="/wiki/Chola_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola art">Chola period</a> has become notable as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple</a> located in Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> is often considered as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world. The temple is built in Dravidian style and occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m2).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages#Etymology" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages § Etymology</a></div> The origin of the Sanskrit word drāviḍa is <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, words such as "Damela", "Dameda", "Dhamila" and "Damila", which later evolved from "Tamila", could have been used to denote an ethnic identity.<a href="#cite_note-KI157-13">[13]</a> In the Sanskrit tradition, the word drāviḍa was also used to denote the geographical region of South India.<a href="#cite_note-Zvelebil_1990_xx-14">[14]</a> Epigraphic evidence of an ethnic group termed as such is found in ancient India and Sri Lanka where a number of inscriptions have come to light datable from the 2nd century BCE mentioning Damela or Dameda persons.<a href="#cite_note-KI157-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a> refers to a T(ra)mira samghata (Confederacy of Tamil rulers) dated to 150 BCE. It also mentions that the league of Tamil kingdoms had been in existence for 113 years by that time.<a href="#cite_note-KI157-13">[13]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_village,_Guntur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi village, Guntur district">Amaravati</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> there is an inscription referring to a Dhamila-vaniya (Tamil trader) datable to the 3rd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-KI157-13">[13]</a> Another inscription of about the same time in <a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nagarjunakonda</a> seems to refer to a Damila. A third inscription in <a href="/wiki/Kanheri_Caves" title="Kanheri Caves">Kanheri Caves</a> refers to a Dhamila-gharini (Tamil house-holder). In the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jataka">Jataka</a> story known as Akiti Jataka there is a mention to Damila-rattha (Tamil dynasty). While the English word Dravidian was first employed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caldwell" title="Robert Caldwell">Robert Caldwell</a> in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar based on the usage of the Sanskrit word drāviḍa in the work Tantravārttika by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa,<a href="#cite_note-Zvelebil_1990_xx-14">[14]</a> the word drāviḍa in Sanskrit has been historically used to denote geographical regions of southern India as whole. Some theories concern the direction of derivation between tamiḻ and drāviḍa; such linguists as Zvelebil assert that the direction is from tamiḻ to drāviḍa.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2></div> The largest Dravidian ethnic groups are the <a href="/wiki/Telugus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugus">Telugus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kannadigas" title="Kannadigas">Kannadigas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tulu_people" title="Tulu people">Tulu people</a> from Karnataka. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Subgroup </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Population </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Badagas" title="Badagas">Badagas</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td>133,500 (2011 census) </td> <td>Badagas are found in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahuis</a> </td> <td>North Dravidian </td> <td>700,000 (1996) </td> <td>Brahuis are mostly found in the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, with smaller numbers in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chenchu_people" title="Chenchu people">Chenchus</a> </td> <td>South-Central Dravidian </td> <td>65,000 </td> <td>Chenchus are found in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irula_people" title="Irula people">Irula</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td>203,382 (2011 census) </td> <td>Irula are found in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Giraavaru_people" title="Giraavaru people">Giraavaru people</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td>0 < 100 (Extinct) </td> <td>Giraavaru people were found in <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gondis</a> </td> <td>Central Dravidian </td> <td data-sort-value="13,000,000">13 million (approx.)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>Gondi belong to the central Dravidian subgroup. They are spread over the states of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. A state named <a href="/wiki/Gondwana_(India)" title="Gondwana (India)">Gondwana</a> was proposed to represent them in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khonds" title="Khonds">Khonds</a> </td> <td>South-Central Dravidian </td> <td>1,627,486 (2011 census) </td> <td>Khonds are found in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannadigas" title="Kannadigas">Kannadigas</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td data-sort-value="43,700,000">43.7 million<a href="#cite_note-census-16">[16]</a> </td> <td>Kannadigas are native to <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> but a considerable population is also found in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Kerala. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodavas</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td>160,000 (approx.)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>Kodavas are native to the <a href="/wiki/Kodagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodagu">Kodagu district</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koya_(tribe)" title="Koya (tribe)">Koyas</a> </td> <td>Central Dravidian </td> <td> </td> <td>found in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Kurukh</a> </td> <td>North Dravidian </td> <td data-sort-value="3,600,000">3.6 million (approx.)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>Kurukh are spread over parts of the states of <a href="/wiki/Chhatishgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatishgarh">Chhatishgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. Oraon people[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The linked wiki article for 'Kurukh' suggests that 'Oraon' and 'Kurukh' refer to the same group of people, but the wording here seems to imply that they refer to different groups of people. (May 2021)">clarification needed</a>] of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> speak Kurukh, also Kurux, Oraon or Uranw, as their native language. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurumbar_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumbar (tribe)">Kurumbar</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Kurumbar are found in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td data-sort-value="32,200,000">45 million<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-census-16">[16]</a> </td> <td>Malayalis are native to Kerala and Lakshadweep, but are also found in Puducherry and parts of Tamil Nadu. They are also found in large numbers in Middle East countries, the Americas and Australia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paniya_people" title="Paniya people">Paniya</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Paniya are found in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td data-sort-value="78,000,000">78 million<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td> <td>Tamils are native to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> and northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, but are also found in parts of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, although they have a large <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">diaspora</a> and are also widespread throughout many countries including <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, as are the other three major Dravidian languages.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugus">Telugus</a> </td> <td>Central Dravidian </td> <td data-sort-value="85,100,000">85.1 million<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>Telugus are native to <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanam" title="Yanam">Yanam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>), but are also found in parts of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. Further, they have a large <a href="/wiki/Telugu_diaspora" title="Telugu diaspora">diaspora</a> and are also widespread throughout many countries including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries. Telugu is the fastest growing language in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toda_people" title="Toda people">Todas</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td>2,002 (2011 census) </td> <td>Todas are found in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuluvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuluvas">Tuluvas</a> </td> <td>South Dravidian </td> <td data-sort-value="2,000,000">2 million (approx.)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>Tuluvas are found in coastal Karnataka and Northern Kerala (Kasaragodu district) in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. A state named <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> was proposed to represent them in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DravidianTree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/DravidianTree.png/250px-DravidianTree.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/DravidianTree.png/375px-DravidianTree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/DravidianTree.png/500px-DravidianTree.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Dravidian language tree</figcaption></figure> The Dravidian language family is one of the oldest in the world. Six languages are currently recognized by India as Classical languages and four of them are Dravidian languages Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. The most commonly spoken Dravidian languages are <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> (తెలుగు), <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (தமிழ்), <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> (ಕನ್ನಡ), <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> (മലയാളം), <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a> (براہوئی), <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulu Language">Tulu</a> (തുളു), <a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Coorg</a>. There are three subgroups within the Dravidian language family: North Dravidian, Central Dravidian, and South Dravidian, matching for the most part the corresponding regions in the Indian subcontinent. Dravidian grammatical impact on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is considered far greater than the Indo-Aryan grammatical impact on Dravidian. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> There are also hundreds of Dravidian loanwords in Indo-Aryan languages, and vice versa. According to David McAlpin and his <a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis</a>, the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a>), located in present-day southwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kumar2004-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the 1990s, Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994221–222-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-mukherjee2001-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerenko2013-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[note 1]</a> but more recently Heggerty and Renfrew noted that "McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian language with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India.<a href="#cite_note-Heggarty_Renfrew-30">[29]</a> Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out."<a href="#cite_note-Heggarty_Renfrew-30">[29]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Dravidian">Proto-Dravidian</a> language is not itself attested in the historical record. Its modern conception is based solely on reconstruction. It is suggested that the language was spoken in the 4th millennium BCE, and started disintegrating into various branches around 3rd millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-8">[8]</a> According to Krishnamurti, Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in the Indus civilisation, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003501-7">[7]</a> Krishnamurti further states that South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including pre-Telugu) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003501–502-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_India" title="Peopling of India">History of Dravidian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">Proto-Dravidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages#Prehistory" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian homeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Dravidian">Neolithic revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian homeland">Fertile Crescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic revolution">Demic diffusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Origins of Mehrgahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demic_diffusion" title="Demic diffusion">Demic diffusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Origins" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh § Origins</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dancing_girl.jpg/220px-Dancing_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dancing_girl.jpg/330px-Dancing_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dancing_girl.jpg/440px-Dancing_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)">Dancing Girl</a>, a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze sculpture</a> made in approximately 2500 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>.</figcaption></figure> The origins of the Dravidians are a "very complex subject of research and debate".<a href="#cite_note-Tudu2008_p.4002-31">[30]</a> They are regarded as indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Avari_p132-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Masica_p392-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kopstein_p3452-34">[33]</a> but may have deeper pre-Neolithic roots from <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, specifically from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994221–222-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-kumar20042-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivisild19991333-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola201517-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200854_note_15-38">[37]</a> Their origins are often viewed as being connected with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tudu2008_p.4002-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200854_note_15-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2015-39">[38]</a> hence people and language spread east and southwards after the demise of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the early second millennium BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhan_et_al.201815-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican.com2-41">[40]</a> some propose not long before the arrival of Indo-Aryan speakers,<a href="#cite_note-The_Dravidianization_of_India2-42">[41]</a> with whom they intensively interacted.<a href="#cite_note-britannicaOnline2-43">[42]</a> Though some scholars have argued that the Dravidian languages may have been brought to India by migrations from the Iranian plateau in the fourth or third millennium BCE<a href="#cite_note-tls1963-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndronov2003299-45">[44]</a> or even earlier,<a href="#cite_note-mukherjee20012-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-kumar20043-47">[46]</a> reconstructed proto-Dravidian vocabulary suggests that the family is indigenous to India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200315-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvari200713-49">[48]</a> Genetically, the ancient Indus Valley people were composed of a primarily Iranian hunter-gatherers (or farmers) ancestry, with varying degrees of ancestry from local hunter-gatherer groups. The modern-day Dravidian-speakers display a similar genetic makeup, but also carry a small portion of <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herder</a> ancestry and may also have additional contributions from local hunter-gatherer groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_et_al.2009-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhan_et_al.2019-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Although in modern times speakers of various <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian language">Dravidian languages</a> have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout the Indian subcontinent before the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> migration into the subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-britannicaOnline-53">[52]</a> According to Horen Tudu, "many academic researchers have attempted to connect the Dravidians with the remnants of the great <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>, located in Northwestern India... but [i]t is mere speculation that the Dravidians are the ensuing post–Indus Valley settlement of refugees into South and Central India."<a href="#cite_note-Tudu2008_p.400-54">[53]</a> The most noteworthy scholar making such claims is <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200854_note_15-38">[37]</a> who did extensive research on the IVC-scripts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200854_note_15-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2015-39">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a> population of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Relict" title="Relict">relict</a> population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Asko Parpola, who regards the Harappans to have been Dravidian, notes that <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> (7000–2500 BCE), to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> valley,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> is a precursor of the Indus Valley Civilisation, whose inhabitants migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola201517-37">[36]</a> It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> According to Lukacs and Hemphill, while there is a strong continuity between the neolithic and <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">chalcolithic</a> (Copper Age) cultures of Mehrgarh, dental evidence shows that the chalcolithic population did not descend from the neolithic population of Mehrgarh,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015114-59">[58]</a> which "suggests moderate levels of gene flow".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015114-59">[58]</a> They further noted that "the direct lineal descendants of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh, in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau", with neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with chalocolithic <a href="/wiki/Inamgaon" title="Inamgaon">Inamgaon</a>, south of Mehrgarh, than with chalcolithic Mehrgarh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015114-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indus_Valley_Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley civilisation">Indus valley civilisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/220px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/330px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/440px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>The Pashupati seal from the Indus Valley Civilization</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dravidian_identification">Dravidian identification</h5></div> The <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> (2,600–1,900 BCE) located in the northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> is sometimes identified as having been Dravidian.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ansumali_Mukhopadhyay_1–14-61">[60]</a> Already in 1924, when announcing the discovery of the IVC, <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> stated that (one of) the language(s) may have been Dravidic.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Cultural and linguistic similarities have been cited by researchers <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heras" title="Henry Heras">Henry Heras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Kamil Zvelebil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iravatham_Mahadevan" title="Iravatham Mahadevan">Iravatham Mahadevan</a> as being strong evidence for a proto-Dravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The discovery in Tamil Nadu of a late Neolithic (early 2nd millennium BCE, i.e. post-dating Harappan decline) stone <a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">celt</a> allegedly marked with Indus signs has been considered by some to be significant for the Dravidian identification.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Knorozov" title="Yuri Knorozov">Yuri Knorozov</a> surmised that the symbols represent a <a href="/wiki/Logosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logosyllabic">logosyllabic</a> script and suggested, based on computer analysis, an agglutinative <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> language as the most likely candidate for the underlying language.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Knorozov's suggestion was preceded by the work of Henry Heras, who suggested several readings of signs based on a proto-Dravidian assumption.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language are "most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family".<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Parpola led a Finnish team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Based on a proto-Dravidian assumption, they proposed readings of many signs, some agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov (such as equating the "fish" sign with the Dravidian word for fish, "min") but disagreeing on several other readings. A comprehensive description of Parpola's work until 1994 is given in his book Deciphering the Indus Script.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Decline,_migration_and_Dravidianization">Decline, migration and Dravidianization</h5></div> <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatologists</a> believe the fall of the Indus Valley Civilisation and eastward migration during the late Harappan period was due to climate change in the region, with a 200-year long drought being the major factor.<a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The Indus Valley Civilisation seemed to slowly lose their urban cohesion, and their cities were gradually abandoned during the late Harappan period, followed by eastward migrations before the Indo-Aryan migration into the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-71">[70]</a> The process of post-Harappan/Dravidian influences on southern India has tentatively been called "Dravidianization",<a href="#cite_note-The_Dravidianization_of_India-74">[73]</a> and is reflected in the post-Harappan mixture of IVC and Ancient Ancestral South Indian people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhan_et_al.2018-75">[74]</a> Yet, according to Krishnamurti, Dravidian languages may have reached south India before Indo-Aryan migrations.<a href="#cite_note-britannicaOnline-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dravidian_and_Indo-Aryan_interactions">Dravidian and Indo-Aryan interactions</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dravidian_substrate">Dravidian substrate</h5></div> The Dravidian language influenced the Indo-Aryan languages. Dravidian languages show extensive lexical (vocabulary) borrowing, but only a few traits of structural (either <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> or grammatical) borrowing from Indo-Aryan, whereas Indo-Aryan shows more structural than lexical borrowings from the Dravidian languages.<a href="#cite_note-britannicaOnline-53">[52]</a> Many of these features are already present in the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a>, the language of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (c. 1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. The linguistic evidence for Dravidian impact grows stronger as we move from the Samhitas down through the later Vedic works and into the classical post-Vedic literature.<a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurti6-76">[75]</a> This represents an early religious and cultural fusion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lockard-79">[note 2]</a> or synthesis<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-80">[78]</a> between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200752-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwari2002v-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951218–219-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson199581-83">[81]</a> According to Mallory there are an estimated thirty to forty Dravidian loanwords in <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MalloryAdams-84">[82]</a> Some of those for which Dravidian etymologies are certain include ಕುಲಾಯ kulāya "nest", ಕುಲ್ಫ kulpha "ankle", ದಂಡ daṇḍa "stick", ಕುಲ kūla "slope", ಬಿಲ bila "hollow", ಖಲ khala "threshing floor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199081-85">[83]</a> While J. Bloch and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">M. Witzel</a> believe that the Indo-Aryans moved into an already Dravidian-speaking area after the oldest parts of the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> were already composed.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> According to Thomason and Kaufman, there is strong evidence that Dravidian influenced <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indic</a> through "shift", that is, native Dravidian speakers learning and adopting Indic languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasonKaufman1988-87">[85]</a> According to Erdosy, the most plausible explanation for the presence of Dravidian structural features in Old Indo-Aryan is that the majority of early Old Indo-Aryan speakers had a Dravidian mother tongue which they gradually abandoned. <a href="#CITEREFErdosy1995">Erdosy (1995</a>:18) Even though the innovative traits in Indic could be explained by multiple internal explanations, early Dravidian influence is the only explanation that can account for all of the innovations at once. Early Dravidian influence accounts for several of the innovative traits in Indic better than any internal explanation that has been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasonKaufman1988141–144-88">[86]</a> According to Zvelebil, "several scholars have demonstrated that pre-Indo-Aryan and pre-Dravidian bilingualism in India provided conditions for the far-reaching influence of Dravidian on the Indo-Aryan tongues in the spheres of phonology, syntax and vocabulary."<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sanskritization">Sanskritization</h5></div> With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru Kingdom</a> a process of <a href="/wiki/Sanskritization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritization">Sanskritization</a> started which influenced all of India, with the populations of the north of the Indian subcontinent predominantly speaking the Indo-Aryan languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dravidian_kingdoms_and_empires">Dravidian kingdoms and empires</h3></div> The third century BCE onwards saw the development of large Dravidian empires like <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya</a>, and kingdoms like <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutu_dynasty" title="Chutu dynasty">Chutu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ay_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay kingdom">Ay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Chalukya">Eastern Chalukya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reddy_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddy dynasty">Reddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore kingdom">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Cannanore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Calicut</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nayak_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayak dynasty">Nayakas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_trade_and_influence">Medieval trade and influence</h3></div> Medieval Tamil guilds and trading organisations like the Ayyavole and <a href="/wiki/Manigramam" title="Manigramam">Manigramam</a> played an important role in the southeast Asia trade.<a href="#cite_note-World_p.293-10">[10]</a> Traders and religious leaders travelled to southeast Asia and played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">cultural Indianisation</a> of the region. Locally developed scripts such as <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a> induced the development of many native scripts such as <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a>. Around this time, Dravidians encountered Muslim traders, and the first <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a> appeared. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact_(1500_onward)">European contact (1500 onward)</h3></div> Portuguese explorers like Vasco de Gama were motivated to expand mainly for the spice markets of Calicut (today called Kozhikode) in modern-day Kerala. This led to the establishment of a series of Portuguese colonies along the western coasts of Karnataka and Kerala, including Mangalore. During this time Portuguese Jesuit priests also arrived and converted a small number of people in modern Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu to Catholicism, most notably the Paravars. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dravidian_culture">Dravidian culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_belief">Religious belief</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a></div> Ancient Dravidian religion constituted of an <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> and non-<a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> form of religion which may have influenced the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Āgamas</a>, Vedic and non-<a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> texts<a href="#cite_note-Narasimhachary-91">[89]</a> which post-date the Vedic texts.<a href="#cite_note-Tripath2001-92">[90]</a> The Agamas are <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scriptures</a> chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a>, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga.<a href="#cite_note-Grimes1996-93">[91]</a> The worship of <a href="/wiki/Village_deities_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Village deities of Tamil Nadu">village deities</a>, as well as sacred flora and fauna in Hinduism is recognised as a survival of the pre-Vedic Dravidian religion.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Hinduism can be regarded as a religious and cultural fusion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lockard-79">[note 2]</a> or synthesis<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-80">[78]</a> between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, and other local elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200752-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwari2002v-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951218–219-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson199581-83">[81]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg/150px-WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg/225px-WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg/300px-WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Sage <a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a>, father of Tamil literature</figcaption></figure> Ancient Tamil grammatical works <a href="/wiki/Tolkappiyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkappiyam">Tolkappiyam</a>, the ten anthologies <a href="/wiki/Pattupp%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattuppāṭṭu">Pattuppāṭṭu</a>, and the eight anthologies <a href="/wiki/E%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADuttokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Eṭṭuttokai">Eṭṭuttokai</a> shed light on early ancient Dravidian religion. <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> (also known as Seyyon) was glorified as the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent, as the favoured god of the Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-Kanchan_Sinha_1979-95">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Sivan</a> was also seen as the supreme God.<a href="#cite_note-Kanchan_Sinha_1979-95">[93]</a> Early iconography of <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Sivan</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> and their association with native flora and fauna goes back to the Indus Valley Civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sangam_landscape" title="Sangam landscape">Sangam landscape</a> was classified into five categories, thinais, based on the mood, the season and the land. Tolkappiyam mentions that each of these thinai had an associated deity such as Seyyon in Kurinji (hills), <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Thirumaal</a> in Mullai (forests), and <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Kotravai</a> in Marutham (plains), and <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Wanji-ko</a> in the Neithal (coasts and seas). Other gods mentioned were <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Mayyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaram">Vaali</a>, now identified with Krishna and Balarama, who are all major deities in Hinduism today. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lockard-79">[note 2]</a> or synthesis<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-80">[78]</a> between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, which became more evident over time with sacred iconography, traditions, philosophy, flora and fauna that went on to influence and shape Indian civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwari2002v-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200752-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951218–219-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson199581-83">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurai_The_City_of_Temples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Madurai_The_City_of_Temples.jpg/200px-Madurai_The_City_of_Temples.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Madurai_The_City_of_Temples.jpg/300px-Madurai_The_City_of_Temples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Madurai_The_City_of_Temples.jpg/400px-Madurai_The_City_of_Temples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Amman_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi Amman temple">Meenakshi Amman temple</a>, dedicated to Goddess <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi" title="Meenakshi">Meenakshi</a>, tutelary deity of Madurai city</figcaption></figure> Throughout <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a>, a king was considered to be divine by nature and possessed religious significance.<a href="#cite_note-Harman_1992_6-102">[100]</a> The king was 'the representative of God on earth' and lived in a "koyil", which means the "residence of a god". The Modern Tamil word for temple is <a href="/wiki/Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Koil">koil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: கோயில்). Ritual worship was also given to kings.<a href="#cite_note-Anand_1980-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chopra_1979-104">[102]</a> Modern words for god like "kō" (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: கோ "king"), "iṟai" (இறை "emperor") and "āṇḍavar" (ஆண்டவன் "conqueror") now primarily refer to gods. These elements were incorporated later into Hinduism like the legendary marriage of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> to Queen Mīnātchi who ruled <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Legendary_early_Chola_kings#Sangam_period_Chola_rulers" title="Legendary early Chola kings">Wanji-ko</a>, a god who later merged into <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bate_2009-105">[103]</a> Tolkappiyar refers to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kings</a> as the "Three Glorified by Heaven", (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: வாண்புகழ் மூவர், Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar).<a href="#cite_note-A._Kiruṭṭin̲an̲_2000_17-106">[104]</a> In Dravidian-speaking South India, the concept of divine kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state and temple.<a href="#cite_note-Embree_1988-107">[105]</a> The cult of the mother goddess is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. This mother goddess was conceived as a virgin, one who has given birth to all and one, and were typically associated with <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">Shaktism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appears predominantly as a goddess.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> In the Sangam literature, there is an elaborate description of the rites performed by the Kurava priestess in the shrine Palamutircholai.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Among the early Dravidians, the practice of erecting memorial stones, <a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">Natukal and Viragal</a>, had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-shashi1996-111">[109]</a> It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these <a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">hero stones</a> to bless them with victory.<a href="#cite_note-subramanium1980-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_and_visual_art">Architecture and visual art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian Architecture">Dravidian Architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nataraja01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nataraja01.jpg/150px-Nataraja01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nataraja01.jpg/225px-Nataraja01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nataraja01.jpg/300px-Nataraja01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>, example of <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> bronze has become notable as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg/220px-01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg/330px-01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg/440px-01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2457" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>Typical layout of Dravidian temple architecture, 9th century A.D</figcaption></figure> Mayamata and Manasara shilpa texts estimated to be in circulation by the 5th to 7th century AD, are guidebooks on the Dravidian style of <a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a> design, construction, sculpture and joinery technique.<a href="#cite_note-stellakramrisch76-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Isanasivagurudeva paddhati is another text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India.<a href="#cite_note-stellakramrisch76-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> In north India, Brihat-samhita by <a href="/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira">Varāhamihira</a> is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from the 6th century describing the design and construction of Nagara-style Hindu temples.<a href="#cite_note-mmgeometry-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-hgood-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Traditional Dravidian architecture and symbolism are also based on Agamas. The Agamas are non-<a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> in origin<a href="#cite_note-Narasimhachary-91">[89]</a> and have been dated either as post-Vedic texts<a href="#cite_note-Tripath2001-92">[90]</a> or as pre-Vedic compositions.<a href="#cite_note-Nagalingam-119">[117]</a> The Agamas are a collection of Tamil and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scriptures</a> chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a>, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga.<a href="#cite_note-Grimes1996-93">[91]</a> Chola-style temples consist almost invariably of the three following parts, arranged in differing manners, but differing in themselves only according to the age in which they were executed:<a href="#cite_note-Fergusson-120">[118]</a> <ol><li>The porches or Mantapas, which always cover and precede the door leading to the cell.</li> <li>Gate-pyramids, Gopuras, which are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples. Gopuras are very common in Dravidian temples.</li> <li>Pillared halls (Chaultris or Chawadis) are used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples.</li></ol> Besides these, a south Indian temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni – to be used for sacred purposes or the convenience of the priests – dwellings for all the grades of the priesthood are attached to it, and other buildings for state or convenience.<a href="#cite_note-Fergusson-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre,_dance_and_music">Theatre, dance and music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Ancient Tamil music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Music of Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Music of Tamil Nadu">Music of Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Music of Andhra Pradesh">Music of Andhra Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_India" title="Cinema of South India">Cinema of South India</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuchipudi1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kuchipudi1.jpg/200px-Kuchipudi1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kuchipudi1.jpg/300px-Kuchipudi1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kuchipudi1.jpg/400px-Kuchipudi1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a> dancer.</figcaption></figure> Literary evidence of traditional form of theatre, dance and music dates back to the 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Nijenhuis_1974-121">[119]</a> Ancient literary works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Cilappatikaram</a>, describe a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">system of music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nijenhuis_1974-121">[119]</a> The theatrical culture flourished during the early Sangam age. Theatre-dance traditions have a long and varied history whose origins can be traced back almost two millennia to dance-theatre forms like Kotukotti, Kaapaalam and Pandarangam, which are mentioned in an ancient anthology of poems entitled the <a href="/wiki/Kaliththokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliththokai">Kaliththokai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Dance forms such as <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> are based on older temple dance forms known as Catir Kacceri, as practised by <a href="/wiki/Courtesans" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtesans">courtesans</a> and a class of women known as <a href="/wiki/Devadasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Devadasis">Devadasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-123">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> originated in the Dravidian region. With the growing influence of Persian and Sufi music on Indian music, a clear distinction in style appeared from the 12th century onwards. Many literary works were composed in Carnatic style and it soon spread wide in the Dravidian regions. The most notable Carnatic musician is <a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a> who lived in the court of <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a> empire. He formulated the basic structure of Carnatic music and is regarded as the Pitamaha (lit, "father" or the "grandfather") of Carnatic Music. <a href="/wiki/Kanakadasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakadasa">Kanakadasa</a> is another notable Carnatic musician who was Purandaradasa's contemporary. Each of the major Dravidian languages has its own film industry like <a href="/wiki/Kollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollywood">Kollywood</a> (Tamil), <a href="/wiki/Tollywood_(Telugu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollywood (Telugu)">Tollywood</a> (Telugu), <a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Sandalwood</a> (Kannada), <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Mollywood</a> (Malayalam). Kollywood and Tollywood produce most films in India.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">Lungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Sari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">Dhoti</a></div> Dravidian speakers in southern India wear varied traditional costumes depending on their region, largely influenced by local customs and traditions. The most traditional dress for Dravidian men is the <a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">lungi</a>, or the more formal <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a>, called veshti in Tamil, panche in Kannada and Telugu, and mundu in Malayalam. The lungi consists of a colourful checked cotton cloth. Many times these lungis are tube-shaped and tied around the waist, and can be easily tied above the knees for more strenuous activities. The lungi is usually everyday dress, used for doing labour while dhoti is used for more formal occasions. Many villagers have only a lungi as their article of clothing. The dhoti is generally white in colour, and occasionally has a border of red, green or gold. Dhotis are usually made out of cotton for more everyday use, but the more expensive silk dhotis are used for special functions like festivals and weddings. Traditional dress of Dravidian women is typical of most Indian women, that of the sari. This sari consists of a cloth wrapped around the waist and draped over the shoulder. Originally saris were worn bare, but during the Victorian era, women began wearing blouse (called a ravike) along with sari. In fact, until the late 19th century most Kerala women did not wear any upper garments, or were forced to by law, and in many villages, especially in tribal communities, the sari is worn without the blouse. Unlike Indo-Aryan speakers, most Dravidian women do not cover their head with the pallu except in areas of North Karnataka. Due to the complexity of draping the sari, younger girls start with a skirt called a pavada. When they get older, around the age when puberty begins, they transition to a <a href="/wiki/Langa_voni" title="Langa voni">langa voni</a> or half-sari, which is composed of a skirt tied at the waist along with a cloth draped over a blouse. After adulthood girls begin using the sari. There are many different styles of sari draping varying across regions and communities. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Madisar" title="Madisar">Madisar</a>, specific to Tamil Brahmin Community, and the <a href="/wiki/Mundum_Neriyathum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundum Neriyathum">Mundum Neriyathum</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_arts_and_sports">Martial arts and sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuttu_Varisai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuttu Varisai">Kuttu Varisai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varma_Kalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Varma Kalai">Varma Kalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adithada" class="mw-redirect" title="Adithada">Adithada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malyutham" class="mw-redirect" title="Malyutham">Malyutham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional games of India</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhishma" title="Bhishma">Bhishma</a> claimed that southerners are skilled with sword-fighting in general and <a href="/wiki/Sahadeva" title="Sahadeva">Sahadeva</a> was chosen for the conquest of the southern kingdoms due to his swordsmanship.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> In South India various types of martial arts are practised like <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a>. In ancient times there were <a href="/wiki/Ankam" title="Ankam">ankams</a>, public duels to the death, to solve disputes between opposing rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli_1998-126">[124]</a> Among some communities, young girls received preliminary training up until the onset of puberty.<a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli_1998-126">[124]</a> In vadakkan pattukal ballads, at least a few women warriors continued to practice and achieved a high degree of expertise.<a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli_1998-126">[124]</a> Sports like <a href="/wiki/Kambala" title="Kambala">kambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">jallikattu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">kabaddi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">vallam kali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambs_and_tigers" title="Lambs and tigers">lambs and tigers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maramadi" title="Maramadi">maramadi</a> remain strong among Dravidian ethnic groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_University" title="Dravidian University">Dravidian University</a> (dedicated to research and learning of Dravidian languages)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Culture</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Dance forms of Andhra Pradesh">Dance forms of Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Telangana" title="Culture of Telangana">Culture of Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Dance forms of Tamil Nadu">Dance forms of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts of Karnataka</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Indians" title="Early Indians">Early Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Derenko: "The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo-European languages in southern Asia. It is hypothesized that the proto-Elamo-Dravidian language, most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran, spread eastwards with the movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerenko2013-28">[28]</a> Derenko refers to: * Renfrew (1987), Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins * Renfrew (1996), Language families and the spread of farming. In: Harris DR, editor, The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, pp. 70–92 * Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza (1994), The History and Geography of Human Genes. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockard-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lockard_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockard_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockard_79-2">c</a> Lockard: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Aryan</a> and Dravidian occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-77">[76]</a> Lockard: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many centuries."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200752-78">[77]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteever2019" class="citation book cs1">Steever, S.B., ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315722580">The Dravidian languages</a> (2nd ed.). 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Springer. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1215-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1215-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-1215-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 November 2008. <q>... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetic+Disorders+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1215-0&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Dhavendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbpl0LXKj13QC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> David McAlpin, "Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian", Language vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: "Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships", Current Anthropology vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation", in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook: Aryan and Non-Aryan in India, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); David McAlpin, "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994221–222-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994221–222_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994221–222_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994">Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi & Piazza 1994</a>, pp. 221–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-mukherjee2001-27"><a href="#cite_ref-mukherjee2001_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamita_MukherjeeAlmut_NebelAriella_OppenheimPartha_P._Majumder2001" class="citation cs2">Namita Mukherjee; Almut Nebel; Ariella Oppenheim; Partha P. Majumder (December 2001), "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central and western Asia into India", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genetics" title="Journal of Genetics">Journal of Genetics</a>, 80 (3): 125–35, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02717908">10.1007/BF02717908</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11988631">11988631</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13267463">13267463</a>, <q>... More recently, about 15,000–10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genetics&rft.atitle=High-resolution+analysis+of+Y-chromosomal+polymorphisms+reveals+signatures+of+population+movements+from+central+and+western+Asia+into+India&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-35&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13267463%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11988631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02717908&rft.au=Namita+Mukherjee&rft.au=Almut+Nebel&rft.au=Ariella+Oppenheim&rft.au=Partha+P.+Majumder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerenko2013-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerenko2013_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerenko2013_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerenko2013">Derenko 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Heggarty_Renfrew-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heggarty_Renfrew_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heggarty_Renfrew_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggartyRenfrew2014" class="citation cs2">Heggarty, Paul; Renfrew, Collin (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWbwAwAAQBAJ">"South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages"</a>, in Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (eds.), The Cambridge World Prehistory, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107647756" title="Special:BookSources/9781107647756"><bdi>9781107647756</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+and+Island+Southeast+Asia%3B+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+Prehistory&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107647756&rft.aulast=Heggarty&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Renfrew%2C+Collin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWbwAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tudu2008_p.4002-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tudu2008_p.4002_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tudu2008_p.4002_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTudu2008">Tudu 2008</a>, p. 400 </li> <li id="cite_note-Avari_p132-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Avari_p132_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvari2007" class="citation book cs1">Avari, Burjor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaancientpast1200avar">Ancient India: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaancientpast1200avar/page/n41">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25162-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25162-9"><bdi>978-1-134-25162-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India%3A+A+History+of+the+Indian+Sub-Continent+from+C.+7000+BC+to+AD+1200&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25162-9&rft.aulast=Avari&rft.aufirst=Burjor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiaancientpast1200avar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masica_p392-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Masica_p392_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1989" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin P. (1989). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopstein_p3452-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Kopstein_p3452_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopsteinLichbach2005" class="citation book cs1">Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark Irving (2005) [First published 2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativepolit00kops_125">Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativepolit00kops_125/page/n365">345</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84316-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84316-4"><bdi>978-0-521-84316-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics%3A+Interests%2C+Identities%2C+and+Institutions+in+a+Changing+Global+Order&rft.pages=345&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84316-4&rft.aulast=Kopstein&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Lichbach%2C+Mark+Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparativepolit00kops_125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kumar20042-35"><a href="#cite_ref-kumar20042_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2004" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Dhavendra (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC&pg=PA6">Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent</a>. Springer. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1215-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1215-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-1215-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 November 2008. <q>... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetic+Disorders+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1215-0&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Dhavendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbpl0LXKj13QC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivisild19991333-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivisild19991333_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivisild1999">Kivisild 1999</a>, p. 1333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola201517-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola201517_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola201517_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParpola2015">Parpola 2015</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200854_note_15-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200854_note_15_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200854_note_15_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200854_note_15_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200854_note_15_38-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, p. 54 note 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2015-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola2015_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola2015_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParpola2015">Parpola 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhan_et_al.201815-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhan_et_al.201815_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNarasimhan_et_al.2018">Narasimhan et al. 2018</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-scientificamerican.com2-41"><a href="#cite_ref-scientificamerican.com2_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarris2014" class="citation journal cs1">Marris, Emma (3 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/200-year-drought-doomed-indus-valley-civilization/">"200-Year Drought Doomed Indus Valley Civilization"</a>. Nature. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2014.14800">10.1038/nature.2014.14800</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131063035">131063035</a> – via Scientific American.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=200-Year+Drought+Doomed+Indus+Valley+Civilization&rft.date=2014-03-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2014.14800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131063035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marris&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2F200-year-drought-doomed-indus-valley-civilization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Dravidianization_of_India2-42"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Dravidianization_of_India2_42-0">^</a> Razab Khan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnxp.com/WordPress/2018/01/18/t/">The Dravidianization of India</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannicaOnline2-43"><a href="#cite_ref-britannicaOnline2_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti2015" class="citation web cs1">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (8 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages">"Dravidian languages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Dravidian+languages&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Bhadriraju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDravidian-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tls1963-44"><a href="#cite_ref-tls1963_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamil_Literature_Society1963" class="citation cs2">Tamil Literature Society (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cNUgAAAAMAAJ">Tamil Culture</a>, vol. 10, Academy of Tamil Culture, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409105615/https://books.google.com/books?id=cNUgAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023, retrieved 25 November 2008, <q>... together with the evidence of archaeology would seem to suggest that the original Dravidian-speakers entered India from Iran in the fourth millennium BC ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Culture&rft.pub=Academy+of+Tamil+Culture&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Tamil+Literature+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNUgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndronov2003299-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndronov2003299_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndronov2003">Andronov (2003)</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-mukherjee20012-46"><a href="#cite_ref-mukherjee20012_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamita_MukherjeeAlmut_NebelAriella_OppenheimPartha_P._Majumder2001" class="citation cs2">Namita Mukherjee; Almut Nebel; Ariella Oppenheim; Partha P. Majumder (December 2001), "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India", Journal of Genetics, 80 (3), Springer India: 125–35, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02717908">10.1007/BF02717908</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11988631">11988631</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13267463">13267463</a>, <q>... More recently, about 15,000–10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genetics&rft.atitle=High-resolution+analysis+of+Y-chromosomal+polymorphisms+reveals+signatures+of+population+movements+from+central+Asia+and+West+Asia+into+India&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-35&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13267463%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11988631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02717908&rft.au=Namita+Mukherjee&rft.au=Almut+Nebel&rft.au=Ariella+Oppenheim&rft.au=Partha+P.+Majumder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kumar20043-47"><a href="#cite_ref-kumar20043_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavendra_Kumar2004" class="citation cs2">Dhavendra Kumar (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC">Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent</a>, Springer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-1215-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-1215-2"><bdi>1-4020-1215-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409105646/https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC">archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023, retrieved 25 November 2008, <q>... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetic+Disorders+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4020-1215-2&rft.au=Dhavendra+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbpl0LXKj13QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200315-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200315_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrishnamurti2003">Krishnamurti (2003)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvari200713-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvari200713_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvari2007">Avari (2007)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_et_al.2009-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich_et_al.2009_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReich_et_al.2009">Reich et al. 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhan_et_al.2019-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhan_et_al.2019_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNarasimhan_et_al.2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Olalde, Iñigo; Lipson, Mark; Kim, Alexander M.; Olivieri, Luca M.; Coppa, Alfredo; Vidale, Massimo; Mallory, James (6 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"</a>. Science. 365 (6457): eaat7487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487">10.1126/science.aat7487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">6822619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488661">31488661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+human+populations+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6457&rft.pages=eaat7487&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31488661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487&rft.aulast=Narasimhan&rft.aufirst=Vagheesh+M.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Moorjani%2C+Priya&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Bernardos%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Nakatsuka%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Olalde%2C+I%C3%B1igo&rft.au=Lipson%2C+Mark&rft.au=Kim%2C+Alexander+M.&rft.au=Olivieri%2C+Luca+M.&rft.au=Coppa%2C+Alfredo&rft.au=Vidale%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Mallory%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannicaOnline-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannicaOnline_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannicaOnline_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannicaOnline_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti2015" class="citation web cs1">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (8 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages">"Dravidian languages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Dravidian+languages&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Bhadriraju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDravidian-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tudu2008_p.400-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Tudu2008_p.400_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTudu2008">Tudu 2008</a>, p. 400 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, p. 44: "There are still remnant northern Dravidian languages including Brahui ... 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The Times of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Pot+route+could+have+linked+Indus+%26+Vaigai&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft.aulast=Saju&rft.aufirst=M.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2Ftracking-indian-communities%2Fpot-route-could-have-linked-indus-vaigai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman" class="citation web cs1">Rahman, Tariq. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509053921/http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html">"Peoples and languages in pre-Islamic Indus valley"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 November 2008. <q>most scholars have taken the 'Dravidian hypothesis' seriously</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peoples+and+languages+in+pre-Islamic+Indus+valley&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasnic.utexas.edu%2Fasnic%2Fsubject%2Fpeoplesandlanguages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2006" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Jennifer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106015921/http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jscole/Sindhi_Elsevier_encyl.pdf">"The Sindhi language"</a> (PDF). In Brown, K. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=West+Eurasian+mtDNA+lineages+in+India%3A+an+insight+into+the+spread+of+the+Dravidian+language+and+the+origins+of+the+caste+system&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=637-647&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14202246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25832481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-015-1547-4&rft.aulast=Palanichamy&rft.aufirst=Malliya+Gounder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a> (1994). 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Philosophies of India. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1"><bdi>0-691-01758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-691-01758-1&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Zvelebil, Kamil</a> (1990). Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction. Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85452-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85452-01-2"><bdi>978-81-85452-01-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dravidian+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Pondicherry&rft.pub=Pondicherry+Institute+of+Linguistics+and+Culture&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85452-01-2&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdosy1995" class="citation book cs1">Erdosy, George (1995). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. Berlin: de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014447-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014447-5"><bdi>978-3-11-014447-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryans+of+Ancient+South+Asia%3A+Language%2C+Material+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014447-5&rft.aulast=Erdosy&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Genome_Variation_Consortium2008" class="citation journal cs1">Indian Genome Variation Consortium (2008). "Genetic landscape of the people of India: A canvas for disease gene exploration". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genetics" title="Journal of Genetics">Journal of Genetics</a>. 87 (1): 3–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12041-008-0002-x">10.1007/s12041-008-0002-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18560169">18560169</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21473349">21473349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+landscape+of+the+people+of+India%3A+A+canvas+for+disease+gene+exploration&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-20&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21473349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18560169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12041-008-0002-x&rft.au=Indian+Genome+Variation+Consortium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasonKaufman1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thomason" title="Sarah Thomason">Thomason, Sarah Grey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Kaufman, Terrence</a> (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05789-0"><bdi>978-0-520-05789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact%2C+Creolization%2C+and+Genetic+Linguistics&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05789-0&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Grey&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dravidian_peoples" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dravidian peoples">Dravidian peoples</a>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Origins</dt></dl> <ul><li>Akhilesh Pillalamarri, Where Did Indians Come from, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/unraveled-where-indians-come-from-part-1/">part1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/where-indians-come-from-part-2-dravidians-and-aryans/">part 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/where-did-indians-come-from-part-3-what-is-caste/">part 3</a></li> <li>Scroll.in, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/874102/aryan-migration-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-study-on-indian-genetics">"Aryan migration: Everything you need to know about the new study on Indian genetics"</a>. 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aryan+migration%3A+Everything+you+need+to+know+about+the+new+study+on+Indian+genetics&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F874102%2Faryan-migration-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-study-on-indian-genetics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADravidian+peoples" class="Z3988">, on Narasimhan (2018)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Language</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages">Dravidian languages</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/11987643/dravidian-language-family">Dravidian language family is approximately 4,500 years old</a>, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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[\"CITEREFErdosy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederick_J._Simoons1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallego_Romero2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeggartyRenfrew2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeras1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltebeitel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndian_Genome_Variation_Consortium2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKern1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeys2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiruṭṭin̲an̲2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKivisild1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnorozov1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopsteinLichbach2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnamurti2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnamurti2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouisSteever2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahadevan2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMallory1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManickam1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarris2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMasica1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeister1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetspalu_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoorjani_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamita_MukherjeeAlmut_NebelAriella_OppenheimPartha_P._Majumder2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarasimhan_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarasimhan_et_al.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNijenhuis1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalanichamy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParpola1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParpola2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanbir_Vohra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRazaul_Karim_Faquire2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReich_et_al.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaju2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShashi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivasupramaniam,_V.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteever2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_Rosen,_Graham_M._Schweig2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanium1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamil_Literature_Society1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiruchandran1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasonKaufman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiwari2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripath2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTudu2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaittiyaliṅkan̲1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarrilli1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZvelebil1990\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 20,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite bioRxiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 55,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-2\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Dravidian People\"] = 1,\n [\"Dravidian\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 12,\n [\"IAST\"] = 10,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Indic\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language family\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 48,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","20.5"],["?","240","15.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.4"],["dataWrapper 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peoples","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dravidian_peoples","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q69798","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q69798","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-26T22:35:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T18:49:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d3\/Dravidian_subgroups.png","headline":"South Asian ethnolinguistic group"}</script> </body> </html>