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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-اتشفشاني_پروسې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#اتشفشاني_پروسې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>اتشفشاني پروسې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-اتشفشاني_پروسې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_اتشفشان_محرک_ځواکونه" class="vector-toc-list-item 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href="#اورشیندي"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۱</span> <span>اورشیندي</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-اورشیندي-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-نفوذي_کتلې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#نفوذي_کتلې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۲</span> <span>نفوذي کتلې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-نفوذي_کتلې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-زلزلې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#زلزلې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۳</span> <span>زلزلې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-زلزلې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-هایدروترمل_سوري" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#هایدروترمل_سوري"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۴</span> <span>هایدروترمل سوري</span> </div> 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اجرامو کې اتشفشان</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-په_نورو_اجرامو_کې_اتشفشان-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۶</span> <span>سرچينې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">اتشفشان</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۴۹ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۴۹ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vulkanisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanismus" title="Vulkanismus – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vulkanismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بركانية – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بركانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanizm" title="Vulkanizm – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vulkanizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkanismo" title="Bulkanismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bulkanismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Вулканизъм – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вулканизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="অগ্ন্যুৎপাত – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অগ্ন্যুৎপাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanismus" title="Vulkanismus – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vulkanismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vulkanisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanismus" title="Vulkanismus – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vulkanismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ηφαιστειότητα – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηφαιστειότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Volcanism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanismo" title="Vulkanismo – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vulkanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanismo" title="Vulcanismo – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vulcanismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanism" title="Vulkanism – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vulkanism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="آتشفشان‌خیزی – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتشفشان‌خیزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanismi" title="Vulkanismi – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vulkanismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanisme" title="Volcanisme – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Volcanisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolc%C3%A1nacht" title="Bolcánacht – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bolcánacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="געשיות – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="געשיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="ज्वालामुखीयता – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्वालामुखीयता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanska_aktivnost" title="Vulkanska aktivnost – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vulkanska aktivnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanizmus" title="Vulkanizmus – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vulkanizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հրաբխականություն – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրաբխականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vulkanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanismo" title="Vulcanismo – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vulcanismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="火山作用 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="火山作用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვულკანიზმი – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვულკანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вулканизм – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вулканизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вулканизм – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вулканизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanismus" title="Vulcanismus – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vulcanismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanismus" title="Vulkanismus – لوګزامبورګي" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vulkanismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوګزامبورګي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3lkanisme" title="Vólkanisme – لمبرگیانی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vólkanisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگیانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkanisme" title="Volkanisme – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Volkanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanismus" title="Vulkanismus – کښته آلماني" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vulkanismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="کښته آلماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vulkanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vulkanisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkanizm" title="Wulkanizm – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wulkanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanism" title="Vulcanism – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vulcanism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вулканизм – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вулканизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Volcanism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sope%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_%C4%8Dinnos%C5%A5" title="Sopečná činnosť – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sopečná činnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вулканизам – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вулканизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanism" title="Vulkanism – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vulkanism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Оташфишонхезӣ – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оташфишонхезӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkanizma" title="Volkanizma – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Volkanizma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вулканізм – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вулканізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanizm" title="Vulkanizm – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vulkanizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="火山作用 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火山作用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q505748#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%2581%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586"><span>لنډ URL ترلاسه کړئ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%2581%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپي بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanism" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q505748" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>اتشفشان د ځمکې پر سطحه یا د یوې سیارې یا سپوږمۍ پر جامده سطحه د مذاب یا ویلې ډبرې (مګما) را خوټېدلو ته ویل کېږي چې په دې کې لاوا، پایروپلاستیکونه او اتشفشاني ګازونه په سطحه کې له یوه سوري څخه راوځي یا را خوټېږي. په دې کې ټولې هغه ښکارندې یا پدیدې شاملېږي چې د یوه جسم په پوښ یا قشر کې د مګما په پایله کې جوړېږي او د دې لامل کېږي چې له قشر څخه پورته لاړ شي او د سطحې پر مخ اتشفشاني ډبرې جوړې کړي. هغه مګماوې چې سطحې ته رسېږي او جامدېږي، د ځمکې په سطحه کې بېروني بدلونونه پېښوي.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="اتشفشاني_پروسې"><span id=".D8.A7.D8.AA.D8.B4.D9.81.D8.B4.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.8A_.D9.BE.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.B3.DB.90"></span>اتشفشاني پروسې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: اتشفشاني پروسې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>مګما له لاندېني قشر یا پوښ څخه د قشر له لارې د سطحې لوري ته را پورته کېږي. که مګما سطحې ته ورسېږي، چلند یې د جوړوونکې مذاب ډبرې له سرېښناکتیا سره تړاو لري. سرېښناکه مګما داسې اتشفشانونه تولیدوي چې په انفجاري راخوټېدو سره مشخصېږي، په داسې حال کې چې غیر سرېښناکه مګما بیا داسې اتشفشانونه تولیدوي چې ځانګړنه یې جاري را خوټېدنې دي او ډېره اندازه لاوا د ځمکې سطحې ته را غورځوي. </p><p>په ځینو مواردو کې ښايي ډېرېدونکې مګما سطحې ته تر رسېدو وړاندې سړه او جامده شي. د دې په مقابل کې یوه سړه شوې او جامده شوې اتشفشاني کتله د قشر په دننه کې بلوري کېږي او یو اتشفشاني نفوذ رامنځته کوي. څرنګه چې مګما سړېږي، په جوړو شویو بلورونو کې موجود کیمیاوي مواد د مګما له اصلي ترکیب څخه بهر کېږي، له دې امله د پاتې مګما کیمیاوي مواد په هماغه ډول چې په ارامۍ سره جامدېږي، تکامل هم کوي. د تازه او بې تکامله مګما تزریق کولای شي لا ډېره با تکامله مګما ځای پر ځای کړي او د لا ډېرې سرېښناکې مګما د را خوټېدو شونتیا رامنځته کړي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_اتشفشان_محرک_ځواکونه"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.A7.D8.AA.D8.B4.D9.81.D8.B4.D8.A7.D9.86_.D9.85.D8.AD.D8.B1.DA.A9_.DA.81.D9.88.D8.A7.DA.A9.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>د اتشفشان محرک ځواکونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: د اتشفشان محرک ځواکونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د ځمکې په قشر کې د حرارتي جریانونو له امله د مذابو یا اتشفشاني ډبرو حرکت او د دې تر څنګ د ځمکې په سطحه کې د جاذبوي بدلونونو اغېزې (توږنه، رسوب، د سیاره‌ګیو ټکرونه او له کنګل راستنېدنه) د ټکټونیکي تختو د حرکت او بالاخره د اتشفشان لامل کېږي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_اتشفشان_اړخونه"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.A7.D8.AA.D8.B4.D9.81.D8.B4.D8.A7.D9.86_.D8.A7.DA.93.D8.AE.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>د اتشفشان اړخونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: د اتشفشان اړخونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="اورشیندي"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.88.D8.B1.D8.B4.DB.8C.D9.86.D8.AF.D9.8A"></span>اورشیندي</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=4" title="د سمولو برخه: اورشیندي"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>اور غورځوونکي غرونه یا اورشیندي هغه ځایونه دي چې هلته مګما د سیارې سطحې ته رسېږي. د غرنۍ اور شیندنې ډول د را خوټېډنې یا را پورته کېدنې له ځای او د مګما له غلظت سره تړاو لري. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="نفوذي_کتلې"><span id=".D9.86.D9.81.D9.88.D8.B0.D9.8A_.DA.A9.D8.AA.D9.84.DB.90"></span>نفوذي کتلې</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=5" title="د سمولو برخه: نفوذي کتلې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>دا ډول کتلې په هغو ځایونو کې رامنځته کېږي چې هلته مګما د شته ډبرو تر منځ ځغلي. نفوذي کتلې ښايي د باټولیټونو، ډایکونو، سیلونو او یا هم نفوذي لایو په ډول وي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="زلزلې"><span id=".D8.B2.D9.84.D8.B2.D9.84.DB.90"></span>زلزلې</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=6" title="د سمولو برخه: زلزلې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>زلزلې په ټولیز ډول د ټکټونیکي تختو له فعالیت سره تړاو لري، خو ځینې زلزلې د اتشفشاني فعالیتونو په پایله کې رامنځته کېږي.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="هایدروترمل_سوري"><span id=".D9.87.D8.A7.DB.8C.D8.AF.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.AA.D8.B1.D9.85.D9.84_.D8.B3.D9.88.D8.B1.D9.8A"></span>هایدروترمل سوري</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=7" title="د سمولو برخه: هایدروترمل سوري"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>دغه ډول سوري په داسې ځایونو کې رامنځته کېږي چې هلته اوبه له اتشفشان سره په تعامل کې وي. دغه ډول سوري اوبه شیندونکي، فومارولونه او د ګرمو اوبو چینې دي چې تر ډېره د جیوترمل انرژۍ د سرچینو په توګه کارول کېږي.<sup id="cite_ref-geothermal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geothermal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="اتشفشاني_ژمي"><span id=".D8.A7.D8.AA.D8.B4.D9.81.D8.B4.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.8A_.DA.98.D9.85.D9.8A"></span>اتشفشاني ژمي</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=8" title="د سمولو برخه: اتشفشاني ژمي"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>هغه ګاز او ایرې چې له اتشفشاني را خوټېدنو څخه ازادېږي، د ځمکې پر اقلیم سترې اغېزې لري. لویې را خوټېدنې د اقلیم له ځینو مهمو پېښو سره په کلکه اړیکه لري.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_ډبرو_جوړېدنه"><span id=".D8.AF_.DA.89.D8.A8.D8.B1.D9.88_.D8.AC.D9.88.DA.93.DB.90.D8.AF.D9.86.D9.87"></span>د ډبرو جوړېدنه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=9" title="د سمولو برخه: د ډبرو جوړېدنه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>مګما له سړېدو سره جامدېږي او ډبرې ترې جوړېږي. د جوړې شوې ډبرې ډول د مګما په کیمیاوي ترکیب او د سړېدو په سرعت پورې اړه لري. هغه مګما چټکه سړېږي چې سطحې ته له رسېدو سره پر لاوا بدلېږي او په پایله کې د بازالټ په څېر هغه ډبرې جوړوي چې کریسټالونه یې کوچني وي. ځینې دغه مګماوې ښايي ډېرې په چټکۍ سړې شي او اتشفشاني ښيښې (بې کریسټاله ډبرې) جوړې کړي چې ابسیډین یې د بېلګې په توګه یادولی شو. هغه مګما چې تر ځمکه لاندې په نازکو نفوذي کتلو کې نغښتې وي، د ښکاره یا نانغښتې مګما په پرتله په ټکني ډول سړېږي او داسې ډبرې تولیدوي چې کریسټالونه یې متوسط وي. هغه مګما چې تر ځمکه لاندې ډېره پټېږي، همدومره په ټکني ډول سړېږي او په پایله کې د ګرانيټ او ګابرو په څېر هغه ډبرې جوړوي چې کریسټالونه یې لوی وي. </p><p>هغه ډبرې چې له مګما سره تړلې دي، ښايي ذوب یا ویلې شي او په مګما کې جذب شي. د مګما د څنګ نورې ډبرې ښايي د مېټامورفیک بدلون په پایله کې بدلې شي، ځکه چې په بېروني جریان کې د حرارت یا حرارتي سیالاتو تر اغېز لاندې راځي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="په_نورو_اجرامو_کې_اتشفشان"><span id=".D9.BE.D9.87_.D9.86.D9.88.D8.B1.D9.88_.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B1.D8.A7.D9.85.D9.88_.DA.A9.DB.90_.D8.A7.D8.AA.D8.B4.D9.81.D8.B4.D8.A7.D9.86"></span>په نورو اجرامو کې اتشفشان</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=10" title="د سمولو برخه: په نورو اجرامو کې اتشفشان"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>اتشفشان یوازې په ځمکه پورې نه محدودېږي، بلکې فکر کېږي چې په هر هغه جسم کې رامنځته کېدای شي چې قشر او سیال یا مایع پوښ لري. لا هم باید په هر هغه جسم کې د اتشفشان شواهد ومومو چې د خپل تاریخ په یوه برخه کې یې اتشفشانونه لرلي دي. اتشفشانونه د لمریزې منظومې په نورو اجرامو کې هم په څرګند ډول لیدل شوي دي. په مریخ کې د غرونو په څېر لیدل شوي دي چې پخواني اورشیندي دي، خو په «ایو» کې بیا واقعي را خوټېدنې لیدل شوې دي چې لا هم دوام لري. ویلی شو چې د نورو سیاروي منظومو په دغه ډول سیارو او سپوږمیو کې هم اتشفشانونه شته دي. په ۲۰۱۴ کال کې سایسن‌پوهانو ۷۰ داسې لاوا جریانونه وموندل چې په تېرو ۱۰۰ میلیونو کلونو کې په سپوږمۍ کې رامنځته شوي دي.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=11" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/fieldtrips/2006/cooling.pdf">"Cooling Planets: Some Background: What is volcanism?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Lunar and Planetary Institute, Department of Education and Public Outreach. 2006. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801080629/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/fieldtrips/2006/cooling.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2012-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cooling+Planets%3A+Some+Background%3A+What+is+volcanism%3F&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Lunar+and+Planetary+Institute%2C+Department+of+Education+and+Public+Outreach&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Feducation%2Ffieldtrips%2F2006%2Fcooling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLeong1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leong, Goh Cheng (1995-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhJ4RAAACAAJ&q=certificate+physical+and+human+geography"><i>Certificate Physics And Human Geography; Indian Edition</i></a> (په انګليسي). Oxford University Press. p. 20. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-19-562816-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-19-562816-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-19-562816-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Certificate+Physics+And+Human+Geography%3B+Indian+Edition&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-562816-6&rft.aulast=Leong&rft.aufirst=Goh+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhJ4RAAACAAJ%26q%3Dcertificate%2Bphysical%2Band%2Bhuman%2Bgeography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_JohnWatson,_Kathie1998" class="citation web cs1">Watson, John; Watson, Kathie (January 7, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/volcano.html">"Volcanoes and Earthquakes"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Geological Survey (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">United States Geological Survey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326093352/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/volcano.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+and+Earthquakes&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1998-01-07&rft.au=Watson%2C+John&rft.au=Watson%2C+Kathie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fearthq1%2Fvolcano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geothermal-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-geothermal_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFNemzer" class="citation web cs1">Nemzer, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101095532/http://geothermal.marin.org/pwrheat.html#Q3">"Geothermal heating and cooling"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geothermal.marin.org/pwrheat.html#Q3">the original</a> on 2012-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2012-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geothermal+heating+and+cooling&rft.aulast=Nemzer&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geothermal.marin.org%2Fpwrheat.html%23Q3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robock, Alan (2000). "Volcanic eruptions and climate". Reviews of geophysics 38 (2): 191-219. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%89%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د شی ډیجیتالی نشانګر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F1998RG000054">10.1029/1998RG000054</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon">"Recent volcanic eruptions on the moon"</a>. <i>sciencemag.org</i>. 12 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sciencemag.org&rft.atitle=Recent+volcanic+eruptions+on+the+moon&rft.date=2014-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Frecent-volcanic-eruptions-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=اتشفشان&oldid=284925">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=اتشفشان&oldid=284925</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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