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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architettura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architettura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architettura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storia_degli_studi_archeologici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia_degli_studi_archeologici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Storia degli studi archeologici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia_degli_studi_archeologici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesopotamia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 158 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">158 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A9%D3%A1%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аҩӡыбжьара - abcaso" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҩӡыбжьара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abcaso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mesopotamië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%B4%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%AB" title="መስጴጦምያ - amarico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መስጴጦምያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بلاد الرافدين - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاد الرافدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A2%DC%97%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ - aramaico" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="منطقة بين النهرين - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منطقة بين النهرين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%27%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মেচ'পটেমিয়া - assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেচ'পটেমিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiya" title="Mesopotamiya - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mesopotamiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین‌النهرین - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بین‌النهرین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotam%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Mesopotamėjė - samogitico" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mesopotamėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamya" title="Mesopotamya - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mesopotamya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Месапатамія - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Месапатамія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мэсапатамія - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэсапатамія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মেসোপটেমিয়া - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেসোপটেমিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamia" title="Mezopotamia - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mezopotamia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A0mia" title="Mesopotàmia - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesopotàmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%AB-s%C5%AB-p%C5%8F%CC%A4-d%C3%A2i-m%C4%AB" title="Mī-sū-pŏ̤-dâi-mī - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mī-sū-pŏ̤-dâi-mī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами - ceceno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ceceno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamya" title="Mesopotamya - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mesopotamya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مێزۆپۆتامیا - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێزۆپۆتامیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A1mie" title="Mezopotámie - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezopotámie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamya" title="Mezopotamya - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mezopotamya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%AE%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="މެސޮޕޮޓޭމިއާ - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މެސޮޕޮޓޭމިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεσοποταμία - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσοποταμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamio" title="Mezopotamio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezopotamio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotaamia" title="Mesopotaamia - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mesopotaamia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین‌النهرین - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بین‌النهرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamie" title="Mésopotamie - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mésopotamie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotaamien" title="Mesopotaamien - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mesopotaamien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotaamje" title="Mesopotaamje - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mesopotaamje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mheaspat%C3%A1im" title="An Mheaspatáim - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mheaspatáim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E" title="美索不達米亞 - gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="美索不達米亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9zopotami" title="Mézopotami - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mézopotami" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - gaelico scozzese" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelico scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دو روبار میانی - gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="دو روبار میانی" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A1mia" title="Mesopotámia - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mesopotámia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="મેસોપોટેમીયા - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેસોપોટેમીયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="מסופוטמיה - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסופוטמיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोटामिया - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेसोपोटामिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - hindi figiano" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamiska" title="Mezopotamiska - alto sorabo" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mezopotamiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alto sorabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotami" title="Mezopotami - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mezopotami" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A1mia" title="Mezopotámia - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mezopotámia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%84" title="Միջագետք - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջագետք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%84" title="Միջագետք - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Միջագետք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами - ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamia" title="Mezopotamia - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mezopotamia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B3p%C3%B3tam%C3%ADa" title="Mesópótamía - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mesópótamía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2" title="メソポタミア - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メソポタミア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotiemia" title="Mesopotiemia - creolo giamaicano" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mesopotiemia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="creolo giamaicano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="შუამდინარეთი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუამდინარეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami" title="Mesopotami - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mesopotami" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Қосөзен (өркениет) - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қосөзен (өркениет)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಮೆಸೊಪಟ್ಯಾಮಿಯಾ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಸೊಪಟ್ಯಾಮಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%86%8C%ED%8F%AC%ED%83%80%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84" title="메소포타미아 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메소포타미아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - permiaco" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="permiaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamya" title="Mezopotamya - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mezopotamya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami" title="Mesopotami - cornico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mesopotami" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mesopotamië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotami" title="Mezopotami - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mezopotami" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamija" title="Mesopotamija - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mesopotamija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81_Divupe" title="Senā Divupe - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senā Divupe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B4p%C3%B4tamia" title="Mesôpôtamia - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mesôpôtamia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - menangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="menangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Месопотамија - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Месопотамија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="മെസപ്പൊട്ടേമിയ - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെസപ്പൊട്ടേമിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोटेमिया - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेसोपोटेमिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မက်ဆိုပိုတေးမီးယား - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက်ဆိုပိုတေးမီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="میون‌رودون - mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میون‌رودون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamie" title="Mesopotamie - basso tedesco olandese" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mesopotamie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोटामिया - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेसोपोटामिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोतामिया - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेसोपोतामिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mesopotamië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotanmie" title="Mésopotanmie - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mésopotanmie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਮੈਸੋਪੋਟਾਮੀਆ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਸੋਪੋਟਾਮੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamia" title="Mezopotamia - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mezopotamia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین النہرین - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بین النہرین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین النهرین - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بین النهرین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A2mia" title="Mesopotâmia - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mesopotâmia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мезопотамія - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мезопотамія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - sacha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sacha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ميسوپوٽيميا - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميسوپوٽيميا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මෙසොපොටේමියාව - singalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෙසොපොටේමියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A1mia" title="Mezopotámia - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mezopotámia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesobotaamiya" title="Mesobotaamiya - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mesobotaamiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Месопотамија - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Месопотамија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamia" title="Mésopotamia - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mésopotamia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மெசொப்பொத்தேமியா - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெசொப்பொத்தேமியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="మెసొపొటేమియా నాగరికత - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెసొపొటేమియా నాగరికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Байнаннаҳрайн - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Байнаннаҳрайн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="เมโสโปเตเมีย - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมโสโปเตเมีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%BDa" title="Mesopotamiýa - turcomanno" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mesopotamiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcomanno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamya" title="Mesopotamya - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mesopotamya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamya" title="Mezopotamya - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mezopotamya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F" title="Межиріччя - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Межиріччя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین النہرین - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین النہرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiya" title="Mesopotamiya - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mesopotamiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A0mia" title="Mezopotàmia - veneto" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mezopotàmia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng_H%C3%A0" title="Lưỡng Hà - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lưỡng Hà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A4n" title="Mesopotän - volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mesopotän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ewum_%C3%B1aari_dex_yi" title="Réewum ñaari dex yi - wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réewum ñaari dex yi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美索不达米亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="შქაწყარმალონა - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შქაწყარმალონა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מעסאפאטאמיע - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעסאפאטאמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美索不达米亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%B2%B3%E4%B9%8B%E7%9B%82" title="兩河之盂 - cinese classico" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="兩河之盂" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="cinese classico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="兩河流域文明 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Storia" title="Progetto:Storia">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFDD88;">Mesopotamia</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigr-euph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/260px-Tigr-euph.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/390px-Tigr-euph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/520px-Tigr-euph.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Il territorio della Mesopotamia </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Stato" title="Stato">Stati</a></th><td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siria (bandiera)"><img alt="Siria (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iran (bandiera)"><img alt="Iran (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iraq (bandiera)"><img alt="Iraq (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turchia (bandiera)"><img alt="Turchia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/20px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia">Turchia</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabia Saudita (bandiera)"><img alt="Arabia Saudita (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuwait (bandiera)"><img alt="Kuwait (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La <b>Mesopotamia</b> (dal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">greco</a> Μεσοποταμία, <i>Mesopotamía</i>, comp. di μέσος-, <i>mésos</i>-, 'centrale', 'che sta in mezzo', e ποταμός, <i>potamós</i>, 'fiume', con il suffisso <i>-ia</i>, 'landa'; quindi 'terra fra i fiumi', ovvero il <a href="/wiki/Tigri" title="Tigri">Tigri</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Eufrate" title="Eufrate">Eufrate</a>) è una <a href="/wiki/Regione_storica" title="Regione storica">regione storica</a> del <a href="/wiki/Vicino_Oriente_antico" title="Vicino Oriente antico">Vicino Oriente antico</a>, parte della cosiddetta <a href="/wiki/Mezzaluna_Fertile" title="Mezzaluna Fertile">Mezzaluna Fertile</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descrizione">Descrizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Descrizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Descrizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Mesopotamia fu abitata all'inizio dai <a href="/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri">Sumeri</a>, poi dagli <a href="/wiki/Accadi" title="Accadi">Accadi</a>, dai <a href="/wiki/Gutei" title="Gutei">Gutei</a>, dagli <a href="/wiki/Amorrei" title="Amorrei">Amorrei</a> (𒈥𒌅, <i>Martu</i> in sumerico), dai <a href="/wiki/Babilonesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Babilonesi">Babilonesi</a>, dai <a href="/wiki/Cassiti" title="Cassiti">Cassiti</a>, dagli <a href="/wiki/Assiria" title="Assiria">Assiri</a> e dai <a href="/wiki/Persiani" title="Persiani">Persiani</a>. </p><p>Con il termine Mesopotamia i <a href="/wiki/Greci" title="Greci">Greci</a> intendevano la zona settentrionale che si estende tra l'Eufrate e il Tigri. Con il tempo l'uso di questa definizione divenne di più ampio respiro, fino a comprendere anche le zone limitrofe. Oggi possiamo impropriamente definirne i confini indicandoli con la catena dei monti <a href="/wiki/Zagros" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros">Zagros</a> a est, quella del <a href="/wiki/Tauro" title="Tauro">Tauro</a> a nord, steppe e deserti a ovest e sud-ovest e, infine, il <a href="/wiki/Golfo_Persico" title="Golfo Persico">Golfo Persico</a> a sud (la zona paludosa dello <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-%27Arab" title="Shatt al-'Arab">Shatt al-'Arab</a>). Nella suddivisione territoriale odierna corrisponde quindi ai territori dell'<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, e a parte di territori di <a href="/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia">Turchia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. La regione era considerata uno dei corni della mezzaluna fertile e vi si trovavano, allo stato selvatico, quelli che sarebbero diventati gli alimenti base della dieta dell'uomo nell'antichità: <a href="/wiki/Cereali" title="Cereali">cereali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leguminose" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminose">leguminose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovini">ovini</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">bovini</a>. </p><p>Foreste di tipo <a href="/wiki/Clima_mediterraneo" title="Clima mediterraneo">mediterraneo</a> sulle montagne a nord ospitavano una <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> di <a href="/wiki/Quercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercia">querce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pino" class="mw-redirect" title="Pino">pini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">cedri</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ginepro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginepro">ginepri</a> e una <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> di animali selvatici quali <a href="/wiki/Panthera_pardus" title="Panthera pardus">leopardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo">leoni</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" title="Cervus elaphus">cervi</a> che ritroviamo anche nell'<a href="/wiki/Iconografia" title="Iconografia">iconografia</a> dell'arte giunta fino a noi. Da questa catena montuosa, il Tauro, parte il percorso dei due fiumi, molto importante per la popolazione. Difatti ha influito molto sulla vita e <a href="/wiki/Mentalit%C3%A0" title="Mentalità">mentalità</a> dei popoli che l'abitavano: sorgendo in una catena montuosa a clima mediterraneo, entrambi i fiumi erano soggetti a una portata variabile e a improvvise e disastrose inondazioni, tanto che nel corso dei millenni più volte hanno cambiato il corso del proprio letto. Proseguendo verso sud, i due fiumi si gettavano nel golfo con estuari separati ma, con il passare del tempo, costituirono la regione paludosa dello Shatt al-'Arab unendo il proprio percorso. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agricoltura">Agricoltura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Agricoltura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Agricoltura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spesso il bacino mesopotamico viene raffrontato per similitudine con quello del <a href="/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo">Nilo</a>, entrambi hanno infatti favorito lo sviluppo delle civiltà umane, ma con sostanziali differenze. Il grande fiume <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">africano</a>, a causa della sua nascita in zona <a href="/wiki/Monsoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoni">monsonica</a>, assicurava piene regolari e feconde grazie al <a href="/wiki/Limo" title="Limo">limo</a> che depositava, mentre il Tigri e l'Eufrate, per la loro imprevedibilità, furono un importante stimolo per la costruzione di opere di <a href="/wiki/Irrigazione" title="Irrigazione">irrigazione</a> e di regolazione delle acque. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architettura">Architettura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Architettura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Architettura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dal punto di vista architettonico sono da considerare di particolare importanza le cosiddette "<a href="/wiki/Ziqqurat" title="Ziqqurat">ziqqurat</a>", edifici templari a forma di piramide, caratterizzate da una sovrapposizione di piani, sul cui culmine era edificato un tempio dedicato al dio della città. Si suppone che le ziggurat potessero essere utilizzate anche per le osservazioni astronomiche, scienza in cui i Babilonesi erano particolarmente esperti. La più antica ziqqurat a noi pervenuta si trova nell'antica città di <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, sud della Mesopotamia, e risale all'epoca del re <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Urnammu</a> (ca. 2050 a.C.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Storia_della_Mesopotamia" title="Storia della Mesopotamia">Storia della Mesopotamia</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acta_Eruditorum_-_VII_mappe_arabia_mesopotamia,_1692_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13352531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Acta_Eruditorum_-_VII_mappe_arabia_mesopotamia%2C_1692_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13352531.jpg/220px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_VII_mappe_arabia_mesopotamia%2C_1692_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13352531.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Acta_Eruditorum_-_VII_mappe_arabia_mesopotamia%2C_1692_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13352531.jpg/330px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_VII_mappe_arabia_mesopotamia%2C_1692_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13352531.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Acta_Eruditorum_-_VII_mappe_arabia_mesopotamia%2C_1692_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13352531.jpg/440px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_VII_mappe_arabia_mesopotamia%2C_1692_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13352531.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>La Mesopotamia in una mappa del 1692 degli <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Eruditorum" title="Acta Eruditorum">Acta Eruditorum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>La regione fu abitata da tempi remotissimi e qui si sono sviluppate precocemente importanti <a href="/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0" title="Civiltà">civiltà</a>: i <a href="/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri">Sumeri</a>, gli <a href="/wiki/Assiria" title="Assiria">Assiri</a> e i <a href="/wiki/Babilonesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Babilonesi">Babilonesi</a> sono le più famose, altre (p.es. gli <a href="/wiki/Accadi" title="Accadi">Accadi</a>) ebbero minore fama oppure - come nel caso per esempio della civiltà <a href="/wiki/Persiani" title="Persiani">persiana</a> e di quella <a href="/wiki/Ellenismo" title="Ellenismo">ellenistica</a> - investirono questa regione insieme irradiandosi da altri centri. </p><p>Dopo la conquista <a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">araba</a> nel <a href="/wiki/VII_secolo" title="VII secolo">VII</a>-<a href="/wiki/VIII_secolo" title="VIII secolo">VIII secolo</a> d.C., non si usa più il termine geografico di Mesopotamia, anche se in linea di principio questo sarebbe applicabile fino ai giorni nostri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia_degli_studi_archeologici">Storia degli studi archeologici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Storia degli studi archeologici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Storia degli studi archeologici"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La conoscenza della storia delle grandi culture della Mesopotamia è relativamente recente. All'inizio del <a href="/wiki/XVIII_secolo" title="XVIII secolo">XVIII secolo</a>, la traduzione della raccolta favolistica <a href="/wiki/Letteratura_araba" title="Letteratura araba">araba</a> delle <i><a href="/wiki/Le_mille_e_una_notte" title="Le mille e una notte">Mille e una notte</a></i> provocò un rinnovato interesse per questa terra, considerata misteriosa e ostile. Numerosi studiosi intrapresero viaggi dai quali tornarono carichi di osservazioni e reperti archeologici relativi alle antiche civiltà mesopotamiche. </p><p>Dopo la spedizione <a href="/wiki/Napoleone_Bonaparte" title="Napoleone Bonaparte">napoleonica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto">Egitto</a>, con la riscoperta della sua <a href="/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0" title="Civiltà">civiltà</a> millenaria, molti studiosi si avventurarono, all'inizio del <a href="/wiki/XIX_secolo" title="XIX secolo">XIX secolo</a>, nella "terra dei due fiumi". </p><p>Fu Paul Émile Botta, console francese a <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, a promuovere i primi scavi sistematici intrapresi in Mesopotamia, negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1840" title="Anni 1840">anni quaranta</a> del <a href="/wiki/XIX_secolo" title="XIX secolo">XIX secolo</a>. Di lì a breve, <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a> cominciò a condurre degli scavi presso <a href="/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive">Ninive</a>, dove rintracciò sculture e bassorilievi, ma soprattutto l'importantissima biblioteca di <a href="/wiki/Assurbanipal" title="Assurbanipal">Assurbanipal</a>, dove il re assiro aveva raccolto numerose opere della letteratura babilonese. </p><p>Intorno al 1850, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Kennett_Loftus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Kennett Loftus (la pagina non esiste)">William Kennett Loftus</a> effettuò ricerche tra le rovine di Warka, l'antica <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. Quando, nel <a href="/wiki/1855" title="1855">1855</a>, un battello carico di reperti da <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a> si rovesciò causandone quasi l'intera perdita nel Tigri (si salvò solo un decimo del materiale), le operazioni vennero sospese per un ventennio. Fu a questo punto che <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(assiriologo)" title="George Smith (assiriologo)">George Smith</a>, nel <a href="/wiki/1872" title="1872">1872</a>, individuò in una tavoletta cuneiforme proveniente da Ninive che riportava il racconto di un <a href="/wiki/Mito" title="Mito">mitico</a> <a href="/wiki/Diluvio_universale" title="Diluvio universale">diluvio universale</a>. Ciò produsse una nuova spinta nell'esplorazione, questa volta più sistematica, e furono scavati nuovi siti. </p><p>Scavi francesi presero avvio nel <a href="/wiki/1877" title="1877">1877</a>, presso Tello, l'antica <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>: è a questi scavi che si deve la scoperta della civiltà sumerica, fino ad allora sconosciuta. Negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1880" title="Anni 1880">anni ottanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" title="Hormuzd Rassam">Hormuzd Rassam</a> lavorò per conto del <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> a <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a> e in altre zone della Babilonia centrale. A partire dal <a href="/wiki/1889" title="1889">1889</a>, una spedizione americana lavorò presso <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, dove furono rintracciate case paleobabilonesi e numerose biblioteche, le cui tavolette contribuirono alla decifrazione della lingua sumera. </p><p>Sul volgere del secolo, le ricerche archeologiche in Mesopotamia avevano assunto ormai connotati politici ed erano fonte di prestigio internazionale. La Germania non volle rimanere indietro: nel gennaio <a href="/wiki/1898" title="1898">1898</a> venne fondata l'<a href="/wiki/Associazione_(diritto)" title="Associazione (diritto)">associazione volontaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Orient-Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft">Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft</a> (DOG), che coordinò scavi presso Uruk (<a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a>). Ben presto gli scavi tedeschi raggiunsero <a href="/wiki/Stratigrafia_(archeologia)#Scavo_stratigrafico" title="Stratigrafia (archeologia)">strati</a> del <a href="/wiki/III_millennio_a.C." title="III millennio a.C.">III millennio a.C.</a> Fin dal <a href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</a> il tedesco <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koldewey" title="Robert Koldewey">Robert Koldewey</a> scavò per conto della DOG a Babilonia: vi troverà la fossa che era servita da fondamenta all'<a href="/wiki/Etemenanki" title="Etemenanki">Etemenanki</a> dedicata a <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>. </p><p>Sempre agli inizi del <a href="/wiki/XX_secolo" title="XX secolo">XX secolo</a> la decifrazione della <a href="/wiki/Scrittura_cuneiforme" title="Scrittura cuneiforme">scrittura cuneiforme</a> aveva fatto sufficienti passi avanti da creare un "dibattito Bibbia-Babele", avviato dall'assiriologo <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Delitzsch" title="Friedrich Delitzsch">Friedrich Delitzsch</a>, dibattito consistente nello studio in parallelo del racconto del <a href="/wiki/Diluvio_universale" title="Diluvio universale">Diluvio universale</a> (contenuto tanto nella Bibbia quanto nell'<a href="/wiki/Epopea_di_Gilgamesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Epopea di Gilgamesh">epopea di Gilgamesh</a>). Il dibattito assunse presto connotati antisemiti. </p><p>Altri studiosi di rilievo nella storia dell'archeologia della Mesopotamia sono <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence">Thomas Edward Lawrence</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a>. </p><p>Di rilievo fu anche una spedizione italiana, che operò nella Siria occidentale, a Tell Mardikh (l'antica <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>), negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1970" title="Anni 1970">anni settanta</a> del <a href="/wiki/XX_secolo" title="XX secolo">XX secolo</a>. </p><p>Dagli inizi del XX secolo, la volontà di riportare alla luce queste importanti civiltà ha trovato ostacolo solamente nella <a href="/wiki/Seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Seconda guerra mondiale">seconda guerra mondiale</a> e nella <a href="/wiki/Guerra_del_golfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra del golfo">prima</a> e <a href="/wiki/Guerra_in_Iraq" title="Guerra in Iraq">seconda guerra del golfo</a>. In particolare, dal <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> si è potuto assistere a uno spietato saccheggio dei siti da parte dei tombaroli. È, per il resto, immensa la quantità di reperti non ancora catalogati che riguardano l'assiriologia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adolf Leo Oppenheim, <i>L'antica Mesopotamia. Ritratto di una civiltà scompa.rsa</i>, a cura di Erica Reiner. Roma, Newton Compton, 1964/1980.</li> <li>Ursula Moortgat-Correns, <i>La Mesopotamia</i>. Torino, UTET, 1989</li> <li>Jean-Claude Margueron, <i>La Mesopotamia</i>, Torino, Laterza, 1993/2004.</li> <li>Jean-Daniel Forest, <i>Mesopotamia. L'invenzione dello Stato</i>, Milano, Jaca Book 1996.</li> <li>William W. Hallo - <i>New directions in historiography: Mesopotamia and Israel</i>. Munster, Ugarit Verlag, 1998.</li> <li>Barthel Hrouda, <i>La Mesopotamia</i>, Bologna, Il Mulino 2003.</li> <li>Frances Pinnock, <i>Lineamenti di archeologia e storia dell'arte del Vicino Oriente antico, ca. 3500-330 a.C.</i>, Parma, Università, Istituto di Storia dell'Arte, 2004.</li> <li>Michael Jursa, <i>I babilonesi</i>, ed. Il Mulino, Bologna, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788815114686" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-88-15-11468-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicino_Oriente_antico" title="Vicino Oriente antico">Vicino Oriente antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protostoria_del_Vicino_Oriente" title="Protostoria del Vicino Oriente">Protostoria del Vicino Oriente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storia_del_Vicino_Oriente_antico" title="Storia del Vicino Oriente antico">Storia del Vicino Oriente antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri">Sumeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storia_dei_Sumeri" title="Storia dei Sumeri">Storia dei Sumeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmografia_mesopotamica" title="Cosmografia mesopotamica">Cosmografia mesopotamica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musica_della_Mesopotamia" title="Musica della Mesopotamia">Musica della Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Babilonia)" title="Apamea (Babilonia)">Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashkan-shapir" title="Mashkan-shapir">Mashkan-shapir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" class="extiw" title="q:Mesopotamia">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mesopotamia">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Mesopotamia"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mesopotamia?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni di o su <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" class="extiw" title="q:Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mesopotamia?uselang=it">Mesopotamia</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mesopotamia"><span style="font-style:italic;">Mesopotamia</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11767#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopedia_Italiana" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Pietro Romanelli, Adriano Alberti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mesopotamia_res-3f1debd8-8bb1-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">MESOPOTAMIA</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Enciclopedia Italiana</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 1934.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11767#P4223" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDizionario_di_storia" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mesopotamia_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Mesopotamia</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Dizionario di storia</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 2010.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11767#P6404" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Shafiq Abouzayd e <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brock" title="Sebastian Brock">Sebastian Brock</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aramsociety.org/about-us/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Aram Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">aramsociety.org</span>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Oxford" title="Università di Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/257328659">257328659</a>. 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