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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pedelec_market_penetration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pedelec market penetration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pedelec_market_penetration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_of_pedelecs_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_of_pedelecs_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legal status of pedelecs worldwide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status_of_pedelecs_worldwide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal status of pedelecs worldwide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_of_pedelecs_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>The Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technical</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Battery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Motor control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Force_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Force_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Force control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Force_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_motion_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_motion_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.2</span> <span>Rotary motion detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary_motion_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sliding_or_traction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sliding_or_traction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.3</span> <span>Sliding or traction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sliding_or_traction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Power electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Motor types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Force_approach_of_the_electric_drive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Force_approach_of_the_electric_drive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Force approach of the electric drive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Force_approach_of_the_electric_drive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drive_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drive_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Drive positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drive_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="E-Bike" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicilec" title="Bicilec – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bicilec" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohelpita_biciklo" title="Elektrohelpita biciklo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrohelpita biciklo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lo_%C3%A0_assistance_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Vélo à assistance électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vélo à assistance électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicicletta_a_pedalata_assistita" title="Bicicletta a pedalata assistita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bicicletta a pedalata assistita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E8%87%AA%E8%BB%A2%E8%BB%8A" title="電動アシスト自転車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電動アシスト自転車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pedelec" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%A9%E5%8A%9B%E8%BD%A6" title="电动助力车 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电动助力车" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2066172#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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data-mw-revid="1219201756"><bdi>DovaModaal</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:DovaModaal" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:DovaModaal">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/DovaModaal" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/DovaModaal">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>1,212</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Changing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Short_description" title="Wikipedia:Short description">short description</a> from "Type of electric bicycle" to "bicycle where the rider's pedalling is assisted by an electric motor"</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:T1actical" class="mw-userlink" title="User:T1actical" data-mw-revid="1219206912"><bdi>T1actical</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:T1actical" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:T1actical">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/T1actical" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/T1actical">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>1,325</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#top">→<bdi dir="ltr">top</bdi></a>: </span>Short descriptions must start with a capital letter</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit">Mobile edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_app_edit">Mobile app edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-android_app_edit">Android app edit</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedelec&diff=next&oldid=1219206912" title="Pedelec" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Short description|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bicycle</del> where the rider's pedalling is assisted by an electric motor}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Short description|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bicycle</ins> where the rider's pedalling is assisted by an electric motor}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{advert|date=November 2020}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{advert|date=November 2020}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{About|pedal-assist only e-bikes that are often legally classified as conventional bicycles|other sorts of e-bikes|Electric bicycle}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{About|pedal-assist only e-bikes that are often legally classified as conventional bicycles|other sorts of e-bikes|Electric bicycle}}</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 10:46, 16 April 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bicycle where the rider's pedalling is assisted by an electric motor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedelec&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about pedal-assist only e-bikes that are often legally classified as conventional bicycles. For other sorts of e-bikes, see <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-Call_a_Bike_Pedelec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/E-Call_a_Bike_Pedelec.jpg/220px-E-Call_a_Bike_Pedelec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/E-Call_a_Bike_Pedelec.jpg/330px-E-Call_a_Bike_Pedelec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/E-Call_a_Bike_Pedelec.jpg/440px-E-Call_a_Bike_Pedelec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> pedelecs with rear hub motors and batteries placed inside the <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_frame" title="Bicycle frame">frames</a>. This is the "Jetstream" from <a href="/wiki/Riese_und_M%C3%BCller" title="Riese und Müller">Riese und Müller</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Pedelec</b> (from <b>ped</b>al <b>ele</b>ctric <b>c</b>ycle) or <b>EPAC</b> (<i>electronically power assisted cycle</i>), is a type of low-powered <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">electric bicycle</a> where the rider's pedalling is assisted by a small <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>. However, unlike some other types of e-bikes, pedelecs are classified as conventional bicycles in many countries by road authorities rather than as a type of electric moped. Pedelecs have an electronic controller that cuts power to the motor when the rider is not pedalling or when a certain speed – usually 25 km/h (16 mph) or 32 km/h (20 mph) – is reached. Pedelecs are useful for people who ride in hilly areas or in strong <a href="/wiki/Headwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwind">headwinds</a>. While a pedelec can be any <a href="/wiki/List_of_bicycle_types" title="List of bicycle types">type of bicycle</a>, a pedelec <a href="/wiki/European_city_bike" class="mw-redirect" title="European city bike">city bike</a> is very common. A conventional bicycle can be converted to a pedelec with the addition of the necessary parts, e.g., motor, battery, etc. </p><p>Many jurisdictions <a href="#Legal_status_of_pedelecs_worldwide">classify pedelecs</a> as bicycles as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Moped" title="Moped">mopeds</a> or motorcycles. More powerful <a href="/wiki/E-bike" class="mw-redirect" title="E-bike">e-bikes</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle#S-Pedelecs" title="Electric bicycle">S-Pedelecs</a> and <i>power-on-demand</i> e-bikes (those whose motors can provide assistance regardless of whether the rider is pedalling) are often classified as mopeds or even motorcycles with the rider thus subject to the regulations of such motor vehicles, e.g., having a license and a vehicle registration, wearing a helmet, etc. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>In 1989, Michael Kutter, founder of Dolphin E-bikes, designed and produced the first pedelec prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first market-ready models of this kind were available in 1992 from the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> company Velocity under the name Dolphin. </p><p>In 1994, larger numbers were produced by <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha Motor">Yamaha</a> under the name Power Assist. </p><p>In 1995, the first Flyer in the same year founded the Swiss start-up company BKTech AG in small series by <a href="/wiki/E-business" class="mw-redirect" title="E-business">e-business</a> (as an integral part of the start-up) to the market.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pedelec_market_penetration">Pedelec market penetration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Patterns of use have changed significantly since 2012, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>Throughout the whole of Europe in 2011, between 900,000 and 1.24 million units were sold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4></div> <p>As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedelec&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were about 600,000 pedelecs on the road in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growth has been spectacular: the year before, 310,000–340,000 pedelecs were sold in Germany and this in turn was 55% more than in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, in Germany sales have gone up by more than 30% every year since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-ZIV-WiPK2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZIV-WiPK2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (December 2022)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> In comparison, there were around 70 million conventional <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a> in Germany in 2011 according to ZIV, the German Bicycle Industry Association.<sup id="cite_ref-ZIV-WiPK2012_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZIV-WiPK2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 95% of all <a href="/wiki/E-bike" class="mw-redirect" title="E-bike">e-bikes</a> in Germany are in fact pedelecs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ADAC" title="ADAC">ADAC</a>, the German automotive club, tested a large number of pedelecs in 2013, where about 56% of the pedelecs failed the test with a score lower than reasonable due to unsatisfactory safety and durability.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3></div> <p>Only the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Chinese</a> market for pedelecs and e-bikes is bigger than the European. According to the National Bureau of Statistics in China, more than 100 million e-bikes are on the road. Annual production in Chinese factories has increased from 58,000 in 1998 to 33 million in 2011. A pedelec classification separate from an e-bike is not known in China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status_of_pedelecs_worldwide">Legal status of pedelecs worldwide</h2></div> <p>To really be useful, it is important for a pedelec to be legally classified as a bicycle in each country or jurisdiction rather than classified as a moped or motorcycle. Otherwise, if a pedelec is classified as a moped or motorbike then it may not be allowed in <a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">bike lanes</a> or on <a href="/wiki/Bike_path" title="Bike path">bike paths</a>; the pedelec may have to be <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration">registered</a>; the rider may have to wear a <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet" title="Motorcycle helmet">motorcycle helmet</a>; and/or <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance" title="Vehicle insurance">vehicle insurance</a> may have to be paid for. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> a pedelec does not need registration, insurance, or license plate, if it adheres to these rules: </p> <ol><li>Motor power up to 250 W (continuous)</li> <li>Motor is active only when the pedals are turned</li> <li>Highest speed of 25 km/h (15.5 mph) with motor assistance</li></ol> <p>If any of these rules is not followed, the vehicle is classified as either <a href="/wiki/E-bike" class="mw-redirect" title="E-bike">e-bike</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle#S-Pedelecs" title="Electric bicycle">S-Pedelec</a> which require a license plate and insurance, or as a <a href="/wiki/Motorbike" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorbike">motorbike</a> which also requires a driving license.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4></div> <p>Under Austrian law is no difference between any types of electric bicycles like such as exclusively powered by electricity without having pedals (see below, lit. d) or as hybrid powered (see below, lit. b), equal if it is <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle#Pedal-assist_only" title="Electric bicycle">power-assisted only when pedalling</a> (<i>pedelec</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pedelec-EBike-OEAMTC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedelec-EBike-OEAMTC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not: S-Pedelec<sup id="cite_ref-S-Pedelec-OEAMTC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-Pedelec-OEAMTC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle#Power-on-demand_only" title="Electric bicycle">without need of pedalling</a> (commonly in Austria known as <i>e-bike</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pedelec-EBike-OEAMTC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedelec-EBike-OEAMTC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>To be such electric vehicles not classified as <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> but as <i>Fahrrad </i>(= bicycle) according to § 2 paragraph 1 number 22 lit. b and d Road Traffic Act 1960 (StVO 1960)<sup id="cite_ref-StVO-1960-RIS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StVO-1960-RIS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in conjunction with § 1 paragraph 2a Motor Vehicle Law 1967 (KFG 1967)<sup id="cite_ref-KFG-1967-RIS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFG-1967-RIS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two types of electric bikes can be distinguished: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="de" class="poem"> <p>22. Fahrrad:<br /> a) […],<br /> b) ein Fahrzeug nach lit. a, das zusätzlich mit einem elektrischen Antrieb gemäß § 1 Abs. 2a KFG 1967 ausgestattet ist (Elektrofahrrad),<br /> c) […],<br /> d) ein elektrisch angetriebenes Fahrzeug, dessen Antrieb dem eines Elektrofahrrads im Sinne des § 1 Abs. 2a KFG 1967 entspricht[.] </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>22. bicycle:<br /> a) […],<br /> b) a vehicle according lit. a, which in addition to an electric drive according to § 1 paragraph 2a KFG 1967 is equipped (electric bike),<br /> c) […],<br /> d) an electrically driven vehicle, the drive corresponds to an electric bicycle as defined in § 1 paragraph 2a KFG 1967" (thus a just-electric drive)[.] </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—§ 2 Abs. 1 Z 22 lit. a and d<sup id="cite_ref-StVO-1960-RIS_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StVO-1960-RIS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—§ 2 paragraph 1 number 22 littera a and d </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The above named § 1 paragraph 2a KFG 1967 defines as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="de" class="poem"> <p>(2a) Nicht als Kraftfahrzeuge, sondern als Fahrräder im Sinne der StVO 1960 gelten auch elektrisch angetriebene Fahrräder mit<br /> 1. einer höchsten zulässigen Leistung von nicht mehr als 600 Watt und<br /> 2. einer Bauartgeschwindigkeit von nicht mehr als 25 km/h. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>(2a) Not as motor vehicles, but as bicycles in the sense of the StVO 1960 are also electrically driven bicycles with<br /> 1. a maximum allowable power of not more than 600 watts and<br /> 2. a design speed of not more than 25 km/h. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—§ 1 Abs. 2a KFG 1967<sup id="cite_ref-KFG-1967-RIS_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFG-1967-RIS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—§ 1 paragraph 2a KFG 1967 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As for normal (only muscle powered) bikes, also for electric bikes, the provisions of bicycle Regulation, for the control of these are the same as those for muscle StVO-powered bicycles, etc. Mandatory use of the bike path lane with bicycles. For their (commercial) In placing on the market subject to the product liability provisions. </p><p>If the above criteria are exceeded, the electric bicycle (equal if a so-called <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle#S-Pedelecs" title="Electric bicycle">S-Pedelec</a> or any other e-bike) it is a motor vehicle under the rules of the KFG 1967 and not a "Fahrrad" under the StVO 1960 and is only allowed to drive as a moped with the corresponding consequences. It must be a liability insurance be completed, it is the helmet and a driver's license of the corresponding class L1-eB (Vehicle classification "Two-wheel moped" in the Regulation (EU) No 168/2013) must be present. It must also be equipped like a moped with a maximum design vehicle speed less or equal 45 km/h. For these, the buyer should make sure to receive a COC (certificate of conformity) from the dealer in addition to the purchase contract. Only with these documents, the fast e-bike can be registered.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedelec-EBike-OEAMTC_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedelec-EBike-OEAMTC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S-Pedelec-OEAMTC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-Pedelec-OEAMTC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other of above described electric bicycles are not typable in Austria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h4></div> <p>The true Pedelecs are not required to have any other prerequisities than a bicycle has. </p><p>However, any pedelec where the power assistance is triggered by merely turning wheels rather than pedal motion (a large number of cheap versions or notoriously front hub assistance), are required to have a licence plate for a scooter / small motorcycle (so called <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorfiets" class="extiw" title="nl:Snorfiets">snorfiets</a> or <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromfiets" class="extiw" title="nl:Bromfiets">bromfiets</a>), a valid driving licence and an insurance. </p><p>In case of the power assistance stopping at a speed up to 25 km/h, the riders are not required to carry motorcycle helmets, however, this speed limit shall not be exceeded even while pedaling only.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is no speedlimit by law for human powered vehicles, including un-assisted pedelecs at > 25 kmh speed. Electric bicycles, for example <a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialized_Turbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialized Turbo (page does not exist)">Specialized Turbo</a>, without 25 km/h speed limitation for power assistance are considered a small motorcycle and besides license plate (yellow with black letters), driving license and insurance, a 'motorcycle helmet' must be worn at all time from the start of 2017 and onwards. </p><p>A large fleet of electric bicycles and pedelecs without required power control linked to the pedaling effort can be seen on the cycling paths without any proper registration. Additionally, many users found very simple ways how to tweak their pedelecs in order to overcome the pedaling sensor, making their pedelecs without further proper vehicle registration illegal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4></div> <p>Pedelecs, and all kinds of mechanical assist, are regarded as "motor vehicles" and classified as motor cycles, making legal registration impossible. The Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Transport_Department" title="Transport Department">Transport Department</a> is currently conducting a review, with a first report expected in mid-2020.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4></div> <p>Pedelecs are allowed, when wearing a helmet, the motor output is limited to 200W and the motor cuts out by 25 km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <p>Electric vehicles with a motor having power less than 250W, and a maximum speed 25 km/h or lower, are not required to be registered under the Central Motor Vehicle Rules, and may be driven freely without any license/paperwork.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> <p>Electric-assisted bicycles are treated as human-powered bicycles, while bicycles capable of propulsion by electric power alone face additional registration and regulatory requirements as mopeds. Requirements include electric power generation by a motor that cannot be easily modified, along with a power assist mechanism that operates safely and smoothly. In December 2008, the assist ratio was updated as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Under 10 km/h; 2</li> <li>10–24 km/h; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2-{\tfrac {{\text{speed in }}{\tfrac {km}{h}}-10}{7}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>speed in </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mn>7</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2-{\tfrac {{\text{speed in }}{\tfrac {km}{h}}-10}{7}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e56d361337afa1007d9b21994954baba78663a9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:17.365ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2-{\tfrac {{\text{speed in }}{\tfrac {km}{h}}-10}{7}}}"></span></li> <li>Over 24 km/h; 0</li></ul> <p>In October 2017, only for the special case that 3 wheel bicycle that draws a <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">cart</a> with a device to be drawn, the ratio was updated as follows: </p> <ul><li>Under 10 km/h; 3</li> <li>10–24 km/h; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2-{\tfrac {3\cdot {\text{speed in }}{\tfrac {km}{h}}-10}{14}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>speed in </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mn>14</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2-{\tfrac {3\cdot {\text{speed in }}{\tfrac {km}{h}}-10}{14}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5045064714e15305206c7afe42c45599c3faba6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:18.645ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2-{\tfrac {3\cdot {\text{speed in }}{\tfrac {km}{h}}-10}{14}}}"></span></li> <li>Over 24 km/h; 0</li></ul> <p>(See <a href="/wiki/Moped#Individual_countries/regions" title="Moped">Moped</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <p>As of 30 May 2012, Australia has an additional new electric bicycle category using the European model of a "Pedelec" as per EN15194 Standard. This means the bicycle can have a motor of 250 watts continuous rated power which must be activated only by pedalling (if above 6 km/h) and must cut out over 25 km/h. The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">State of Victoria</a> is the first to amend their local road rules to accommodate this new standard as of 18 September 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical">Technical</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3></div> <p>Pedelecs differ from an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> by an additional <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>, a battery, an electronic control system for the motor as well as a <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensor</a> to detect the motion of the cranks. Most models are also equipped with a battery charge indicator and a motor power setting, either continuously or divided into support levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battery">Battery</h4></div> <p>Besides the motor, the battery is the main component of pedelec technology. It is usually either a <a href="/wiki/NiMH" class="mw-redirect" title="NiMH">NiMH</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> - or a <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">battery</a> capacity is up to 24 <a href="/wiki/Ampere_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampere hour">Ah</a> at 24 or 36 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a> or up to 15 amp hours at 48 V. The stored <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> can be up to about 800 <a href="/wiki/Watt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt hour">watt hour</a> n (Wh), but mostly about 400 Wh (2013). In ideal conditions, after a thousand charges NiCd batteries have 85% of their original capacity and are therefore considered worn. With NiMH batteries about 400 to 800 cycles are possible. The charging time depending on the type of battery is around 2 to 9 hours. The durability of the battery is dependent on other factors. As lead-acid batteries discharge they provide less <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">power</a>, so that full motor power is no longer achieved. The very light, more expensive <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium ion batteries</a> are now used by most manufacturers and have a range of up to 100 kilometers with moderate pedaling and a medium capacity battery (e.g. 15 Ah). Lithium batteries do not tolerate <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> and should not be charged at frosty temperatures. For safety, the chemical composition and the quality of the electronics are crucial. Especially with short circuit and over voltage, lithium-ion batteries react very strongly. These problems in laptops have led to recalls. <a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries</a> are a notable exception. They have far safer thermal characteristics as well as being non-toxic. </p><p>In evaluating pedelec batteries, it is useful to consider not only the capacity, but also criteria such as durability, memory effect, charging time, weight, safety and environmental protection. </p><p>Manufacturers which equip their pedelecs with NiCd batteries usually deliver them with an AC adapter that discharges the battery completely before the actual charging process in order to decrease the <a href="/wiki/Memory_effect" title="Memory effect">memory effect</a>. NiMH batteries have a much lower memory effect. With lithium-ion batteries there is no memory effect. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">lithium iron phosphate battery</a> is much longer-lived than a lithium-ion battery. Its use significantly reduces operating costs resulting from battery wear. In 2013, they are not yet available as standard in most pedelec models, but some pedelecs (e.g. Beyond Oil) have begun installing LFP batteries as standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motor_control">Motor control</h4></div> <p>For switching or control of the motor, there are several possibilities: </p> <ul><li>Measuring the force or torque from the signal of a <a href="/wiki/Force-sensing_resistor" title="Force-sensing resistor">force sensor</a> on the pedals, the pedal crank, the chain or at the wheel</li> <li>Measurement of treading on the signal from a revolution counter or <a href="/wiki/Schmitt_trigger" title="Schmitt trigger">threshold switches</a> on the crank, or at another suitable location</li> <li>Measurement of both force and the speed</li> <li>Measurement of acceleration or drawbar force at the push trailer</li> <li>Measuring electrical values in the serial hybrid (pedal generator)</li></ul> <p>In addition, the speed of the vehicle are measured on the wheel, in particular, for example, to drive the motor from 25 km/h off. </p><p>The measurement can be further processed mechanically or electronically and is used to control the motor on and off or to regulate a control function based on continuously. </p><p>The fed <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> is based on the sensor data (force sensor, crank speed, ground speed) is calculated based on the chosen level of support from the motor controller. The so-called support levels, that is, how much the motor supported in addition to the driver's performance lie in horizontal drive 5-400 percent. </p><p>When the motors are regularly used heavily, especially when going uphill they may heat up significantly, some have a temperature sensor in the motor winding, where if a certain temperature is reached the electronics may reduce power to the motor. Ideally the electronics disconnect the battery at a predetermined discharge voltage to prevent total discharge and to ensure sufficient supply for the operation of the lighting system. This can be done by <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Force_control">Force control</h5></div> <p>When running with a force sensor, the motor is automatically a certain <a href="/wiki/Percentage" title="Percentage">percentage</a> of the service provided to the driver. In many models, this proportion may be set in several stages. There are also models where the support level can be set only at the dealer to the customer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rotary_motion_detection">Rotary motion detection</h5></div> <p>In the version with speed sensor (s) of the motor is automatically using a function to a set percentage of the self-applied force. Since the force required at the speed rises sharply, it can be calculated in some models without force sensor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sliding_or_traction">Sliding or traction</h5></div> <p>The slide or traction can help with Maximization of legislation to support a motor without pedaling to 6 km/h. The shift means has the advantage that you can let the bike roll along with motor support without pedaling or you push yourself (e.g. must, when transporting a heavy load, or so you walk up the wheel alone on a hill may be). For some models, the allowed 6 km/h can be achieved only in top gear, the other gears in the wheel rolls correspondingly slower. In any case, it allows for a faster (and more controlled physically) starting from standstill to "green" switches over <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_electronics">Power electronics</h4></div> <p>The power electronics, depending on the type of motor, consist of a DC motor controller with <a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">pulse-width modulation</a> or a regulated DC-AC converter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motor_types">Motor types</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Largehubmotordetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Largehubmotordetail.jpg/220px-Largehubmotordetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Largehubmotordetail.jpg/330px-Largehubmotordetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Largehubmotordetail.jpg/440px-Largehubmotordetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Pedelec hub motor with gearbox</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smart_e-bike_motor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Smart_e-bike_motor.JPG/220px-Smart_e-bike_motor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Smart_e-bike_motor.JPG/330px-Smart_e-bike_motor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Smart_e-bike_motor.JPG/440px-Smart_e-bike_motor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Smart e-bike motor</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost exclusively, pedelecs use DC motors, using <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>-less and brush <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor#Pancake_or_axial_rotor_motor" title="Electric motor">disc motors</a>, which are suitable for direct drive, and brush motors with gears. </p><p>The use of maintenance-free <a href="/w/index.php?title=AC_induction_motors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC induction motors (page does not exist)">AC induction motors</a> pedelec is the exception. </p><p>A direct rotor hub motor may feature a <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative brake</a>, so it can be used as a brake that converts some of the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> into battery charge. In addition to charging the battery when braking this incurs less wear on the traditional brake, reducing braking noises. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Force_approach_of_the_electric_drive">Force approach of the electric drive</h4></div> <p>See generally <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_drive_(bike)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electric drive (bike) (page does not exist)">starting points of the electric drive.</a> When Pedelec specifically, the type of control of the drive by the pedaling (see above), which may be integrated in the drive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drive_positions">Drive positions</h4></div> <p>The position of the motor has a significant impact on the handling of the pedelec. The following combinations of actuator position and motor have been successful: </p> <ul><li>Motor in the <a href="/wiki/Bottom_bracket" title="Bottom bracket">bottom bracket</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">mid-engine layout</a>)</li> <li>Motor in the hub of the front wheel</li> <li>Motor in the hub of the rear wheel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3></div> <p>Generally the range with motor support is between 7 km for a constant rise and up to 70 km. At medium power addition, it is about 20 to 50 km. On some models, by default two successive switchable batteries are housed in luggage bags, here is the range specified at medium power addition of 100 km. </p><p>A conventional battery (36 V / 7 Ah) (1.9 to 5.1 kg mass in a pedelec<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) has an energy content of around 250 Wh (1 kg of gasoline has about 11,500 Wh). The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical work is done with some loss of energy due to the generation of heat. Typically, incurred losses are around 25 percent, depending on the efficiency of the motor and the motor controller. Thus, a pedelec with a 70 kg rider (total mass of ≈100 kg) can be calculated to go about 5.6 kilometres on a 10% grade at 25 km/h on battery power alone (assuming frontal area = 0.4 meter-squared, drag coefficient = 0.7, altitude = 100m, wind speed = 10 km/h (2.8 m/s) and rolling resistance coefficient = 0.007<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Depending on the assistance of the rider (which is required on a pedelec), a proportionally greater range is possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3></div> <p>Safety issues are a concern in relatively flat areas, but are more pronounced in the hills. Hilly areas provide changing conditions; this poses the possibility of encountering more critical situations and thus more accidents may occur. Cars may need to overtake pedelecs at higher speeds than cars would overtake regular bikes, and this may result in more accidents with serious consequences for both cyclists and drivers. For drivers and pedestrians, it may be difficult to estimate how fast a cyclist is moving. Also, an elderly on a pedelec may ride much faster than previously possible. Risky situations can also arise at exits and junctions. To illustrate the consequences of such critical situations, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Insurers_Accident_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Insurers Accident Research (page does not exist)">German Insurers Accident Research</a> (UDV) has conducted a research project with road tests, performance tests and crash tests for pedelecs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, many pedelec (and e-bike) users report that they can ride more defensively with the auxiliary electric drive assisting them; unlike traditional bicyclists that tend to be averse to braking since this incurs effort to accelerate again, a pedelec rider can brake and then accelerate back to a normal speed with much less effort. The <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> accident statistics for the first half of 2012 lists 6,186 accidents involving bicycles, of which 76 are e-bikes and notes that the accident risk of e-bikes is not higher than for other bicycles.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle#S-Pedelecs" title="Electric bicycle">S-Pedelecs</a> involves an additional risk. Not only do they achieve a higher average speed, but a higher top speed (usually 45 km/h) and can also expect a higher annual <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">mileage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycle" title="Motorized bicycle">Motorized bicycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EROCKIT" title="EROCKIT">eROCKIT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle_laws" title="Electric bicycle laws">Electric bicycle laws</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330101103/http://www.dolphin-ebike.ch/mainnav/story/">"Meilensteine des Dolphin e-Bikes (Milestones of Dolphin e-bikes)"</a> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Go+Pedelec%21+Handbuch+mit+wertvollen+Praxistipps&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextraenergy.org%2Fmain.php%3Flanguage%3Dde%26category%3Dinformation%26subcateg%3D21%26id%3D27585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedelec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZIV-WiPK2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZIV-WiPK2012_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZIV-WiPK2012_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202064332/http://www.ziv-zweirad.de/public/pk_2012-ziv-praesentation_21-03-2012.pdf">"Präsentation zur Wirtschaftspressekonferenz"</a> [Presentation on the scientific press conference] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Zweirad-Industrie-Verband (ZIV). 21 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ziv-zweirad.de/public/pk_2012-ziv-praesentation_21-03-2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>Die angegebene Spanne des durchschnittlichen Verkaufspreises schließt auch die vernachlässigbar wenigen ausschließlich elektrisch angetriebenen Räder mit ein.</q> [The given interval of average sales prices includes the negligibly few bicycles with exclusively electric propulsion.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A4sentation+zur+Wirtschaftspressekonferenz&rft.pub=Zweirad-Industrie-Verband+%28ZIV%29&rft.date=2012-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ziv-zweirad.de%2Fpublic%2Fpk_2012-ziv-praesentation_21-03-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedelec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adac.de/rund-ums-fahrzeug/tests/fahrrad/pedelecs/">"ADAC Test: Fahrräder mit Elektroantrieb"</a> [ADAC test: bicycles with electric propulsion] (in German). ADAC. 2016-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADAC+Test%3A+Fahrr%C3%A4der+mit+Elektroantrieb&rft.pub=ADAC&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adac.de%2Frund-ums-fahrzeug%2Ftests%2Ffahrrad%2Fpedelecs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedelec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32002L0024">"DIRECTIVE 2002/24/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 18 March 2002 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheel motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 92/61/EEC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span>. <i>eur-lex.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eur-lex.europa.eu&rft.atitle=DIRECTIVE+2002%2F24%2FEC+OF+THE+EUROPEAN+PARLIAMENT+AND+OF+THE+COUNCIL+of+18+March+2002+relating+to+the+type-approval+of+two+or+three-wheel+motor+vehicles+and+repealing+Council+Directive+92%2F61%2FEEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2FPDF%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A32002L0024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedelec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedelec-EBike-OEAMTC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pedelec-EBike-OEAMTC_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedelec-EBike-OEAMTC_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedelec-EBike-OEAMTC_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oeamtc.at/thema/fahrrad/e-bikes-pedelecs/">E-bikes & pedelecs</a> (in German) Website of Austrian ÖAMTC, without date. Retrieved September 6, 2019: "So-called pedelecs differ from pedal-independent e-bikes in that the additional energy can only be requested via the electric / hub motor during pedaling. If you do not kick, there is no extra power." (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sogenannte Pedelecs unterscheiden sich von tretunabhängigen E-Bikes dahingehend, dass die Zusatzenergie über den Elektro-/ Nabenmotor nur während des Tretens angefordert werden kann. Tritt man nicht, gibt es auch keine Extra-Power.</i></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S-Pedelec-OEAMTC-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S-Pedelec-OEAMTC_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S-Pedelec-OEAMTC_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oeamtc.at/autotouring/zweirad/thema-s-pedelec-eure-fragen-unsere-antworten-19642319">Thema S-Pedelec: Eure Fragen, unsere Antworten</a> (in German) Website of Austrian ÖAMTC, July 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2019: "S-pedelecs are electric bicycles whose engines deliver a maximum rated power of 4 kW and support pedaling up to a speed of 45 km/h. S-pedelecs are considered vehicles of the class L1e-B, thus legally equivalent to a moped. To be able to steer such a thing, ergo also requires a suitable handlebar permission (at least so the driving license class AM)." — "And for a normal pedelec then a power limit of max. 600 watts for the engine. More importantly though, this engine is only allowed to assist at speeds up to 25 km / h. These normal pedelecs are therefore also considered a bicycle."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StVO-1960-RIS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StVO-1960-RIS_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StVO-1960-RIS_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011336">Straßenverkehrsordnung 1960 – StVO 1960</a> (in German) Federal law consolidated: Entire law for Road Traffic Act 1960 in the actual version. Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes. Retrieved September 6, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KFG-1967-RIS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KFG-1967-RIS_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KFG-1967-RIS_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011384">Kraftfahrgesetz 1967 – KFG 1967</a> (in German) Federal law consolidated: Entire legal provision for Motor Vehicle Law 1967. Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes. Retrieved September 6, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201305/08/P201305070364.htm">"LCQ19: Illegal sale or use of electric bicycles"</a>. 8 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LCQ19%3A+Illegal+sale+or+use+of+electric+bicycles&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F201305%2F08%2FP201305070364.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedelec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_1863/fcq%202018-19%20eng.pdf">(Hong Kong Government) Examination of Estimates of Expenditure 2018-19</a>: Regarding the "Consultancy Study on Enhancing the Walkability in Hong Kong"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/lta_information_guidelines/buy_a_new_vehicle/motorised_bicycles.MainPar.21283.File.tmp/MotorisedBicycle_Safety_Guide.pdf">"<b>P</b>ower <b>A</b>ssisted <b>B</b>icycles (PAB)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Automotive Research Association of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQs+regarding+electric+vehicles&rft.pub=Automotive+Research+Association+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.araiindia.com%2Ffaqs_electric_vehicle.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedelec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fact book 2021 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.yamaha-motor.com/ir/library/factbook/pdf/2021/2021factbook.pdf#page=17">"Assistance Ratio as Set by Legal Standards in Japan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>global.yamaha-motor.com</i>. Yamaha. 2021. p. 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Power+assisted+bicycles&rft.pub=VicRoads&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vicroads.vic.gov.au%2FHome%2FSafetyAndRules%2FSaferRiders%2FBikeRiders%2FPowerAssistedBicycles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedelec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extraenergy.org/main.php?language=de&category=&subcateg=&id=3861">"Alle Ergebnisse des Pedelec und E-Bike Tests"</a> (in German). ExtraEnergy e.V<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elektrofahrr%C3%A4der+%E2%80%93+Umweltschonend+aber+gef%C3%A4hrlich%3F&rft.place=Neum%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=Gesamtverband+der+Deutschen+Versicherungswirtschaft+e.V.+%28GDV%29&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft.au=Siegfried+Brockmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.udv.de%2Fuploads%2Ftx_udvpublications%2F110407_Pedelec_info_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedelec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X77NFYmavZI">"Crashtest: Pedelec gegen Autos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Video)</span>. <i>Unfallforschung on YouTube</i>. 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Unfallforschung der Versicherer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udv.de/en/vehicle-safety/other-vehicles/pedelecs/">the original</a> on 20 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safety+Aspects+of+High-Speed+Pedelecs&rft.pub=Unfallforschung+der+Versicherer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.udv.de%2Fen%2Fvehicle-safety%2Fother-vehicles%2Fpedelecs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedelec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/E-Bikes-nicht-gefaehrlicher-als-andere-Raeder-id21910861.html">"E-Bikes nicht gefährlicher als andere Räder"</a> [E-Bikes not more dangerous than other bicycles]. <i><a href="/wiki/Augsburger_Allgemeine" title="Augsburger Allgemeine">Augsburger Allgemeine</a></i> (in German). 2012-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Augsburger+Allgemeine&rft.atitle=E-Bikes+nicht+gef%C3%A4hrlicher+als+andere+R%C3%A4der&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augsburger-allgemeine.de%2Fbayern%2FE-Bikes-nicht-gefaehrlicher-als-andere-Raeder-id21910861.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedelec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Hannes Neupert: <i>Das Powerbike.</i> Moby Dick, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89595-123-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-89595-123-4">3-89595-123-4</a>.</li> <li>Gunnar Fehlau, Peter Barzel: <i>Das E-Bike: Die neuen Fahrräder mit elektrischer Antriebsunterstützung. Typen – Modelle – Komponenten.</i> Delius Klasing, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7688-5282-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7688-5282-1">978-3-7688-5282-1</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002080053/http://www.rechtsanwaltjaeger.de/elektrofahrraeder.pdf">Alexander Jaeger: <i>Aufsatz: Elektrofahrräder</i></a> in <i>Zeitschrift für Schadensrecht</i>. 12/2011 (PDF 4.25 MB).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pedelecs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pedelecs">Pedelecs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pedelec" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pedelec">pedelec</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8xKw_ShvzM">Electric Bikes</a> on <a href="/wiki/Robert_Llewellyn" title="Robert Llewellyn">Robert Llewellyn</a>'s <i>Fully Charged</i>. (The first bike presented is a pedelec.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gopedelec.eu"><i>Go Pedelec!</i></a> – a European project with independent information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extraenergy.org/main.php?language=de&category=information&subcateg=21&id=27585">Go Pedelec! Manual</a>, info at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extraenergy.org">ExtraEnergy</a>, an association with the aim of spreading human-powered/electric vehicles</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/wissenschaftsdoku/sendungen/167970/index.html">e-motion electric bike</a>, <a href="/wiki/3sat" title="3sat">3sat</a>-science documentary in March 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3sat.de/mediathek/index.php?display=1&mode=play&obj=35250">video</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hR51JpyO8hg">YouTube</a> <i>(44 min)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricbikerange.info/Electric_bike_range.html">Electric bike</a>: a trip simulator to understand how far and how fast you can ride with your electric bike</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">Hydrogen-powered ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">Natural gas vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple-fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="What Is the Electric Car?">What Is the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car" title="Revenge of the Electric Car">Revenge of the Electric Car</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power_ship" title="Wave power ship">Wave power ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_ship" title="Windmill ship">Windmill ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human-powered_transport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Template:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Template talk:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human-powered_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_land_vehicle" title="Human-powered land vehicle">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pedal power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/29er_(bicycle)" title="29er (bicycle)">29er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_bicycles" title="Outline of bicycles">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_trailer" title="Bicycle trailer">Bicycle trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX_bike" title="BMX bike">BMX bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boneshaker_(bicycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boneshaker (bicycle)">Boneshaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_bike" title="Cargo bike">Cargo bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_bicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="City bicycle">City bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_biking" title="Cold-weather biking">Cold-weather biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_bicycle" title="Cruiser bicycle">Cruiser bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo-cross_bicycle" title="Cyclo-cross bicycle">Cyclo-cross bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_bike" title="Downhill bike">Downhill bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enduro_(mountain_biking)" title="Enduro (mountain biking)">Enduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatbike" title="Fatbike">Fatbike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_bar_road_bike" title="Flat bar road bike">Flat bar road bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_bicycle" title="Folding bicycle">Folding bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling" title="Glossary of cycling">Glossary of cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_bicycle" title="Hybrid bicycle">Hybrid bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycle" title="Motorized bicycle">Motorized bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike" title="Mountain bike">Mountain bike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27.5_Mountain_bike" class="mw-redirect" title="27.5 Mountain bike">27.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_track_(mountain_biking)" title="Single track (mountain biking)">Singletrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_bike" title="Party bike">Party bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny-farthing" title="Penny-farthing">Penny-farthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porteur_bicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Porteur bicycle">Porteur bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prone_bicycle" title="Prone bicycle">Prone bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Quadracycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recumbent_bicycle" title="Recumbent bicycle">Recumbent bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle" title="Road bicycle">Road bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(bicycle)" title="Roadster (bicycle)">Roadster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_bicycle" title="Safety bicycle">Safety bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociable" title="Sociable">Sociable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-wheel_bicycle" title="Small-wheel bicycle">Small-wheel bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_bicycle" title="Tandem bicycle">Tandem bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_bicycle" title="Touring bicycle">Touring bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bicycle" title="Track bicycle">Track bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_bike" title="Trailer bike">Trailer bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">Tricycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle" title="Unicycle">Unicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_bicycle" title="Utility bicycle">Utility bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocar" title="Velocar">Velocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocipede" title="Velocipede">Velocipede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velomobile" title="Velomobile">Velomobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelie_bike" title="Wheelie bike">Wheelie bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_biking" title="Cold-weather biking">Cold-weather biking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_cycle" title="Ice cycle">ice cycle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a> assist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedelec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycle" title="Motorized bicycle">Motorized bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_scooter" title="Motorized scooter">Motorized scooter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treadle power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treadle_bicycle" title="Treadle bicycle">Treadle bicycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_bike" title="Balance bike">Balance bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy_horse" title="Dandy horse">Dandy horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Kick scooter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kickbike" title="Kickbike">Kickbike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kicksled" title="Kicksled">Kicksled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakeboard" title="Brakeboard">Brakeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeboard_(skateboard)" title="Freeboard (skateboard)">Freeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeskates" title="Freeskates">Freeskates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboard_(skateboard)" title="Longboard (skateboard)">Longboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">Skateboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcar" title="Handcar">Handcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcycle" title="Handcycle">Handcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobcart" title="Hobcart">Hobcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invalid_carriage" title="Invalid carriage">Invalid carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Row action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_cycle" title="Rowing cycle">Rowing cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pushed/pulled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_transport" title="Baby transport">Baby transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_chair" title="Bath chair">Bath chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbed_trolley" title="Flatbed trolley">Flatbed trolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_truck" title="Hand truck">Hand truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">Shopping cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_caddy" title="Shopping caddy">Shopping caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairclimber" title="Stairclimber">Stairclimber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretcher" title="Stretcher">Stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_wagon" title="Toy wagon">Toy wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow">Wheelbarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carried</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Litter/sedan chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_stretcher" title="Scoop stretcher">Scoop stretcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weight shifting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trikke" title="Trikke">Trikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo_stick" title="Pogo stick">Pogo stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_board" title="Caster board">Caster board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeboard" title="Snakeboard">Snakeboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gravity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_racer" title="Gravity racer">Gravity racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_cart" title="Billy cart">Billy cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard" title="Snowboard">Snowboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toboggan" title="Toboggan">Toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_toboggan" title="Summer toboggan">Summer toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_biking" title="Gravity biking">Gravity biking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_watercraft" title="Human-powered watercraft">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddleboarding" title="Paddleboarding">Paddleboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (fixed seat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">Punt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand and foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (sliding seat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (sliding rigger)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocycle" title="Hydrocycle">Hydrocycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_hydrofoil" title="Human-powered hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedalo" title="Pedalo">Pedalo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amphibious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_cycle" title="Amphibious cycle">Amphibious cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_helicopter" title="Human-powered helicopter">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">Ornithopter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-vehicular transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skating" title="Inline skating">Inline skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skates" title="Inline skates">skates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skates" title="Roller skates">skates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_climbing" title="Stair climbing">Stair climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_climbing" title="Stair climbing">Stair climbing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snow and ice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crampons" title="Crampons">Crampons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">Ice skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">Ski</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_touring_binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine touring binding">Alpine touring skis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">Cross-country skis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemark_skiing" title="Telemark skiing">Telemark skis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">Snowshoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-powered_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal-powered transport">Animal-powered transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cycling" title="Outline of cycling">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bicycle-_and_human-powered_vehicle_museums" title="List of bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums">Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">Human power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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