CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91340adc287bfd3e',cH: 'FlyoAhHDtJrJaSG_l7J5CWdGXiPjouzVAPPi.z3pUxE-1739777115-1.2.1.1-JPK_ZtvraCs1R8MjVvIsNqdbbKTLrLDZQ3HFwErQ7O4yBeLz2YAPiQyeS4EHa89H',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=action%20research&__cf_chl_tk=BJTESFDG69nlozlttLdUSFf6XYYjMYJEtK2AQCeq35A-1739777115-1.0.1.1-QzGxj.7PAIDEAP66mWRFwBt1a8dzm5SzhMOUqeg1jAw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739777115',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=action%20research&__cf_chl_f_tk=BJTESFDG69nlozlttLdUSFf6XYYjMYJEtK2AQCeq35A-1739777115-1.0.1.1-QzGxj.7PAIDEAP66mWRFwBt1a8dzm5SzhMOUqeg1jAw",md: "MyHYL.zqYIJcIfD9UEY8LbvKZl47aBdrvfJNt8mHjWk-1739777115-1.2.1.1-OhUyIs3xTNhypQ7uQBDblca.KHcQs7xzuAmhd2WKX.mYuzgqNJyV26onHlZOy_Gx3dBb7e9ZToOUZguxMj26iBFmt3RO1SEMPMK7BN4OUS9XS4YSxUernwEOLb_yLpUoDaYq97mFsbbmY6m4PwQlLjscsguJ.dmqjjCZz0LeltgUGX4AjmLU0SaxvFL.lSdTWHUHS72zDgRY6xCLYD4tQMyeKYfcBFxNgPzuKF5nDbEfatxiHI_KaOC71p22UbYthA.gPFkypV0_aScfLqEcNg2boeVTiRgl7bvWWnRW7UD910fkTxGoxkdfi17Z4jLkNP1vslZsqgbl1v_ZSOKgDqHA7ETlyIKZqOD_At6Ge76yD2wO_rZdJVjiovpmZ9hoBdMkBFhN2sTeDjqXd3QqLtm58XYeM4kgMwVo51j51JwyZfLW78LzbqkMLVxdEkdiJXkGuxgT_yup3CuQYnxwP_aRx_mX05PFSL.owatSmceBTbi3aAPKByNR9dJqWQM9XB3uVHfl7QL4G01Ry9FA2W3oF_idW2ss6hVwxtEEi3aH28ZsBOSaSEnFeSQjnyVM8PTsNmsosAsn9xuj5eB45aQEKf2A.yT_m6LMIcNT0mViAdnie6SLZY_wJ.eBqEZ6MjqwycLDplh1E0.Cp54xemP53dcARuLB2KFtOG2WIK_UtDLkOCmf._B23RkdqQ2DF.exXTL0FP6qdyw2wMhGYFurMN4M35cUJO6TNYWJHxQaOT6x5uLOX2d_tkxT0eOXpw0tgP8KKZL4TjFeXo6DEB_nmXciaSjDuHlBMdGvmqFup6Za_lfqTJg5rXOYfm7KqsErWVMs5J9L4YEkmNLBH1eMyF3ozsYS2AHl9UL35oYxi_yOBfE9y0BWquhGwqkdSfm5uMtgbW4mtR4cORXn_yEIeSHIquTlyLTHB7HGagy4wxj85goychGtXNP2B.eftMWrsy1Pvb6vRtPB0JolPnKd.BwhxEzq5LRdgZjoDvmiVLoKET9WY5mUkQzf.J0AHXIYB_9Kyr1w2BCvhCvj8F2M4av8Le5Wb4s4FrH0ioW6m9yDof9nkvbX2TRtiz6W9.PqKKrkcv6ghpGOkqkrfUuy2gYNr8f9rU7u9OmHeNJn_I3R9P9XaubB2D5IY5fFtWguV7hZ2_WGu27TTIYl26xGoN0bpn.ckmykdd0tdK1TRlKtvumKz6Nnuhqv2YikOMd0X30GoLtQApCmcuYi5R945E30nqJKOKmMh6KYdV9xLnHJhbA_oOcvQDo3Hk0oIMIjxtTJ9ED6VXNU07iQjR7XFkQUVQkqopFPSzkyHGK_q6SwU0Ym_2gxei2Ui2gyTUJqIMuL07wB5FsXqIHQsZ3tkxkeMADRCUdRc4EIKVvIP5dzdxHO6s1icFyC66ruQa122ynpO8tmcKZv7rzX0lynYUMT4mTW9SCWTbCkmpEpO2c2aYiXIHhZVS3o53K0cGyOQdBjGqz4JbGhQ0K1xSJ1f0BcaycWPf4gW5B_tl23h7ybwMZGFnWaWGZKTpgyVbnYYsfSGkh6ST0Sz7ffYj2mpG_FYFmYXiZDRGbzQtq5r5UhoIbNU6_ZgSkeaV9WDFuQlA3oSRKCSflGI5Ntf_8lnYvCLm6mCgVgxTjdy.8NyKshQI2m_lp6JEW01y3WKg6lnMu00ZEJv7_GXKCkTzwzKGX7tv88r55Sw8Ui6V1wqUQzZWLxzR9StsYGc.Ump66.qKRMLTVwLppJ22bNnh7gCsP.s52oe1p7FXaLjnaBqK1hqxX7FGEXtbW7DQKeQJQaCaSs4gPh27NvxnBrN58vitZfSg2QQY.rNmS8i_Su9B8qrrlKBX8PBh1KuhiuaJ92cm8vgEsuT5BRpWIpK1YLGghMfzoQfXfg9rqfMZdvzELPzJL9GGPj3y9KbI_45VbfDQf.jhhlrUvb3yQXBcR2HMKGpJtP1OHYCyonv9U",mdrd: "4_YLPYGbQVYCHNPq4b1lSFFyQYAYPyYrCpporPBwcwo-1739777115-1.2.1.1-E5KpCa0.oGFG3SSFpjnLQLuky3rFuCAI3kujQu7Yyv1o8zZGMZ41Hn0CKtVc_v2_dkB7t8uP8F674gmGr644S6yJOSY_xKZ2QedqnkV076iJZASxjuIwN5NxGFQh3ZqCWd8Kxmlzh7XK5siF5CazH2S2PKfL99n84APPhMP.VF41uEZJNgVSh0mHFPhAvUkT8S0wnYouHj5LIM_22jgJV37I.mNX0XxCEj0Ma4dkUNiECSLxw.tv7mWgVsYciobVtRPnSihpq7rUIcOKUkewCY5dwq8.4O56uao6keW_o906mVz.NRF3zIfvliwgzjNf6O041AJzPGPE_PMKUrTOJ2Ms.qbnJJP7HR50quSUgnlUZ5UHypwjNOVd2QrCqwWO8Bn9GUoNgxBoxJFcuqiu3DawhLxAPsrI7RG3JMKrHjag.J8tMY7BGeN3i9zOR3GiJGXHyoy..5_57w1BU69GOxct_LUz6DcXVv_Zxwrj.vIkJAyl2dbMfJIdRlmiq.fUpjmfy2BHubZK0PVVXnOZVGsifA1f4vgzbHpz.4izuo7rTQWhW.fS75HVIOys_HYHEuaJlJGxz4NsOw90NgYDcWWvXU5u.sHdi00tPTNXTv7EgqzOxJAVQdgqDY_NVFpKqlsmHTBaZVpJj0pU0ICe3QMyJuoGigzoyfxye3JXy5W_H3vW2yg_tvShvznFhlI9ybCg6jZVodyM70McWK62EAQhuSy6htjt3BhrWlgvT52xyF5fJY0gMSMDq_P08ADJb6LzqRoP2bYBvlhq7amZpuBpPLsFZw75nEs7p2cD5abMLnTcynd3OvBj9848b9O0I74XU9zTx2hTEq5fWd3V7.eToWmENDeg3XBNNzTB91MRXHv_iIotKk6nFS0uf4.K5TMZ3Trgp2mCct0sseTndCC5oeQJBDyXpsSFfyncTGfAwk3N7C3Lim2rrwcLMwEdqQqC1NgmfNskVRG1rCCg3ot3czDBZnKkTApFXiLqY2indlB1eVJrBlbKBA2odTOeE39hFyatrfn5P4Jlfm8lbPysW.GhkEcPxazslM7Dj.WXmJeS28F6_DcFuTkYhCZvuudh2ZjfWMjkw6SmyGshHa9S5p4jyDIta7boNIFo_EoAS76I63fA2nAPlvvSJ9WsHqNf1tOaMoP2aJqm0uZngNTylhxZ..uOuJZxaLVWvBw0rEZkUm8.lU.cYcsDYBrYukKe8nMIIkh.Bxexcul_jgImZCz2W2JY6ntnISk4lE3DebNL0pbxJZmvvC94O46i.5FIZRU1Vwr.TPHIjBQYoFz7kkh.8WDG6NMkd3e9fJl_f_b6V9Tkuwz1fIGKaNJw6zk.wQqKfFXNok4pXZMeId8NPxYzYDKbUaiANFXZS5IRI980ALFzy1VhjDdGr3pwGEXHPtgmEk2VCONtMdeaKdYoIXJ5x_OQedhyh8B.bwOrhi3egkQWKg0BZ.neHkZNzQyr2poaLKb56VjHUVTVHUpQnwJ9RE5_NoLh1xF028.hkfvELPtXuy3GKeZknYwlfmvWAqO442lQ3B_dtQ5Fw.cn43PlYRzkvVCoUBE7OH_0Ac1MFTFC6KAKM9X8YJ8mmWxqnUegwVlaXg.OzrdO4MSryUC1l1_JUWzvDijyGTGQFI2G80vsEGWv0IW0FF3YMC2xLMYmchEMf989gLYSM19MQp1KBpirAwdmVEDcstr9.tFDEdzbJ_wRdpwANXx6.weRDaXmH1oVmbIVL88JIxc417AAztTb2ZF.AHpluRuMGqxzYC3QK8P3E4bQP4Ot56kV.j6KBIYMrs5qBJavsbrAURKSWAO9Um2TPX__ckEoHFXdFh0AqDNqjyGSxnxU5cP3h4jmlXIijeHFr3dj5B9RTWzK1YHM3Go8JOETM2EOOpzF3TP.65f7JYHcmKsTXDJm_iBDJgXL15rnbOq7g5bz8kqfiXAxyftuF3MahJkh_S7E5nvJi_vfZp2nGv7f"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91340adc287bfd3e';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=action%20research&__cf_chl_rt_tk=BJTESFDG69nlozlttLdUSFf6XYYjMYJEtK2AQCeq35A-1739777115-1.0.1.1-QzGxj.7PAIDEAP66mWRFwBt1a8dzm5SzhMOUqeg1jAw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>