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Treaty of Chaumont - Wikipedia
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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Chaumont" title="Tractat de Chaumont – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat de Chaumont" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Σύμφωνο της Σωμόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύμφωνο της Σωμόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Chaumont" title="Tratado de Chaumont – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de Chaumont" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="معاهده شومون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معاهده شومون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Chaumont" title="Traité de Chaumont – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de Chaumont" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%BC%EB%AA%BD_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="쇼몽 조약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇼몽 조약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_di_Chaumont" title="Trattato di Chaumont – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato di Chaumont" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_Chaumont" title="Verdrag van Chaumont – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag van Chaumont" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="ショーモン条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ショーモン条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Chaumont" title="Tratado de Chaumont – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de Chaumont" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Chaumont" title="Tratatul de la Chaumont – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tratatul de la Chaumont" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шомонский трактат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шомонский трактат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaumont_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Chaumont Antlaşması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chaumont Antlaşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шомонський трактат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шомонський 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Treaty of Chaumont</b> was a series of separately-signed but identically-worded agreements in 1814 between the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. They were dated 1 March 1814, although the actual signings took place on 9 or 19 March. The treaty was intended to draw the powers of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a> into a closer alliance in case <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a> rejected the peace terms they had recently offered. Each power agreed to put 150,000 soldiers in the field against France and to guarantee for twenty years the European peace (once obtained) against <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">French aggression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following discussions in late February 1814, representatives of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom reconvened a meeting at <a href="/wiki/Chaumont,_Haute-Marne" title="Chaumont, Haute-Marne">Chaumont, Haute-Marne</a>, on 1 March 1814. The resulting Treaty of Chaumont was signed on 9 or 19 March 1814 although it was dated 1 March by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a>, Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich">Prince Metternich</a>), King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a>, and British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a>. The treaty called for <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> to give up all conquests and thus to revert France to its <a href="/wiki/Ancien_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien regime">pre-revolutionary</a> borders in exchange for a ceasefire. If Napoleon rejected the treaty, the Allies pledged to continue the war. If Napoleon accepted, he would be allowed to continue to rule as the Emperor of the French and to keep a dynasty. The following day, Napoleon rejected the treaty, which ended his last chance of a negotiated settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994501-504_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994501-504-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decisions were again ratified and put into effect by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> of 1814–1815. The terms were largely written by Lord Castlereagh who offered cash subsidies to keep the other armies in the field against Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key terms included the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, the division of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> into independent states, the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> to include what in 1830 became <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. The treaty became the cornerstone of the alliance that formed the <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">European balance of power</a> for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtz1934110_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtz1934110-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Chaumont&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Chaumont&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Cannon, "Chaumont, Treaty of", in <i>A Dictionary of British History</i>, 1st rev. ed. (Oxford UP, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994501-504-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1994501-504_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1994">Schroeder 1994</a>, p. 501-504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Fremont-BarnesTodd_Fisher2004" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Fremont-Barnes; Todd Fisher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j45Rg2VBbRAC&pg=PA302"><i>The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 302–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841768311" title="Special:BookSources/9781841768311"><bdi>9781841768311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=302-5&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781841768311&rft.au=Gregory+Fremont-Barnes&rft.au=Todd+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj45Rg2VBbRAC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Chaumont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtz1934110-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtz1934110_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArtz1934">Artz 1934</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Chaumont&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Chaumont">Treaty of Chaumont</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtz1934" class="citation cs2">Artz, Frederick B. (1934), <i>Reaction & Revolution: 1814–1832</i>, p. 110</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaction+%26+Revolution%3A+1814%E2%80%931832&rft.pages=110&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Artz&rft.aufirst=Frederick+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Chaumont" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Chandler, David (1999), <i>Dictionary of the Napoleonic wars</i>, Wordsworth editions</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Napoleonic+wars&rft.pub=Wordsworth+editions&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Chaumont" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder1994" class="citation cs2">Schroeder, Paul W. (1994), <i>The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848</i>, Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198206545" title="Special:BookSources/9780198206545"><bdi>9780198206545</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+European+Politics+1763%E2%80%931848&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780198206545&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Chaumont" class="Z3988"></span> — advanced diplomatic history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/3696068/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848">online</a></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐84779d6bf6‐hj2hv Cached time: 20241122144600 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.270 seconds Real time usage: 0.348 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 845/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14278/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1034/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15772/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.178/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5126791/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 321.126 1 -total 30.52% 98.010 1 Template:Reflist 25.59% 82.187 1 Template:Cite_book 21.34% 68.544 1 Template:Short_description 20.20% 64.861 1 Template:More_footnotes 18.79% 60.324 1 Template:Ambox 11.46% 36.791 2 Template:Pagetype 9.32% 29.916 2 Template:Sfn 7.74% 24.862 1 Template:Wikisource 7.20% 23.121 1 Template:Sister_project --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:8122978-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122144600 and revision id 1228631503. 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