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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>19th and 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_foreign_language_in_classrooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_foreign_language_in_classrooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teaching foreign language in classrooms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching_foreign_language_in_classrooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_and_self-study_courses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_and_self-study_courses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Online and self-study courses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Online_and_self-study_courses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Online and self-study courses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Online_and_self-study_courses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audio_recordings_and_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_recordings_and_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Audio recordings and books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_recordings_and_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_and_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_and_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Internet and software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_and_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Learning strategies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Learning_strategies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Learning strategies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Learning_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Listening_as_a_way_to_learn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Listening_as_a_way_to_learn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Listening as a way to learn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Listening_as_a_way_to_learn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reading_as_a_way_to_learn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_as_a_way_to_learn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reading as a way to learn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_as_a_way_to_learn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speaking_as_a_way_to_learn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaking_as_a_way_to_learn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Speaking as a way to learn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speaking_as_a_way_to_learn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Learning vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esperanto_as_a_propaedeutic_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esperanto_as_a_propaedeutic_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Esperanto as a propaedeutic language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esperanto_as_a_propaedeutic_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Teaching strategies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teaching_strategies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teaching strategies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teaching_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blended_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blended_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Blended learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blended_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skill_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skill_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Skill teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skill_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sandwich_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandwich_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sandwich technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandwich_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mother_tongue_mirroring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mother_tongue_mirroring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Mother tongue mirroring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mother_tongue_mirroring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back-chaining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back-chaining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Back-chaining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back-chaining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Code switching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_different_life_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_different_life_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>By different life stage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_different_life_stage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By different life stage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_different_life_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_childhood_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_childhood_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Early childhood education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_childhood_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compulsory_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsory_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Compulsory education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsory_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Adult education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elderly_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elderly_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Elderly education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elderly_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_study_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_study_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Language study holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_study_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minority_language_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minority_language_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Minority language education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Minority_language_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Minority language education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Minority_language_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minority_language_education_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minority_language_education_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Minority language education policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minority_language_education_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_and_e-learning_for_minority_language_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_and_e-learning_for_minority_language_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Materials and e-learning for minority language education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_and_e-learning_for_minority_language_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acronyms_and_abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acronyms_and_abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Acronyms and abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acronyms_and_abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Language education</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تعليم اللغات الأجنبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعليم اللغات الأجنبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Езиково обучение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Езиково обучение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDuka_ciz%C3%ADch_jazyk%C5%AF" title="Výuka cizích jazyků – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výuka cizích jazyků" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprogundervisning" title="Sprogundervisning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sprogundervisning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giellaoahpahus" title="Giellaoahpahus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Giellaoahpahus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremdsprachenunterricht" title="Fremdsprachenunterricht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fremdsprachenunterricht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ense%C3%B1anza_de_idiomas" title="Enseñanza de idiomas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enseñanza de idiomas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruado_de_lingvoj" title="Instruado de lingvoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Instruado de lingvoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_irakaskuntza" title="Hizkuntza irakaskuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza irakaskuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseignement_des_langues_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res" title="Enseignement des langues étrangères – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enseignement des langues étrangères" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EB%B2%95_%EA%B5%90%EC%88%98" title="문법 교수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문법 교수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լեզվական կրթություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեզվական կրթություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा शिक्षा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषा शिक्षा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docado_di_idiomi" title="Docado di idiomi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Docado di idiomi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan_bahasa" title="Pendidikan bahasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendidikan bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idegennyelv-oktat%C3%A1s" title="Idegennyelv-oktatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Idegennyelv-oktatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="भाषा शिक्षण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भाषा शिक्षण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा शिक्षा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भाषा शिक्षा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="外国語教育 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外国語教育" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C8%9Bie_lingvistic%C4%83" title="Educație lingvistică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Educație lingvistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Подучавање страних језика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Подучавање страних језика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kundervisning" title="Språkundervisning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Språkundervisning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="மொழிக் கல்வி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொழிக் கல்வி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мовна освіта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мовна освіта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="زبان کی تعلیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زبان کی تعلیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="語言教育 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語言教育" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="語言教育 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="語言教育" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1455196#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process and practice of acquiring a language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Language Teaching" redirects here. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Language_Teaching_(journal)" title="Language Teaching (journal)">Language Teaching (journal)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about classroom learning of a second language. For natural acquisition, see <a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Language_education" title="Special:EditPage/Language education">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Language+education%22">"Language education"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Language+education%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Language+education%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Language+education%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Language+education%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Language+education%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234201967">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics" 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href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Psychology</a> (<a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">school</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_education" title="International education">International education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_counselor" title="School counselor">School counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbddff;"> Curricular domains</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_education" title="Business education">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_research" title="Engineering education research">Engineering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy education">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Social science education">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbddff;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_method" title="Case method">Case method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factorial_experiment" title="Factorial experiment">Factorial experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_group" title="Focus group">Focus group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">Reform</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Educational_research" title="Template:Educational research"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Educational_research" title="Template talk:Educational research"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Educational_research" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Educational research"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Language education</b> – the process and practice of teaching a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a> – is primarily a branch of <a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">applied linguistics</a>, but can be an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a> field.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four main learning categories for language education: communicative competencies, proficiencies, <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">cross-cultural experiences</a>, and multiple literacies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Need">Need</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Need"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increasing <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> has created a great need for people in the workforce who can communicate in multiple languages. Common languages are used in areas such as trade, tourism, diplomacy, technology, media, translation, interpretation and science. Many countries such as <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> (Kim Yeong-seo, 2009), <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Kubota, 1998) and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Kirkpatrick & Zhichang, 2002) frame education policies to teach at least one foreign language at the primary and secondary school levels. However, some countries such as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> use a second official language in their governments. According to <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">GAO</a> (2010), China has recently been putting importance on foreign language learning, especially the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_to_medieval_period">Ancient to medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient to medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient learners seem to have started by reading, memorizing and reciting little stories and dialogues that provided basic vocabulary and grammar in naturalistic contexts. These texts (and they seem to have always been coherent texts, never isolated sentences such as those modern learners often practise on) covered topics such as getting dressed in the morning (and how to manage the slaves who helped with that task), going to school (and evading punishment for not having been there yesterday), visiting a sick friend (and how to find an individual unit in a Roman apartment block), trading insults (and how to concede a fight gracefully), or getting a new job (a piece of cake if you have studied with me, an ancient teacher assured his students mendaciously). The texts were presented bilingually in two narrow columns, the language you were learning on the left and the one you already knew on the right, with the columns matching line for line: each line was effectively a glossary, while each column was a text.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the need to learn foreign languages is almost as old as human history itself, the origins of modern language education are in the study and teaching of Latin in the 17th century. In the Ancient Near East, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> was the language of diplomacy, as in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many centuries, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> had been the dominant language of education, commerce, religion, and government in much of the Western world. By the end of the 16th century, it had largely been displaced by French, Italian, and English. <a href="/wiki/John_Amos_Comenius" title="John Amos Comenius">John Amos Comenius</a> was one of many people who tried to reverse this trend. He composed a complete course for learning Latin, covering the entire school curriculum, culminating in his <i>Opera Didactica Omnia</i>, 1657. </p><p>In this work, Comenius also outlined his theory of <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a>. He is one of the first theorists to write <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> systematically about how languages are learned and about <a href="/wiki/Language_pedagogy" title="Language pedagogy">pedagogical methodology for language acquisition</a>. He held that language acquisition must be allied with sensation and experience. Teaching must be oral. The schoolroom should have models of things, and failing that, pictures of them. As a result, he also published the world's first illustrated children's book, <i><a href="/wiki/Orbis_sensualium_pictus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbis sensualium pictus">Orbis sensualium pictus</a></i>. The study of Latin diminished from the study of a living language to be used in the real world to a subject in the school curriculum. Such decline brought about a new justification for its study. It was then claimed that its study of Latin developed intellectual ability, and the study of Latin grammar became an end in and of itself. </p><p>"Grammar schools" from the 16th to 18th centuries focused on teaching the grammatical aspects of Classical Latin. Advanced students continued grammar study with the addition of rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of modern languages did not become part of the curriculum of European schools until the 18th century. Based on the purely academic study of Latin, students of modern languages did much of the same exercises, studying grammatical rules and translating abstract sentences. Oral work was minimal, and students were instead required to memorize grammatical rules and apply these to decode written texts in the target language. This tradition-inspired method became known as the <a href="/wiki/Grammar_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar translation">grammar-translation method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Language_education" title="Talk:Language education">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweet_Henry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sweet_Henry.jpg/150px-Sweet_Henry.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sweet_Henry.jpg/225px-Sweet_Henry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sweet_Henry.jpg/300px-Sweet_Henry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sweet" title="Henry Sweet">Henry Sweet</a> was a key figure in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">applied linguistics</a> tradition in language teaching</figcaption></figure> <p>Innovation in foreign language teaching began in the 19th century and became very rapid in the 20th century. It led to a number of different and sometimes conflicting methods, each claiming to be a major improvement over the previous or contemporary methods. The earliest applied linguists included Jean Manesca, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gottfried_Ollendorff" title="Heinrich Gottfried Ollendorff">Heinrich Gottfried Ollendorff</a> (1803–1865), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sweet" title="Henry Sweet">Henry Sweet</a> (1845–1912), <a href="/wiki/Otto_Jespersen" title="Otto Jespersen">Otto Jespersen</a> (1860–1943), and <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Palmer" title="Harold E. Palmer">Harold Palmer</a> (1877–1949). They worked on setting language teaching principles and approaches based on linguistic and psychological theories, but they left many of the specific practical details for others to devise.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of foreign-language education in the 20th century and the methods of teaching (such as those related below) might appear to be a history of failure. Very few students in U.S. universities who have a foreign language as a major attain "minimum professional proficiency". Even the "reading knowledge" required for a PhD degree is comparable only to what second-year language students read, and only very few researchers who are native English speakers can read and assess information written in languages other than English. Even a number of famous linguists are monolingual.<sup id="cite_ref-Diller_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, anecdotal evidence for successful second or foreign language learning is easy to find, leading to a discrepancy between these cases and the failure of most language programs. This tends to make the research of <a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">second-language acquisition</a> emotionally charged. Older methods and approaches such as the <a href="/wiki/Grammar_translation_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar translation method">grammar translation method</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Direct_method_(education)" title="Direct method (education)">direct method</a> are dismissed and even ridiculed, as newer methods and approaches are invented and promoted as the only and complete solution to the problem of the high failure rates of foreign language students. </p><p>Most books on language teaching list the various methods that have been used in the past, often ending with the author's new method. These new methods are usually presented as coming only from the author's mind, as the authors generally give no credence to what was done before and do not explain how it relates to the new method. For example, descriptive linguists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2009)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> seem to claim unhesitatingly that there were no scientifically based language teaching methods before their work (which led to the <a href="/wiki/Audio-lingual_method" title="Audio-lingual method">audio-lingual method</a> developed for the U.S. Army in World War II). However, there is significant evidence to the contrary. It is also often inferred or even stated that older methods were completely ineffective or have died out completely, though in reality, even the oldest methods are still in use (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Berlitz" title="Maximilian Berlitz">Berlitz</a> version of the direct method). Proponents of new methods have been so sure that their ideas are so new and so correct that they could not conceive that the older ones have enough validity to cause controversy. This was in turn caused by emphasis on new scientific advances, which has tended to blind researchers to precedents in older work.<sup id="cite_ref-Diller_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>There have been two major branches in the field of language learning, the empirical and theoretical, and these have almost completely separate histories, with each gaining ground over the other at one time or another. Examples of researchers on the empiricist side are Jesperson, Palmer, and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a>, who promote mimicry and memorization with pattern drills. These methods follow from the basic empiricist position that language acquisition results from habits formed by conditioning and drilling. In its most extreme form, language learning is seen as much the same as any other learning in any other species, human language being essentially the same as communication behaviors seen in other species. </p><p>On the theoretical side are, for example, Francois Gouin, M.D. Berlitz, and <a href="/wiki/Emile_B._De_Sauz%C3%A9" title="Emile B. De Sauzé">Emile B. De Sauzé</a>, whose rationalist theories of language acquisition dovetail with linguistic work done by <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> and others. These have led to a wider variety of teaching methods, ranging from the grammar-translation method and Gouin's "series method" to the direct methods of Berlitz and De Sauzé. With these methods, students generate original and meaningful sentences to gain a functional knowledge of the rules of grammar. This follows from the rationalist position that man is born to think and that language use is a uniquely human trait impossible in other species. Given that human languages share many common traits, the idea is that humans share a <a href="/wiki/Universal_grammar" title="Universal grammar">universal grammar</a> which is built into our brain structure. This allows us to create sentences that we have never heard before but that can still be immediately understood by anyone who understands the specific language being spoken. The rivalry between the two camps is intense, with little communication or cooperation between them.<sup id="cite_ref-Diller_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, language education has developed in schools and has become a part of the education curriculum around the world. In some countries, such as the United States, language education (also referred to as World Languages) has become a core subject along with main subjects such as English, Maths and Science.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, such as Australia, it is so common nowadays for a foreign language to be taught in schools that the subject of language education is referred to <a href="/wiki/Languages_Other_Than_English" title="Languages Other Than English">LOTE</a> or Language Other Than English. In the majority of English-speaking education centers, French, Spanish, and German are the most popular languages to study and learn. English as a Second Language (ESL) is also available for students whose first language is not English and they are unable to speak it to the required standard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_foreign_language_in_classrooms">Teaching foreign language in classrooms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Teaching foreign language in classrooms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_teaching_foreign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of teaching foreign languages">Methods of teaching foreign languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_class.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Spanish_class.jpg/220px-Spanish_class.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Spanish_class.jpg/330px-Spanish_class.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Spanish_class.jpg/440px-Spanish_class.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">High school</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> taught as a second <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> to a class of native <a href="/wiki/English_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="English speakers">English speakers</a> at an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Language education may take place as a general school subject or in a specialized <a href="/wiki/Language_school" title="Language school">language school</a>. There are many methods of teaching languages. Some have fallen into relative obscurity and others are widely used; still others have a small following, but offer useful insights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While sometimes used interchangeably, the terms "approach", "method" and "technique" are hierarchical concepts. </p><p>An <b>approach</b> is a set of assumptions about the nature of language and language learning, but does not involve procedure or provide any details about how such assumptions should be implemented into the classroom setting. Such can be related to <a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">second-language acquisition theory</a>. </p><p>There are three principal "approaches": </p> <ol><li>The structural view treats language as a system of structurally related elements to code meaning (e.g. grammar).</li> <li>The functional view sees language as a vehicle to express or accomplish a certain function, such as requesting something.</li> <li>The interactive view sees language as a vehicle for the creation and maintenance of social relations, focusing on patterns of moves, acts, negotiation and interaction found in conversational exchanges. This approach has been fairly dominant since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>A <b>method</b> is a plan for presenting the language material to be learned, and should be based upon a selected approach. In order for an approach to be translated into a method, an instructional system must be designed considering the objectives of the teaching/learning, how the content is to be selected and organized, the types of tasks to be performed, the roles of students, and the roles of teachers. </p> <ol><li>Examples of structural methods are <a href="/wiki/Grammar_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar translation">grammar translation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Audio-lingual_method" title="Audio-lingual method">audio-lingual method</a>.</li> <li>Examples of functional methods include the oral approach / situational language teaching.</li> <li>Examples of interactive methods include the <a href="/wiki/Direct_method_(education)" title="Direct method (education)">direct method</a>, the series method, <a href="/wiki/Communicative_language_teaching" title="Communicative language teaching">communicative language teaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">language immersion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Way" title="Silent Way">Silent Way</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suggestopedia" title="Suggestopedia">suggestopedia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_approach" title="Natural approach">natural approach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandem_language_learning" title="Tandem language learning">tandem language learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Total_physical_response" title="Total physical response">total physical response</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teaching_Proficiency_through_Reading_and_Storytelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling">Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogme_language_teaching" title="Dogme language teaching">Dogme language teaching</a>.</li></ol> <p>A <b>technique</b> (or strategy) is a very specific, concrete stratagem or trick designed to accomplish an immediate objective. Such are derived from the controlling method, and less directly, from the approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online_and_self-study_courses">Online and self-study courses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Online and self-study courses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hundreds of languages are available for self-study, from scores of publishers, for a range of costs, using a variety of methods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The course itself acts as a teacher and has to choose a methodology, just as classroom teachers do. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_recordings_and_books">Audio recordings and books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Audio recordings and books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Audio recordings use native speakers, and one strength is helping learners improve their accent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some recordings have pauses for the learner to speak. Others are continuous so the learner speaks along with the recorded voice, similar to learning a song.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Audio recordings for self-study use many of the methods used in classroom teaching, and have been produced on records, tapes, CDs, DVDs and websites. </p><p>Most audio recordings teach words in the target language by using explanations in the learner's own language. An alternative is to use sound effects to show meaning of words in the target language.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only language in such recordings is the target language, and they are comprehensible regardless of the learner's native language. </p><p>Language books have been published for centuries, teaching vocabulary and grammar. The simplest books are phrasebooks to give useful short phrases for travelers, cooks, receptionists,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or others who need specific vocabulary. More complete books include more vocabulary, grammar, exercises, translation, and writing practice. </p><p>Also, various other "language learning tools" have been entering the market in recent years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_and_software">Internet and software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Internet and software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software can interact with learners in ways that books and audio cannot: </p> <ol><li>Some software records the learner, analyzes the pronunciation, and gives feedback.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Software can present additional exercises in areas where a particular learner has difficulty, until the concepts are mastered.</li> <li>Software can pronounce words in the target language and show their meaning by using pictures<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of oral explanations. The only language in such software is the target language. It is comprehensible regardless of the learner's native language.</li></ol> <p>Websites provide various services geared toward language education. Some sites are designed specifically for learning languages: </p> <ol><li>Some software runs on the web itself, with the advantage of avoiding downloads, and the disadvantage of requiring an internet connection.</li> <li>Some publishers use the web to distribute audio, texts and software, for use offline. For example, various travel guides, for example Lonely Planet, offer software supporting language education.</li> <li>Some websites offer learning activities such as quizzes or puzzles to practice language concepts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_exchange" title="Language exchange">Language exchange</a> sites connect users with complementary language skills, such as a native Spanish speaker who wants to learn English with a native English speaker who wants to learn Spanish. Language exchange websites essentially treat <i>knowledge of a language</i> as a commodity, and provide a marketlike environment for the commodity to be exchanged. Users typically contact each other via chat, <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a>, or email. Language exchanges have also been viewed as a helpful tool to aid language learning at <a href="/wiki/Language_school" title="Language school">language schools</a>. Language exchanges tend to benefit oral proficiency, fluency, colloquial vocabulary acquisition, and vernacular usage, rather than formal grammar or writing skills. Across Australasia, 'Education Perfect' – an online learning site- is frequently used as it enables teachers to monitor students' progress as students gain a "point" for every new word remembered. There is an annual international Education Perfect languages contest held in May.</li></ol> <p>Many other websites are helpful for learning languages, even though they are designed, maintained and marketed for other purposes: </p> <ol><li>All countries have websites in their own languages, which learners elsewhere can use as primary material for study: news, fiction, videos, songs, etc. In a study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Applied_Linguistics" title="Center for Applied Linguistics">Center for Applied Linguistics</a>, it was noted that the use of technology and media has begun to play a heavy role in facilitating language learning in the classroom. With the help of the internet, students are readily exposed to foreign media (music videos, television shows, films) and as a result, teachers are taking heed of the internet's influence and are searching for ways to combine this exposure into their classroom teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Translation sites let learners find the meaning of foreign text or create foreign translations of text from their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> or text to speech (TTS) sites and software let learners hear pronunciation of arbitrary written text, with pronunciation similar to a native speaker.</li> <li>Course development and <a href="/wiki/Learning_management_system" title="Learning management system">learning management systems</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Moodle" title="Moodle">Moodle</a> are used by teachers, including language teachers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">Web conferencing</a> tools can bring remote learners together.</li> <li>Players of computer games can practice a target language when interacting in <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">massively multiplayer online games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual worlds">virtual worlds</a>, commonly <a href="/wiki/Extramural_English" title="Extramural English">English</a>. In 2005, the virtual world <a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a> started to be used for foreign language tuition, sometimes with entire businesses being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Spain's language and cultural institute <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> has an "island" on Second Life.</li></ol> <p>Some Internet content is free, often from government and nonprofit sites such as <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online#Knowledge_and_Learning" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>, Book2, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Institute" title="Foreign Service Institute">Foreign Service Institute</a>, with no or minimal ads. Some are ad-supported, such as newspapers and YouTube. Some require a payment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Learning_strategies">Learning strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Learning strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Language_learning_strategies" title="Language learning strategies">Language learning strategies</a> have attracted increasing focus as a way of understanding the process of language acquisition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Listening_as_a_way_to_learn">Listening as a way to learn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Listening as a way to learn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clearly listening is used to learn, but not all language learners employ it consciously. Listening to understand is one level of listening but focused listening<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not something that most learners employ as a strategy. Focused listening is a strategy in listening that helps students listen attentively with no distractions. Focused listening is very important when learning a foreign language as the slightest accent on a word can change the meaning completely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_as_a_way_to_learn">Reading as a way to learn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reading as a way to learn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people read to understand but the strategy of reading text to learn grammar and discourse styles can also be employed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_text" title="Parallel text">Parallel texts</a> may be used to improve comprehension. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speaking_as_a_way_to_learn">Speaking as a way to learn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Speaking as a way to learn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alongside listening and reading exercises, practicing conversation skills is an important aspect of <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a>. Language learners can gain experience in speaking foreign languages through in-person language classes, language meet-ups, university <a href="/wiki/Language_exchange" title="Language exchange">language exchange</a> programs, joining online language learning communities, and traveling to a country where the language is spoken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learning_vocabulary">Learning vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Learning vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Translation and rote memorization have been the two strategies that have been employed traditionally. There are other strategies that also can be used such as guessing, based on looking for contextual clues, <a href="/wiki/Spaced_repetition" title="Spaced repetition">spaced repetition</a> with a use of various apps, games and tools (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anki_(software)" title="Anki (software)">Anki</a>). Knowledge about how the brain works can be utilized in creating strategies for how to remember words.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esperanto_as_a_propaedeutic_language">Esperanto as a propaedeutic language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Esperanto as a propaedeutic language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paderborn_method" title="Paderborn method">Paderborn method</a></div> <p>Esperanto is a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> created in 1887 by <a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a>, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist, aimed to eliminate language barriers in international communication. Esperanto is based on the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, and has a highly regular grammar and writing system. It has been proposed that learning Esperanto can provide a propaedeutic effect for foreign language study. That is, studying Esperanto for one year and then studying a target language afterward may result in greater proficiency in the long run than studying the target language only.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various studies have been conducted on this "propaedeutic value" of Esperanto<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_1965_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_1965-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these experiments' findings were compromised by unclear objectives, brief or anecdotal reporting, and a lack of methodological rigor.<sup id="cite_ref-springboardtolanguages_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springboardtolanguages-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the results of these studies were consistently favorable, and suggested that studying Esperanto before another foreign language expedites the acquisition of the other, natural language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_strategies">Teaching strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Teaching strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blended_learning">Blended learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Blended learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a></div> <p>Blended learning combines face-to-face teaching with <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>, frequently electronic, either computer-based or web-based. It has been a major growth point in the ELT (English Language Teaching) industry over the last ten years. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some people, though, use the phrase 'Blended Learning' to refer to learning taking place while the focus is on other activities. For example, playing a card game that requires calling for cards may allow blended learning of numbers (1 to 10). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skill_teaching">Skill teaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Skill teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When talking about language skills, the four basic ones are: listening, speaking, reading and writing. However, other, more socially based skills have been identified more recently such as summarizing, describing, narrating etc. In addition, more general learning skills such as study skills and knowing how one learns have been applied to language classrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s and 1980s, the four basic skills were generally taught in isolation in a very rigid order, such as listening before speaking. However, since then, it has been recognized that we generally use more than one skill at a time, leading to more integrated exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking is a skill that often is underrepresented in the traditional classroom. This is due to the fact that it is considered harder to teach and test. There are numerous texts on teaching and testing writing but relatively few on speaking. </p><p>More recent textbooks stress the importance of students working with other students in pairs and groups, sometimes the entire class. Pair and group work give opportunities for more students to participate more actively. However, supervision of pairs and groups is important to make sure everyone participates as equally as possible. Such activities also provide opportunities for peer teaching, where weaker learners can find support from stronger classmates.<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sandwich_technique">Sandwich technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sandwich technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_technique" title="Sandwich technique">Sandwich technique</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">foreign language teaching</a>, the sandwich technique is the oral insertion of an <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiomatic translation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> between an unknown phrase in the <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">learned language</a> and its repetition, in order to convey meaning as rapidly and completely as possible. The mother tongue equivalent can be given almost as an aside, with a slight break in the flow of speech to mark it as an intruder. </p><p>When modeling a dialogue sentence for students to repeat, the teacher not only gives an oral mother tongue equivalent for unknown words or phrases, but repeats the foreign language phrase before students imitate it: L2 => L1 => L2. For example, a <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> teacher of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> might engage in the following exchange with the students: </p> <dl><dd>Teacher: "Let me try – lass mich versuchen – let me try."</dd> <dd>Students: "Let me try."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother_tongue_mirroring">Mother tongue mirroring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mother tongue mirroring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue_mirroring" title="Mother tongue mirroring">Mother tongue mirroring</a></div> <p>Mother tongue mirroring is the adaptation of the time-honoured technique of <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">literal translation</a> or word-for word translation for pedagogical purposes. The aim is to make foreign constructions salient and transparent to learners and, in many cases, spare them the technical jargon of grammatical analysis. It differs from <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">literal translation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlinear text">interlinear text</a> as used in the past since it takes the progress learners have made into account and only focuses upon a specific structure at a time. As a didactic device, it can only be used to the extent that it remains intelligible to the learner, unless it is combined with a normal idiomatic translation. This technique is seldom referred to or used these days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back-chaining">Back-chaining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Back-chaining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Back-chaining" title="Back-chaining">Back-chaining</a></div> <p>Back-chaining is a technique used in teaching oral language skills, especially with <a href="/wiki/Polysyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysyllabic">polysyllabic</a> or difficult words.<sup id="cite_ref-ue_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ue-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teacher pronounces the last syllable, the student repeats, and then the teacher continues, working backwards from the end of the word to the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, to teach the name '<a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a>' a teacher will pronounce the last syllable: <i>-sky,</i> and have the student repeat it. Then the teacher will repeat it with <i>-sorg-</i> attached before: <i>-sorg-sky,</i> and all that remains is the first syllable: <i>Mus-sorg-sky.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_switching">Code switching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Code switching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code switching</a></div> <p>Code switching is a special linguistic phenomenon that the speaker consciously alternates two or more languages according to different time, places, contents, objects and other factors. Code switching shows its functions while one is in the environment that mother tongue are not playing a dominant role in students' life and study, such as the children in the bilingual family or in the immigrant family.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is to say, the capability of using code switching, relating to the transformation of phonetics, words, language structure, expression mode, thinking mode, cultural differences and so on, is needed to be guided and developed in the daily communication environment. Most people learn foreign language in the circumstance filled with the using of their native language so that their ability of code switching cannot be stimulated, and thus the efficiency of foreign language acquisition would decrease. Therefore, as a teaching strategy, code switching is used to help students better gain conceptual competences and to provide rich semantic context for them to understand some specific vocabularies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_education_by_region" title="Language education by region">Language education by region</a></div> <p>Practices in language education may vary by region however the underlying understandings which drive it are fundamentally similar. Rote repetition, drilling, memorisation and grammar conjugating are used the world over. Sometimes there are different preferences <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_teaching_foreign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of teaching foreign languages">teaching methods</a> by region. <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">Language immersion</a> is popular in some European countries, but is not used very much in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_different_life_stage">By different life stage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: By different life stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_childhood_education">Early childhood education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Early childhood education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early Childhood Education</a></div> <p>Early childhood is the fastest and most critical period for one to master language in their life. Children's language communication is transformed from non-verbal communication to verbal communication from ages of one to five. Their mastery of language is largely acquired naturally by living in a verbal communication environment. As long as we are good at guiding and creating opportunities for children, children's language ability is easy to be developed and cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compulsory_education">Compulsory education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Compulsory education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compulsory education, for most people, is the period that they have access to a second or foreign language for the first time. In this period, the most professional foreign language education and academic atmosphere are provided to the students. They can get help and motivation from teachers and be activated by the peers at any time. One would be able to undergo a lot of specialized learning in order to truly master a great number of rules of vocabulary, grammar and verbal communication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult_education">Adult education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Adult education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a></div> <p>Learning a foreign language during adulthood means one is pursuing a higher value of themself by obtaining a new skill. At this stage, individuals have already developed the ability to supervise themself learning a language. However, at the same time, the pressure is also an obstacle for adults. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elderly_education">Elderly education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Elderly education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to other life stages, this period is the hardest to learn a new language due to gradual brain deterioration and memory loss. Notwithstanding its difficulty, language education for seniors can slow this brain degeneration and active ageing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_study_holidays">Language study holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Language study holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_school" title="Language school">Language school</a></div> <p>An increasing number of people are now combining <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">holidays</a> with language study in the native country. This enables the student to experience the target culture by meeting local people. Such a holiday often combines formal lessons, cultural excursions, leisure activities, and a <a href="/wiki/Homestay" title="Homestay">homestay</a>, perhaps with time to travel in the country afterwards. Language study holidays are popular across Europe (Malta & UK being the most popular) and Asia due to the ease of transportation and variety of nearby countries. These holidays have become increasingly more popular in Central and South America in such countries as Guatemala, Ecuador and <a href="/wiki/ACUPARI" title="ACUPARI">Peru</a>. As a consequence of this increasing popularity, several international language education agencies have flourished in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though education systems around the world invest enormous sums of money into language teaching the outcomes in terms of getting students to actually speak the language(s) they are learning outside the classroom are often unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the increasing prevalence of international business transactions, it is now important to have multiple languages at one's disposal. This is also evident in businesses outsourcing their departments to Eastern Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minority_language_education">Minority language education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Minority language education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minority_language_education_policy">Minority language education policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Minority language education policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal policy arguments in favor of promoting minority language education are the need for multilingual workforces, intellectual and cultural benefits and greater inclusion in global information society.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access to education in a minority language is also seen as a human right as granted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_and_Fundamental_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms">European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Committee">UN Human Rights Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilingual Education has been implemented in many countries including the United States, in order to promote both the use and appreciation of the minority language, as well as the majority language concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_and_e-learning_for_minority_language_education">Materials and e-learning for minority language education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Materials and e-learning for minority language education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suitable resources for teaching and learning minority languages can be difficult to find and access, which has led to calls for the increased development of materials for minority language teaching. The internet offers opportunities to access a wider range of texts, audios and videos.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language <a href="/wiki/Learning_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning 2.0">learning 2.0</a> (the use of web 2.0 tools for language education)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers opportunities for material development for lesser-taught languages and to bring together geographically dispersed teachers and learners.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acronyms_and_abbreviations">Acronyms and abbreviations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Acronyms and abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>ALL</b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apprenticeship_Language_Learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apprenticeship Language Learning (page does not exist)">Apprenticeship Language Learning</a></li> <li><b>CALL</b>: <a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_language_learning" title="Computer-assisted language learning">computer-assisted language learning</a></li> <li><b>CLIL</b>: <a href="/wiki/Content_and_language_integrated_learning" title="Content and language integrated learning">content and language integrated learning</a></li> <li><b>CELI</b>: Certificato di Conoscenza della Lingua Italiana</li> <li><b>CLL</b>: <a href="/wiki/Community_language_learning" title="Community language learning">community language learning</a></li> <li><b>DELE</b>: Diploma de Español como Lengua Extranjera</li> <li><b>DELF</b>: diplôme d'études en langue française</li> <li><b>EFL</b>: English as a foreign language</li> <li><b>EAL/D</b>: English as an additional language or dialect</li> <li><b>EAP</b>: <a href="/wiki/Academic_English" title="Academic English">English for academic purposes</a></li> <li><b>ELL</b>: English language learning</li> <li><b>ELT</b>: English language teaching</li> <li><b>ESL</b>: English as a second language</li> <li><b>ESP</b>: English for specific purposes<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/English_for_specific_purposes" title="English for specific purposes">English for specific purposes</a></li> <li><b>FLL</b>: foreign language learning</li> <li><b>FLT</b>: foreign language teaching</li> <li><b>HLL</b>: heritage language learning</li> <li><b>IATEFL</b>: International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Teachers_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language" title="International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language">International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language</a></li> <li><b>L1</b>: <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>, native language, <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a></li> <li><b>L2</b>: <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> (or any additional language)</li> <li><b>LDL</b>: Lernen durch Lehren (German for <a href="/wiki/Learning_by_teaching" title="Learning by teaching">learning by teaching</a>)</li> <li><b>LOTE</b>: <a href="/wiki/Languages_Other_Than_English" title="Languages Other Than English">Languages Other Than English</a></li> <li><b>MFL</b>: <a href="/wiki/Modern_foreign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern foreign languages">modern foreign languages</a></li> <li><b>SLA</b>: <a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><b>TELL</b>: technology-enhanced language learning</li> <li><b>TEFL</b>: <a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_foreign_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching English as a foreign language">teaching English as a foreign language</a></li> <li><b>TEFLA</b>: teaching English as a foreign language to adults</li> <li><b>TESOL</b>: teaching English to speakers of other languages</li> <li><b>TEYL</b>: teaching English to young learners<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>TPR</b>: <a href="/wiki/Total_Physical_Response" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Physical Response">Total Physical Response</a></li> <li><b>TPRS</b>: <a href="/wiki/Teaching_Proficiency_through_Reading_and_Storytelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling">Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIcert" title="UNIcert">UNIcert</a> is a European language education system of many universities based on the <a href="/wiki/Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages" title="Common European Framework of Reference for Languages">Common European Framework of Reference for Languages</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Council_on_the_Teaching_of_Foreign_Languages" title="American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages">American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Language_Planning_and_Implementation" title="Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation">Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eikaiwa_school" title="Eikaiwa school">Eikaiwa school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_analysis_(linguistics)" title="Error analysis (linguistics)">Error analysis (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language_anxiety" title="Foreign language anxiety">Foreign language anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language_writing_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign language writing aid">Foreign language writing aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language_reading_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign language reading aid">Foreign language reading aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_language_teaching_terms_and_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of language teaching terms and ideas">Glossary of language teaching terms and ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education_by_region" title="Language education by region">Language education by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_MOOC" title="Language MOOC">Language MOOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_acquisition_researchers" title="List of language acquisition researchers">List of language acquisition researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolingual_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Monolingual learner's dictionary">Monolingual learner's dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_access_language_learning_centers" title="Self access language learning centers">Self access language learning centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_language_learning" title="Tandem language learning">Tandem language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_language_learning" title="Computer-assisted language learning">Computer-assisted language learning</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spolsky, B., & Hult, F.M. (Eds.). (2008). <i>Handbook of educational linguistics</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hult, F.M., (Ed.). (2010). <i>Directions and prospects for educational linguistics.</i> New York: Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, J. K. (2007). Foreign Language Education: Whose Definition?. <i>The Modern Language Journal</i>, <i>91</i>(2), 266–268. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0026-7902">0026-7902</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickey2022" class="citation web cs1">Dickey, Eleanor (19 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antigonejournal.com/2022/07/learning-languages-antiquity/">"Learning Foreign Languages in Antiquity: How Did They Do It?"</a>. <i>Antigone: An Open Forum for Classics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antigone%3A+An+Open+Forum+for+Classics&rft.atitle=Learning+Foreign+Languages+in+Antiquity%3A+How+Did+They+Do+It%3F&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantigonejournal.com%2F2022%2F07%2Flearning-languages-antiquity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScoville" class="citation web cs1">Scoville, Priscila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Amarna_Letters/">"Amarna Letters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Amarna+Letters&rft.aulast=Scoville&rft.aufirst=Priscila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FAmarna_Letters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJemu" class="citation book cs1">Jemu, Nenchuli. <i>International Encyclopaedia of Education</i>. Neelkamal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopaedia+of+Education&rft.pub=Neelkamal&rft.aulast=Jemu&rft.aufirst=Nenchuli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsTheodore_S._Rodgers2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_C._Richards" title="Jack C. Richards">Richards, Jack C.</a>; Theodore S. 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Cambridge UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00843-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00843-3"><bdi>0-521-00843-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+and+Methods+in+Language+Teaching&rft.place=Cambridge+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-00843-3&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jack+C.&rft.au=Theodore+S.+Rodgers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diller-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diller_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diller_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diller_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiller1978" class="citation book cs1">Diller, Karl Conrad (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languageteaching0000dill"><i>The Language Teaching Controversy</i></a></span>. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912066-22-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-912066-22-9"><bdi>0-912066-22-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Teaching+Controversy&rft.place=Rowley%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Newbury+House&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-912066-22-9&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=Karl+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguageteaching0000dill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/21stCenturySkillsMap/p21_worldlanguagesmap.pdf">"American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.actfl.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.actfl.org&rft.atitle=American+Council+on+the+Teaching+of+Foreign+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actfl.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdfs%2F21stCenturySkillsMap%2Fp21_worldlanguagesmap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Lang1234.com">"Reviews of Language Self-Study Courses: Comparison, Problems, Ratings"</a>. Lang1234<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reviews+of+Language+Self-Study+Courses%3A+Comparison%2C+Problems%2C+Ratings&rft.pub=Lang1234&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FLang1234.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130209044721/http://lastly.weebly.com/2/category/accent/1.html">"Good Accents"</a>. Lang1234. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lastly.weebly.com/2/category/accent/1.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Good+Accents&rft.pub=Lang1234&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flastly.weebly.com%2F2%2Fcategory%2Faccent%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/130bOvRpt24">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723102434/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=130bOvRpt24">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=130bOvRpt24">"Shadowing Step by Step"</a>. <i>ForeignLanguageExpertise.com</i>. 7 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ForeignLanguageExpertise.com&rft.atitle=Shadowing+Step+by+Step&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D130bOvRpt24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Amazing Hear-Say</i>, by Donald Rivera, Penton Overseas Inc., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56015-677-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56015-677-5">1-56015-677-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59125-350-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59125-350-0">1-59125-350-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59125-353-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59125-353-5">1-59125-353-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59125-349-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59125-349-7">1-59125-349-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59125-351-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59125-351-9">1-59125-351-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aaa.Lang1234.com">"Lessons for Beginners in English, mp3"</a>. 15 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lessons+for+Beginners+in+English%2C+mp3&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faaa.Lang1234.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hhh.Lang1234.com">"Workers and Guests Have Different Language Needs in a Hotel"</a>. 20 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Workers+and+Guests+Have+Different+Language+Needs+in+a+Hotel&rft.date=2013-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhhh.Lang1234.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130209054038/http://lastly.weebly.com/3/post/2012/08/pronunciation.html">"Scoring Your Pronunciation"</a>. Lang1234. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lastly.weebly.com/3/post/2012/08/pronunciation.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scoring+Your+Pronunciation&rft.pub=Lang1234&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flastly.weebly.com%2F3%2Fpost%2F2012%2F08%2Fpronunciation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Languageguide.org">"Language Guide"</a>. Language Guide<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+We+Can+Learn+From+Foreign+Language+Teaching+in+Other+Countries&rft.pub=Center+for+Applied+Linguistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cal.org%2Fresources%2Fdigest%2F0106pufahl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">"Google Translate"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/translator">"Bing Translator"</a>. Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bing+Translator&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Ftranslator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorveaux2007" class="citation news cs1">Dorveaux, Xavier (15 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its-teachers.com/destinations/second_life/second_life03.asp">"Study and teach in Second Life"</a>. <i>iT's Magazines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iT%27s+Magazines&rft.atitle=Study+and+teach+in+Second+Life&rft.date=2007-07-15&rft.aulast=Dorveaux&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.its-teachers.com%2Fdestinations%2Fsecond_life%2Fsecond_life03.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorveaux2007" class="citation news cs1">Dorveaux, Xavier (15 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0,36-935560,0.html">"Apprendre une langue dans un monde virtuel"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Apprendre+une+langue+dans+un+monde+virtuel&rft.date=2007-07-15&rft.aulast=Dorveaux&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fweb%2Farticle%2F0%2C1-0%2C36-935560%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Weiler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategiesinlanguagelearning.com/improving-listening-skills/">focused listening</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Weiler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategiesinlanguagelearning.com/learning-grammar/">strategy of reading</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Weiler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategiesinlanguagelearning.com/how-to-remember-vocabulary/">How to remember vocabulary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharters2015" class="citation journal cs1">Charters, Duncan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7906%2Findecs.13.2.7">"The Teaching and Learning of Esperanto"</a>. <i>Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 288–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7906%2Findecs.13.2.7">10.7906/indecs.13.2.7</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Description+of+Complex+Systems&rft.atitle=The+Teaching+and+Learning+of+Esperanto&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=288-298&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7906%2Findecs.13.2.7&rft.aulast=Charters&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7906%252Findecs.13.2.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2022/699648/IPOL_STU(2022)699648_EN.pdf">"The European Union's approach to multilingualism in its own communications policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Parliament</i>. September 2022. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Parliament&rft.atitle=The+European+Union%27s+approach+to+multilingualism+in+its+own+communications+policy&rft.pages=48&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fetudes%2FSTUD%2F2022%2F699648%2FIPOL_STU%282022%29699648_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report: Article in <span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">Enciklopedio de Esperanto</i></span>, volume I, p.436, on the pedagogic value of Esperanto.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helen S. Eaton, "The Educational Value of an Artificial Language." <i>The Modern Language Journal</i>, No. 12, pp. 87–94 (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/mlj/newsearchres.asp?contenttype=AA&topic=Artificial%20Language&searchtype=adv">Blackwellpublishing.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703210156/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/mlj/newsearchres.asp?contenttype=AA&topic=Artificial%20Language&searchtype=adv">Archived</a> July 3, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_1965-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_1965_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, N. 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Retrieved 16 May 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-16_u-430_t-1103_c-4268/australian-japanese-relations-today/nsw/australian-japanese-relations-today/conflict-consensus-and-care/changing-attitudes">http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-16_u-430_t-1103_c-4268/australian-japanese-relations-today/nsw/australian-japanese-relations-today/conflict-consensus-and-care/changing-attitudes</a></li> <li>Parry, M. (2016). Australian university students and their Japanese host families in short term stays. The University of Queensland. Retrieved 16 May 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:349330/s3213739_phd_submission.pdf">https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:349330/s3213739_phd_submission.pdf</a></li> <li>Pérez-Milans, M (2013). Urban schools and English language education in late modern China: A Critical sociolinguistic ethnography. New York & London: Routledge.</li> <li>Gao, Xuesong (Andy). (2010).Strategic Language Learning.Multilingual Matters:Canada, 2010</li> <li>Kim Yeong-seo (2009) "History of English education in Korea"</li> <li>Kirkpatrick, A & Zhichang, X (2002)."Chinese pragmatic norms and "China English". World Englishes. Vol. 21, pp. 269–279.</li> <li>Kubota, K (1998) "Ideologies of English in Japan" World Englishes Vol.17, No.3, pp. 295–306.</li> <li>Phillips, J. K. (2007). Foreign Language Education: Whose Definition?. <i>The Modern Language Journal</i>, <i>91</i>(2), 266–268.</li> <li>American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (2011). <i>Language Learning in the 21st Century: 21st Century Skills Map</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bernhardt, E. B. (Ed.) (1992). Life in language immersion classrooms. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, Ltd.</li> <li>Genesee, F. (1985). Second language learning through immersion: A review of U.S. programs. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 541–561.</li> <li>Genesee, F. (1987). Learning Through Two Languages: Studies of Immersion and Bilingual Education. Cambridge, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers.</li> <li>Hult, F.M., & King, K.A. (Eds.). (2011). Educational linguistics in practice: Applying the local globally and the global locally. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.</li> <li>Hult, F.M., (Ed.). (2010). Directions and prospects for educational linguistics. New York: Springer.</li> <li>Lindholm-Leary, K. (2001). Theoretical and conceptual foundations for dual language education programs. In K. Lindholm-Leary, Dual language education (pp. 39–58). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters Ltd.</li> <li>Mammadova, T. (2019). Teaching Grammar to a Grammar-Free Generation. Newcastle-upon-tyne: Cambridge Scholars <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-2288-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-2288-6">978-1-5275-2288-6</a></li> <li>McKay, Sharon; Schaetzel, Kirsten, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cal.org/caelanetwork/resources/facilitating.html"><i>Facilitating Adult Learner Interactions to Build Listening and Speaking Skills</i></a>, CAELA Network Briefs, CAELA and <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Applied_Linguistics" title="Center for Applied Linguistics">Center for Applied Linguistics</a></li> <li>Meunier, Fanny; <a href="/wiki/Sylviane_Granger" title="Sylviane Granger">Granger, Sylviane</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QWJbyFXs8sMC">"Phraseology in foreign language learning and teaching"</a>, Amsterdam and Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008</li> <li>Met, M., & Lorenz, E. (1997). Lessons from U.S. immersion programs: Two decades of experience. In R. Johnson & M. Swain (Eds.), Immersion education: International perspectives (pp. 243–264). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Swain, M. & Johnson, R. K. (1997). Immersion education: A category within bilingual education. In R. K. Johnson & M. Swain (Eds.), Immersion education: International perspectives (pp. 1–16). NY: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Parker, J. L. (2020). Students' attitudes toward project-based learning in an intermediate Spanish course. <i>International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction</i>, 12(1), 80–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ijci.wcci-international.org/index.php/IJCI/article/view/254/153">http://ijci.wcci-international.org/index.php/IJCI/article/view/254/153</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_education&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languageacademia.com/">Language Academia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html">UCLA Language Materials Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ef.com/wwen/">EF Education First</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/">BBC Learning English</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second-language_acquisition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SLA_topics" title="Template:SLA topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SLA_topics" title="Template talk:SLA topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SLA_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SLA topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second-language_acquisition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_second-language_acquisition" title="Outline of second-language acquisition">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_language_learning" title="List of common misconceptions about language learning">Common misconceptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_language_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Second language attrition">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition_classroom_research" title="Second-language acquisition classroom research">Classroom research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-language education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_language_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Second language phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_language_writing" title="Second language writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Learners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">Heritage language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-competence" title="Multi-competence">Multi-competence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Learner language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_analysis" title="Contrastive analysis">Contrastive analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_rhetoric" title="Contrastive rhetoric">Contrastive rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_(linguistics)" title="Error (linguistics)">Error (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_analysis_(linguistics)" title="Error analysis (linguistics)">Error analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_treatment_(linguistics)" title="Error treatment (linguistics)">Error treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">Interlanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_period" title="Silent period">Silent period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistic factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_transfer" title="Language transfer">Language transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_universal" title="Linguistic universal">Linguistic universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_lists_by_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Word lists by frequency">Word lists by frequency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Individual_variation_in_second_language_acquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual variation in second language acquisition">Individual variation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language-learning_aptitude" title="Language-learning aptitude">Language-learning aptitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_period_hypothesis" title="Critical period hypothesis">Critical period hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation_in_second-language_learning" title="Motivation in second-language learning">Motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willingness_to_communicate" title="Willingness to communicate">Willingness to communicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language_anxiety" title="Foreign language anxiety">Foreign language anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalinguistic_awareness" title="Metalinguistic awareness">Metalinguistic awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_learning_strategies" title="Language learning strategies">Language learning strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_strategies_in_second_language_acquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication strategies in second language acquisition">Communication strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_language_learner_studies" title="Good language learner studies">Good language learner studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_second-language_acquisition" title="Theories of second-language acquisition">SLA hypotheses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competition_model" title="Competition model">Competition model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensible_output" title="Comprehensible output">Comprehensible output</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_approach_to_second_language_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic approach to second language development">Dynamic Systems Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_second-language_acquisition" title="Generative second-language acquisition">Generative second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input_hypothesis" title="Input hypothesis">Input hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_hypothesis" title="Interaction hypothesis">Interaction hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_hypothesis" title="Interface hypothesis">Interface hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_position" title="Interface position">Interface position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noticing_hypothesis" title="Noticing hypothesis">Noticing hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processability_theory" title="Processability theory">Processability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_acquisition" title="Order of acquisition">Order of acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill-based_theories_of_second-language_acquisition" title="Skill-based theories of second-language acquisition">Skill-based theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_language_acquisition_classroom_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Second language acquisition classroom research">In the classroom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_form" title="Focus on form">Focus on form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input_enhancement" title="Input enhancement">Input enhancement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aptitude tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Aptitude_Test" title="Modern Language Aptitude Test">MLAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Language_Aptitude_Battery" title="Defense Language Aptitude Battery">DLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimsleur_Language_Aptitude_Battery" title="Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery">PLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANAL-F" title="CANAL-F">CANAL-F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alderson" title="Charles Alderson">Alderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="Alexander Argüelles">Argüelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Bialystok" title="Ellen Bialystok">Bialystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bissell_Carroll" title="John Bissell Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Crossley" title="Scott Crossley">Crossley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Csiz%C3%A9r" title="Kata Csizér">Csizér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Cumming" title="Alister Cumming">Cumming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_de_Bot" title="Kees de Bot">de Bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Douglas_Brown" title="H. Douglas Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bygate" title="Martin Bygate">Bygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_Corder" title="Pit Corder">Corder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijn_van_Dijk" title="Marijn van Dijk">van Dijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_D%C3%B6rnyei" title="Zoltán Dörnyei">Dörnyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Ellis" title="Nick Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Ellis" title="Rod Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Ervin-Tripp" title="Susan M. Ervin-Tripp">Ervin-Tripp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Flynn" title="Suzanne Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Gass" title="Susan Gass">Gass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Geert" title="Paul van Geert">van Geert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Green_(psychologist)" title="David W. Green (psychologist)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grosjean" title="François Grosjean">Grosjean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Guardado" title="Martin Guardado">Guardado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Harding" title="Luke Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Jarvis" title="Scott Jarvis">Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Johnson_(applied_linguist)" title="Keith Johnson (applied linguist)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judit_Kormos" title="Judit Kormos">Kormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Krashen" title="Stephen Krashen">Krashen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_F._Kroll" title="Judith F. Kroll">Kroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Larsen-Freeman" title="Diane Larsen-Freeman">Larsen-Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_Li_(psychologist)" title="Ping Li (psychologist)">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Long_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Long (academic)">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wander_Lowie" title="Wander Lowie">Lowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Mackey" title="Alison Mackey">Mackey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_MacWhinney" title="Brian MacWhinney">MacWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Manch%C3%B3n" title="Rosa Manchón">Manchón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viorica_Marian" title="Viorica Marian">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kei_Matsuda" title="Paul Kei Matsuda">Matsuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Matthews_(linguist)" title="Stephen Matthews (linguist)">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurgen_M._Meisel" title="Jurgen M. Meisel">Meisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Myers-Scotton" title="Carol Myers-Scotton">Myers-Scotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nation" title="Paul Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourdes_Ortega" title="Lourdes Ortega">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_P._Pica" title="Teresa P. Pica">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Polio" title="Charlene Polio">Polio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Pimsleur" title="Paul Pimsleur">Pimsleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilga_Rivers" title="Wilga Rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schmidt_(linguist)" title="Richard Schmidt (linguist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Schmitt" title="Norbert Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Silva-Corvalan" title="Carmen Silva-Corvalan">Silva-Corvalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Slobin" title="Dan Slobin">Slobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomy_Storch" title="Neomy Storch">Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Swain" title="Merrill Swain">Swain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_D._Terrell" title="Tracy D. Terrell">Terrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._Ullman" title="Michael T. Ullman">Ullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotsna_Vaid" title="Jyotsna Vaid">Vaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_VanPatten" title="Bill VanPatten">VanPatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjolijn_Verspoor" title="Marjolijn Verspoor">Verspoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_White" title="Lydia White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Wray" title="Alison Wray">Wray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Yip" title="Virginia Yip">Yip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_the_Teaching_of_Academic_Writing" title="European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing">European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Second_Language_Association" title="European Second Language Association">EUROSLA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computational tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coh-Metrix" title="Coh-Metrix">Coh-Metrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L2_Syntactic_Complexity_Analyzer" title="L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer">L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Linguistics_(journal)" title="Applied Linguistics (journal)">Applied Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingualism:_Language_and_Cognition" title="Bilingualism: Language and Cognition">Bilingualism: Language and Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Learning_(journal)" title="Language Learning (journal)">Language Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Testing" title="Language Testing">Language Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Second_Language_Writing" title="Journal of Second Language Writing">Journal of Second Language Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_(journal)" title="System (journal)">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TESOL_Journal" title="TESOL Journal">TESOL Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TESOL_Quarterly" title="TESOL Quarterly">TESOL Quarterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Language_Journal" title="The Modern Language Journal">The Modern Language Journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education" title="Template:Education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education" title="Template talk:Education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education" title="Category:Education">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_education_terms" title="Glossary of education terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_education_articles" title="Index of education articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_education" title="Outline of education">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By perspective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_aims_and_objectives" title="Educational aims and objectives">Aims and objectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_anthropology" title="Educational anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_assessment" title="Educational assessment">Assessment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_evaluation" title="Educational evaluation">Evaluation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Course_evaluation" title="Course evaluation">Course evaluation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_assessment" title="Standards-based assessment">Standards-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Standardized test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_quality_assessment" title="Teacher quality assessment">Teacher quality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_spending_on_education_as_percentage_of_GDP" title="List of countries by spending on education as percentage of GDP">Spending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">Tuition payments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">Education sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_leadership" title="Educational leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_policy" title="Education policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_education" title="Politics in education">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_research" title="Educational research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_theory" title="Instructional theory">Instructional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_by_subject" title="List of education by subject">By subject</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_education" title="Agricultural education">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Art education">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">Bilingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_education" title="Business education">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_education" title="Economics education">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_education" title="Philosophy education">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_education" title="Values education">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Autodidacticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">Education reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloom%27s_taxonomy" title="Bloom's taxonomy">Bloom's taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">Cognitive load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_arrangement" title="Class arrangement">Class arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">Curriculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_curriculum" title="Hidden curriculum">Hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_studies" title="Curriculum studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_theory" title="Curriculum theory">Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">Learning theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_plan" title="Lesson plan">Lesson plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_pattern" title="Pedagogical pattern">Pedagogical pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_look" title="Teacher look">Teacher look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_retention" title="Teacher retention">Teacher retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplative_education" title="Contemplative education">Contemplative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(teaching)" title="Demonstration (teaching)">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogic_learning" title="Dialogic learning">Dialogic learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_learning" title="Passive learning">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_instruction" title="Peer instruction">Peer instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalized learning">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenon-based_learning" title="Phenomenon-based learning">Phenomenon-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">Problem-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-based_learning" title="Project-based learning">Project-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Student-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_philosophy" title="Teaching philosophy">Teaching philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wikimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Education" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:Education">Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/education" class="extiw" title="wikt:education">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Education">Images</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw" title="v:Education">Learning resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Portal:Education" class="extiw" title="n:Portal:Education">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw" title="q:Education">Quotes</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw" title="s:Education">Texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Stages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">Stages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary education</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Infant<br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Junior<br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">High school<br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a><br /> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduate</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a><br /> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Education_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Angola" title="Education in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cape_Verde" title="Education in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Education in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Comoros" title="Education in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Education in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eswatini" title="Education in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gabon" title="Education in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Gambia" title="Education in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guinea" title="Education in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Education in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Education in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lesotho" title="Education in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Madagascar" title="Education in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malawi" title="Education in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritius" title="Education in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Morocco" title="Education in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mozambique" title="Education in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Seychelles" title="Education in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tanzania" title="Education in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Togo" title="Education in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tunisia" title="Education in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Asia" title="Education in Asia">Education in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Education in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Europe">Education in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Education in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Anguilla" title="Education in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Education in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Education in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greenland" title="Education in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montserrat" title="Education in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Education in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Fiji" title="Education in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kiribati" title="Education in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nauru" title="Education in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Education in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niue" title="Education in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Education in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tokelau" title="Education in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Education in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Education" title="Category:Education">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Education" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Education">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_education" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_education" title="Template:Language education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_education" title="Template talk:Language education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language education</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language-teaching_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Language-teaching methodology">Methodology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-lingual_method" title="Audio-lingual method">Audio-lingual method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Language_Growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Language Growth">Automatic Language Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicative_language_teaching" title="Communicative language teaching">Communicative language teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehension_approach" title="Comprehension approach">Comprehension approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_language_learning" title="Community language learning">Community language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_language_learning" title="Computer-assisted language learning">Computer-assisted language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-based_instruction" title="Content-based instruction">Content-based instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_method_(education)" title="Direct method (education)">Direct Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_language_teaching" title="Dogme language teaching">Dogme language teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_reading" title="Extensive reading">Extensive reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_Skills" title="Focal Skills">Focal Skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar%E2%80%93translation_method" title="Grammar–translation method">Grammar–translation method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">Language immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_approach" title="Lexical approach">Lexical approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Thomas" title="Michel Thomas">Michel Thomas Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_approach" title="Natural approach">Natural approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent way">Silent way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suggestopedia" title="Suggestopedia">Suggestopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task-based_language_learning" title="Task-based language learning">Task-based language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_physical_response" title="Total physical response">Total physical response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPR_Storytelling" title="TPR Storytelling">TPR Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary_development" title="Vocabulary development">Vocabulary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_language" title="Whole language">Whole language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teaching techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue_mirroring" title="Mother tongue mirroring">Mother tongue mirroring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich_technique" title="Sandwich technique">Sandwich technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-chaining" title="Back-chaining">Back-chaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictogloss" title="Dictogloss">Dictogloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_gap_task" title="Information gap task">Information gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">Bilingual dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_period_hypothesis" title="Critical period hypothesis">Critical period hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">Interlanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_transfer" title="Language transfer">Language transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Englishes" title="World Englishes">World Englishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assessment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_assessment" title="Language assessment">Language assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washback_effect" title="Washback effect">Washback effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">Corrective feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competency_evaluation_(language)" title="Competency evaluation (language)">Competency evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIALANG" title="DIALANG">DIALANG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IELTS" class="mw-redirect" title="IELTS">IELTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOEFL" class="mw-redirect" title="TOEFL">TOEFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOEIC" title="TOEIC">TOEIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLES" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLES">UCLES</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">English as a second or foreign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_for_specific_purposes" title="English for specific purposes">English for specific purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachers_of_English_to_Speakers_of_Other_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages">TESOL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Azar" title="Betty Azar">Betty Azar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Douglas_Brown" title="H. Douglas Brown">H. Douglas Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_Corder" title="Pit Corder">Pit Corder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cummins_(professor)" title="Jim Cummins (professor)">Jim Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Ellis" title="Rod Ellis">Rod Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Krashen" title="Stephen Krashen">Stephen Krashen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Thornbury" title="Scott Thornbury">Scott Thornbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_commonly_learned_foreign_languages_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most commonly learned foreign languages in the United States">Most commonly learned foreign languages in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EF_English_Proficiency_Index" title="EF English Proficiency Index">EF English Proficiency Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455196#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455196#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455196#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4018428-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85074536">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562113">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000095879&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555616905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/80a8851f-444c-4539-892b-ad2a49292aa9">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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