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<span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_a_cryptographic_primitive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_a_cryptographic_primitive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use as a cryptographic primitive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_as_a_cryptographic_primitive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_of_symmetric_ciphers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_of_symmetric_ciphers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Construction of symmetric ciphers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_of_symmetric_ciphers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_of_symmetric_ciphers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_of_symmetric_ciphers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Security of symmetric ciphers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_of_symmetric_ciphers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Key management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Key establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Key generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reciprocal_cipher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciprocal_cipher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reciprocal cipher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciprocal_cipher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Symmetric-key algorithm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83" title="تعمية بمفتاح مشترك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعمية بمفتاح مشترك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptografia_sim%C3%A8trica" title="Criptografia simètrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Criptografia simètrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symetrick%C3%A1_%C5%A1ifra" title="Symetrická šifra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Symetrická šifra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrisches_Kryptosystem" title="Symmetrisches Kryptosystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Symmetrisches Kryptosystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Κρυπτογράφηση Συμμετρικού Κλειδιού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρυπτογράφηση Συμμετρικού Κλειδιού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptograf%C3%ADa_sim%C3%A9trica" title="Criptografía simétrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Criptografía simétrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetria_%C4%89ifro" title="Simetria ĉifro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Simetria ĉifro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriptografia_simetriko" title="Kriptografia simetriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kriptografia simetriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86" title="الگوریتم کلید متقارن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الگوریتم کلید متقارن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographie_sym%C3%A9trique" title="Cryptographie symétrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cryptographie symétrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD_%ED%82%A4_%EC%95%94%ED%98%B8" title="대칭 키 암호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대칭 키 암호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սիմետրիկ բանալիով ալգորիթմներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիմետրիկ բանալիով ալգորիթմներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crittografia_simmetrica" title="Crittografia simmetrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crittografia simmetrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99" title="צופן סימטרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צופן סימטרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სიმეტრიული კრიპტოსისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიმეტრიული კრიპტოსისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrisk%C4%81_atsl%C4%93g%C5%A1fir%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Simetriskā atslēgšfirēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Simetriskā atslēgšfirēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrinio_rakto_kriptografija" title="Simetrinio rakto kriptografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Simetrinio rakto kriptografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crittografia_simmetrica" title="Crittografia simmetrica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Crittografia simmetrica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szimmetrikus_kulcs%C3%BA_rejtjelez%C3%A9s" title="Szimmetrikus kulcsú rejtjelezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szimmetrikus kulcsú rejtjelezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="സിമെട്രിക് കീ ക്രിപ്റ്റോഗ്രഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിമെട്രിക് കീ ക്രിപ്റ്റോഗ്രഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyulitan_bersimetri" title="Penyulitan bersimetri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyulitan bersimetri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrische_cryptografie" title="Symmetrische cryptografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symmetrische cryptografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E9%8D%B5%E6%9A%97%E5%8F%B7" title="共通鍵暗号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="共通鍵暗号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrisk_kryptering" title="Symmetrisk kryptering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Symmetrisk kryptering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorytm_symetryczny" title="Algorytm symetryczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Algorytm symetryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoritmo_de_chave_sim%C3%A9trica" title="Algoritmo de chave simétrica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Algoritmo de chave simétrica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Симметричные криптосистемы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Симметричные криптосистемы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriptimi_simetrik" title="Kriptimi simetrik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kriptimi simetrik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm" title="Symmetric-key algorithm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Symmetric-key algorithm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symetrick%C3%A1_%C5%A1ifra" title="Symetrická šifra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Symetrická šifra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrinen_salaus" title="Symmetrinen salaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Symmetrinen salaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrisk_kryptering" title="Symmetrisk kryptering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Symmetrisk kryptering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="சமச்சீர் திறவுகோல் வழிமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமச்சீர் திறவுகோல் வழிமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetrik_anahtar_algoritmalar%C4%B1" title="Simetrik anahtar algoritmaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Simetrik anahtar algoritmaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Шифрування з симетричними ключами – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шифрування з симетричними ключами" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Algorithm</div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_symmetric_encryption-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Simple_symmetric_encryption-en.svg/330px-Simple_symmetric_encryption-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Simple_symmetric_encryption-en.svg/435px-Simple_symmetric_encryption-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Simple_symmetric_encryption-en.svg/580px-Simple_symmetric_encryption-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Symmetric-key encryption: the same key is used for both encryption and decryption</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Symmetric-key algorithms</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> that use the same <a href="/wiki/Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">cryptographic keys</a> for both the encryption of <a href="/wiki/Plaintext" title="Plaintext">plaintext</a> and the decryption of <a href="/wiki/Ciphertext" title="Ciphertext">ciphertext</a>. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The keys, in practice, represent a <a href="/wiki/Shared_secret" title="Shared secret">shared secret</a> between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a private information link.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirement that both parties have access to the secret key is one of the main drawbacks of <a href="/wiki/Symmetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetric">symmetric</a>-key encryption, in comparison to <a href="/wiki/Public_key_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key encryption">public-key encryption</a> (also known as asymmetric-key encryption).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, symmetric-key encryption algorithms are usually better for bulk encryption. With exception of the <a href="/wiki/One-time_pad" title="One-time pad">one-time pad</a> they have a smaller key size, which means less storage space and faster transmission. Due to this, asymmetric-key encryption is often used to exchange the secret key for symmetric-key encryption.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symmetric-key encryption can use either <a href="/wiki/Stream_cipher" title="Stream cipher">stream ciphers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Block_cipher" title="Block cipher">block ciphers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stream ciphers encrypt the digits (typically <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>), or letters (in substitution ciphers) of a message one at a time. An example is <a href="/wiki/ChaCha20" class="mw-redirect" title="ChaCha20">ChaCha20</a>. <a href="/wiki/Substitution_cipher" title="Substitution cipher">Substitution ciphers</a> are well-known ciphers, but can be easily decrypted using a <a href="/wiki/Frequency_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency table">frequency table</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Block ciphers take a number of bits and encrypt them in a single unit, padding the plaintext to achieve a multiple of the block size. The <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">Advanced Encryption Standard</a> (AES) algorithm, approved by <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> in December 2001, uses 128-bit blocks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of popular symmetric-key algorithms include <a href="/wiki/Twofish" title="Twofish">Twofish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(cipher)" title="Serpent (cipher)">Serpent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a> (Rijndael), <a href="/wiki/Camellia_(cipher)" title="Camellia (cipher)">Camellia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa20" title="Salsa20">Salsa20</a>, <a href="/wiki/ChaCha20" class="mw-redirect" title="ChaCha20">ChaCha20</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blowfish_(cipher)" title="Blowfish (cipher)">Blowfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/CAST5" class="mw-redirect" title="CAST5">CAST5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuznyechik" title="Kuznyechik">Kuznyechik</a>, <a href="/wiki/RC4" title="RC4">RC4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard" title="Data Encryption Standard">DES</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triple_DES" title="Triple DES">3DES</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_(cipher)" title="Skipjack (cipher)">Skipjack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secure_and_Fast_Encryption_Routine" title="Secure and Fast Encryption Routine">Safer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm" title="International Data Encryption Algorithm">IDEA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_as_a_cryptographic_primitive">Use as a cryptographic primitive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use as a cryptographic primitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symmetric ciphers are commonly used to achieve other <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_primitive" title="Cryptographic primitive">cryptographic primitives</a> than just encryption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Encrypting a message does not guarantee that it will remain unchanged while encrypted. Hence, often a <a href="/wiki/Message_authentication_code" title="Message authentication code">message authentication code</a> is added to a ciphertext to ensure that changes to the ciphertext will be noted by the receiver. Message authentication codes can be constructed from an <a href="/wiki/AEAD" class="mw-redirect" title="AEAD">AEAD</a> cipher (e.g. <a href="/wiki/AES-GCM" class="mw-redirect" title="AES-GCM">AES-GCM</a>). </p><p>However, symmetric ciphers cannot be used for <a href="/wiki/Non-repudiation" title="Non-repudiation">non-repudiation</a> purposes except by involving additional parties.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=44736">ISO/IEC 13888-2 standard</a>. </p><p>Another application is to build <a href="/wiki/Hash_function" title="Hash function">hash functions</a> from block ciphers. See <a href="/wiki/One-way_compression_function" title="One-way compression function">one-way compression function</a> for descriptions of several such methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_of_symmetric_ciphers">Construction of symmetric ciphers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction of symmetric ciphers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feistel_cipher" title="Feistel cipher">Feistel cipher</a></div> <p>Many modern block ciphers are based on a construction proposed by <a href="/wiki/Horst_Feistel" title="Horst Feistel">Horst Feistel</a>. Feistel's construction makes it possible to build invertible functions from other functions that are themselves not invertible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_of_symmetric_ciphers">Security of symmetric ciphers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Security of symmetric ciphers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symmetric ciphers have historically been susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Known-plaintext_attack" title="Known-plaintext attack">known-plaintext attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chosen-plaintext_attack" title="Chosen-plaintext attack">chosen-plaintext attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Differential_cryptanalysis" title="Differential cryptanalysis">differential cryptanalysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linear_cryptanalysis" title="Linear cryptanalysis">linear cryptanalysis</a>. Careful construction of the functions for each <a href="/wiki/Round_(cryptography)" title="Round (cryptography)">round</a> can greatly reduce the chances of a successful attack.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also possible to increase the key length or the rounds in the encryption process to better protect against attack. This, however, tends to increase the processing power and decrease the speed at which the process runs due to the amount of operations the system needs to do.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern symmetric-key algorithms appear to be resistant to the threat of <a href="/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography" title="Post-quantum cryptography">post-quantum cryptography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-djb-intro_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-djb-intro-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computers</a> would exponentially increase the speed at which these ciphers can be decoded; notably, <a href="/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm" title="Grover's algorithm">Grover's algorithm</a> would take the square-root of the time traditionally required for a <a href="/wiki/Brute-force_attack" title="Brute-force attack">brute-force attack</a>, although these vulnerabilities can be compensated for by doubling key length.<sup id="cite_ref-djb-groverr_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-djb-groverr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a 128 bit AES cipher would not be secure against such an attack as it would reduce the time required to test all possible iterations from over 10 quintillion years to about six months. By contrast, it would still take a quantum computer the same amount of time to decode a 256 bit AES cipher as it would a conventional computer to decode a 128 bit AES cipher.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, AES-256 is believed to be "quantum resistant".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_management">Key management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Key management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Key_Management_Interoperability_Protocol" title="Key Management Interoperability Protocol">Key Management Interoperability Protocol</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_establishment">Key establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Key establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Key_establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Key establishment">Key establishment</a></div> <p>Symmetric-key algorithms require both the sender and the recipient of a message to have the same secret key. All early cryptographic systems required either the sender or the recipient to somehow receive a copy of that secret key over a physically secure channel. </p><p>Nearly all modern cryptographic systems still use symmetric-key algorithms internally to encrypt the bulk of the messages, but they eliminate the need for a physically secure channel by using <a href="/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange" title="Diffie–Hellman key exchange">Diffie–Hellman key exchange</a> or some other <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key protocol</a> to securely come to agreement on a fresh new secret key for each session/conversation (forward secrecy). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_generation">Key generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Key generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Key_generation" title="Key generation">key generation</a></div> <p>When used with asymmetric ciphers for key transfer, <a href="/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator">pseudorandom key generators</a> are nearly always used to generate the symmetric cipher session keys. However, lack of randomness in those generators or in their <a href="/wiki/Initialization_vector" title="Initialization vector">initialization vectors</a> is disastrous and has led to cryptanalytic breaks in the past. Therefore, it is essential that an implementation use a source of high <a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">entropy</a> for its initialization.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reciprocal_cipher">Reciprocal cipher</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reciprocal cipher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Symmetric-key_algorithm" title="Special:EditPage/Symmetric-key algorithm">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A reciprocal cipher is a cipher where, just as one enters the <a href="/wiki/Plaintext" title="Plaintext">plaintext</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> system to get the <a href="/wiki/Ciphertext" title="Ciphertext">ciphertext</a>, one could enter the ciphertext into the same place in the system to get the plaintext. A reciprocal cipher is also sometimes referred as <b>self-reciprocal cipher</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Practically all mechanical cipher machines implement a reciprocal cipher, a <a href="/wiki/Involution_(mathematics)" title="Involution (mathematics)">mathematical involution</a> on each typed-in letter. Instead of designing two kinds of machines, one for encrypting and one for decrypting, all the machines can be identical and can be set up (keyed) the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of reciprocal ciphers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atbash" title="Atbash">Atbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_cipher" title="Beaufort cipher">Beaufort cipher</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marie Antoinette and <a href="/wiki/Axel_von_Fersen_the_Younger" title="Axel von Fersen the Younger">Axel von Fersen</a> communicated with a self-reciprocal cipher.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Porta polyalphabetic cipher is self-reciprocal.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_cipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple cipher">Purple cipher</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RC4" title="RC4">RC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROT13" title="ROT13">ROT13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOR_cipher" title="XOR cipher">XOR cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatsyayana_cipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsyayana cipher">Vatsyayana cipher</a></li></ul> <p>The majority of all modern ciphers can be classified as either a <a href="/wiki/Stream_cipher" title="Stream cipher">stream cipher</a>, most of which use a reciprocal <a href="/wiki/XOR_cipher" title="XOR cipher">XOR cipher</a> combiner, or a <a href="/wiki/Block_cipher" title="Block cipher">block cipher</a>, most of which use a <a href="/wiki/Feistel_cipher" title="Feistel cipher">Feistel cipher</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lai%E2%80%93Massey_scheme" title="Lai–Massey scheme">Lai–Massey scheme</a> with a reciprocal transformation in each round.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other terms for symmetric-key encryption are <i>secret-key</i>, <i>single-key</i>, <i>shared-key</i>, <i>one-key</i>, and <i>private-key</i> encryption. Use of the last and first terms can create ambiguity with similar terminology used in <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>. Symmetric-key cryptography is to be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric-key_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric-key cryptography">asymmetric-key cryptography</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric-key_algorithm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKartit2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kartit, Zaid (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEGFCwAAQBAJ&q=%22keys+may+be+identical%22&pg=PA147">"Applying Encryption Algorithms for Data Security in Cloud Storage, Kartit, et al"</a>. <i>Advances in Ubiquitous Networking: Proceedings of UNet15</i>: 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812879905" title="Special:BookSources/9789812879905"><bdi>9789812879905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Ubiquitous+Networking%3A+Proceedings+of+UNet15&rft.atitle=Applying+Encryption+Algorithms+for+Data+Security+in+Cloud+Storage%2C+Kartit%2C+et+al.&rft.pages=147&rft.date=2016-02&rft.isbn=9789812879905&rft.aulast=Kartit&rft.aufirst=Zaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEGFCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522keys%2Bmay%2Bbe%2Bidentical%2522%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymmetric-key+algorithm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelfs,_HansKnebl,_Helmut2007" class="citation book cs1">Delfs, Hans; Knebl, Helmut (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nnvhz_VqAS4C&pg=PA11">"Symmetric-key encryption"</a>. <i>Introduction to cryptography: principles and applications</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540492436" title="Special:BookSources/9783540492436"><bdi>9783540492436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symmetric-key+encryption&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+cryptography%3A+principles+and+applications&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783540492436&rft.au=Delfs%2C+Hans&rft.au=Knebl%2C+Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNnvhz_VqAS4C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymmetric-key+algorithm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMullen,_GaryMummert,_Carl2007" class="citation book cs1">Mullen, Gary; Mummert, Carl (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDgWctqWL4wC&pg=PA112"><i>Finite fields and applications</i></a>. 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Bernstein</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pqcrypto.org/www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783540887010-c1.pdf">"Introduction to post-quantum cryptography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Post-Quantum Cryptography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+post-quantum+cryptography&rft.btitle=Post-Quantum+Cryptography&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Daniel+J.+Bernstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pqcrypto.org%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783540887010-c1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymmetric-key+algorithm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-djb-groverr-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-djb-groverr_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_J._Bernstein2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Bernstein" title="Daniel J. Bernstein">Daniel J. Bernstein</a> (2010-03-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.yp.to/codes/grovercode-20100303.pdf">"Grover vs. McEliece"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Grover+vs.+McEliece&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft.au=Daniel+J.+Bernstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcr.yp.to%2Fcodes%2Fgrovercode-20100303.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymmetric-key+algorithm" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2011" class="citation web cs1">Wood, Lamont (2011-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2550008/the-clock-is-ticking-for-encryption.html">"The Clock Is Ticking for Encryption"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=The+Clock+Is+Ticking+for+Encryption&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Lamont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F2550008%2Fthe-clock-is-ticking-for-encryption.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymmetric-key+algorithm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Shea2022" class="citation web cs1">O'Shea, Dan (2022-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fierceelectronics.com/electronics/aes-256-joins-quantum-resistance">"AES-256 joins the quantum resistance"</a>. <i>Fierce Electronics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fierce+Electronics&rft.atitle=AES-256+joins+the+quantum+resistance&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft.aulast=O%27Shea&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fierceelectronics.com%2Felectronics%2Faes-256-joins-quantum-resistance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymmetric-key+algorithm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissbaumLugrin2023" class="citation cs2">Weissbaum, François; Lugrin, Thomas (2023), Mulder, Valentin; Mermoud, Alain; Lenders, Vincent; Tellenbach, Bernhard (eds.), "Symmetric Cryptography", <i>Trends in Data Protection and Encryption Technologies</i>, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>10, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-33386-6_2">10.1007/978-3-031-33386-6_2</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-33386-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-33386-6"><bdi>978-3-031-33386-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Data+Protection+and+Encryption+Technologies&rft.atitle=Symmetric+Cryptography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-33386-6_2&rft.isbn=978-3-031-33386-6&rft.aulast=Weissbaum&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Lugrin%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymmetric-key+algorithm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ian Goldberg and David Wagner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~daw/papers/ddj-netscape.html">"Randomness and the Netscape Browser"</a>. January 1996 Dr. Dobb's Journal. quote: "it is vital that the secret keys be generated from an unpredictable random-number source."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRistenpartYilek2010" class="citation web cs1">Ristenpart, Thomas; Yilek, Scott (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/rist.pdf">"When Good Randomness Goes Bad: Virtual Machine Reset Vulnerabilities and Hedging Deployed Cryptography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NDSS Symposium 2010</i>. <q>Random number generators (RNGs) are consistently a weak link in the secure use of cryptography.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDSS+Symposium+2010&rft.atitle=When+Good+Randomness+Goes+Bad%3A+Virtual+Machine+Reset+Vulnerabilities+and+Hedging+Deployed+Cryptography&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ristenpart&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Yilek%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndss-symposium.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2Frist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymmetric-key+algorithm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webhosting.uk.com/blog/symmetric-cryptography/">"Symmetric Cryptography"</a>. James. 2006-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Symmetric+Cryptography&rft.pub=James&rft.date=2006-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webhosting.uk.com%2Fblog%2Fsymmetric-cryptography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymmetric-key+algorithm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Paul Reuvers and Marc Simons. Crypto Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/uhr/">"Enigma Uhr"</a>. 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Chris Christensen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nku.edu/~christensen/section%201%20substitution%20ciphers.pdf">"Simple Substitution Ciphers"</a>. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Greg Goebel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vc.airvectors.net/ttcode_05.html">"The Mechanization of Ciphers"</a>. 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "... the true Beaufort cipher. Notice that we have <i>reciprocal encipherment</i>; encipherment and decipherment are identically the same thing." -- Helen F. Gaines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zb2RBQAAQBAJ">"Cryptanalysis: A Study of Ciphers and Their Solution"</a>. 2014. p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Greg Goebel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vc.airvectors.net/ttcode_05.html">"The Mechanization of Ciphers"</a>. 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Friedrich L. Bauer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfWTDr_bvMwC">"Decrypted Secrets: Methods and Maxims of Cryptology"</a>. 2006. p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> David Salomon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr9bjEpXKnIC">"Coding for Data and Computer Communications"</a>. 2006. p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Greg Goebel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vc.airvectors.net/ttcode_06.html">"US Codebreakers In The Shadow Of War"</a>. 2018.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Block_cipher" title="Block cipher">Block ciphers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cipher_security_summary" title="Cipher security summary">security summary</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common<br />algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowfish_(cipher)" title="Blowfish (cipher)">Blowfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard" title="Data Encryption Standard">DES</a> (<a href="/wiki/DES_supplementary_material" title="DES supplementary material">internal mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triple_DES" title="Triple DES">Triple DES</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_(cipher)" title="Serpent (cipher)">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM4_(cipher)" title="SM4 (cipher)">SM4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twofish" title="Twofish">Twofish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Less common<br />algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIA_(cipher)" title="ARIA (cipher)">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camellia_(cipher)" title="Camellia (cipher)">Camellia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAST-128" title="CAST-128">CAST-128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_(block_cipher)" title="GOST (block cipher)">GOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm" title="International Data Encryption Algorithm">IDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEA_(cipher)" title="LEA (cipher)">LEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RC5" title="RC5">RC5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RC6" title="RC6">RC6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEED" title="SEED">SEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_(cipher)" title="Skipjack (cipher)">Skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm" title="Tiny Encryption Algorithm">TEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTEA" title="XTEA">XTEA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Way" title="3-Way">3-Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiantum_(cipher)" title="Adiantum (cipher)">Adiantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre_(cipher)" title="Akelarre (cipher)">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis_(cipher)" title="Anubis (cipher)">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascon_(cipher)" title="Ascon (cipher)">Ascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BaseKing" title="BaseKing">BaseKing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BassOmatic" title="BassOmatic">BassOmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BATON" title="BATON">BATON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEAR_and_LION_ciphers" title="BEAR and LION ciphers">BEAR and LION</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAST-256" title="CAST-256">CAST-256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiasmus_(cipher)" title="Chiasmus (cipher)">Chiasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIKS-1" title="CIKS-1">CIKS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIPHERUNICORN-A" title="CIPHERUNICORN-A">CIPHERUNICORN-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIPHERUNICORN-E" title="CIPHERUNICORN-E">CIPHERUNICORN-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLEFIA" title="CLEFIA">CLEFIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_Message_Encryption_Algorithm" title="Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm">CMEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_ciphers" title="Cobra ciphers">Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COCONUT98" title="COCONUT98">COCONUT98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_(cipher)" title="Crab (cipher)">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria_cipher" title="Cryptomeria cipher">Cryptomeria/C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYPTON" title="CRYPTON">CRYPTON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS-Cipher" title="CS-Cipher">CS-Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEAL" title="DEAL">DEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DES-X" title="DES-X">DES-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFC_(cipher)" title="DFC (cipher)">DFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2_(cipher)" title="E2 (cipher)">E2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAL" title="FEAL">FEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEA-M" title="FEA-M">FEA-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FROG" title="FROG">FROG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDES" title="GDES">G-DES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cru_(cipher)" title="Grand Cru (cipher)">Grand Cru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_cipher" title="Hasty Pudding cipher">Hasty Pudding cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocrypt" title="Hierocrypt">Hierocrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_(cipher)" title="ICE (cipher)">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEA_NXT" title="IDEA NXT">IDEA NXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Cascade_Cipher" title="Intel Cascade Cipher">Intel Cascade Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_block_cipher" title="Iraqi block cipher">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyna_(cipher)" title="Kalyna (cipher)">Kalyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KASUMI" title="KASUMI">KASUMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KeeLoq" title="KeeLoq">KeeLoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KHAZAD" title="KHAZAD">KHAZAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_and_Khafre" title="Khufu and Khafre">Khufu and Khafre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KN-Cipher" title="KN-Cipher">KN-Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuznyechik" title="Kuznyechik">Kuznyechik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder-DES" title="Ladder-DES">Ladder-DES</a></li> <li>LOKI (<a href="/wiki/LOKI97" title="LOKI97">97</a>, <a href="/wiki/LOKI" title="LOKI">89/91</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(cipher)" title="Lucifer (cipher)">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M6_(cipher)" title="M6 (cipher)">M6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M8_(cipher)" title="M8 (cipher)">M8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin_(cipher)" title="MacGuffin (cipher)">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madryga" title="Madryga">Madryga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGENTA" title="MAGENTA">MAGENTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS_(cipher)" title="MARS (cipher)">MARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_(cipher)" title="Mercy (cipher)">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESH_(cipher)" title="MESH (cipher)">MESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISTY1" title="MISTY1">MISTY1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMB_(cipher)" title="MMB (cipher)">MMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MULTI2" title="MULTI2">MULTI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiSwap" title="MultiSwap">MultiSwap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Data_Seal" title="New Data Seal">New Data Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewDES" title="NewDES">NewDES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_(cipher)" title="Nimbus (cipher)">Nimbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOEKEON" title="NOEKEON">NOEKEON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUSH" title="NUSH">NUSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRESENT" title="PRESENT">PRESENT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_(cipher)" title="Prince (cipher)">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(cipher)" title="Q (cipher)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QARMA" title="QARMA">QARMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RC2" title="RC2">RC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDOC" title="REDOC">REDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pike_(cipher)" title="Red Pike (cipher)">Red Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_block_cipher" title="S-1 block cipher">S-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_and_Fast_Encryption_Routine" title="Secure and Fast Encryption Routine">SAFER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAVILLE" title="SAVILLE">SAVILLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC2000" title="SC2000">SC2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACAL" title="SHACAL">SHACAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHARK" title="SHARK">SHARK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_(cipher)" title="Simon (cipher)">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speck_(cipher)" title="Speck (cipher)">Speck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectr-H64" title="Spectr-H64">Spectr-H64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(cipher)" title="Square (cipher)">Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SXAL/MBAL" title="SXAL/MBAL">SXAL/MBAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefish" title="Threefish">Threefish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treyfer" title="Treyfer">Treyfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UES_(cipher)" title="UES (cipher)">UES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmx" title="Xmx">xmx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXTEA" title="XXTEA">XXTEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac_(cipher)" title="Zodiac (cipher)">Zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feistel_cipher" title="Feistel cipher">Feistel network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_schedule" title="Key schedule">Key schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai%E2%80%93Massey_scheme" title="Lai–Massey scheme">Lai–Massey scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_cipher" title="Product cipher">Product cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-box" title="S-box">S-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permutation_box" title="Permutation box">P-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitution%E2%80%93permutation_network" title="Substitution–permutation network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion_and_diffusion" title="Confusion and diffusion">Confusion and diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_(cryptography)" title="Round (cryptography)">Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_effect" title="Avalanche effect">Avalanche effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_size_(cryptography)" title="Block size (cryptography)">Block size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_size" title="Key size">Key size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_whitening" title="Key whitening">Key whitening</a> (<a href="/wiki/Whitening_transformation" title="Whitening transformation">Whitening transformation</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attack<br />(<a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brute-force_attack" title="Brute-force attack">Brute-force</a> (<a href="/wiki/EFF_DES_cracker" title="EFF DES cracker">EFF DES cracker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet-in-the-middle_attack" title="Meet-in-the-middle attack">MITM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biclique_attack" title="Biclique attack">Biclique attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-subset_meet-in-the-middle_attack" title="3-subset meet-in-the-middle attack">3-subset MITM attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_cryptanalysis" title="Linear cryptanalysis">Linear</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piling-up_lemma" title="Piling-up lemma">Piling-up lemma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_cryptanalysis" title="Differential cryptanalysis">Differential</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_differential_cryptanalysis" title="Impossible differential cryptanalysis">Impossible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncated_differential_cryptanalysis" title="Truncated differential cryptanalysis">Truncated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_differential_cryptanalysis" title="Higher-order differential cryptanalysis">Higher-order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential-linear_attack" title="Differential-linear attack">Differential-linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinguishing_attack" title="Distinguishing attack">Distinguishing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Known-key_distinguishing_attack" title="Known-key distinguishing attack">Known-key</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_cryptanalysis" title="Integral cryptanalysis">Integral/Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_attack" title="Boomerang attack">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_n_cryptanalysis" title="Mod n cryptanalysis">Mod <i>n</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Related-key_attack" title="Related-key attack">Related-key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_attack" title="Slide attack">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_cryptanalysis" title="Rotational cryptanalysis">Rotational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-channel_attack" title="Side-channel attack">Side-channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timing_attack" title="Timing attack">Timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_analysis" title="Power analysis">Power-monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_attack" title="Electromagnetic attack">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_cryptanalysis" title="Acoustic cryptanalysis">Acoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_fault_analysis" title="Differential fault analysis">Differential-fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL_attack" title="XSL attack">XSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_attack" title="Interpolation attack">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitioning_cryptanalysis" title="Partitioning cryptanalysis">Partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-hose_cryptanalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber-hose cryptanalysis">Rubber-hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-bag_cryptanalysis" title="Black-bag cryptanalysis">Black-bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davies_attack" title="Davies attack">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_attack" title="Rebound attack">Rebound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_key" title="Weak key">Weak key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_rank_correlation_coefficient" title="Kendall rank correlation coefficient">Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi-squared_test" title="Chi-squared test">Chi-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time/memory/data_tradeoff_attack" title="Time/memory/data tradeoff attack">Time/memory/data tradeoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standardization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard_process" title="Advanced Encryption Standard process">AES process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYPTREC" title="CRYPTREC">CRYPTREC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESSIE" title="NESSIE">NESSIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSA_Suite_B_Cryptography" title="NSA Suite B Cryptography">NSA Suite B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite" title="Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite">CNSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initialization_vector" title="Initialization vector">Initialization vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation" title="Block cipher mode of operation">Mode of operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padding_(cryptography)" title="Padding (cryptography)">Padding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptography_stream" title="Template:Cryptography stream"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cryptography_stream" title="Template talk:Cryptography stream"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptography_stream" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptography stream"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stream_ciphers94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stream_cipher" title="Stream cipher">Stream ciphers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Widely used ciphers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A5/1" title="A5/1">A5/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5/2" title="A5/2">A5/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa20#ChaCha_variant" title="Salsa20">ChaCha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-1" title="Crypto-1">Crypto-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E0_(cipher)" title="E0 (cipher)">E0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RC4" title="RC4">RC4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ESTREAM" title="ESTREAM">eSTREAM</a> Portfolio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HC-256" title="HC-256">HC-128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(cipher)" title="Rabbit (cipher)">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa20" title="Salsa20">Salsa20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOSEMANUK" title="SOSEMANUK">SOSEMANUK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_(cipher)" title="Grain (cipher)">Grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MICKEY" title="MICKEY">MICKEY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivium_(cipher)" title="Trivium (cipher)">Trivium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ciphers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterbahn_(stream_cipher)" title="Achterbahn (stream cipher)">Achterbahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-FCSR" title="F-FCSR">F-FCSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FISH_(cipher)" title="FISH (cipher)">FISH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISAAC_(cipher)" title="ISAAC (cipher)">ISAAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCipher-2" title="KCipher-2">KCipher-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUGI" title="MUGI">MUGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORYX" title="ORYX">ORYX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_(cryptography)" title="Panama (cryptography)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelix" title="Phelix">Phelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_(cipher)" title="Pike (cipher)">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Py_(cipher)" title="Py (cipher)">Py</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUAD_(cipher)" title="QUAD (cipher)">QUAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RC4#RC4+" title="RC4">RC4+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RC4#RC4A" title="RC4">RC4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scream_(cipher)" title="Scream (cipher)">Scream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_(cipher)" title="SEAL (cipher)">SEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNOW" title="SNOW">SNOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOBER" title="SOBER">SOBER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOBER-128" title="SOBER-128">SOBER-128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritz_(cipher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spritz (cipher)">Spritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_(cipher)" title="Turing (cipher)">Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VEST" title="VEST">VEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variably_Modified_Permutation_Composition" title="Variably Modified Permutation Composition">VMPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAKE_(cipher)" title="WAKE (cipher)">WAKE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrinking_generator" title="Shrinking generator">shrinking generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-shrinking_generator" title="Self-shrinking generator">self-shrinking generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_step_generator" title="Alternating step generator">alternating step generator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation" title="Block cipher mode of operation">block ciphers in stream mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_register" title="Shift register">shift register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear-feedback_shift_register" title="Linear-feedback shift register">LFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear-feedback_shift_register" title="Nonlinear-feedback shift register">NLFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-function" title="T-function">T-function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initialization_vector" title="Initialization vector">IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_attack" title="Correlation attack">correlation attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_immunity" title="Correlation immunity">correlation immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_cipher_attacks" title="Stream cipher attacks">stream cipher attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptography_navbox" title="Template:Cryptography navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cryptography_navbox" title="Template talk:Cryptography navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptography_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptography navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cryptography149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cryptography" title="History of cryptography">History of cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cryptography" title="Outline of cryptography">Outline of cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_cipher" title="Classical cipher">Classical cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_protocol" title="Cryptographic protocol">Cryptographic protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentication_protocol" title="Authentication protocol">Authentication protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_primitive" title="Cryptographic primitive">Cryptographic primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">Cryptanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosystem" title="Cryptosystem">Cryptosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce" title="Cryptographic nonce">Cryptographic nonce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptovirology" title="Cryptovirology">Cryptovirology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_function" title="Hash function">Hash function</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_derivation_function" title="Key derivation function">Key derivation function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Hash_Algorithms" title="Secure Hash Algorithms">Secure Hash Algorithms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">Digital signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptography" title="Kleptography">Kleptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">Key (cryptography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_exchange" title="Key exchange">Key exchange</a></li> <li><a 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noise</a> (PRN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_channel" title="Secure channel">Secure channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecure_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecure channel">Insecure channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subliminal_channel" title="Subliminal channel">Subliminal channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Decryption">Decryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">End-to-end encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_now,_decrypt_later" title="Harvest now, decrypt later">Harvest now, decrypt later</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information-theoretic_security" title="Information-theoretic security">Information-theoretic security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaintext" title="Plaintext">Plaintext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codetext" class="mw-redirect" title="Codetext">Codetext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciphertext" 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