Single Photonics and Quantum Information

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nist-page__region--content-top"> <div class="nist-block"> <a class="usa-button usa-button--accent-cool" href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs">PROJECTS/PROGRAMS</a> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Single Photonics and Quantum Information</h1> </div> <div class="nist-block">  <div data-elastic-exclude class="nist-block nist-social__wrapper"> <h2 class="nist-social__title">Share</h2> <div class="social-media-sharing"> <div class="nist-social__wrapper--share"> <div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/single-photonics-and-quantum-information" title="Facebook" class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-gray"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> </div> <div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/single-photonics-and-quantum-information&source=https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/single-photonics-and-quantum-information" title="Linkedin" class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-gray"> <span>Linkedin</span> </a> </div> <div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/single-photonics-and-quantum-information&status=https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/single-photonics-and-quantum-information" title="Twitter" class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-gray"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> </div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/mailto:/?subject=NIST.gov&body=Check out this site https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/single-photonics-and-quantum-information" title="Email" class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-gray"> <span>Email</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8"> <div class="nist-block gray-box"> <div class="text-long"> <h2>Summary</h2> <p>The smallest unit of light is a "photon". Generation, manipulation and measurement of light at or near the fundamental limit of a photon can enhance the performance of many optical systems. Remote sensing, long-distance communications, biological imaging, and quantum information science are some near-term applications that would benefit immensely from better optical components and techniques that work efficiently at few or single photon levels. However, the technologies to generate, manipulate, and detect these states of light are inadequate for the emerging applications. We are developing new light sources, detectors, and measurement techniques to address these needs.</p> </div> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Description</h2> <div class="text-with-summary"> <div class="margin-left-4 margin-bottom-2 align-right"> <figure class="nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2018/07/10/wafer_1.jpg?itok=y2HkFTeA" data-media-id="240076"> <img src="/web/20230930174921im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2018/07/10/wafer_1.jpg?itok=lmffq-qJ" width="350" height="260" alt="wafer" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"> <div data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-image__caption-content"> Silicon wafer with detectors. </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>One of the activities in this group is the development of single photon technologies for quantum information science and technology. We work closely with the Nanostructure Fabrication and Metrology Project on the generation of novel non-classical states of light and the detection of single photons. Currently, we are investigating the use of nonlinear fibers and nonlinear crystals as a source of correlated photon pairs or squeezed light. We are also manipulating the squeezed light to make Schroedinger "Cat" states of light. In addition to making non-classical states of light, we build detector systems that are the best in the world at operating at the single photon level. Presently, our project is primarily focused on using two different superconducting detector technologies -- transition-edge sensors (TES) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPD).</p> <p>Using our sources and detectors, we also are actively involved in characterizing optical components at the few photon level, demonstrating new optical devices that function at the single photon level, demonstrating of new measurements at faint light levels, and demonstrating new applications that require single photons.</p> <figure class="align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/pml/div686/manufacturing/array.jpg?itok=OrX-MUw5" data-media-id="103771"><img alt="SNSPD 8x8 array" height="219" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174921im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/pml/div686/manufacturing/array.jpg?itok=rM0xlwgE" typeof="foaf:Image" width="500"><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> SNSPD 8x8 array and real-time video </div> </figcaption></figure><p> </p> </div> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Major Accomplishments</h2> <div class="text-long"><ul><li>Demonstrated the highest system detection efficiency for single photons, >95 % at 1550 nm with Transition-edge-sensors.</li> <li>Demonstration of the highest system detection efficiency for a superconducting nanowire single photon detectors, >93% at 1550nm</li> <li>Demonstrated, with outside collaborators, world-record, long-distance quantum key distribution systems using superconducting nanowire single photon detectors.</li> <li>First demonstration of time-correlated single photon counting with superconducting single photon detectors.</li> <li>Demonstration of a small imaging array (8x8) of SNSPDs</li> <li>Demonstration with external collaborators of quantum teleportation over 100km</li> <li>Demonstration with external collaborators of entanglement swapping into solid state memories</li> <li>Demonstration with collaborators of detection-loophole free tests of Bell's inequality</li> </ul><figure class="align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/pml/div686/manufacturing/interference.jpg?itok=lWCeXfq3" data-media-id="103766"><img alt="Characterization of Quantum Interference of two photons" height="296" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174921im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/pml/div686/manufacturing/interference.jpg?itok=ewDqCQio" typeof="foaf:Image" width="497"><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> Characterization of Quantum Interference of two photons </div> </figcaption></figure></div> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="usa-accordion " aria-multiselectable="false"> <div class="text-long"> <h2 class="usa-accordion__heading"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="field_project_additional_technic"> Additional Technical Details </button> </h2> <div id="field_project_additional_technic" class="usa-accordion__content"> <h3>Publications</h3> <p>L. K. Shalm, E. Meyer-Scott, B. G. Christensen, P. Bierhorst, M. A. Wayne, M. J. Stevens, T. Gerrits, S. Glancy, D. R. Hamel, M. S. Allman, K. J. Coakley, S. D. Dyer, C. Hodge, A. E. Lita, V. B. Verma, C. Lambrocco, E. Tortorici, A. L. Migdall, Y. Zhang, D. R. Kumor, W. H. Farr, F. Marsili, M. D. Shaw, J. A. Stern, C. Abellán, W. Amaya, V. Pruneri, T. Jennewein, M. W. Mitchell, P. G. Kwiat, J. C. Bienfang, R. P. Mirin, E. Knill, S. W. Nam, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.250402">"A strong loophole-free test of local realism,"</a> <em>Physical Reviews Letters</em>, Dec. 2015.</p> <p>F. Marsili, V. B. Verma, J. A. Stern, S. Harrington, A. E. Lita, T. Gerrits, I. Vayshenker, B. Baek, M. D. Shaw, R. P. Mirin, and S. W. Nam, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/detecting-single-infrared-photons-93-system-efficiency">"Detecting single infrared photons with 93% system efficiency,"</a> <em>Nat. Photonics</em>, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 210–214, Feb. 2013.</p> <p>A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/counting-near-infrared-single-photons-95-efficiency">"Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency,"</a> <em>Opt. Express</em>, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 3032–3040, 2008.</p> <p>V. B. Verma, R. Horansky, F. Marsili, J. a. Stern, M. D. Shaw, a. E. Lita, R. P. Mirin, and S. W. Nam, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/four-pixel-single-photon-pulse-position-array-fabricated-wsi-superconducting-nanowire">"A four-pixel single-photon pulse-position array fabricated from WSi superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors,"</a> <em>Appl. Phys. Lett.</em>, vol. 104, no. 5, p. 051115, Feb. 2014.</p> <p>V. B. Verma, F. Marsili, S. Harrington, a. E. Lita, R. P. Mirin, and S. W. Nam, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/three-dimensional-polarization-insensitive-superconducting-nanowire-avalanche">"A three-dimensional, polarization-insensitive superconducting nanowire avalanche photodetector,"</a> <em>Appl. Phys. Lett.</em>, vol. 101, no. 25, p. 251114, Dec. 2012.</p> <p>V. B. Verma, A. E. Lita, M. R. Vissers, F. Marsili, D. P. Pappas, R. P. Mirin, and S. W. Nam, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/superconducting-nanowire-single-photon-detectors-fabricated-amorphous-mo075ge025-thin">"Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors fabricated from an amorphous Mo0.75Ge0.25 thin film,"</a> <em>Appl. Phys. Lett.</em>, vol. 105, no. 2, p. 022602, Jul. 2014.</p> <p>B. Baek, A. E. Lita, V. Verma, and S. W. Nam, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/superconducting-wxsi1-x-nanowire-single-photon-detector-saturated-internal-quantum">"Superconducting a-W[sub x]Si[sub 1−x] nanowire single-photon detector with saturated internal quantum efficiency from visible to 1850 nm,"</a> <em>Appl. Phys. Lett.</em>, vol. 98, no. 25, p. 251105, Jun. 2011.</p> <p>M. Giustina, A. Mech, S. Ramelow, B. Wittmann, J. Kofler, J. Beyer, A. Lita, B. Calkins, T. Gerrits, S. W. Nam, R. Ursin, and A. Zeilinger, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/bell-violation-using-entangled-photons-without-fair-sampling-assumption">"Bell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption,"</a> <em>Nature</em>, vol. advance on, Apr. 2013.</p> <p>B. G. Christensen, K. T. McCusker, J. B. Altepeter, B. Calkins, T. Gerrits, A. E. Lita, A. Miller, L. K. Shalm, Y. Zhang, S. W. Nam, N. Brunner, C. C. W. Lim, N. Gisin, and P. G. Kwiat, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/detection-loophole-free-test-quantum-nonlocality-and-applications">"Detection-Loophole-Free Test of Quantum Nonlocality, and Applications,"</a> <em>Phys. Rev. Lett.</em>, vol. 111, no. 13, p. 130406, Sep. 2013.</p> <p>E. Saglamyurek, J. Jin, V. B. Verma, M. D. Shaw, F. Marsili, S. W. Nam, D. Oblak, and W. Tittel, "Quantum storage of entangled telecom-wavelength photons in an erbium-doped optical fibre," <em>Nat. Photonics</em>, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 83–87, Jan. 2015.</p> <p>F. Bussières, C. Clausen, A. Tiranov, B. Korzh, V. B. Verma, S. W. Nam, F. Marsili, A. Ferrier, P. Goldner, H. Herrmann, C. Silberhorn, W. Sohler, M. Afzelius, and N. Gisin, "Quantum teleportation from a telecom-wavelength photon to a solid-state quantum memory," <em>Nat. Photonics</em>, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 775–778, Sep. 2014.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="usa-accordion " aria-multiselectable="false"> <div class="text-long"> <h2 class="usa-accordion__heading"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="field_project_associated_product"> Associated Product(s) </button> </h2> <div id="field_project_associated_product" class="usa-accordion__content"> <p>All of the raw data and analysis programs for "Strong Loophole-Free of Local Realism" can be downloaded from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/http://dx.doi.org/10.5060/D2JW8BTT">http://dx.doi.org/10.5060/D2JW8BTT</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-block">  <div data-elastic-exclude="" class="nist-tags"> <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/topic-terms/electronics" hreflang="en">Electronics</a>, <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/topic-terms/optoelectronics" hreflang="en">Optoelectronics</a>, <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/topic-terms/sensors" hreflang="en">Sensors</a>, <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/topic-terms/superconducting-electronics" hreflang="en">Superconducting electronics</a>, <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/topic-terms/electrical-electromagnetic-metrology" hreflang="en">Electrical / electromagnetic metrology</a> and <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/topic-terms/quantum-information-science" hreflang="en">Quantum information science</a></div>  </div> </div> <aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-second tablet-lg:grid-col-4"> <div>  <div class="views-element-container nist-block nist-block--org" data-elastic-exclude=""> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Organizations</h2> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-e5b288a98834b005a9c6f4af53c8286e77fdbbaf7909b29bb223265c5ca79b5e"> <div class="nist-related-orgs"><div class="term-tree-list"> <ul class="term"><li><a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/nist-organizations/nist-headquarters" class="selected" hreflang="en">NIST Headquarters</a></li><li><ul class="term"><li><a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/nist-organizations/nist-headquarters/laboratory-programs" class="selected" hreflang="en">Laboratory Programs</a></li><li><ul class="term"><li><a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/nist-organizations/nist-headquarters/laboratory-programs/physical-measurement-laboratory" class="selected" hreflang="en">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a></li><li><ul class="term"><li><a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/nist-organizations/nist-headquarters/laboratory-programs/physical-measurement-laboratory/applied" class="selected" hreflang="en">Applied Physics Division </a></li><li><ul class="term"><li><a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/nist-organizations/nist-headquarters/laboratory-programs/physical-measurement-laboratory/applied-5" class="selected" hreflang="en">Faint Photonics Group</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="nist-related-orgs"></div> <div class="nist-related-orgs"></div> <div class="nist-related-orgs"></div> <div class="nist-related-orgs"></div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="nist-block nist-block--contact"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">NIST Staff</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden entity-reference nist-field--no-margin nist-field--link-list"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"> <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/people/sae-woo-nam" rel="bookmark"><span>Sae Woo Nam</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-field__item"> <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/people/richard-mirin" rel="bookmark"><span>Richard Mirin</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-field__item"> <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/people/marty-stevens" rel="bookmark"><span>Marty Stevens</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-field__item"> <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/people/adriana-lita" rel="bookmark"><span>Adriana Lita</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-field__item"> <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/people/varun-verma" rel="bookmark"><span>Varun Verma</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-field__item"> <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/people/thomas-gerrits" rel="bookmark"><span>Thomas Gerrits</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-field__item"> <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/people/jeff-shainline" rel="bookmark"><span>Jeff Shainline</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-field__item"> <a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/people/krister-shalm" rel="bookmark"><span>Krister Shalm</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-block nist-block--contact"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Contact</h2> <div class="nist-contact"> <ul class="nist-contact__items"> <li role="article" about="/people/sae-woo-nam" class="nist-contact__item"> <div class="nist-contact__name"><a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/people/sae-woo-nam" title="View staff profile page">Sae Woo Nam</a></div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174921/mailto:saewoo.nam@nist.gov">saewoo.nam@nist.gov</a> </div> <div> (303) 497-3148 </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Project Status</h2> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Related Publications</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden nist-field--link-list entity-reference"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/high-brightness-low-noise-all-fiber-photon-pair-source" hreflang="en">High-brightness, low-noise, all-fiber photon pair source</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/calorimetric-studies-powder-additions-mitigate-excessive-retardation-high-volume-fly" hreflang="en">Calorimetric Studies of Powder Additions to Mitigate Excessive Retardation in High Volume Fly Ash Mixtures</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230930174921/https://www.nist.gov/publications/dark-pulse-quantum-dot-diode-laser" hreflang="en">Dark pulse quantum dot diode laser</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-bottom"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-italic font-sans-2xs"> Created June 29, 2010, Updated November 20, 2019 </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> 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