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href="#Practices_and_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Practices and knowledge</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices_and_knowledge-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices and knowledge subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices_and_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tohunga_under_tapu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tohunga_under_tapu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tohunga under tapu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tohunga_under_tapu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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searchaux" style="display:none">Expert practitioner in Māori culture</div> <p> In the culture of the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> of New Zealand, a <b>tohunga</b> (<b>tōhuka</b> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_M%C4%81ori_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Māori dialect">Southern Māori dialect</a>) is an expert practitioner of any skill or art, either religious or otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tohunga include expert priests, healers, navigators, carvers, builders, teachers and advisors. A tohunga may have also been the head of a <a href="/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau" title="Whānau">whānau</a> (family) but quite often was also a <a href="/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a> (chief) and an <a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">ariki</a> (noble).<sup id="cite_ref-Mead197_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mead197-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equivalent and cognate in Hawaiian culture is <i><a href="/wiki/Kahuna" title="Kahuna">kahuna</a></i>, tahu'a in Tahitian. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Callings_and_practices">Callings and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tohunga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Callings and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blind_Tohunga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Blind_Tohunga.jpg/220px-Blind_Tohunga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Blind_Tohunga.jpg/330px-Blind_Tohunga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Blind_Tohunga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>"Matapo, a blind tohunga" in <i>Te Tohunga</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dittmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Dittmer (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Dittmer</a>, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many classes of tohunga (Best 1924:166) including: </p> <ul><li>Tohunga ahurewa: highest class of priest</li> <li>Tohunga matakite: foretellers of the future</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whakairo" title="Whakairo">Tohunga whakairo:</a> expert carvers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles" title="Māori traditional textiles">Tohunga raranga</a>: expert weavers</li> <li>Tohunga tātai arorangi: experts at reading the stars</li> <li>Tohunga kōkōrangi: expert in the study of celestial bodies (astronomer)</li> <li>Tohunga tārai waka: expert canoe builders</li> <li>Tohunga wetereo: expert in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">the language</a> (linguist)</li> <li>Tohunga tā moko: expert in <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a> (tattooist)</li> <li>Tohunga mahi toi: expert artist</li> <li>Tohunga tikanga tangata: expert in the study of humans (<a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a>)</li> <li>Tohunga o Tumatauenga: expert in weapons or war party chaplain</li> <li>Tohunga kiato: lowest class of priest</li></ul> <p>Each tohunga was a gifted spiritual leader and possessed the natural ability of communicating between the spiritual and temporal realms through <a href="/wiki/Karakia" title="Karakia">karakia</a> (prayers), <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%81tere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pātere (page does not exist)">pātere</a> (chants) or performing <a href="/wiki/Waiata_(M%C4%81ori)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waiata (Māori)">waiata</a> (songs) that had been passed down to them by tohunga before them. However, their rites were mainly in the specific fields in which they practiced, as outlined above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices_and_knowledge">Practices and knowledge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tohunga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Practices and knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tohunga held knowledge of most spiritual and temporal rites, and knowledge in general was passed down through many generations by oral communication at wananga (places of learning/schools). Tools they also used were <a href="/wiki/Taonga_p%C5%ABoro" title="Taonga pūoro">taonga pūoro</a> for the purpose of calling on divine intervention or assistance from the gods. </p><p>Although Māori had high respect for the knowledge and skills of tohunga, witchcraft was feared by both superstitious Maori and Europeans alike.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settler prejudices, the risk of charlatans taking advantage of vulnerable people, and because many forms of traditional Māori medicine were no longer effective against introduced European diseases,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this combination of factors led to the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Tohunga_Suppression_Act_1907" title="Tohunga Suppression Act 1907">Tohunga Suppression Act 1907</a>. </p><p>Some tohunga declined to pass on their oral traditions after the Act was enforced in New Zealand,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Māori people bereft of much of their traditional base, beliefs and practices. The Act was repealed in 1962, but by this time, much of the language and traditions had been either corrupted or lost, but a few <a href="/wiki/Kaum%C4%81tua" title="Kaumātua">kaumatua and kuia</a> continued to orally communicate their knowledge through the generations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The importance, role and practices of female tohunga have been to some extent been ignored, or only briefly touched upon by twentieth century scholars, and have only been explored with greater depth in modern times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tohunga_under_tapu">Tohunga under tapu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tohunga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tohunga under tapu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tohunga_under_Tapu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tohunga_under_Tapu.jpg/220px-Tohunga_under_Tapu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tohunga_under_Tapu.jpg/330px-Tohunga_under_Tapu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tohunga_under_Tapu.jpg/440px-Tohunga_under_Tapu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Tohunga handling the dead would be fed by another, as they would become <a href="/wiki/Tapu_(Polynesian_culture)" title="Tapu (Polynesian culture)">tapu</a> and so could not handle food.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tapu_(Polynesian_culture)" title="Tapu (Polynesian culture)">Tapu</a> was, and still is, one of the most deeply ingrained beliefs and religious customs of Māori. The word tapu may be translated as "sacred" or "forbidden", but Māori tapu has a host of variations. There was a personal tapu and local tapu; tapu of one kind or another faced the Māori everywhere. It often served a purpose similar to some of the <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">Jewish laws of prohibition and quarantine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tohunga were imbued with the mysterious essences of the tapu because of their knowledge of ancient and potent <a href="/wiki/Karakia" title="Karakia">karakia</a>, religious ceremonies and their office as mediums of communication with the <a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">atua</a> (gods and spirits). All <a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">ariki</a> also had a strong personal tapu which prevented any common person eating out of the same food basket or using anything belonging to the chief.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The remains of the sacred dead and all connected therewith were highly tapu and anyone who had been engaged in handling the dead or bones of the dead would be extremely tapu and would not dare to touch food with the hands. Consequently, such persons had to be fed in the manner shown in the painting here. This was painted from life at an old-time <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81_(M%C4%81ori)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pā (Māori)">pā</a> (village) in the Wanganui district. The outer palisaded fence of the pā, with its roughly carved posts, usually <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dtara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōtara">tōtara</a>, is shown in the background. The tohunga is kneeling on mats in front of a <a href="/wiki/Typha_orientalis" title="Typha orientalis">raupō</a> <a href="/wiki/Whare" class="mw-redirect" title="Whare">whare</a> (house) in a remote corner of the settlement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tohunga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChitham2019" class="citation book cs1">Chitham, Karl (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1118996645"><i>Crafting Aotearoa : a cultural history of making in New Zealand and the wider Moana Oceania</i></a>. Kolokesa Uafā Māhina-Tuai, Damian Skinner, Rigel Sorzano. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9941362-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9941362-7-5"><bdi>978-0-9941362-7-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1118996645">1118996645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crafting+Aotearoa+%3A+a+cultural+history+of+making+in+New+Zealand+and+the+wider+Moana+Oceania&rft.place=Wellington%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Te+Papa+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1118996645&rft.isbn=978-0-9941362-7-5&rft.aulast=Chitham&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1118996645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATohunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mead197-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mead197_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, S. M. (1997). <i>Landmarks, bridges and visions: Essays</i>. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. (p. 197).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregear1905" class="citation book cs1">Tregear, Edward (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-TreRace-t1-body-d21-d1.html"><i>The Maori Race</i></a>. p. 498.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maori+Race&rft.pages=498&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Tregear&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-TreRace-t1-body-d21-d1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATohunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest" class="citation web cs1">Best, Elsdon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_34/rsnz_34_00_001020.html">"Maori Magic: Notes upon Witchcraft, Magic Rites, and various Superstitions as practised or believed in by the Old-time Maori"</a>. <i>National Library of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Maori+Magic%3A+Notes+upon+Witchcraft%2C+Magic+Rites%2C+and+various+Superstitions+as+practised+or+believed+in+by+the+Old-time+Maori.&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Elsdon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsnz.natlib.govt.nz%2Fvolume%2Frsnz_34%2Frsnz_34_00_001020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATohunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=TT18930809.2.17&srpos=8&e=-06-1893---1893--50--1--on--0tohunga-ARTICLE-">"The Maori superstition in the north"</a> Tuapeka Times, 9 Aug 1893, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/handle/10292/4469">"Nga Maumahara: Memory Loss"</a>. <i>AUT University</i>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AUT+University&rft.atitle=Nga+Maumahara%3A+Memory+Loss&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faut.researchgateway.ac.nz%2Fhandle%2F10292%2F4469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATohunga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elsdon_Best" title="Elsdon Best">Best, Elsdon</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-ShorMaor.html">Māori Religion and Mythology</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa">Dominion Museum</a>, Bull. 10, 1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._Hiroa" class="mw-redirect" title="T. R. Hiroa">T. R. Hiroa</a> (Sir Peter Buck), <i>The Coming of the Māori</i>. Second Edition. First published 1949. Wellington: <a href="/wiki/Whitcombe_and_Tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitcombe and Tombs">Whitcombe and Tombs</a> 1974.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tohunga&oldid=1269289614">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tohunga&oldid=1269289614</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tohunga" title="Category:Tohunga">Tohunga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Category:Māori culture">Māori culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Category:Māori mythology">Māori mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_religion" title="Category:Māori religion">Māori religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_society" title="Category:Māori society">Māori society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Māori words and phrases">Māori words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austronesian_spirituality" title="Category:Austronesian spirituality">Austronesian spirituality</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_New_Zealand_English_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use New Zealand English from June 2024">Use New Zealand English from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_New_Zealand_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English">All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 January 2025, at 23:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>10 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div 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