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id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Езус (кельцкая міфалогія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Езус (кельцкая міфалогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Έσους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έσους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89sus" title="Ésus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ésus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81" title="Эзус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эзус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus" title="Esus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Esus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1370854#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1370854" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Esus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Esus (disambiguation)">Esus (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Pilier_des_Nautes_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Le_Pilier_des_Nautes_01.JPG/200px-Le_Pilier_des_Nautes_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Le_Pilier_des_Nautes_01.JPG/300px-Le_Pilier_des_Nautes_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Le_Pilier_des_Nautes_01.JPG/400px-Le_Pilier_des_Nautes_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1719" /></a><figcaption>Image of Esus on the Gallo-Roman <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_the_Boatmen" title="Pillar of the Boatmen">Pillar of the Boatmen</a>, first century CE</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Esus</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-nautae_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nautae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Esos</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Hesus</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-phars_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Aisus</b><sup id="cite_ref-marcel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic god</a> who was worshipped primarily in ancient <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Britain</a>. He is known from two monumental statues and a line in <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Bellum civile</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/T._F._O%27Rahilly" title="T. F. O'Rahilly">T. F. O'Rahilly</a> derives the theonym <i>Esus</i>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Aibell" title="Aibell"><i>Aoibheall</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_(name)" title="Evelyn (name)"><i>Éibhleann</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aoife" title="Aoife">Aoife</a></i>, and other names, from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *<i>eis-</i>, which he glosses as 'well-being, energy, passion'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The personal name <i>Esunertus</i> ('strength of Esus') occurs in a number of Gallo-Roman inscriptions,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one votive inscription dedicated to Mercury,<sup id="cite_ref-MacCulloch_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCulloch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other theophoric given names such as <i>Esugenus</i> ('born from Esus') are also attested.<sup id="cite_ref-petrone_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petrone-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the <i><a href="/wiki/Esuvii" title="Esuvii">Esuvii</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, in the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, took their name from this deity.<sup id="cite_ref-devries98_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devries98-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Esunertos" title="Esunertos">name</a> also occurs on a Celtic gold coin dated c. 50 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imagery">Imagery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two sculptures where Esus appears are the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_the_Boatmen" title="Pillar of the Boatmen">Pillar of the Boatmen</a> from among the <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a>, on which Esus is identified by name,<sup id="cite_ref-nautae_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nautae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a pillar from <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a> with similar iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miranda_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miranda-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both of these, Esus is portrayed cutting branches from <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-miranda_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miranda-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esus is accompanied, on different panels of the Pillar of the Boatmen, alongside <a href="/wiki/Tarvos_Trigaranus" title="Tarvos Trigaranus">Tarvos Trigaranus</a> (the ‘bull with three cranes’), <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan (god)">Vulcan</a>, and other gods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_sources">Written sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Written sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A well-known section in <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Bellum civile</a></i> (61–65 CE) refers to gory sacrifices offered to a triad of Celtic deities: <a href="/wiki/Teutates" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutates">Teutates</a>, Hesus (an <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> form of Esus), and <a href="/wiki/Taranis" title="Taranis">Taranis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phars_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variant spellings, or readings, of the name Esus in the manuscripts of Lucan include Hesus, Aesus, and Haesus.<sup id="cite_ref-petrone_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petrone-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among a pair of later <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">commentators</a> on Lucan's work, one identifies <a href="/wiki/Teutates" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutates">Teutates</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> and Esus with <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Commenta_Bernensia" title="Commenta Bernensia">Berne Commentary</a> on Lucan, <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human victims</a> were <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrificed</a> to Esus by being tied to a tree and flogged to death.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gallic medical writer <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus of Bordeaux</a> may offer another textual reference to Esus in his <i>De medicamentis</i>, a compendium of pharmacological preparations written in Latin in the early 5th century and the sole source for several Celtic words. The work contains a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magico-medical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magico-medical (page does not exist)">magico-medical</a> charm decipherable as <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> which appears to invoke the aid of Esus (spelled Aisus) in curing throat trouble.<sup id="cite_ref-marcel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_with_rivers">Association with rivers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Association with rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esus is known from two <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monumental</a> statues: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <i>"<a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_the_Boatmen" title="Pillar of the Boatmen">Pillar of the Boatmen</a>"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Stone pillar with similar iconography to <i>Pillar of the Boatmen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Both sources show consistent symbolic images of riverside scenery that have been interpreted to include <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow trees</a> and wetland birds that might be <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egret's</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The iconography suggests an association with wetlands, water margin, and rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="River_names">River names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: River names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>River names that may be derived from <i>Esus</i>: </p> <ul><li>The river <i>Aesis</i>, now known as the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Esino" class="extiw" title="wikt:Esino"><i>Esino</i></a> river in the <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> region of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The unidentified river <i>Aesius</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a> (modern-day Turkey).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Arnott MacCulloch summarized the state of scholarly interpretations of Esus in 1911 as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Reinach" title="Salomon Reinach">M. Reinach</a> applies one formula to the subjects of these altars—"The Divine <a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Woodman</a> hews the Tree of the Bull with Three Cranes." The whole represents some myth unknown to us, but <a href="/wiki/Marie_Henri_d%27Arbois_de_Jubainville" title="Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville">M. D'Arbois</a> finds in it some allusion to events in the Cúchulainn saga. In the imagery, the <a href="/wiki/Tarvos_Trigaranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarvos Trigaranos">bull</a> and tree are perhaps both divine, and if the animal, like the images of the divine bull, is three-horned, then the three cranes (<i>garanus</i>, "crane") may be a <a href="/wiki/Rebus" title="Rebus">rebus</a> for three-horned (<i>trikeras</i>), or more probably three-headed (<i>trikarenos</i>). In this case, <a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">woodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a> might all be representatives of a god of vegetation. In early ritual, human, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a>, or arboreal representatives of the god were periodically destroyed to ensure <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>, but when the god became separated from these representatives, the destruction or slaying was regarded as a sacrifice to the god, and myths arose telling how he had once slain the animal. In this case, tree and bull, really identical, would be mythically regarded as destroyed by the god whom they had once represented. If Esus was a god of vegetation, once represented by a tree, this would explain why, as the scholiast on <a href="/wiki/Lucan_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucan (poet)">Lucan</a> relates, human sacrifices to Esus were suspended from a tree. Esus was worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trèves</a>; a coin with the name Æsus was found in England; and personal names like Esugenos, "son of Esus," and Esunertus, "he who has the strength of Esus," occur in England, France, and Switzerland. Thus the cult of this god may have been comparatively widespread. But there is no evidence that he was a Celtic <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> or a member, with <a href="/wiki/Teutates" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutates">Teutates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taranis" title="Taranis">Taranis</a>, of a pan-Celtic triad, or that this triad, introduced by Gauls, was not accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a>. Had such a great triad existed, some instance of the occurrence of the three names on one inscription would certainly have been found. <a href="/wiki/Lucan_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucan (poet)">Lucan</a> does not refer to the gods as a triad, nor as gods of all the Celts, or even of one tribe. He lays stress merely on the fact that they were worshipped with <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>, and they were apparently more or less well-known local gods.<sup id="cite_ref-MacCulloch_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCulloch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>James McKillop cautions that Arbois de Jublainville's identification of Esus with <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a> "now seems ill-founded".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jan de Vries finds grounds of comparison between Esus and <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, both being patrons of sailors sometimes associated with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (deity)">Mercury</a> to whom human victims were said to be sacrificed by hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-devries98_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devries98-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Green_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miranda Green (academic)">Miranda Green</a> suggests that the willow-tree that Esus hews may symbolize "the Tree of Life [...] with its associations of destruction and death in winter and rebirth in the spring".<sup id="cite_ref-miranda_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miranda-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She further suggests that the cranes might represent "the flight of the soul (perhaps the soul of the tree)".<sup id="cite_ref-miranda_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miranda-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Neo-Druidism">In Neo-Druidism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Neo-Druidism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 18th century Druidic revivalist <a href="/wiki/Iolo_Morganwg" title="Iolo Morganwg">Iolo Morganwg</a> identified Esus with <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> on the strength of the similarity of their names. He also linked them both with <a href="/wiki/Hu_Gadarn" title="Hu Gadarn">Hu Gadarn</a>, writing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Both Hu and HUON were no doubt originally identical with the HEUS of Lactantius, and the HESUS of Lucan, described as gods of the Gauls. The similarity of the last name to IESU [<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Jesus] is obvious and striking.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This identification is still made in certain <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">Neo-Druidic</a> circles. Modern scholars consider the resemblance between the names Esus and Jesus to be coincidental.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugus" title="Lugus">Lugus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i> ( James MacKillop ) < Esus > . . .Although Esus was worshipped in many parts of Gaul, he appears to have been the eponymous god of the <a href="/wiki/Esuvii" title="Esuvii">Esuvii</a> of northwest <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, on the English Channel, coextensive with the modern French <a href="/wiki/Calvados_(department)" title="Calvados (department)">Department of Calvados</a>. . . .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004194–195_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004194–195-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii (Gaul)</a>, inhabitants during the Roman period. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend</i> ( <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Miranda J Green</a> ) < <b>Esus</b> >. . .The more significant stone forms part of the pillar dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> by Parisian sailors in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. The block from Paris was found with five others in 1711 on the site of Notre-Dame. . . .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a>, inhabitants during the Roman period. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend</i> ( <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Miranda J Green</a> ) < <b>Esus</b> >. . .Essentially similar iconography recurs on a 1st c. AD stone at Trier, where an unnamed woodcutter attacks a willow in which repose three egrets and the head of a bull. . . .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i> ( James MacKillop ) < <b>Esus</b> > . . .One temple features three symbolic representations of <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egrets</a>;he is also associated with the <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">crane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004194–195_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004194–195-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend</i> ( <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Miranda J Green</a> ) < <b>Esus</b> > . . .The symbolism of the two monuments, whilst not identical, is sufficiently similar and idiosyncratic for it to be possible to identify the presence of Esus on both. . . .In addition to the image of the woodman, the willow, the marsh birds and bull appear on the Paris and Trier images. . . .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend</i> ( <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Miranda J Green</a> ) < <b>Esus</b> > . . .there is a natural association between bulls, birds, and willows: egrets feed on parasites in cattle hide; they, like the willow, are inhabitants of marsh or water margin, and egrets nest in willows. . . .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brittonic Language</i> ( Alan James ) < *Ẹ:s > . . .Early Celtic *ēs- or *ais- > Br *ẹ:s-; Latinised as Esus, Æsus, Hesus.. . .It may be present in the river-names . . .Æsis (Esino) in Piceno, Italy (→ Adriatic). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2019132_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2019132-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See WiKtionary < <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:Aesis"><i>Aesis</i></a> > " 1. A river in Picenum that flows into the Adriatic Sea between Ancon and Sena Gallica, now the river Esino " </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">List of rivers of Italy</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brittonic Language</i> ( Alan James ) < *Ẹ:s > . . .Early Celtic *ēs- or *ais- > Br *ẹ:s-; Latinised as Esus, Æsus, Hesus. . . .It may be present in the river-names . . .Æsius in Bithynia, Asia Minor (→ Black Sea). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2019132_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2019132-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See WiKtionary < <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aesius" class="extiw" title="wikt:Aesius"><i>Aesius</i></a> > " 1. A river in Bithynia, mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> " </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">List of rivers of Turkey</a> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nautae-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nautae_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nautae_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+13%2C+03026&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">XIII, 03026</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJarus2023" class="citation web cs1">Jarus, Owen (2023-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/romans/rare-2100-year-old-gold-coin-bears-name-of-obscure-ruler-from-pre-roman-britain">"Rare 2,100-year-old gold coin bears name of obscure ruler from pre-Roman Britain"</a>. <i>Live Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Rare+2%2C100-year-old+gold+coin+bears+name+of+obscure+ruler+from+pre-Roman+Britain&rft.date=2023-10-28&rft.aulast=Jarus&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Farchaeology%2Fromans%2Frare-2100-year-old-gold-coin-bears-name-of-obscure-ruler-from-pre-roman-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phars-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phars_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phars_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">M. Annaeus Lucanus</a> (61-65 CE). <i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Bellum civile</a></i> I.445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marcel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marcel_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcel_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De medicamentis</i> 15.106, p. 121 in <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus#The_text" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Niedermann's edition</a>; Gustav Must, “A Gaulish Incantation in <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus of Bordeaux</a>,” <i>Language</i> 36 (1960) 193–197; Pierre-Yves Lambert, “Les formules de Marcellus de Bordeaux,” in <i>La langue gauloise</i> (Éditions Errance 2003), p.179, citing <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Fleuriot" title="Léon Fleuriot">Léon Fleuriot</a>, “Sur quelques textes gaulois,” <i>Études celtiques</i> 14 (1974) 57–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleuriot1974" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Fleuriot" title="Léon Fleuriot">Fleuriot, Léon</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1974_num_14_1_1519">"Sur quelques textes gaulois"</a>. <i>Études Celtiques</i> (in French). <b>14</b> (1): 59–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fecelt.1974.1519">10.3406/ecelt.1974.1519</a>. <q>Le nom de ce dieu est connu sous des formes assez diverses ... Relevons ici les variantes Esus, Aesus, Aisus, Haesus ...</q> [The god's name is known in many forms ... We list here the variations Esus, Aesus, Aisus, Haesus ...]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Celtiques&rft.atitle=Sur+quelques+textes+gaulois&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-60&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fecelt.1974.1519&rft.aulast=Fleuriot&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fecelt_0373-1928_1974_num_14_1_1519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._F._O'Rahilly1946" class="citation journal cs1">T. F. O'Rahilly (1946). "Ir. <i>Aobh, Aoibheall,</i> etc. W. <i>ufel, uwel</i>. Gaul. <i>Esus</i>". <i>Ériu</i>. <b>14</b>. Royal Irish Academy: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007645">30007645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89riu&rft.atitle=Ir.+Aobh%2C+Aoibheall%2C+etc.+W.+ufel%2C+uwel.+Gaul.+Esus&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30007645%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=T.+F.+O%27Rahilly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._MarkeyEgetmeyerMuller2013" class="citation journal cs1">L. Markey, Thomas; Egetmeyer, Markus; Muller, Jean-Claude (2013). "The boar's tusk of Istres (Bouches-du-Rhône): a Lepontic talismanic inscription". <i>Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 129 (entry nr. 13). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzcph.2013.008">10.1515/zcph.2013.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+celtische+Philologie&rft.atitle=The+boar%27s+tusk+of+Istres+%28Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%29%3A+a+Lepontic+talismanic+inscription&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129+%28entry+nr.+13%29&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzcph.2013.008&rft.aulast=L.+Markey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Egetmeyer%2C+Markus&rft.au=Muller%2C+Jean-Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCulloch-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacCulloch_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacCulloch_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. A. MacCulloch (1911). ‘Chapter III. The Gods of Gaul and the Continental Celts.’ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/rac/rac06.htm"><i>The Religion of the Ancient Celts</i>.</a> New York: Dover Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-42765-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-42765-X">0-486-42765-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+13%2C+11644&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">XIII, 11644</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-petrone-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-petrone_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-petrone_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Gricourt1958" class="citation journal cs1">Jean Gricourt (1958). "L'Esus de Pétrone". <i>Latomus</i>. <b>17</b> (1). Société d’Études Latines de Bruxelles: 102–109. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41518785">41518785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=L%27Esus+de+P%C3%A9trone&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=102-109&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41518785%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Jean+Gricourt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-devries98-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-devries98_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devries98_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan de Vries (1954). <i>Keltische Religion.</i> <a href="/wiki/W._Kohlhammer" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Kohlhammer">W. Kohlhammer</a>, Stuttgart. p.98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030413164435/http://www.geocities.com/chronarchy/mjournal/patrons/aboutesus.html">Cited here.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004194–195-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004194–195_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004194–195_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacKillop2004">MacKillop 2004</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/unknown-iron-age-ruler-or-king-discovered-on-coin-found-in-english-field/">"Name of Unknown Iron Age Ruler Discovered on 2000-Year-old Coin Found in English Field"</a>. 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Name+of+Unknown+Iron+Age+Ruler+Discovered+on+2000-Year-old+Coin+Found+in+English+Field&rft.date=2023-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodnewsnetwork.org%2Funknown-iron-age-ruler-or-king-discovered-on-coin-found-in-english-field%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProinsias_Mac_Cana1970" class="citation book cs1">Proinsias Mac Cana (1970). <i>Celtic Mythology</i>. London: Hamlyn Publishing. pp. 32–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32-35&rft.pub=Hamlyn+Publishing&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Proinsias+Mac+Cana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronarchy.com/esus/aboutesus.html">Cited here</a> (retrieved 2016-08-17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miranda-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miranda_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miranda_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miranda_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miranda_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda_Green1992" class="citation book cs1">Miranda Green (1992). <i>Symbol & Image in Celtic Religious Art</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 103–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbol+%26+Image+in+Celtic+Religious+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Miranda+Green&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olmsted, Garrett S., The gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans, University of Innsbruck, 1994, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199293–94_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1992">Green 1992</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2019132-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2019132_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2019132_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames2019">James 2019</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_MacKillop2000" class="citation book cs1">James MacKillop (2000). <i>A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Celtic+Mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=James+MacKillop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronarchy.com/esus/aboutesus.html">Cited here</a> (retrieved 2016-08-17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Iolo_Morganwg" title="Iolo Morganwg">Iolo Morganwg</a> (1862, ed. J. Williams Ab Ithel). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/bim1/bim1096.htm">The Barddas of Iolo Morganwg</a>,</i> Vol. I.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Green, Miranda J</a> (1992). <i>Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500279755" title="Special:BookSources/9780500279755"><bdi>9780500279755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Celtic+Myth+and+Legend&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780500279755&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Miranda+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2019" class="citation web cs1">James, Alan G. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf">"The Brittonic Language in the Old North, A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence, Volume 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Place-Name_Society" title="Scottish Place-Name Society">Scottish Place-Name Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brittonic+Language+in+the+Old+North%2C+A+Guide+to+the+Place-Name+Evidence%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Scottish+Place-Name+Society&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspns.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2FAlan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKillop2004" class="citation book cs1">MacKillop, James (2004). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860967-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860967-1"><bdi>0-19-860967-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Celtic+Mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-860967-1&rft.aulast=MacKillop&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._MarkeyEgetmeyerMuller2013" class="citation journal cs1">L. Markey, Thomas; Egetmeyer, Markus; Muller, Jean-Claude (2013). "The boar's tusk of Istres (Bouches-du-Rhône): a Lepontic talismanic inscription". <i>Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 128–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzcph.2013.008">10.1515/zcph.2013.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+celtische+Philologie&rft.atitle=The+boar%27s+tusk+of+Istres+%28Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%29%3A+a+Lepontic+talismanic+inscription&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-131&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzcph.2013.008&rft.aulast=L.+Markey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Egetmeyer%2C+Markus&rft.au=Muller%2C+Jean-Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1961" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ross, Anne (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1961_num_9_2_1475">"Esus et les trois "grues"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Études Celtiques</i> (in French). <b>9</b> (2): 405–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fecelt.1961.1475">10.3406/ecelt.1961.1475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Celtiques&rft.atitle=Esus+et+les+trois+%22grues%22&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=405-438&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fecelt.1961.1475&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fecelt_0373-1928_1961_num_9_2_1475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuval1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duval, Paul-Marie (1989). "«Teutates, Esus, Taranis»". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1989_ant_116_1_3668"><i>Travaux sur la Gaule (1946-1986)</i></a>. Publications de l'École française de Rome (in French). Vol. 116. Rome: École Française de Rome. pp. 275-287 (here, 282-284).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%ABTeutates%2C+Esus%2C+Taranis%C2%BB&rft.btitle=Travaux+sur+la+Gaule+%281946-1986%29&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Publications+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome&rft.pages=275-287+%28here%2C+282-284%29&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Duval&rft.aufirst=Paul-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fefr_0000-0000_1989_ant_116_1_3668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuval1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duval, Paul-Marie (1989). "Esus et ses outils sur des bas-reliefs à Trêves et à Paris". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1989_ant_116_1_3681"><i>Travaux sur la Gaule (1946-1986)</i></a>. Publications de l'École française de Rome (in French). Vol. 116. Rome: École Française de Rome. pp. 463–470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esus+et+ses+outils+sur+des+bas-reliefs+%C3%A0+Tr%C3%AAves+et+%C3%A0+Paris&rft.btitle=Travaux+sur+la+Gaule+%281946-1986%29&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Publications+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome&rft.pages=463-470&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Duval&rft.aufirst=Paul-Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fefr_0000-0000_1989_ant_116_1_3681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeveauRemy2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leveau, Philippe; Remy, Bernard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/antaf_0066-4871_2014_num_50_1_1561">"Ésus en Afrique: à propos d'une inscription fragmentaire de Caesarea Mauretaniae commémorant l'exécution d'une injonction d'Ésus"</a>. <i>Antiquités africaines</i> (in French). <b>50</b>: 85–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fantaf.2014.1561">10.3406/antaf.2014.1561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquit%C3%A9s+africaines&rft.atitle=%C3%89sus+en+Afrique%3A+%C3%A0+propos+d%27une+inscription+fragmentaire+de+Caesarea+Mauretaniae+comm%C3%A9morant+l%27ex%C3%A9cution+d%27une+injonction+d%27%C3%89sus&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=85-92&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fantaf.2014.1561&rft.aulast=Leveau&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Remy%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fantaf_0066-4871_2014_num_50_1_1561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Esus">Esus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronarchy.com/esus/aboutesus.html">Esus</a>, including photographs and a capitulation of primary 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#c1e6c1;;background:#90db90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaulish-Brythonic_mythology" title="Template:Gaulish-Brythonic mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaulish-Brythonic_mythology" title="Template talk:Gaulish-Brythonic mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaulish-Brythonic_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaulish-Brythonic mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_mythology_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> series</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#c1e6c1;"><div><b>Ancient deities of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> by region</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%">Supra-regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaunus" title="Alaunus">Alaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisanos" title="Alisanos">Alisanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarta" title="Andarta">Andarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anextiomarus" title="Anextiomarus">Anextiomarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artio" title="Artio">Artio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aveta" title="Aveta">Aveta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belenus" title="Belenus">Belenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisama" title="Belisama">Belisama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borvo" title="Borvo">Borvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulus" title="Camulus">Camulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernunnos" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicolluis" title="Cicolluis">Cicolluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissonius" title="Cissonius">Cissonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condatis" title="Condatis">Condatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damona" title="Damona">Damona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dis_Pater" title="Dis Pater">Dis Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divona" title="Divona">Divona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epona" title="Epona">Epona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erecura" title="Erecura">Erecura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_Spirits" title="Hooded Spirits">Genii Cucullati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grannus" title="Grannus">Grannus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ialonus_Contrebis" title="Ialonus Contrebis">Ialonus Contrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenus" title="Lenus">Lenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litavis" title="Litavis">Litavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loucetios" title="Loucetios">Loucetios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugus" title="Lugus">Lugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maponos" title="Maponos">Maponos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">Matres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Matrona" title="Dea Matrona">Matrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogons" title="Mogons">Mogons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantosuelta" title="Nantosuelta">Nantosuelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogmios" title="Ogmios">Ogmios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritona" title="Ritona">Ritona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmerta" title="Rosmerta">Rosmerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segomo" title="Segomo">Segomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirona_(goddess)" title="Sirona (goddess)">Sirona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucellus" title="Sucellus">Sucellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleviae" title="Suleviae">Suleviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranis" title="Taranis">Taranis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toutatis" title="Toutatis">Toutatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virotutis" title="Virotutis">Virotutis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visucius" title="Visucius">Visucius</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rouelle_d_or_Balesme_Haute_Marne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Celtic wheel"><img alt="Celtic wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rouelle_d_or_Balesme_Haute_Marne.jpg/100px-Rouelle_d_or_Balesme_Haute_Marne.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rouelle_d_or_Balesme_Haute_Marne.jpg/150px-Rouelle_d_or_Balesme_Haute_Marne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rouelle_d_or_Balesme_Haute_Marne.jpg/200px-Rouelle_d_or_Balesme_Haute_Marne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Celtic wheel</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taranis"><img alt="Taranis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg/100px-Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg/150px-Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg/200px-Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Taranis</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Britannia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandinus" title="Abandinus">Abandinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaisiagae" title="Alaisiagae">Alaisiagae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancasta" title="Ancasta">Ancasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andraste" title="Andraste">Andraste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnemetia" title="Arnemetia">Arnemetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belatucadros" title="Belatucadros">Belatucadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clota" title="Clota">Clota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocidius" title="Cocidius">Cocidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventina" title="Coventina">Coventina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iouga" title="Iouga">Iouga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latis" title="Latis">Latis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodens" title="Nodens">Nodens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelus" title="Ocelus">Ocelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricagambeda" title="Ricagambeda">Ricagambeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satiada" title="Satiada">Satiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senuna" title="Senuna">Senuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulis" title="Sulis">Sulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinotonus" title="Vinotonus">Vinotonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbeia" title="Verbeia">Verbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veteris" title="Veteris">Veteris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellio" title="Abellio">Abellio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baco_(god)" title="Baco (god)">Baco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_(god)" title="Fagus (god)">Fagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexarbores" title="Sexarbores">Sexarbores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnoba" title="Abnoba">Abnoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancamna" title="Ancamna">Ancamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduinna" title="Arduinna">Arduinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvernus" title="Arvernus">Arvernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icovellauna" title="Icovellauna">Icovellauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inciona" title="Inciona">Inciona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarabus" title="Intarabus">Intarabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iovantucarus" title="Iovantucarus">Iovantucarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraudunus" title="Veraudunus">Veraudunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindonnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindonnus">Vindonnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosegus" title="Vosegus">Vosegus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xulsigiae" title="Xulsigiae">Xulsigiae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Gallia Celtica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acionna" title="Acionna">Acionna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvallus" title="Anvallus">Anvallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atepomarus" title="Atepomarus">Atepomarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricta" title="Bricta">Bricta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobannus" title="Gobannus">Gobannus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icaunis" title="Icaunis">Icaunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxovius" title="Luxovius">Luxovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetona" title="Nemetona">Nemetona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccus" title="Moccus">Moccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritasgus" title="Moritasgus">Moritasgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullo_(god)" title="Mullo (god)">Mullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naria" title="Naria">Naria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robor" title="Robor">Robor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequana" title="Sequana">Sequana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souconna_(mythology)" title="Souconna (mythology)">Souconna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smertrios" title="Smertrios">Smertrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telo_(mythology)" title="Telo (mythology)">Telo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Gallia Cisalpina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambisagrus" title="Ambisagrus">Ambisagrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albiorix_(Gaulish_deity)" title="Albiorix (Gaulish deity)">Albiorix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaius" title="Artaius">Artaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxenus" title="Buxenus">Buxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathubodua" title="Cathubodua">Cathubodua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lero" title="Lero">Lero et Lerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemausus" title="Nemausus">Nemausus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudianos" title="Rudianos">Rudianos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matronae_Aufaniae" title="Matronae Aufaniae">Matronae Aufaniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebrinius" title="Gebrinius">Gebrinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehalennia" title="Nehalennia">Nehalennia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c1e6c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandua" title="Bandua">Bandua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endovelicus" title="Endovelicus">Endovelicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabia" title="Nabia">Nabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reo_(deity)" title="Reo (deity)">Reue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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