CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134b8fc0f6b3dad',cH: 'mmp3hCMuXjvZon1.UUhzVTL4aSNmO3vwzwehxAJcfuA-1739784247-1.2.1.1-KrMm67Ag__cLTUETQqbBFJcvlL46livjxjdGp_5z4HqvtzxjxQw.A2czjrzNq42n',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=grid-connected%20photovoltaic%20systems&__cf_chl_tk=eNulD.j7k65.FS3a_8Ss2Ae4Z.nCZlgNmxZudxd2n94-1739784247-1.0.1.1-7VQYJ3ZnR.8EHmyrW4svQc5a5fw6ELG8WJE_h3q4YN8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739784247',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=grid-connected%20photovoltaic%20systems&__cf_chl_f_tk=eNulD.j7k65.FS3a_8Ss2Ae4Z.nCZlgNmxZudxd2n94-1739784247-1.0.1.1-7VQYJ3ZnR.8EHmyrW4svQc5a5fw6ELG8WJE_h3q4YN8",md: "C1mC4gOOmjaF3sKX4pySD7nJ8F6UOezlxmRD0Btv6z0-1739784247-1.2.1.1-YCFAWSTlsoCmkZsu1dz_IOSIO0pHK8WWP0jIklw2PED1V_hyDZcyP2D1nLmaBwBttlsGjx4CHNmSSgf.DGupJ8InKBxeSguLNd10zd_Gwu2AsxyEs8BpwtGso61Jmh0OKDnzoLneTrr5j9kWEHrhy9UAVuedIRoG3oecz7yC4JcwBxwVWRnL5gv1gk8Br4VFtTU9j6QH2.AEJn2FEL9Vp_9qb0a.pqSK.GgU1CRV5DLnLJpSE.lG26t81Wr1sjEF84e0fbnNxfySncyv7Y.BCXNKyGQ6HqQ3gNmzIXhK2.tecPNu8q.egJlwpt5shxFau9.w8GOACfErO0kx1rRSuqeGwjFp5tSuXJhcHikaWmWQqYTmHad.sEBiTCu1.RI2Ef8ybI.8Bx1gRYFUbTDACqPN.zLtJ4NnY01Uz3sltrSvc3JD0QMlqoqusOiYHLJ6vXcBIhf3uw.0tThDT0FB9Dkv57Vq38pv2..49HhDRogK0vgnpC.COZGVX4IFO7Nvt.fkJZdwm_WR_Yk.CUermkRJqEIK07MmHAeJpQLvRJl6ZL9bvGlzYWkepnOGfMVzt.tfhHNpVt9UH4KJFTPwcocqzMPzdMABFQ9VVQLU4RFU4SQAFy8MJAhbTL0oKJtVjZkmRO3GnV33CfE5nzfhaDO6NQ6pDCgCRPymb.nKSxz5F9LBAklKeaGChpmFO229wbpjUgxtz2OAyI9JAnWPiYHv67xUlljuSh0ZTtjBAdnyA7bpee.V.b1AyValTU64FVKatKRDSS1P5FaAs4cG0DSSNs4dsA23U3O2LLaAX1w_UKvzH8pOEw8jvoB.0Far84qTYnG.RkmUFyrxDwlYEjOaxqQx6Je8XweQHroph2JRyuPq9pZhN07GgM9lxbF_QKEgtJCe1uCakE3TO6ru7pqHxL3pWtMRajFBU0XHj.6NguGUXumexutkVywLht5ZLk2eyLIjGoy6gpfcx4vkJI45o_QqXT0llPnGQWzoTS_c4jTdHpMZB2aIdmND843IzV.4CX8ACTxc1zJjGdgsqkShTcPWhtpVVopBptSYQtyH4_3z3fFzEZj0BWQwUPZ7XIxKXKZX0i7CyWgZdEtH2TdLtxKkJ5p9NPFkRVUwrKrH2nMBSWe1qVxp5u2hM3m9Id8L9dT9sHEXdIpRWnbgxTw4A0BN0nxAExn6CKNKAPz07rP_O3ccJMYzTHhmDDJ732TtlAa.XYsff_UmHcTGF9djCpGnHLQq_3I0WiFeQf9e6xCgepw1GDkqwLQFnYc4.Vvpc6RPo3QPFJyPCCLBjYkJFGpezrXoa5exgKWtOW5yPn49FEf2_Io7ukyZ_AiWkJMuQVKvZg5KwjQzgjBskP3UfRKLYvt5Z1ZgRVVBniECGX3jtlEIgpaCUjrduJUa7k_3hazUOY2StLZi0XGGBlyvYxrbOy4dJx2UZej4cQJyFSMgMWl3pcLEpUyBKKyjNph8owVgSP5UCv7Xth4OBaUjiMfbCTb1CEeEs1xfIv6MMHDI6IIbrLJzupAeFd5FEAScRgYVzLyA0IDm_DqbQEuFRVjiYBwK5QupUsxjL9dfutUpYk.qsTQNkuS8T1_AzPkMNLSjRP3kExR1fnXQ1UZ1x2uWo32hE1QKitNLQW8Y3d5oLAGcbG_GmH8FiuOXwV6ne0zpy.wJPuRT6iZ4s8EKGs6QibH4S8nBHzMIuhZOmYAXDsQ07AU3.3dv1b5yObpKTeBKYyPwTuRQb74u4frouGR5cXBe2GAQV2NNvRIdhy.IDLbsAG7oxiQ5qaWhemr6xa2Jmko7rdTfnaeV09x9_1RjXhDy69FsYrIIfk7rN.LJiwKU4bQJ9ldR0KbN7L2AA0YqgRXyTzAdNouWWLSdsuxthAl8vk1mNgIMz3jtIHonnc3fLDukE5vEENkn4iqoOK0Lkr8KLcZ5TvDEQ_OS0wbAJwQ2q9n72s0kGHf4.h085dytA6qJdBb35lCP0EMDxbdimtjQ_uK9VZvcB9kwd1yPsqfvndP9qu2TsxM",mdrd: "R_XJYHC1euz2l_BGcFV.bN3Y2ntTkfHerp9_HGL45Yo-1739784247-1.2.1.1-DlD.O32NKfDcRmOdagNw9RmpKd7xA03A9xKJOrPFWYc5w0QIbQZVnqaaJZpQT4C3U0lpISDDxp0gcVLLAad8hzruK_wYJyL87XMHXJBpIBugGxc0odnTE8QVmI26sY8ve6AofHdAsZ6QTC6nLB2.yMGaoHv2GMi0Wvxdflf_rJbjKB2KM28RqZju7A18F7Wl6Zha1BphFjjKB6GC5y5fthXVrzd3WT.sHwyKIsaVgjWUhxKWJ0UX8KB.EtrfZedMW0Qy93_MlEaLbUHUmyUSokx3cctZznw.R2gSWV.fbN6YXeUWfGr_Nc_M.cK.wIR7v1qxMEByctIKrc5JLG6ZOgsyI.LUUsl0FH3mzAqgJHMGdgVQKNsqjaJqNbpGEuRyxhEPNQI1GMtN.eB0gZ0W0QoF9q_hTpNiexHVIJFb5_wED.sBTo8TMNjlrIwd1teuL3VF6G9XLUJTE.epZFVr_R84XZvqyQKpRWxXpkdREh5BAq4pWH9rMMV4DYyhZlj1aR9VXXZFRT1PZMm8w99NunwoAKR9T7uzu8iUMvHRmgVTksijrRzE4rrLG3jvlE.EN4FTyrFn55zwsJDbhiL.gBfFkdx3VVD.TjmLh0A.VvxsaxODsWVO0JTfNu5EWAIOHzNRJ9CWhxAiAP4RPQ3SGKq9M7ZTDPDgHwyMWpDxyz0ysT7AQhtwkAfcU9R9ToVvkG8iJtBbmy.b8mI_FbQdJ5Ya5B.k4KTTR2I3jKTSlJXtoGDDvZEEF1wwcySUmJEl.Pm5onf8l_mAGPl1cYWidwhJfs5DWVwZQNAOj7Jt9DqKqiHtDQF2YP38b1kDU6_WYul09oedAKn.ZkJIryqAPRXXId2YNldxhp9XSA5KLo5RkYNFAr2jsZAHg3gwFocLkQ5Zxglt7q4plnuT6zNJujQZULuNPOHjG218BaSjw48crW3Z2bXGVpbi7XbM5bBe2GymGO4UzMhg7_3MXYJ66qK8mkrowS1Xz0GvWFi1AlLQuKkMe_CHtMJbUOwxAWYsTmqMnZa5kEnDCInlwDUGZXY6DYhDsgipifbxG0n8OX2El4a2ZSXJYrEbBDH6zoZUxpU6BC.0bTR61SoLns5tZgcBPZvbJphu4Kokishy.ylJOOofwMH56owuRxxh_w0G.455SIhEd.OlW3HUeTqSi20fWemZddm.uZ9kCwc_WivSwwk38p2AjMiZtfBLd1LmVghsgD_MprPkt8bHGdzwxHXsldtZ7K2AMnMxgivKOC80yzURorI0Zvjs1ZzUgFfrR6jS3TGm8yJEpYQZ6.Sj1boZzsnjlSLPTF_R6pz.kUByD6gc.T.YiVUqNAIO4050dH8iRhXlrgs9U_nmxLYxxVugLAydTphkeGUq8HmkLC_mp5HNXW4E_SjRybelZ9GmT4_yDOkX4HuDNpgxeMMQmmbPJ6puaDPXu.5Lo_AgGy5KYXrJ_Q_1KkTl5om32.xTbmUD_I8U8g6wZVzGWkOcy01qDXpvH3DbHarcXC71icHuVWzL1bAyWIL1o5ICHKWFOxfIRw16dxKmkbW0K8ICUHYc8k.KjFzqZH0iePitAL7RMqG.v7AASyqByYYXz5kAxpTZXxHVshf49383x72nRbaTxhzSZUA7_4cgGZXnYlcwsqQZNeh6gzpjZK3ziSMSouaGgwCL6jpsrtl0FXX9b147x_wVbkREMmbkxCppXdhVIxMr5c7RCFkgCM4hI.Kd1SSoXiJvRDGOqGOnI5hjvbDI737ithY3uaYBZxjfaCCcqURF1AqkJqiC.AhW.cDvF0Rsvtehgq16YupcBxndFJB_mfR2ICBrMdDWiq1D5xOBFnhlRVyXsO8oMCsLqajJtBzQe4k0KckOGKCP2rNsOtzgk2h_XUl6qJEVYCzq1Z1vXVm_Sgv3sUzzHNWAY_0GFWgQ8T1YijSiDKOv7wEEfMjyMCri9FLCYmoFigqq.h1mFrkE8_TU9Sy0D43YaTtz"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134b8fc0f6b3dad';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=grid-connected%20photovoltaic%20systems&__cf_chl_rt_tk=eNulD.j7k65.FS3a_8Ss2Ae4Z.nCZlgNmxZudxd2n94-1739784247-1.0.1.1-7VQYJ3ZnR.8EHmyrW4svQc5a5fw6ELG8WJE_h3q4YN8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>