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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Classification</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification_selon_Tournadre_(2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_selon_Tournadre_(2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classification selon Tournadre (2014)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_selon_Tournadre_(2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Langues tibétiques</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 43 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_tibetanes" title="Llingües tibetanes – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües tibetanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تبت دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تبت دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Тыбецкія мовы – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыбецкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Тыбэцкія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыбэцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="তিব্বতি ভাষাসমূহ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিব্বতি ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་ཀྱི་ཡུལ་གྲུ་སོ་སོའི་སྐད། – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོད་ཀྱི་ཡུལ་གྲུ་སོ་སོའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_tibetek_rik" title="Yezhoù tibetek rik – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù tibetek rik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanische_Sprachen" title="Tibetanische Sprachen – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tibetanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Tibetki" title="Zıwanê Tibetki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Tibetki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tibetic languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetaj_lingvoj" title="Tibetaj lingvoj – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tibetaj lingvoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_tib%C3%A9ticas" title="Lenguas tibéticas – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas tibéticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های تبتی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های تبتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tib%C3%A9ticas" title="Linguas tibéticas – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas tibéticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="तिब्बताई भाषाएँ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिब्बताई भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetski_jezici" title="Tibetski jezici – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tibetski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeti_nyelvek" title="Tibeti nyelvek – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tibeti nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Tibet" title="Rumpun bahasa Tibet – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADbesk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Tíbesk tungumál – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tíbesk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="チベット諸語 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チベット諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტიბეტური ენები – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიბეტური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="티베트어 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티베트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_t%C3%AEbet%C3%AE" title="Zimanên tîbetî – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên tîbetî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tibetan" title="Linguas tibetan – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas tibetan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Tibetiečių kalbos – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tibetiečių kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tibetika" title="Fiteny tibetika – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tibetika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тибетски јазици – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тибетски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="तिब्बती भाषा परिवार – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tibetiske språk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tibetiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_tybeta%C5%84skie" title="Języki tybetańskie – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki tybetańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="تبتی زباناں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تبتی زباناں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тибетские языки – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибетские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тибетски језици – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тибетски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95" title="กลุ่มภาษาทิเบต – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาทิเบต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_dilleri" title="Tibet dilleri – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tibet dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/White_Palace_of_the_Potala.jpg/68px-White_Palace_of_the_Potala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/White_Palace_of_the_Potala.jpg/90px-White_Palace_of_the_Potala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phonetik.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/45px-Phonetik.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/68px-Phonetik.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/90px-Phonetik.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant la <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">linguistique</a>.</strong> </p> <div class="nomobile">Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>.</div> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete bd" style="background-color:#FF6347;color:black;">Langues tibétiques<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408458">.mw-parser-output .entete.bd{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><th scope="row">Pays </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhoutan" title="Bhoutan">Bhoutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9pal" title="Népal">Népal</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Région </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Classification par famille</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_sino-tib%C3%A9taines" title="Langues sino-tibétaines">langues sino-tibétaines</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_tib%C3%A9to-birmanes" title="Langues tibéto-birmanes">langues tibéto-birmanes</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_bodiques" title="Langues bodiques">langues bodiques</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> langues bodiennes<ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">langues tibétiques</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_classique" title="Tibétain classique">tibétain classique</a></li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> vieux tibétain moyen</li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> langues ladakhi-balti</li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Codes de langue</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldm1245">oldm1245</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Carte</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Langues_Tib%C3%A9tiques.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Langues tibétiques" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Langues_Tib%C3%A9tiques.png/280px-Langues_Tib%C3%A9tiques.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Langues_Tib%C3%A9tiques.png/420px-Langues_Tib%C3%A9tiques.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Langues_Tib%C3%A9tiques.png/560px-Langues_Tib%C3%A9tiques.png 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FF6347 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color: inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Langue" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Les <b>langues tibétiques</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain#alphasyllabaire" title="Tibétain">tibétain</a> : <span lang="bo" style="font-family: 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung', Kailasa, 'DDC Uchen', 'Noto Serif Tibetan', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Suring', 'Qomolangma-Title', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen', 'Qomolangma-Subtitle', Jomolhari, 'Qomolangma-Woodblock', Kokonor, 'Qomolangma-Dunhuang', 'DDC Rinzin', 'TCRC Youtso Unicode', 'Tibetan Machine Uni', Wangdi29, 'Noto Sans Tibetan', 'Microsoft Himalaya'; font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:top; word-wrap: break-word;">བོད་སྐད།</span>, <a href="/wiki/Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie" title="Translittération Wylie">Wylie</a> : <i>bod skad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_simplifi%C3%A9e_THL" title="Phonétique simplifiée THL">THL</a> : <i>böké</i>) sont un ensemble de <a href="/wiki/Langues_sino-tib%C3%A9taines" title="Langues sino-tibétaines">langues sino-tibétaines</a>, descendant de l'<a href="/wiki/Ancien_tib%C3%A9tain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien tibétain">ancien tibétain</a>, parlées sur une large étendue de l'est de l'<a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">Asie centrale</a>, à la limite avec le <a href="/wiki/Sous-continent_indien" title="Sous-continent indien">sous-continent indien</a>, et comprenant le <a href="/wiki/Plateau_tib%C3%A9tain" title="Plateau tibétain">plateau tibétain</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a> au <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9pal" title="Népal">Népal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Bhoutan" title="Bhoutan">Bhoutan</a>. Le <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_classique" title="Tibétain classique">tibétain classique</a> est une langue littéraire majeure régionale, particulièrement pour son utilisation pour la <a href="/wiki/Textes_du_bouddhisme" title="Textes du bouddhisme">littérature bouddhiste</a>. </p><p>Le <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_central" title="Tibétain central">tibétain central</a> (les dialectes de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a>, incluant le <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain" title="Tibétain">tibétain standard</a>, celui de <a href="/wiki/Lhassa" title="Lhassa">Lhassa</a>), le <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_du_Kham" title="Tibétain du Kham">tibétain du Kham</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_de_l%27Amdo" title="Tibétain de l'Amdo">tibétain de l'Amdo</a> sont généralement considérés comme des dialectes d'une seule langue, notamment puisqu'elles partagent la même langue littéraire, tandis que le <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">dzongkha</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Sikkimais" title="Sikkimais">sikkimais</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_(langue)" title="Sherpa (langue)">sherpa</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi" title="Ladakhi">ladakhi</a>, et le <a href="/wiki/Balti_(langue)" title="Balti (langue)">balti</a> sont généralement considérés comme des langues distinctes<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l'aide.">[réf. nécessaire]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le terme <i>tibétique</i> a été utilisé pour des types variés de niveaux intermédiaires des <a href="/wiki/Langues_tib%C3%A9to-birmanes" title="Langues tibéto-birmanes">langues tibéto-birmanes</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origines">Origines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Origines" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origines"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png/220px-The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png/330px-The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png/440px-The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png 2x" data-file-width="2851" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>L'origine et la diffusion des langues sino-tibétaines. L'ovale rouge représente la fin des cultures Cishan et les premières cultures de Yangshao. Les flèches noires représentent les voies présumées de l'expansion non sinitique. Après avoir appliqué la méthode comparative linguistique à la base de données de données linguistiques comparatives développée par <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Laurent Sagart</a> en 2019 pour identifier des correspondances sonores et établir des apparentés, des méthodes phylogénétiques sont utilisées pour déduire des relations entre ces langues et estimer la date et la région de leur origine<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Marius Zemp fait l'hypothèse, en 2018, que les langues tibétiques ont pour origine un <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> qui a comme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strate_(linguistique)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strate (linguistique) (page inexistante)">superstrat</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum" class="extiw" title="en:Stratum (linguistics)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum »">(en)</span></a> les <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Himalayish_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Himalayish languages (page inexistante)">langues ouest himalayennes</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" class="extiw" title="en:West Himalayish languages"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « West Himalayish languages »">(en)</span></a> et le <a href="/wiki/Zhang-zhung_(langue)" title="Zhang-zhung (langue)">zhangzhung</a>, et un <a href="/wiki/Substrat_(linguistique)" title="Substrat (linguistique)">substrat</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_gyalrongique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langues gyalrongique (page inexistante)">gyalrongique</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rgyalrongic_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Rgyalrongic languages"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Rgyalrongic languages »">(en)</span></a>. De façon similaire, les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tamangiques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langues tamangiques (page inexistante)">langues tamangiques</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamangic_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Tamangic languages"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Tamangic languages »">(en)</span></a>, ont également un superstrat himalayen occidental, mais leurs substrats sont issus de différentes branches sino-tibétaines<sup id="cite_ref-Zemp2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zemp2018-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Classification" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Classification"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Nicolas Tournadre</a> (2008) décrit la situation linguistique du tibétain comme suit :</p><blockquote> <p>« En se basant sur mes 20 années de travaux dans le domaine, à travers l'ensemble de l'aire de la langue tibétaine et de la littérature existante, j'estime qu'il y existe 220 <i>dialectes tibétains</i> descendant du <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_ancien" title="Tibétain ancien">tibétain ancien</a> et qui est diffusé à travers 5 pays : Chine, Inde, Bhoutan, Népal et Pakistan [qui] peuvent être classés en 25 groupes de dialectes càd des groupes qui ne permettent pas une intercompréhension mutuelle. La notion de <i>groupe de dialecte</i> est l'équivalent de la notion de langue mais ne suit aucune standardisation. D'après cela, si l'on met de côté la notion de standardisation, je crois qu'il serait plus approprié de parler de 25 langues descendant du tibétain ancien. Ça n'est pas seulement un problème de terminologie, mais cela donne une perception complètement différente de l'étendue des variations. Lorsque l'on se réfère à 25 langues, nous affirmons clairement que nous avons affaire à une famille, comparable, en taille, à la famille des langues romanes qui comprend 19 groupes de dialectes<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> » </p> </blockquote><p>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_selon_Tournadre_(2014)"><span id="Classification_selon_Tournadre_.282014.29"></span>Classification selon Tournadre (2014)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Classification selon Tournadre (2014)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Classification selon Tournadre (2014)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Nicolas Tournadre</a> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> classes les langues tibétiques comme suit : </p> <ul><li><b>Nord-Est</b> : <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi" title="Ladakhi">Ladakhi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialecte_zangskari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialecte zangskari (page inexistante)">zangskari</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangskari_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Zangskari dialect"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Zangskari dialect »">(en)</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_(langue)" title="Balti (langue)">balti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langue_purki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langue purki (page inexistante)">purgi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purki_language" class="extiw" title="en:Purki language"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Purki language »">(en)</span></a> (ou purki)</li> <li><b>Ouest</b> : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiti_Bhoti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiti Bhoti (page inexistante)">Spiti</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiti_Bhoti" class="extiw" title="en:Spiti Bhoti"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Spiti Bhoti »">(en)</span></a>, garzha, khunu, jad ;</li> <li><b>Centre</b> : <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_central" title="Tibétain central">Ü</a>, tsang, phenpo, lhokha, tö, kongpo ;</li> <li><b>Sud-Ouest</b> : <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_(langue)" title="Sherpa (langue)">Sherpa</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langue_jirel_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langue jirel language (page inexistante)">Jirel</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirel_language" class="extiw" title="en:Jirel language"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Jirel language »">(en)</span></a> ; Les autres langues et dialectes le long de la frontière sino-népalaise : Humla, mugu, dolpo, lo-ke, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langue_nubri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langue nubri (page inexistante)">nubri</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubri_language" class="extiw" title="en:Nubri language"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Nubri language »">(en)</span></a>, tsum, langtang, kyirong, yolmo, gyalsumdo, kagate, lhomi, walung et tokpe gola ;</li> <li><b>Sud</b> : <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a>, drengjong, tsamang, dhromo Lakha, dur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langue_brokkat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langue brokkat (page inexistante)">Brokkat</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokkat_language" class="extiw" title="en:Brokkat language"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Brokkat language »">(en)</span></a>, mera sakteng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brokpa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brokpa language (page inexistante)">brokpa</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokpa_language" class="extiw" title="en:Brokpa language"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Brokpa language »">(en)</span></a>-ke ;</li> <li><b>Sud-Est</b>: hor nagchu, hor bachen, yushu, pembar, rongdrak, minyak, dzayul, derong-Jol, chaktreng, muli-dappa, semkyi nyida; autres dialectes <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_du_Kham" title="Tibétain du Kham">khams</a> ; <ul><li>Dialectes de la ‘route Nord’ : ‘<a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a> (Chab-mdo), <a href="/wiki/Dergu%C3%A9" title="Dergué">Derge</a> (sde-dge), and <a href="/wiki/Xian_de_Garz%C3%AA" title="Xian de Garzê">Kandze</a> (dkar-mdzes) ;</li> <li>Dialectes de la ‘route Sud’ : <a href="/wiki/Barkam" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkam">Markham</a> (smar-khams), <a href="/wiki/Xian_de_Batang" title="Xian de Batang">Bathang</a> (’ba’-thang), <a href="/wiki/Xian_de_Litang" title="Xian de Litang">Lithang</a> (li-thang) ;</li></ul></li> <li><b>Est</b> : Drugchu, khöpokhok, thewo, <a href="/wiki/Choni" title="Choni">choni</a> (ou chone), <a href="/wiki/Baima" title="Baima">baima</a>, Sharkhok, Palkyi [Pashi] et <a href="/wiki/Zhongu" title="Zhongu">zhongu</a> ; autres dialectes <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_du_Kham" title="Tibétain du Kham">khams</a> ;</li> <li><b>Nord-Est</b> : <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_de_l%27Amdo" title="Tibétain de l'Amdo">Amdo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langue_gSerpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langue gSerpa (page inexistante)">gSerpa</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gserpa_language" class="extiw" title="en:Gserpa language"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Gserpa language »">(en)</span></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langue_khalong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langue khalong (page inexistante)">khalong</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalong_language" class="extiw" title="en:Khalong language"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Khalong language »">(en)</span></a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">(<a href="#Tournadre2014">Tournadre 2014</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="SagartJacquesLaiRyder2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Laurent_SagartGuillaume_JacquesYunfan_LaiRobin_J._Ryder2019"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Laurent <span class="nom_auteur">Sagart</span>, Guillaume <span class="nom_auteur">Jacques</span>, Yunfan <span class="nom_auteur">Lai</span> et Robin J. <span class="nom_auteur">Ryder</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 116, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 21,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-05-21" data-sort-value="2019-05-21">21 mai 2019</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">10317–10322</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31061123">31061123</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817972116">10.1073/pnas.1817972116</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/116/21/10317">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10-17" data-sort-value="2021-10-17">17 octobre 2021</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dated+language+phylogenies+shed+light+on+the+ancestry+of+Sino-Tibetan&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.issue=21&rft.aulast=Sagart&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.au=Jacques%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Lai%2C+Yunfan&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Robin+J.&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=10317%E2%80%9310322&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1817972116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31061123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+tib%C3%A9tiques"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zemp2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zemp2018_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Zemp2018">Zemp 2018</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> Tournadre N. (2008), "Arguments against the Concept of ‘Conjunct’/‘Disjunct’ in Tibetan" in Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek. Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburtstag. B. Huber, M. Volkart, P. Widmer, P. Schwieger, (Eds), Vol 1. p. 281–308. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2008-Conjunct.pdf">http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2008-Conjunct.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tournadre2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In <i>Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Tournadre2014"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre"><span class="nom_auteur">Tournadre</span></a>, <cite style="font-style:normal">« The Tibetic languages and their classification (preprint) »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique">Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area</cite>, De Gruyter, <time>2014</time>, 103–129 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-11-031074-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-11-031074-0"><span class="nowrap">978-3-11-031074-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicolas-tournadre.net/wp-content/uploads/multimedia/2014-The_Tibetic_languages.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Trans-Himalayan+Linguistics%3A+Historical+and+Descriptive+Linguistics+of+the+Himalayan+Area&rft.atitle=The+Tibetic+languages+and+their+classification+%28preprint%29&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.date=2014&rft.tpages=103%E2%80%93129&rft.isbn=978-3-11-031074-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+tib%C3%A9tiques"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Tournadre2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicolas_Tournadre2014"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Nicolas Tournadre</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="préface">préf.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Hag%C3%A8ge" title="Claude Hagège">Claude Hagège</a>), <cite class="italique">Le prisme des langues, essai sur la diversité linguistique et les difficultés des langues</cite>, Paris, L'Asiathèque, <time>2014</time>, 352 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-36057-047-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-36057-047-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-36057-047-8</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb43761949d.public">43761949</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/vient-de-paraitre/tournadre_prisme.htm">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+prisme+des+langues%2C+essai+sur+la+diversit%C3%A9+linguistique+et+les+difficult%C3%A9s+des+langues&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Asiath%C3%A8que&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.date=2014&rft.tpages=352&rft.isbn=978-2-36057-047-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+tib%C3%A9tiques"></span></span></span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition, 2016, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-36057-083-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-36057-083-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-36057-083-6</span></a>)</small>, <small>(<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb451896882.public">45189688</a></span>)</small>)</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Beyer1992"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stephan_V._Beyer1992"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Stephan V. Beyer, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Classical Tibetan Language</cite>, Albany, N.Y., SUNY Press, <time>1992</time>, 503 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-7914-1099-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-7914-1099-4"><span class="nowrap">0-7914-1099-4</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tibetan+Language&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.date=1992&rft.tpages=503&rft.isbn=0-7914-1099-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+tib%C3%A9tiques"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Denwood1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philip_Denwood_(en)Catégorie:Article_contenant_un_appel_à_traduction_en_anglais1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Denwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Denwood (page inexistante)">Philip Denwood</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Denwood" class="extiw" title="en:Philip Denwood"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Philip Denwood »">(en)</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Tibetan</cite>, Amsterdam/Philadelphia (Pa.), John Benjamins Publishing, <time>1999</time>, 372 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/90-272-3803-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/90-272-3803-0"><span class="nowrap">90-272-3803-0</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia+%28Pa.%29&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.aulast=Denwood&rft.date=1999&rft.tpages=372&rft.isbn=90-272-3803-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+tib%C3%A9tiques"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="DenwoodBielmeierHaller2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philip_DenwoodRoland_BielmeierFelix_Haller2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Philip Denwood, Roland Bielmeier et Felix Haller, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, <time>2007</time>, 47–70 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-11-019828-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-11-019828-7"><span class="nowrap">978-3-11-019828-7</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/3-11-019828-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/3-11-019828-2"><span class="nowrap">3-11-019828-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMqqk6kVDx4C&printsec=frontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « The Language History of Tibetan »</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics+of+the+Himalayas+and+beyond&rft.atitle=The+Language+History+of+Tibetan&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.aulast=Denwood&rft.au=Bielmeier&rft.au=Haller&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=47%E2%80%9370&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019828-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+tib%C3%A9tiques"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="van_Driem2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="George_van_Driem_(en)Catégorie:Article_contenant_un_appel_à_traduction_en_anglais2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_van_Driem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George van Driem (page inexistante)">George van Driem</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_van_Driem" class="extiw" title="en:George van Driem"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « George van Driem »">(en)</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Languages of the Himalayas : An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language</cite>, Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill, <time>2001</time>, 1375 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/90-04-10390-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/90-04-10390-2"><span class="nowrap">90-04-10390-2</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+Himalayas+%3A+An+Ethnolinguistic+Handbook+of+the+Greater+Himalayan+Region+containing+an+Introduction+to+the+Symbiotic+Theory+of+Language&rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston%2FK%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Brill&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.date=2001&rft.tpages=1375&rft.isbn=90-04-10390-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+tib%C3%A9tiques"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tibetanplateau.wikischolars.columbia.edu/VOLUME+43/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">AHP43 Amdo Tibetan Language</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Tibetan Plateau Wikischolars Columbia.edu</span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Zemp2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marius_Zemp2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Marius Zemp, <cite class="italique" lang="en">On the origins of Tibetan</cite>, Kyoto, Kyoto University, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Proceedings of the 51st <a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_internationale_sur_les_langues_et_la_linguistique_sino-tib%C3%A9taines" title="Conférence internationale sur les langues et la linguistique sino-tibétaines">International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics</a> », <time>2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235316">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+origins+of+Tibetan&rft.place=Kyoto&rft.pub=Kyoto+University&rft.aulast=Zemp&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+tib%C3%A9tiques"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 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</div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Langues tibétiques</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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