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<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ain%27t+I+a+Woman%3F&rft.author=%5B%5Bbell+hooks%5D%5D&rft.date=1981&rft.pub=%5B%5BSouth+End+Press%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=220+%28second+edition%29"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain%27t_I_a_Woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Ain%27t_I_a_Woman.jpg/220px-Ain%27t_I_a_Woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/20/Ain%27t_I_a_Woman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="388" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">220 (second edition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-129-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-129-X">0-89608-129-X</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Ain't I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism</b></i> is a 1981 book by <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> titled after <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F" title="Ain't I a Woman?">Ain't I a Woman?</a>" speech. hooks examines the effect of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> on <a href="/wiki/Black_women" title="Black women">Black women</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> movements from <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> to the 1970s. She argues that the convergence of sexism and racism during <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> contributed to Black women having the lowest status and worst conditions of any group in American society. White female <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a> and suffragists were often more comfortable with Black male abolitionists such as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, while southern <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregationalists</a> and stereotypes of Black <a href="/wiki/Female_promiscuity" title="Female promiscuity">female promiscuity</a> and immorality caused protests whenever Black women spoke. Hooks points out that these white female reformers were more concerned with white morality than the conditions these morals caused Black Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-debate_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, she argues that the stereotypes that were set during slavery still affect Black women today. She argued that slavery allowed white society to <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a> white women as the pure goddess <a href="/wiki/Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin">virgin</a> and move Black women to the seductive whore stereotype formerly placed on all women, thus justifying the devaluation of Black femininity and rape of Black women. The work which Black women have been forced to perform, either in slavery or in a discriminatory workplace, that would be non-gender conforming for white women has been used against Black women as a proof of their emasculating behavior. hooks argues that <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a> was largely a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misogynist" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogynist">misogynist</a> movement, seeking to overcome racial divisions by strengthening sexist ones, and that it readily latched onto the idea of the emasculating Black <a href="/wiki/Matriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarch">matriarch</a> proposed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a>, whose theories bell hooks often criticizes. </p><p>Meanwhile, she says, the "feminist movement", a largely white <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> affair, did not articulate the needs of poor and non-white women, thus reinforcing sexism, racism, and <a href="/wiki/Classism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classism">classism</a>. She suggests this explains the low numbers of Black women who participated in the feminist movement in the 1970s, pointing to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Harris" title="Louis Harris">Louis Harris</a>' <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Slims" title="Virginia Slims">Virginia Slims</a> poll done in 1972 for <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA" title="Philip Morris USA">Philip Morris</a> that she says showed 62 percent of Black women supported "efforts to change women's status" and 67 percent "sympathized with the women's rights movement", compared with 45 and 35 percent of white women (also Steinem, 1972). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its publication, <i>Ain't I a Woman</i> has been critically acclaimed as groundbreaking in the study of feminist theory for discussing the correlation between the history of oppression Black women have faced in the United States and its lingering effects in modern American society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ain't I a Woman</i> is praised for tackling the intersection of race and gender that marginalizes Black women.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hooks' writing has also opened the door for other Black women to write and theorize about similar topics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">gender studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a>, and philosophy courses. </p><p>The work has led to some criticism of her being "ahistorical, unscholarly (there were many complaints about the absence of footnotes), and homophobic".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She does not provide a bibliography for any of her work, making it difficult to find the editors and publication information for the pieces listed under the "notes" section of her work.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "Theory as Liberatory Practice," hooks explains that her lack of conventional academic format was "motivated by the desire to be inclusive, to reach as many readers as possible in as many different locations as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a book review of hooks' <i>Remembered Rapture: The Writer at Work,</i> Nicole Abraham criticizes hooks' unconventional format rationalization. Abraham suggests that, if her rationalization for not providing footnotes and bibliographic information in her writing is that it will help her reach a broader, presumably less academic audience, hooks either assumes that the average person is uninterested in pursuing her sources and ideas or implies that her readers are too lazy or unsophisticated for proper endnotes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-debate-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-debate_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111190336/http://www.debate.org/reference/aint-i-a-woman">"Ain't I a Woman?"</a>. debate.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debate.org/reference/aint-i-a-woman">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ain%27t+I+a+Woman%3F&rft.pub=debate.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debate.org%2Freference%2Faint-i-a-woman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin%27t+I+a+Woman%3F+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin_Lee2019" class="citation news cs1">Jin Lee, Min (Feb 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/books/bell-hooks-min-jin-lee-aint-i-a-woman.html">"In Praise of bell hooks"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/books/bell-hooks-min-jin-lee-aint-i-a-woman.html">the original</a></span> on 2022-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mootry; hooks, bell (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/274371">"Black Women and Feminism: Two Reviews"</a>. <i>Phylon</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F274371">10.2307/274371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/274371">274371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phylon&rft.atitle=Black+Women+and+Feminism%3A+Two+Reviews&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F274371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Guy-Sheftall&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft.au=Ikerionwu%2C+Maria+K.+Mootry&rft.au=hooks%2C+bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin%27t+I+a+Woman%3F+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Claire (2012). 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"Remembered Rapture: The Writer at Work; by bell hooks; Mother to Mother; by Sindiwe Magona". <i>Southern African Feminist Review</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+African+Feminist+Review&rft.atitle=Remembered+Rapture%3A+The+Writer+at+Work%3B+by+bell+hooks%3B+Mother+to+Mother%3B+by+Sindiwe+Magona&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin%27t+I+a+Woman%3F+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)&oldid=1249798520">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)&oldid=1249798520</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1981_non-fiction_books" title="Category:1981 non-fiction books">1981 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_feminist_books" title="Category:Black feminist books">Black feminist books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_bell_hooks" title="Category:Books by bell hooks">Books by bell hooks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-language_books" title="Category:English-language books">English-language books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-fiction_books_about_racism" title="Category:Non-fiction books about racism">Non-fiction books about racism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sojourner_Truth" title="Category:Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_May_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2017">Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from May 2017">Articles that may contain original research from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 October 2024, at 21:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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