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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Birth of the form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_serials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_serials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>American serials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_serials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American serials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_serials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sound_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sound era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peak_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Peak form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Production practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recaps_of_the_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recaps_of_the_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Recaps of the story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recaps_of_the_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stylistic_differences_between_the_studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stylistic_differences_between_the_studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stylistic differences between the studios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stylistic_differences_between_the_studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Availability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Availability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Availability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_theaters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_theaters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In theaters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_theaters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>On television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Home movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Home video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur/fan_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur/fan_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Amateur/fan efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur/fan_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studio/commercial_efforts,_cartoons,_and_spoofery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio/commercial_efforts,_cartoons,_and_spoofery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Studio/commercial efforts, cartoons, and spoofery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio/commercial_efforts,_cartoons,_and_spoofery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Public domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_film_serials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_film_serials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Selected film serials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_film_serials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected film serials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_film_serials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_serials_of_the_Silent_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_serials_of_the_Silent_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Selected serials of the Silent Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_serials_of_the_Silent_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serials_of_the_golden_age_of_serials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serials_of_the_golden_age_of_serials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Serials of the golden age of serials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serials_of_the_golden_age_of_serials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_serials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_serials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other notable serials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_serials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84" title="فيلم مسلسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم مسلسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_serial" title="Cinema serial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema serial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial" title="Serial – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Serial" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_serial" title="Cine serial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine serial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="فیلم مجموعه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم مجموعه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_%C3%A9pisodes" title="Film à épisodes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Film à épisodes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searjefilm" title="Searjefilm – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Searjefilm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serijal" title="Serijal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Serijal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_cinematografico" title="Serial cinematografico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Serial cinematografico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2" title="סדרת קולנוע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סדרת קולנוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem_siri" title="Filem siri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem siri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Serial film" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%B6%9A%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%87" title="連続活劇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連続活劇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoserial" title="Kinoserial – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kinoserial" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_kinowy" title="Serial kinowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Serial kinowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seriado" title="Seriado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seriado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_cinematografic" title="Serial cinematografic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Serial cinematografic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Киносериал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киносериал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_serial" title="Movie serial – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Movie serial" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95" title="فیلمی زنجیرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی زنجیرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Филмски серијал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филмски серијал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmska_serija" title="Filmska serija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filmska serija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ljetongsfilm" title="Följetongsfilm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Följetongsfilm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кіносеріал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіносеріал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7751682#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Serial_film" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of short subject films</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Serial (film)" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Serial_(1980_film)" title="Serial (1980 film)">Serial (1980 film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Serial_film" title="Talk:Serial film">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perilsofpauline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Perilsofpauline.jpg/200px-Perilsofpauline.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Perilsofpauline.jpg/300px-Perilsofpauline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Perilsofpauline.jpg/400px-Perilsofpauline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Poster for episode 6 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perils_of_Pauline_(1914_serial)" title="The Perils of Pauline (1914 serial)">The Perils of Pauline</a></i> (1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>serial film,</b> <b>film serial</b> (or just <b>serial</b>), <b>movie serial</b>, or <b>chapter play</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">motion picture</a> form popular during the first half of the 20th century, consisting of a series of <a href="/wiki/Short_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Short subject">short subjects</a> exhibited in consecutive order at one theater, generally advancing weekly, until the series is completed. Usually, each serial involves a single set of characters, protagonistic and antagonistic, involved in a single story. The film is edited into chapters, after the fashion of <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serial fiction</a>, and the episodes should not be shown out of order, as individual chapters, or as part of a random collection of short subjects. </p><p>Each chapter was screened at a movie theater for one week, and typically ended with a <a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">cliffhanger</a>, in which characters found themselves in perilous situations with little apparent chance of escape. Viewers had to return each week to see the cliffhangers resolved and to follow the continuing story. Movie serials were especially popular with children, and for many youths in the first half of the 20th century a typical Saturday <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matinee" class="extiw" title="wikt:matinee">matinee</a> at the movies included at least one chapter of a serial, along with <a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">animated cartoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreels</a>, and two feature films. </p><p>There were films covering many genres, including <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> characters, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, and jungle <a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">adventures</a>. Many serials were <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Westerns</a>, since those were the least expensive to film. Although most serials were filmed economically, some were made at significant expense. The <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(serial)" title="Flash Gordon (serial)">Flash Gordon</a></i> serial and its sequels, for instance, were major productions in their times. Serials were action-packed stories that usually involved a <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> (or heroes) battling an evil <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villain</a> and rescuing a <a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">damsel in distress</a>. The villain would continually place the hero into inescapable death traps, or the heroine would be placed into a lethal peril and the hero would come to her rescue. The hero and heroine would face one trap after another, battling countless thugs and henchmen, before finally defeating the villain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_serials" title="List of film serials">List of film serials</a> by year</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_of_the_form">Birth of the form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth of the form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Movie serials began in Europe. In France <a href="/wiki/Victorin-Hippolyte_Jasset" title="Victorin-Hippolyte Jasset">Victorin-Hippolyte Jasset</a> launched his series of <a href="/wiki/Nick_Carter,_le_roi_des_d%C3%A9tectives" title="Nick Carter, le roi des détectives">Nick Carter</a> films in 1908, and the idea of the episodic crime adventure was developed particularly by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Feuillade" title="Louis Feuillade">Louis Feuillade</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Fant%C3%B4mas_(1913_serial)" title="Fantômas (1913 serial)">Fantômas</a></i> (1913–14), <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Vampires" title="Les Vampires">Les Vampires</a></i> (1915), and <i><a href="/wiki/Judex_(1916_film)" title="Judex (1916 film)">Judex</a></i> (1916); in Germany, <i><a href="/wiki/Homunculus_(film)" title="Homunculus (film)">Homunculus</a></i> (1916), directed by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rippert" title="Otto Rippert">Otto Rippert</a>, was a six-part horror serial about an artificial creature. </p><p>There were also the 1910 Deutsche Vitaskop five-episode <i><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Lupin_contra_Sherlock_Holmes" title="Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes">Arsene Lupin Contra Sherlock Holmes</a></i>, based upon the Maurice LeBlanc novel,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a possible but unconfirmed <i>Raffles</i> serial in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_serials">American serials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American serials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serials in America first came about in 1912, as extensions of magazine and newspaper stories. Publishers realized they could build interest (and boost circulation) by sponsoring live-action adventures of the printed characters, serialized like the printed counterparts. The first screen adaptation was <i><a href="/wiki/What_Happened_to_Mary" title="What Happened to Mary">What Happened to Mary</a></i>. produced by the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Edison">Edison</a> studio and coinciding with the adventure stories published in <i>The Ladies' World</i>. It may be significant that the early American serials were aimed at the feminine audience who wanted thrills, not the masculine audience who preferred more extreme, blood-and-thunder action. By the 1930s and the advent of sound films, both markets ultimately devolved to the juvenile audience, although serials continued to command a certain adult following. </p><p>The most famous American serials of the silent era include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perils_of_Pauline_(1914_serial)" title="The Perils of Pauline (1914 serial)">The Perils of Pauline</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Exploits_of_Elaine" title="The Exploits of Elaine">The Exploits of Elaine</a></i> made by <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathé Frères">Pathé Frères</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Pearl_White" title="Pearl White">Pearl White</a>. Another popular serial was the 119-episode <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hazards_of_Helen" title="The Hazards of Helen">The Hazards of Helen</a></i> made by <a href="/wiki/Kalem_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalem Studios">Kalem Studios</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Helen_Holmes_(actress)" title="Helen Holmes (actress)">Helen Holmes</a> for the first 48 episodes, then <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gibson" title="Helen Gibson">Helen Gibson</a> for the remainder. <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Roland" title="Ruth Roland">Ruth Roland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marin_Sais" title="Marin Sais">Marin Sais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Cunard" title="Grace Cunard">Grace Cunard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Little" title="Ann Little">Ann Little</a> were also early leading serial queens. Other major studios of the silent era, such as <a href="/wiki/Vitagraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitagraph">Vitagraph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essanay_Studios" title="Essanay Studios">Essanay Studios</a>, produced serials, as did <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Film" title="Fox Film">Fox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a>. Several independent companies (for example, <a href="/wiki/Mascot_Pictures" title="Mascot Pictures">Mascot Pictures</a>) made <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> serials. Four silent <a href="/wiki/Tarzan" title="Tarzan">Tarzan</a> serials were also made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_era">Sound era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sound era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masked_Marvel_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Masked_Marvel_poster.jpg/200px-Masked_Marvel_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Masked_Marvel_poster.jpg/300px-Masked_Marvel_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Masked_Marvel_poster.jpg/400px-Masked_Marvel_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the final chapter of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Masked_Marvel" title="The Masked Marvel">The Masked Marvel</a></i> (1943)</figcaption></figure> <p>Expensive feature films were offered by exhibitors for a percentage of the theaters' admissions. Serials, however, were rented by exhibitors for a much lower, flat fee. The arrival of sound technology made it costlier to produce serials, so that they were no longer as profitable on a flat rental basis. Further, the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">stock market crash</a> of 1929 and the added expense of sound equipment made it impossible for many of the smaller companies that produced serials to upgrade to sound, and they went out of business. <a href="/wiki/Mascot_Pictures" title="Mascot Pictures">Mascot Pictures</a>, which specialized in serials, made the transition from silent to sound and produced the first "talking" serial, <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Kongo">King of the Kongo</a></i> (1929). <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> also kept its serial unit alive through the transition. </p><p>In the early 1930s a handful of independent companies tried their hand at making serials. The <a href="/wiki/Louis_Weiss_(producer)" title="Louis Weiss (producer)">Weiss Brothers</a> had been making serials in 1935 and 1936. In 1937 <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>, inspired by the previous year's serial blockbuster success at Universal, <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(serial)" title="Flash Gordon (serial)">Flash Gordon</a></i>, decided to enter the serial field and contracted with the Weiss Brothers (as Adventure Serials Inc.) to make four chapter plays. They were successful enough that Columbia canceled the agreement after three productions<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produced the fourth itself, using its own staff and facilities. Columbia thus forced the Weiss Bros. out of the serial field. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mascot_Pictures" title="Mascot Pictures">Mascot Pictures</a> was absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a>, so that by 1937, serial production was now in the hands of three companies – Universal, Columbia, and Republic. Each company had its own following: Republic was known for its well staged action scenes and spectacular cliffhanger endings; Universal broadened its serials' appeal by casting stars of feature films; Columbia specialized in screen adaptations of radio, comic-book, and detective-fiction adventures. </p><p>These studios turned out four serials per year (one each season) of 12 to 15 episodes each, a pace they all kept up until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In 1946, new management at Universal did away with all low-budget productions including "B" musicals, mysteries, westerns, and serials,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republic and Columbia continued unchallenged. Republic's serials ran for 12, 13, 14, or 15 chapters; Columbia's ran a standard 15 episodes (with the single exception of <i><a href="/wiki/Mandrake_the_Magician_(serial)" title="Mandrake the Magician (serial)">Mandrake the Magician</a></i>, which ran 12 episodes). </p><p>By the mid-1950s, however, episodic television series and the sale of older serials to TV syndicators, together with the gradual drop in audience attendance at Saturday matinees in general, made serial production a losing proposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_form">Peak form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peak form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ace_of_Spades_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ace_of_Spades_poster.jpg/200px-Ace_of_Spades_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ace_of_Spades_poster.jpg/300px-Ace_of_Spades_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ace_of_Spades_poster.jpg/400px-Ace_of_Spades_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Poster for chapter 6 of <i>The Ace of Spades</i> (1925) depicting a typical dramatic ending</figcaption></figure> <p>The classic sound serial, particularly in its <a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic</a> format, has a first episode of three reels (approximately 30 minutes in length) and begins with reports of a <a href="/wiki/Masked_Mystery_Villain" class="mw-redirect" title="Masked Mystery Villain">masked, secret, or unsuspected villain</a> menacing an unspecific part of America. This episode traditionally has the most detailed credits at the beginning, often with pictures of the actors with their names and that of the character they play. Often there follows a montage of scenes lifted from the cliffhangers of previous serials to depict the ways in which the master criminal was a serial killer with a motive. In the first episode, various suspects or "candidates" who may, in secret, be this villain are presented, and the viewer often hears the voice but does not see the face of this mastermind commanding his lieutenant (or "lead villain"), whom the viewer sees in just about every episode. </p><p>In the succeeding weeks (usually 11 to 14), an episode of two reels (approximately 20 minutes) was presented, in which the villain and his henchmen commit crimes in various places, fight the hero, and trap someone to make the ending a cliffhanger. Many of the episodes have clues, dialogue, and events leading the viewer to think that any of the candidates were the mastermind. As serials were made by writing the whole script first and then slicing it into portions filmed at various sites, often the same location would be used several times in the serial, often given different signage, or none at all, just being referred to differently. There would often be a female love interest of the male hero, or a female hero herself, but as the audience was mainly youngsters, there was no romance. </p><p>The beginning of each chapter would bring the story up to date by repeating the last few minutes of the previous chapter, and then revealing how the main character escaped. Often the reprised scene would add an element not seen in the previous episode, but unless it contradicted something shown previously, audiences accepted the explanation. On rare occasions the filmmakers would depend on the audience not remembering details of the previous week's chapter, using alternate outcomes that did not exactly match the previous episode's cliffhanger. </p><p>The last episode was sometimes a bit longer than most, for its tasks were to unmask the head villain (who usually was someone completely unsuspected), wrap up the loose ends, and end with the victorious principals relieved of their perils. </p><p>In 1936, Republic standardized the "economy episode" (or "recap chapter") in which the characters summarize or reminisce about their adventures, so as to introduce showing those scenes again (in the manner of a <a href="/wiki/Clip_show" title="Clip show">clip show</a> in modern television). Serials had been including older scenes for years, as <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">flashbacks</a> during later parts of the narrative, but the wholesale insertion of entire sequences was introduced in the 1936 outdoor serial <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_of_Clipper_Island" title="Robinson Crusoe of Clipper Island">Robinson Crusoe of Clipper Island</a></i>. It was scheduled as a standard 12-chapter adventure, but when bad weather on location delayed the filming, writer <a href="/wiki/Barry_Shipman" title="Barry Shipman">Barry Shipman</a> was forced to come up with two extra chapters to justify the added expense. This was an emergency measure at the time, but Republic recognized that it did save money, so the recap chapter became standard practice in almost all of its ensuing serials. Recap chapters had lower budgets, so rather than staging an elaborate cliffhanger (a runaway vehicle, a stampede, a flooding chamber, etc.), a cheaper, simpler cliffhanger would be employed (an explosion, someone knocked unconscious, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_practices">Production practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major studios had their own retinues of actors and writers, their own prop departments, existing sets, stock footage, and music libraries. The early independent studios had none of these, but could rent sets from independent producers of western features. </p><p>The firms saved money by reusing the same cliffhangers, stunt and special-effects sequences over the years. Mines or tunnels flooded often, even in <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(serial)" title="Flash Gordon (serial)">Flash Gordon</a></i> (reusing spectacular flood footage from Universal's 1927 silent drama <i><a href="/wiki/Perch_of_the_Devil" title="Perch of the Devil">Perch of the Devil</a></i>) and the same model cars and trains went off the same cliffs and bridges. Republic had a <a href="/wiki/Packard" title="Packard">Packard</a> limousine and a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodie_(car_body_style)" title="Woodie (car body style)">Woodie</a> station wagon used in serial after serial so they could match the shots with the stock footage from the model or previous stunt driving. Three different serials had them chasing the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> sound truck, required for location shooting, for various reasons. Male fistfighters usually wore hats so that the change from actor to <a href="/wiki/Stunt_double" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunt double">stunt double</a> would not be caught so easily. A rubber liner on the hatband of the stuntman's fedora would fit snugly on the stuntman's head, so the hat would stay on during fight scenes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recaps_of_the_story">Recaps of the story</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recaps of the story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each serial chapter began with exposition of what led up to the previous episode's cliffhanger. Each studio approached this in different ways. Universal had been using printed title cards to introduce each chapter until 1938, when it began using "scrolling text" , a format <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> films. In 1942 Universal scrapped the printed recaps altogether in what the studio called "streamlined serials". The action began immediately, with the story characters <i>discussing</i> the action leading up to the cliffhanger. </p><p>Republic followed the traditional format established by its predecessor Mascot, with still photos of the story characters accompanied by printed recaps of the narrative. </p><p>Columbia used spoken recaps through 1939, replaced by printed recaps in 1940. Announcer <a href="/wiki/Knox_Manning" title="Knox Manning">Knox Manning</a> was hired in 1940 to read along with the printed recaps until 1942, when only Manning's voice was used to summarize the action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stylistic_differences_between_the_studios">Stylistic differences between the studios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stylistic differences between the studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a></b> had been making serials since the 1910s, and continued to service its loyal neighborhood-theater customers with four serials annually. The studio made news in 1929 by hiring <a href="/wiki/Tim_McCoy" title="Tim McCoy">Tim McCoy</a> to star in its first all-talking serial, <i>The Indians Are Coming!</i> Epic footage from this western serial turned up again and again in later serials and features. In 1936 Universal scored a coup by licensing the comic-strip character <a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon" title="Flash Gordon">Flash Gordon</a> for the screen; the serial was a smash hit, and was even booked into first-run theaters that usually did not bother with chapter plays. Universal followed it up with more pop-culture icons: <a href="/wiki/Green_Hornet" title="Green Hornet">The Green Hornet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ace_Drummond" title="Ace Drummond">Ace Drummond</a> from radio, and <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Smilin%27_Jack" title="The Adventures of Smilin' Jack">Smilin' Jack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers" title="Buck Rogers">Buck Rogers</a> from newspapers. Universal was more story-conscious than the other studios, and cast its serials with "name" actors recognizable from feature films: <a href="/wiki/Lon_Chaney_Jr." title="Lon Chaney Jr.">Lon Chaney Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Lugosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Béla Lugosi">Béla Lugosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Foran" title="Dick Foran">Dick Foran</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dead_End_Kids" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dead End Kids">The Dead End Kids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent_Taylor" title="Kent Taylor">Kent Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck_Jones" title="Buck Jones">Buck Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan">Ralph Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milburn_Stone" title="Milburn Stone">Milburn Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Armstrong_(actor)" title="Robert Armstrong (actor)">Robert Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Hervey" title="Irene Hervey">Irene Hervey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mack_Brown" title="Johnny Mack Brown">Johnny Mack Brown</a>, among many others. </p><p>In the 1940s Universal's serials employed urban and/or wartime themes, incorporating newsreel footage of actual disasters. The 1942 serial <i><a href="/wiki/Gang_Busters_(serial)" title="Gang Busters (serial)">Gang Busters</a></i> is perhaps the best of Universal's urban serials; Universal often reused some of its footage for future serials. <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Winslow_of_the_Navy" title="Don Winslow of the Navy">Don Winslow of the Navy</a></i> was a popular, patriotic serial. The studio's reliance on stock footage for the big action scenes -- some of it silent footage dating back to the 1920s -- was certainly economical, but it often hurt the overall quality of the films. Universal's last serial was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Mr._M" title="The Mysterious Mr. M">The Mysterious Mr. M</a></i> (1946), and the serial unit shut down. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_of_the_Rocket_Men_FilmPoster.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/King_of_the_Rocket_Men_FilmPoster.jpeg/200px-King_of_the_Rocket_Men_FilmPoster.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/King_of_the_Rocket_Men_FilmPoster.jpeg/300px-King_of_the_Rocket_Men_FilmPoster.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/King_of_the_Rocket_Men_FilmPoster.jpeg/400px-King_of_the_Rocket_Men_FilmPoster.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the Republic serial <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Rocket_Men" title="King of the Rocket Men">King of the Rocket Men</a></i> (1949)</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic</a></b> was the successor to <a href="/wiki/Mascot_Pictures" title="Mascot Pictures">Mascot Pictures</a>, a serial specialist. Writers and directors were already geared to staging exciting films, and Republic improved on Mascot, adding music to underscore the action, and staging more elaborate stunts. Republic was one of Hollywood's smaller studios, but its serials have been hailed as some of the best, especially those directed by <a href="/wiki/John_English_(film_director)" title="John English (film director)">John English</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Witney" title="William Witney">William Witney</a>. In addition to solid screenwriting that many critics thought was quite accomplished, the firm also introduced choreographed fistfights, which often included the stuntmen (usually the ones portraying the villains, never the heroes) throwing things in desperation at one another in every fight to heighten the action. Republic serials are noted for outstanding special effects, such as large-scale explosions and demolitions, and the more fantastic visuals like <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Captain Marvel</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Rocket_Men" title="King of the Rocket Men">Rocketman</a> flying. Most of the trick scenes were engineered by <a href="/wiki/Lydecker_brothers" title="Lydecker brothers">Howard and Theodore Lydecker</a>. Republic bought the screen rights to the newspaper comic character <a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy" title="Dick Tracy">Dick Tracy</a>, the radio character <a href="/wiki/Lone_Ranger" title="Lone Ranger">The Lone Ranger</a>, and the comic-book characters <a href="/wiki/Captain_America" title="Captain America">Captain America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Captain Marvel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spy_Smasher" title="Spy Smasher">Spy Smasher</a>. </p><p>Republic's serial scripts were written by teams, usually from three to seven writers. From 1950 Republic economized on serial production. The studio was no longer licensing expensive radio and comic-strip characters, and no longer staging spectacular action sequences. To save money, Republic turned instead to its impressive backlog of action highlights, which were cleverly re-edited into the new serials. The studio slashed costs further by shortening the length of each chapter from 1800 feet (20 minutes) to 1200 feet (13 minutes, 20 seconds). Most of the studio's serials of the 1950s were written by only one man, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Davidson" title="Ronald Davidson">Ronald Davidson</a>—Davidson had co-written and produced many Republic serials, and was familiar enough with the film library to write new scenes based on the older action footage. Republic's last serial was <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Carnival" title="King of the Carnival">King of the Carnival</a></i> (1955), a reworking of 1939's <i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_the_Red_Circle" title="Daredevils of the Red Circle">Daredevils of the Red Circle</a></i> using some of its footage. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia</a></b> made several serials using its own staff and facilities (1938–1939 and 1943–1945), and these are among the studio's best efforts: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spider%27s_Web_(serial)" title="The Spider's Web (serial)">The Spider's Web</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Adventures_of_Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok">The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(serial)" title="Batman (serial)">Batman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Code_(serial)" title="The Secret Code (serial)">The Secret Code</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_(serial)" title="The Phantom (serial)">The Phantom</a></i> maintained Columbia's own high standard. However, Columbia's serials often have a reputation for cheapness, because the studio usually subcontracted its serial production to outside producers: the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Weiss_(producer)" title="Louis Weiss (producer)">Weiss Brothers</a> (1937–1938), <a href="/wiki/Larry_Darmour" title="Larry Darmour">Larry Darmour</a> (1939–1942), and finally <a href="/wiki/Sam_Katzman" title="Sam Katzman">Sam Katzman</a> (1945–1956). Columbia built many serials around name-brand heroes. From newspaper comics, they got <a href="/wiki/Terry_and_the_Pirates_(serial)" title="Terry and the Pirates (serial)">Terry and the Pirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandrake_the_Magician" title="Mandrake the Magician">Mandrake the Magician</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phantom" title="The Phantom">The Phantom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Starr,_Reporter" title="Brenda Starr, Reporter">Brenda Starr, Reporter</a>; from the comic books, <a href="/wiki/Blackhawk_(DC_Comics)" title="Blackhawk (DC Comics)">Blackhawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congo_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo Bill">Congo Bill</a>, time traveler <a href="/wiki/Brick_Bradford" title="Brick Bradford">Brick Bradford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> (although this last owed more to <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Superman_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Adventures of Superman (radio)">its radio incarnation</a>, which the credits acknowledged); from radio, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Armstrong,_the_All-American_Boy" title="Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy">Jack Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hop_Harrigan" title="Hop Harrigan">Hop Harrigan</a>; from the hero pulp characters like <a href="/wiki/Spider_(pulp_fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider (pulp fiction)">The Spider</a> (two serials: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spider%27s_Web_(serial)" title="The Spider's Web (serial)">The Spider's Web</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spider_Returns" title="The Spider Returns">The Spider Returns</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow" title="The Shadow">The Shadow</a> (despite also being a popular radio series); from the British novelist <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wallace" title="Edgar Wallace">Edgar Wallace</a>, the first archer-superhero, The Green Archer; and even from television: <a href="/wiki/Captain_Video_and_His_Video_Rangers" title="Captain Video and His Video Rangers">Captain Video</a>. </p><p>Columbia's early serials were very well received by audiences—exhibitors voted <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spider%27s_Web_(serial)" title="The Spider's Web (serial)">The Spider's Web</a></i> (1938) the number-one serial of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former silent-serial director <a href="/wiki/James_W._Horne" title="James W. Horne">James W. Horne</a> co-directed <i>The Spider's Web</i>, and his work secured him a permanent position in Columbia's serial unit. Horne had been a comedy specialist in the 1930s, often working with <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy">Laurel and Hardy</a>, and most of his Columbia serials after 1939 are played tongue-in-cheek, with exaggerated villainy and improbable heroics (the hero takes on six men in a fistfight and <i>wins</i>). After Horne's death in 1942, the studio's serial output was somewhat more sober, but still aimed primarily at the juvenile audience. <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(serial)" title="Batman (serial)">Batman</a></i> (1943) was quite popular, and <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(serial)" title="Superman (serial)">Superman</a></i> (1948) was phenomenally successful despite using cartoon animation for the flying sequences instead of more expensive special effects. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Gordon_Bennet" title="Spencer Gordon Bennet">Spencer Gordon Bennet</a>, veteran director of silent serials, left Republic for Columbia in 1947. He directed or co-directed the studio's later serials. In 1954 producer Sam Katzman, whose budgets were already low, reduced them even more on serials. The last four Columbia serials were very-low-budget affairs, consisting mostly of action scenes and cliffhanger endings from older productions, and even employing the same actors for new scenes tying the old footage together. The new footage was so threadbare that it would often show the new hero <i>watching</i> the action from a distance, rather than actually participating in it. Columbia outlasted the other serial producers, its last being <i><a href="/wiki/Blazing_the_Overland_Trail" title="Blazing the Overland Trail">Blazing the Overland Trail</a></i> (1956). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability">Availability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_theaters">In theaters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In theaters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was always a market for action subjects in theaters, so as far back as 1935 independent film companies reissued older serials for new audiences. Universal brought back its <i>Flash Gordon</i> serials, and reissue distributors <a href="/wiki/Film_Classics" title="Film Classics">Film Classics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realart" class="mw-redirect" title="Realart">Realart</a> re-released other Universal serials in the late 1940s. Both Republic and Columbia began re-releasing their older serials in 1947 as a cost-cutting measure: instead of making four new serials annually, the studios could now make three, and the fourth would be a reprint of an old serial. </p><p>Although Republic discontinued new serial production in 1955, the studio continued making older ones available to theaters through 1959. Columbia, which canceled new serials in 1956, kept older ones in circulation until 1966. Columbia still offers a handful of serials to today's theaters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_television">On television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: On television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serials, with their short running times and episodic format, were very attractive to programmers in the early days of television. Veteran producers <a href="/wiki/Louis_Weiss_(producer)" title="Louis Weiss (producer)">Louis Weiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nat_Levine" title="Nat Levine">Nat Levine</a> were among the first to offer their serials for broadcast. </p><p>The traditional week-to-week format of viewing serials was soon abandoned. As Republic executive David Bloom explained, "Attempts to program serials with full week intervals between chapters during the earlier days of television just about killed them off as effective sales product. It is understandable that this practice was adopted in view of their success in theaters on a Saturday matinee exhibition policy. But cliffhangers simply cannot be treated on TV as they were in theaters and still maintain the suspense so vital to their entertainment content. This suspense factor is diluted by the vast amount of other TV entertainment beamed between weekly showings."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TV stations began showing serials daily, generally on weekday afternoons, as children's programming. </p><p>In July 1956 TV distributor Serials Inc., a subsidiary of Jerry Hyams's Hygo Television Films, bought the 1936-1946 Universal serials (including all titles, rights, and interests) for $1,500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1956, Columbia's TV subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Screen_Gems" title="Screen Gems">Screen Gems</a> reprinted many of its serials for broadcast syndication. Only the films' endings were changed: Screen Gems replaced the "at this theater next week" title card with its standard Screen Gems logo. Screen Gems acquired the Hygo company in December 1956,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and packaged both Columbia and Universal serials for broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republic's TV division, Hollywood Television Service, issued serials for television in their unedited theatrical form, as well as in specially edited six-chapter, half-hour editions ready made for TV time slots. </p><p>In the late 1970s and 1980s, serials were often revived on <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_movies">Home movies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Home movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Republic and Columbia issued "highlights" versions of serials for the home-movie market. These were printed on 8mm silent film (and later Super 8 film) and sold directly to owners of home-movie projectors. Columbia was first to market, with three abbreviated chapters from its 1938 serial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Adventures_of_Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok">The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok</a></i>. When <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> became a national craze in 1965, Columbia issued a six-chapter silent version of its 1943 <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1943_serial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batman (1943 serial)">Batman</a></i>. Republic followed suit with condensed silent versions of its own serials, including <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel" title="Adventures of Captain Marvel">Adventures of Captain Marvel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/G-Men_vs._the_Black_Dragon" title="G-Men vs. the Black Dragon">G-Men vs. the Black Dragon</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Panther_Girl_of_the_Kongo" title="Panther Girl of the Kongo">Panther Girl of the Kongo</a></i>. </p><p>With the rise in popularity of Super 8 sound-film equipment in the late 1970s, Columbia issued home-movie prints of entire 15-chapter serials, including <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_and_Robin_(serial)" title="Batman and Robin (serial)">Batman and Robin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Congo_Bill_(serial)" title="Congo Bill (serial)">Congo Bill</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hop_Harrigan_(serial)" title="Hop Harrigan (serial)">Hop Harrigan</a></i>. These were in print only briefly, until the studios turned away from home-movie films in favor of home video. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_video">Home video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Home video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Film serials released to the home video market from original masters include most Republic titles (with a few exceptions, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Zorro" title="Ghost of Zorro">Ghost of Zorro</a></i>)—which were released by Republic Pictures Home Video on VHS and sometimes laserdisc (sometimes under their re-release titles) mostly from transfers made from the original negatives, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_(serial)" title="The Shadow (serial)">The Shadow</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Blackhawk_(serial)" title="Blackhawk (serial)">Blackhawk</a></i>, both released by Sony only on VHS, and DVD versions of <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(serial)" title="Flash Gordon (serial)">Flash Gordon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon%27s_Trip_to_Mars" title="Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars">Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_Conquers_the_Universe" title="Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe">Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe</a></i> (Hearst), <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel" title="Adventures of Captain Marvel">Adventures of Captain Marvel</a></i> (Republic Pictures), <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(serial)" title="Batman (serial)">Batman</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_and_Robin_(serial)" title="Batman and Robin (serial)">Batman and Robin</a></i> (Sony), <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(serial)" title="Superman (serial)">Superman</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Atom_Man_vs._Superman" title="Atom Man vs. Superman">Atom Man vs. Superman</a></i> (Warner). </p><p>The Universal serials had been controlled by Serials Inc. until it closed in 1970. The company now known as VCI Entertainment obtained the rights. VCI is offering new Blu-Ray and DVD restorations of many Universal serials, including <i><a href="/wiki/Gang_Busters_(serial)" title="Gang Busters (serial)">Gang Busters</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Queen_(serial)" title="Jungle Queen (serial)">Jungle Queen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Treasure" title="Pirate Treasure">Pirate Treasure</a></i>, and three <a href="/wiki/Buck_Jones" title="Buck Jones">Buck Jones</a> adventures. All of the new VCI releases derive from Universal's 35mm vault elements. </p><p>Notable restorations of partially lost or forgotten serials such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tarzan" title="The Adventures of Tarzan">The Adventures of Tarzan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Fairfax" title="Beatrice Fairfax">Beatrice Fairfax</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger_Rides_Again" title="The Lone Ranger Rides Again">The Lone Ranger Rides Again</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_the_West" title="Daredevils of the West">Daredevils of the West</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Mounties" title="King of the Mounties">King of the Mounties</a></i> have been made available to fans by The Serial Squadron, a home-video concern specializing in action fare. </p><p>A gray market for serials also exists. These are unlicensed DVD releases of studio product, deriving from privately owned 16mm prints or even copies of previously released VHS or laserdisc editions. They are sold by various websites and Internet auctions. These DVDs vary between good and poor quality, depending on their source. </p><p>Major video companies have made a few serials available in new, restored editions from original prints and negatives. In 2017, <i>Adventures of Captain Marvel</i> became the first serial to be released on Blu-ray. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateur/fan_efforts"><span id="Amateur.2Ffan_efforts"></span>Amateur/fan efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Amateur/fan efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early attempt at a low-budget Western serial, filmed in color, was entitled <i>The Silver Avenger.</i> One or two chapters exist of this effort on 16mm film but it is not known whether the serial was ever completed. </p><p>The best-known fan-made chapter play is the four-chapter, silent 16mm <i>Captain Celluloid vs. the Film Pirates,</i> made to resemble Republic and Columbia serials of the 1940s and completed in 1966. The plot involved a masked villain named The Master Duper, one of three members of a Film Commission who attempts to steal the only known prints of priceless antique films, and the heroic Captain Celluloid, who wears a costume reminiscent of that of the Black Commando in the Columbia serial <i>The Secret Code</i> and is determined to uncover him. Roles in the serial are played by, among others, film historians and serial fans <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_G._Barbour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan G. Barbour (page does not exist)">Alan G. Barbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Kilgore" title="Al Kilgore">Al Kilgore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_K._Everson" title="William K. Everson">William K. Everson</a>. </p><p>In the 1980s, serial fan Blackie Seymour shot a complete 15-chapter serial called <i>The Return of the Copperhead.</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seymour's only daughter, who operated the camera at the age of 8, attests that as of 2008 the serial was indeed filmed but the raw footage remains in cans, unedited. </p><p>In 2001, <i>King of the Park Rangers,</i> a one-chapter sound serial was released by Cliffhanger Productions on VHS video tape in sepia. It concerned the adventures of a Park Ranger named Patricia King and an FBI Agent who track down a trio of killers out to find buried treasure in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. A second ten-chapter serial, <i>The Dangers of Deborah,</i> in which a female reporter and a criminologist fight to uncover the identity of a mysterious villain named The Terror, was released by Cliffhanger Productions in 2008. </p><p>In 2006, Lamb4 Productions created its own homage to the film serials of the 1940s with its own serial titled "Wildcat." The story revolves around a super hero named Wildcat and his attempts to save the fictional Rite City from a masked villain known as the Roach. This eight-chapter serial was based heavily on popular super hero serials such as "Batman and Robin," "Captain America," and "The Adventures of Captain Marvel." After its premiere, "Wildcat" was posted on the official Lamb4 Productions YouTube channel for public viewing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio/commercial_efforts,_cartoons,_and_spoofery"><span id="Studio.2Fcommercial_efforts.2C_cartoons.2C_and_spoofery"></span>Studio/commercial efforts, cartoons, and spoofery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Studio/commercial efforts, cartoons, and spoofery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The serial format was used with stories on the original run of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mickey_Mouse_Club" title="The Mickey Mouse Club">The Mickey Mouse Club</a></i> (1955–58), with each chapter running about six to ten minutes. The longer-running dramatic serials included "Corky and White Shadow", "The Adventures of <a href="/wiki/Spin_and_Marty" title="Spin and Marty">Spin and Marty</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Hardy_Boys" title="The Hardy Boys">The Hardy Boys</a>: The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure", "The Boys of the Western Sea", "The Secret of Mystery Lake", "The Hardy Boys: The Mystery of Ghost Farm", and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Clint_and_Mac" title="The Adventures of Clint and Mac">The Adventures of Clint and Mac</a></i>. </p><p>Other Disney programs shown on <i><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney Presents">Walt Disney Presents</a></i> in segments (such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_of_Romney_Marsh" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh">The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Swamp_Fox_(TV_series)" title="The Swamp Fox (TV series)">The Swamp Fox</a></i>, <i>The Secret of Boyne Castle</i>, <i>The Mooncussers</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper#Film,_TV,_theatrical,_and_other_adaptations" title="The Prince and the Pauper">The Prince and the Pauper</a></i>) and Disney feature films (including <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1950_film)" title="Treasure Island (1950 film)">Treasure Island</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Lives_of_Thomasina" title="The Three Lives of Thomasina">The Three Lives of Thomasina</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Robin_Hood_and_His_Merrie_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men">The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy,_the_Highland_Rogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue">Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue</a></i>; and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Prince_of_Donegal" title="The Fighting Prince of Donegal">The Fighting Prince of Donegal</a></i>) edited into segments for television presentation often had a cliffhanger-serial-like feel. </p><p>In England, in the 1950s and 60s, low-budget six-chapter serials such as <i>Dusty Bates</i> and <i>Masters of Venus</i> were released theatrically, but these were not particularly well-regarded or remembered. </p><p>The greatest number of serialized television programs to feature any single character were those made featuring "<a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_(Doctor_Who)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Doctor (Doctor Who)">the Doctor</a>", the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> character introduced in 1963. <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i> serials would run anywhere from one to twelve episodes and were shown in weekly segments, as had been the original theatrical cliffhangers. <i>Doctor Who</i> was syndicated in the US as early as 1974, but did not gain a following in America until the mid-1980s when episodes featuring Tom Baker reached its shores. Although the series ended in 1989, it was revived in 2005, now following a more standard episode format. </p><p>The 1960s cartoon show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_and_Bullwinkle_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show">Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle</a></i> included two serial-style episodes per program. These spoofed the cliffhanger serial form, with pun-filled teasers for the next episode: "Be with us next time for <i>Cheerful Little Pierful</i> or <i>Bomb Voyage</i>". Within the Rocky and Bullwinkle show, the recurring but non-serialized <i><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Do-Right" title="Dudley Do-Right">Dudley Do-Right</a></i>, specifically parodied the damsel in distress (Nell Fenwick) being tied to railroad tracks by arch villain <a href="/wiki/Snidely_Whiplash" title="Snidely Whiplash">Snidely Whiplash</a> and rescued by the noble but clueless Dudley. The <a href="/wiki/Hanna%E2%80%93Barbera" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanna–Barbera">Hanna–Barbera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perils_of_Penelope_Pitstop" title="The Perils of Penelope Pitstop">Perils of Penelope Pitstop</a></i> (spun off from the Hanna-Barbera hit <i><a href="/wiki/Wacky_Races" title="Wacky Races">Wacky Races</a></i>) was a takeoff on the silent serials <i>The Perils of Pauline</i> and <i>The Iron Claw,</i> which featured <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lynde" title="Paul Lynde">Paul Lynde</a> as the voice of the villain Sylvester Sneakley, alias "The Hooded Claw". </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Danger_Island_(TV_series)" title="Danger Island (TV series)">Danger Island</a>,</i> a multi-part story in under-10-minute episodes, was shown on the Saturday-morning <a href="/wiki/The_Banana_Splits" title="The Banana Splits"><i>Banana Splits</i></a> program in the late 1960s. Episodes were short, full of wild action, and usually ended on a cliffhanger. This serial was directed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Donner" title="Richard Donner">Richard Donner</a> and featured the first African American action hero in a chapter play. The violence present in most of the episodes, though much of it was deliberately comical and would not be considered shocking today, also raised concerns at a time when violence in children's TV was at issue. </p><p>On February 27, 1979, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> broadcast the first episode of an hour-long weekly television series <i><a href="/wiki/Cliffhangers_(TV_series)" title="Cliffhangers (TV series)">Cliffhangers!</a></i>, which had three segments, each with a different serial: a horror story (<i>The Curse of Dracula</i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nouri" title="Michael Nouri">Michael Nouri</a>), a science fiction/western (<i>The Secret Empire,</i> (inspired by 1935's <i>The Phantom Empire</i>) starring Geoffrey Scott as Marshal Jim Donner and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lenard" title="Mark Lenard">Mark Lenard</a> as Emperor Thorval) and a mystery (<i>Stop Susan Williams!</i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Susan_Anton" title="Susan Anton">Susan Anton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Walston" title="Ray Walston">Ray Walston</a> as Bob Richards, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Paulsen" title="Albert Paulsen">Albert Paulsen</a> as the villain Anthony Korf). Though final episodes were shot, the series was canceled and the last program aired on May 1, 1979 before all of the serials could conclude; only <i>The Curse of Dracula</i> was resolved. </p><p>In 2006, Dark Horse Indie films, through Image Entertainment, released a 6-chapter serial parody called <i>Monarch of the Moon,</i> detailing the adventures of a hero named the Yellow Jacket, who could control Yellow Jackets with his voice, battled "Japbots", and traveled to the moon. The end credits promised a second serial, <i>Commie Commandos From Mars.</i> Dark Horse attempted to promote the release as a just-found, never-before-released serial made in 1946, but suppressed by the US Government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_domain">Public domain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Public domain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several serials are now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. These can often be downloaded legally over the internet or purchased as budget-priced DVDs. The list of public domain serials includes: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vanishing_Legion" title="The Vanishing Legion">The Vanishing Legion</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Harry_Carey_(actor)" title="Harry Carey (actor)">Harry Carey</a> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hurricane_Express" title="The Hurricane Express">The Hurricane Express</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burn_%27Em_Up_Barnes" title="Burn 'Em Up Barnes">Burn 'Em Up Barnes</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Darro" title="Frankie Darro">Frankie Darro</a> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_City_(1935_serial)" title="The Lost City (1935 serial)">The Lost City</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Kane_Richmond" title="Kane Richmond">Kane Richmond</a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Tarzan" title="The New Adventures of Tarzan">The New Adventures of Tarzan</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Herman_Brix" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Brix">Herman Brix</a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Empire" title="The Phantom Empire">The Phantom Empire</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undersea_Kingdom" title="Undersea Kingdom">Undersea Kingdom</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Ray_Corrigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Corrigan">Ray Corrigan</a> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ace_Drummond_(serial)" title="Ace Drummond (serial)">Ace Drummond</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/John_%27Dusty%27_King" class="mw-redirect" title="John 'Dusty' King">John 'Dusty' King</a> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy_(serial)" title="Dick Tracy (serial)">Dick Tracy</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Byrd" title="Ralph Byrd">Ralph Byrd</a> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zorro%27s_Fighting_Legion" title="Zorro's Fighting Legion">Zorro's Fighting Legion</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Reed_Hadley" title="Reed Hadley">Reed Hadley</a> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Creeps" title="The Phantom Creeps">The Phantom Creeps</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_Conquers_the_Universe" title="Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe">Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Buster_Crabbe" title="Buster Crabbe">Buster Crabbe</a> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Archer_(1940_serial)" title="The Green Archer (1940 serial)">The Green Archer</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Jory" title="Victor Jory">Victor Jory</a> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holt_of_the_Secret_Service" title="Holt of the Secret Service">Holt of the Secret Service</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Jack_Holt_(actor)" title="Jack Holt (actor)">Jack Holt</a> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gang_Busters_(serial)" title="Gang Busters (serial)">Gang Busters</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Kent_Taylor" title="Kent Taylor">Kent Taylor</a> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_America_(serial)" title="Captain America (serial)">Captain America</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Dick_Purcell" title="Dick Purcell">Dick Purcell</a> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Alaskan_Mystery" title="The Great Alaskan Mystery">The Great Alaskan Mystery</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Milburn_Stone" title="Milburn Stone">Milburn Stone</a> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zorro%27s_Black_Whip" title="Zorro's Black Whip">Zorro's Black Whip</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Linda_Stirling" title="Linda Stirling">Linda Stirling</a> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radar_Men_from_the_Moon" title="Radar Men from the Moon">Radar Men from the Moon</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Roy_Barcroft" title="Roy Barcroft">Roy Barcroft</a> (1952, originally conceived as a TV series)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_film_serials">Selected film serials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Selected film serials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_serials" title="List of film serials">List of film serials</a> by year</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_serials_by_studio" title="List of film serials by studio">List of film serials by studio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_serials_of_the_Silent_Era">Selected serials of the Silent Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Selected serials of the Silent Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Happened_to_Mary%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What Happened to Mary?">What Happened to Mary?</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn" title="The Adventures of Kathlyn">The Adventures of Kathlyn</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fant%C3%B4mas_(1913_serial)" title="Fantômas (1913 serial)">Fantômas</a></i> (1913) – (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema of France</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Perils_of_Pauline_(1914_serial)" title="The Perils of Pauline (1914 serial)">The Perils of Pauline</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hazards_of_Helen" title="The Hazards of Helen">The Hazards of Helen</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Exploits_of_Elaine" title="The Exploits of Elaine">The Exploits of Elaine</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Vampires" title="Les Vampires">Les Vampires</a></i> (1915) – (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema of France</a>)</li> <li><i>The Ventures of Marguerite</i> (1915)</li> <li><i>Les Mystères de New York</i> (1916)</li> <li><i>Le Masque aux Dents Blanches</i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judex_(1916_film)" title="Judex (1916 film)">Judex</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casey_of_the_Coast_Guard" title="Casey of the Coast Guard">Casey of the Coast Guard</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_the_Mighty" title="Tarzan the Mighty">Tarzan the Mighty</a></i> (1928)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Northwoods" title="Queen of the Northwoods">Queen of the Northwoods</a></i> (1929) (Last serial from <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_the_Tiger" title="Tarzan the Tiger">Tarzan the Tiger</a></i> (1929) (partial <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serials_of_the_golden_age_of_serials">Serials of the golden age of serials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Serials of the golden age of serials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "golden age" of serials is generally from 1936 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postwar expenses limited large-scale production, so the serial form continued on a smaller scale for another decade. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ace_Drummond_(serial)" title="Ace Drummond (serial)">Ace Drummond</a></i> (Universal, 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Custer%27s_Last_Stand_(serial)" title="Custer's Last Stand (serial)">Custer's Last Stand</a></i> (Weiss Bros., 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darkest_Africa" title="Darkest Africa">Darkest Africa</a></i> (Republic, 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(serial)" title="Flash Gordon (serial)">Flash Gordon</a></i> (Universal, 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_of_Clipper_Island" title="Robinson Crusoe of Clipper Island">Robinson Crusoe of Clipper Island</a></i> (Republic, 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_Chinatown" title="Shadow of Chinatown">Shadow of Chinatown</a></i> (Victory, 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Frank_Merriwell_(serial)" title="The Adventures of Frank Merriwell (serial)">The Adventures of Frank Merriwell</a></i> (Universal, 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clutching_Hand" title="The Clutching Hand">The Clutching Hand</a></i> (Weiss Bros., 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Coin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Black Coin (page does not exist)">The Black Coin</a></i> (Weiss Bros., 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Rider_(Universal_serial)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phantom Rider (Universal serial)">The Phantom Rider</a></i> (Universal, 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vigilantes_Are_Coming" title="The Vigilantes Are Coming">The Vigilantes Are Coming</a></i> (Republic, 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undersea_Kingdom" title="Undersea Kingdom">Undersea Kingdom</a></i> (Republic, 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blake_of_Scotland_Yard_(1937_film)" title="Blake of Scotland Yard (1937 film)">Blake of Scotland Yard</a></i> (Victory, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy_(serial)" title="Dick Tracy (serial)">Dick Tracy</a></i> (Republic, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Jim_(serial)" title="Jungle Jim (serial)">Jungle Jim</a></i> (Universal, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Menace" title="Jungle Menace">Jungle Menace</a></i> (Weiss Bros./Columbia, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Patrol_(serial)" title="Radio Patrol (serial)">Radio Patrol</a></i> (Universal, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S.O.S._Coast_Guard" title="S.O.S. Coast Guard">S.O.S. Coast Guard</a></i> (Victory. 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_X-9_(1937_serial)" title="Secret Agent X-9 (1937 serial)">Secret Agent X-9</a></i> (Universal, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Pilot" title="The Mysterious Pilot">The Mysterious Pilot</a></i> (Weiss Bros./Columbia, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Painted_Stallion" title="The Painted Stallion">The Painted Stallion</a></i> (Republic, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tim_Tyler%27s_Luck_(serial)" title="Tim Tyler's Luck (serial)">Tim Tyler's Luck</a></i> (Universal, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_Days" title="Wild West Days">Wild West Days</a></i> (Universal, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zorro_Rides_Again" title="Zorro Rides Again">Zorro Rides Again</a></i> (Republic, 1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy_Returns" title="Dick Tracy Returns">Dick Tracy Returns</a></i> (Republic, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Frontiers" title="Flaming Frontiers">Flaming Frontiers</a></i> (Universal, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon%27s_Trip_to_Mars" title="Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars">Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars</a></i> (Universal, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawk_of_the_Wilderness" title="Hawk of the Wilderness">Hawk of the Wilderness</a></i> (Republic, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Barry_(serial)" title="Red Barry (serial)">Red Barry</a></i> (Universal, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Devil_Dogs" title="The Fighting Devil Dogs">The Fighting Devil Dogs</a></i> (Republic, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Treasure_Island" title="The Secret of Treasure Island">The Secret of Treasure Island</a></i> (Weiss Bros./Columbia, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Adventures_of_Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok">The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok</a></i> (Columbia, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger_(serial)" title="The Lone Ranger (serial)">The Lone Ranger</a></i> (Republic, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spider%27s_Web_(serial)" title="The Spider's Web (serial)">The Spider's Web</a></i> (Columbia, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers_(serial)" title="Buck Rogers (serial)">Buck Rogers</a></i> (Universal, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_the_Red_Circle" title="Daredevils of the Red Circle">Daredevils of the Red Circle</a></i> (Republic, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy%27s_G-Men" title="Dick Tracy's G-Men">Dick Tracy's G-Men</a></i> (Republic, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_G-Men" title="Flying G-Men">Flying G-Men</a></i> (Columbia, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandrake_the_Magician_(serial)" title="Mandrake the Magician (serial)">Mandrake the Magician</a></i> (Columbia, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overland_with_Kit_Carson" title="Overland with Kit Carson">Overland with Kit Carson</a></i> (Columbia, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scouts_to_the_Rescue" title="Scouts to the Rescue">Scouts to the Rescue</a></i> (Universal, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger_Rides_Again" title="The Lone Ranger Rides Again">The Lone Ranger Rides Again</a></i> (Republic, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail_(1939_serial)" title="The Oregon Trail (1939 serial)">The Oregon Trail</a></i> (Universal, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Creeps" title="The Phantom Creeps">The Phantom Creeps</a></i> (Universal, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zorro%27s_Fighting_Legion" title="Zorro's Fighting Legion">Zorro's Fighting Legion</a></i> (Republic, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Red_Ryder" title="Adventures of Red Ryder">Adventures of Red Ryder</a></i> (Republic, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deadwood_Dick_(serial)" title="Deadwood Dick (serial)">Deadwood Dick</a></i> (Columbia, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drums_of_Fu_Manchu" title="Drums of Fu Manchu">Drums of Fu Manchu</a></i> (Republic, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_Conquers_the_Universe" title="Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe">Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe</a></i> (Universal, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junior_G-Men_(serial)" title="Junior G-Men (serial)">Junior G-Men</a></i> (Universal, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Royal_Mounted_(serial)" title="King of the Royal Mounted (serial)">King of the Royal Mounted</a></i> (Republic, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysterious_Doctor_Satan" title="Mysterious Doctor Satan">Mysterious Doctor Satan</a></i> (Republic, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terry_and_the_Pirates_(serial)" title="Terry and the Pirates (serial)">Terry and the Pirates</a></i> (Columbia, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Archer_(1940_serial)" title="The Green Archer (1940 serial)">The Green Archer</a></i> (Columbia, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(serial)" title="The Green Hornet (serial)">The Green Hornet</a></i> (Universal, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_Strikes_Again" class="mw-redirect" title="The Green Hornet Strikes Again">The Green Hornet Strikes Again</a></i> (Universal, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_(serial)" title="The Shadow (serial)">The Shadow</a></i> (Columbia, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winners_of_the_West_(1940_serial)" title="Winners of the West (1940 serial)">Winners of the West</a></i> (Universal, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel" title="Adventures of Captain Marvel">Adventures of Captain Marvel</a></i> (Republic, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy_vs._Crime,_Inc." title="Dick Tracy vs. Crime, Inc.">Dick Tracy vs. Crime, Inc.</a></i> (Republic, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holt_of_the_Secret_Service" title="Holt of the Secret Service">Holt of the Secret Service</a></i> (Columbia, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Girl_(serial)" title="Jungle Girl (serial)">Jungle Girl</a></i> (Republic, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Texas_Rangers" title="King of the Texas Rangers">King of the Texas Rangers</a></i> (Republic, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riders_of_Death_Valley" title="Riders of Death Valley">Riders of Death Valley</a></i> (Universal, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Raiders" title="Sea Raiders">Sea Raiders</a></i> (Universal, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Raiders" title="Sky Raiders">Sky Raiders</a></i> (Universal, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Claw_(1941_serial)" title="The Iron Claw (1941 serial)">The Iron Claw</a></i> (Columbia, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spider_Returns" title="The Spider Returns">The Spider Returns</a></i> (Columbia, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Eagle_(1941_serial)" title="White Eagle (1941 serial)">White Eagle</a></i> (Columbia, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Midnight_(serial)" title="Captain Midnight (serial)">Captain Midnight</a></i> (Columbia, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Winslow_of_the_Navy" title="Don Winslow of the Navy">Don Winslow of the Navy</a></i> (Universal, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gang_Busters_(serial)" title="Gang Busters (serial)">Gang Busters</a></i> (Universal, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junior_G-Men_of_the_Air" title="Junior G-Men of the Air">Junior G-Men of the Air</a></i> (Universal, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Mounties" title="King of the Mounties">King of the Mounties</a></i> (Republic, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overland_Mail_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Mail (film)">Overland Mail</a></i> (Universal, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perils_of_Nyoka" title="Perils of Nyoka">Perils of Nyoka</a></i> (Republic, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perils_of_the_Royal_Mounted" title="Perils of the Royal Mounted">Perils of the Royal Mounted</a></i> (Columbia, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spy_Smasher_(serial)" title="Spy Smasher (serial)">Spy Smasher</a></i> (Republic, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Code_(serial)" title="The Secret Code (serial)">The Secret Code</a></i> (Columbia, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Valley_of_Vanishing_Men" title="The Valley of Vanishing Men">The Valley of Vanishing Men</a></i> (Columbia, 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_the_Flying_Cadets" title="Adventures of the Flying Cadets">Adventures of the Flying Cadets</a></i> (Universal, 1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(serial)" title="Batman (serial)">Batman</a></i> (Columbia, 1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_the_West" title="Daredevils of the West">Daredevils of the West</a></i> (Republic, 1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Winslow_of_the_Coast_Guard" title="Don Winslow of the Coast Guard">Don Winslow of the Coast Guard</a></i> (Universal, 1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G-Men_vs._the_Black_Dragon" title="G-Men vs. the Black Dragon">G-Men vs. the Black Dragon</a></i> (Republic, 1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Service_in_Darkest_Africa" title="Secret Service in Darkest Africa">Secret Service in Darkest Africa</a></i> (Republic, 1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Smilin%27_Jack_(serial)" title="The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (serial)">The Adventures of Smilin' Jack</a></i> (Universal, 1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Masked_Marvel" title="The Masked Marvel">The Masked Marvel</a></i> (Republic, 1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_(serial)" title="The Phantom (serial)">The Phantom</a></i> (Columbia, 1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow_(serial)" title="Black Arrow (serial)">Black Arrow</a></i> (Columbia, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_America_(serial)" title="Captain America (serial)">Captain America</a></i> (Republic, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haunted_Harbor" title="Haunted Harbor">Haunted Harbor</a></i> (Republic, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_Ghost_City" title="Raiders of Ghost City">Raiders of Ghost City</a></i> (Universal, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Hawk_(serial)" title="The Desert Hawk (serial)">The Desert Hawk</a></i> (Columbia, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Alaskan_Mystery" title="The Great Alaskan Mystery">The Great Alaskan Mystery</a></i> (Universal, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_the_River_Boat" title="Mystery of the River Boat">Mystery of the River Boat</a></i> (Universal, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiger_Woman_(1944_film)" title="The Tiger Woman (1944 film)">The Tiger Woman</a></i> (Republic, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zorro%27s_Black_Whip" title="Zorro's Black Whip">Zorro's Black Whip</a></i> (Republic, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Starr,_Reporter_(film)" title="Brenda Starr, Reporter (film)">Brenda Starr, Reporter</a></i> (Columbia, 1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Operator_99" title="Federal Operator 99">Federal Operator 99</a></i> (Republic, 1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Queen_(serial)" title="Jungle Queen (serial)">Jungle Queen</a></i> (Universal, 1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Raiders_(serial)" title="Jungle Raiders (serial)">Jungle Raiders</a></i> (Columbia, 1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_of_Mystery_Island" title="Manhunt of Mystery Island">Manhunt of Mystery Island</a></i> (Republic, 1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_X-9_(1945_serial)" title="Secret Agent X-9 (1945 serial)">Secret Agent X-9</a></i> (Universal, 1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Key_(1945_serial)" title="The Master Key (1945 serial)">The Master Key</a></i> (Universal, 1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monster_and_the_Ape" title="The Monster and the Ape">The Monster and the Ape</a></i> (Columbia, 1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Monster_Strikes" title="The Purple Monster Strikes">The Purple Monster Strikes</a></i> (Republic, 1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Mounted_Rides_Again" title="The Royal Mounted Rides Again">The Royal Mounted Rides Again</a></i> (Universal, 1945)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notable_serials">Other notable serials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other notable serials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Kongo" title="The King of the Kongo">The King of the Kongo</a></i> (1929) – First serial with <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Mascot_Pictures" title="Mascot Pictures">Mascot</a> production)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Mr._M" title="The Mysterious Mr. M">The Mysterious Mr. M</a></i> (1946) – Last serial from Universal</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(serial)" title="Superman (serial)">Superman</a></i> (1948) - First live-action appearance of Superman on film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Carnival" title="King of the Carnival">King of the Carnival</a></i> (1955) – Last serial from Republic</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blazing_the_Overland_Trail" title="Blazing the Overland Trail">Blazing the Overland Trail</a></i> (1956) – Last American serial (a Columbia production)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Giant" title="Super Giant">Super Giant</a></i> (1957) – Japanese <a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">superhero film</a> serial (a <a href="/wiki/Shintoho" title="Shintoho">Shintoho</a> production), released in the U.S. as <i>Starman</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_serials" title="List of film serials">List of film serials</a> by year</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_serials_by_studio" title="List of film serials by studio">List of film serials by studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazines</a>, a contemporary, and similar, form of serialized fiction.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Film_series" title="Film series">film series</a>; creator <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> says that both series were based on and influenced by serial films.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_shared_universes_in_film_and_television" title="List of fictional shared universes in film and television">List of fictional shared universes in film and television</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">Serial (radio and television)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/A/ArseneLupinContraSherl1910.html">"Progressive Silent Film List: Arsene Lupin Contra Sherlock Holmes"</a>. <i>Silent Era</i>. September 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silent+Era&rft.atitle=Progressive+Silent+Film+List%3A+Arsene+Lupin+Contra+Sherlock+Holmes&rft.date=2013-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silentera.com%2FPSFL%2Fdata%2FA%2FArseneLupinContraSherl1910.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerial+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/R/Raffles1911.html">"Progressive Silent Film List: Raffles"</a>. <i>Silent Era</i>. October 12, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silent+Era&rft.atitle=Progressive+Silent+Film+List%3A+Raffles&rft.date=2004-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silentera.com%2FPSFL%2Fdata%2FR%2FRaffles1911.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerial+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hollywood Reporter</i>, "Columbia Drops Weiss Options for Serial Pix", Apr. 6, 1938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Scott_MacGillivray" title="Scott MacGillivray">Scott MacGillivray</a> and Jan MacGillivray, <i><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Jean" title="Gloria Jean">Gloria Jean</a>: A Little Bit of Heaven</i>, iUniverse, 2005, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Film Daily</i>, Jan. 2, 1940, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Broadcasting</i>, April 15, 1963, pp. 74-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Motion Picture Herald</i>, July 14, 1956, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Motion Picture Daily</i>, Dec. 7, 1956, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Variety</i>, July 10, 1957, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?adv=0&q=Undersea+Kingdom&media=all&yf=1923&yt=2009&mf=1&mt=12&tf=00:00&tt=00:00#search">"Search Results – BBC Genome"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+Results+%E2%80%93+BBC+Genome&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenome.ch.bbc.co.uk%2Fsearch%2F0%2F20%3Fadv%3D0%26q%3DUndersea%2BKingdom%26media%3Dall%26yf%3D1923%26yt%3D2009%26mf%3D1%26mt%3D12%26tf%3D00%3A00%26tt%3D00%3A00%23search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerial+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegram.com/story/news/local/worcester/2011/05/04/blackie-seymour-72/50064170007/">"Blackie Seymour,, 72"</a>. <i>Telegram & Gazette</i>. May 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegram+%26+Gazette&rft.atitle=Blackie+Seymour%2C%2C+72&rft.date=2011-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegram.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fworcester%2F2011%2F05%2F04%2Fblackie-seymour-72%2F50064170007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerial+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240524133039/https://www.webcitation.org/5kmdKrT3V?url=http://geocities.com/wildcatmovie/">"Wildcat" Movie Serial Official Site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Progressive Silent Film List: Tarzan the Mighty". silentera.com. Retrieved February 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imagesjournal.com/issue04/infocus/introduction4.htm">Images</a> – Golden Age of the Serial. Retrieved July 10, 2007</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Robert K. Klepper, <i>Silent Films, 1877–1996, A Critical Guide to 646 Movies</i>, McFarland & Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2164-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2164-9">0-7864-2164-9</a></li> <li>Lahue, Kalton C. <i>Bound and Gagged: The Story of the Silent Serials.</i> New York: Castle Books 1968.</li> <li>Lahue, Kalton C. <i>Continued Next Week : A History of the Moving Picture Serial.</i> Norman. University of Oklahoma Press. 1969</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_film&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serialsquadron.com/">Serial Squadron</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/indexes/serials.html">Silent Era</a>, Index of Silent Era Serials</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inthebalcony.com/">In The Balcony</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dieselpunkindustries.com/serials/">Dieselpunk Industries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.originalmmc.com/serials.html">Mickey Mouse Club serials</a></li> 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genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox865" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7751682#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 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