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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papermaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papermaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Papermaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papermaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Talas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="معركة نهر طلاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة نهر طلاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talas_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Talas döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Talas döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="طراز دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طراز دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="তালাসের যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তালাসের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Таласка битка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Таласка битка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argad_Talas" title="Argad Talas – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Argad Talas" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_Talas" title="Batalla del Talas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla del Talas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_na_%C5%99ece_Talas" title="Bitva na řece Talas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva na řece Talas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_am_Talas" title="Schlacht am Talas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht am Talas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Μάχη του Ταλάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Ταλάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_Talas" title="Batalla del Talas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla del Talas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Talas" title="Batalo de Talas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Talas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="نبرد طراز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد طراز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Talas" title="Bataille de Talas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Talas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="탈라스 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탈라스 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Talas" title="Bitka za Talas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka za Talas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Talas" title="Pertempuran Talas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Talas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_del_Talas" title="Battaglia del Talas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia del Talas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="קרב טלס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב טלס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ტალასის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტალასის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Талас шайқасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Талас шайқасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaszi_csata" title="Talaszi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Talaszi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Talas" title="Pertempuran Talas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Talas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Talas" title="Slag om Talas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Talas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="タラス河畔の戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タラス河畔の戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Talas" title="Slaget ved Talas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Talas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Talas" title="Batalha de Talas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Talas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talas_jangi" title="Talas jangi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Talas jangi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="تالاس دی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تالاس دی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_nad_rzek%C4%85_Ta%C5%82as" title="Bitwa nad rzeką Tałas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa nad rzeką Tałas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Talas" title="Batalha de Talas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Talas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Таласская битва – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таласская битва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Talasit" title="Beteja e Talasit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Talasit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Битка код Таласа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Таласа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Talas" title="Bitka za Talas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka za Talas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talasin_taistelu" title="Talasin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Talasin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Talas" title="Slaget vid Talas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Talas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Талас бәрелеше – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Талас бәрелеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ยุทธการที่ทาลัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่ทาลัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Набарди Талас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Набарди Талас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talas_Muharebesi" title="Talas Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Talas Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(751)" title="Таласька битва (751) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таласька битва (751)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جنگ طلاس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ طلاس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%89" title="تالاس ئۇرۇشى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تالاس ئۇرۇشى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Talas&params=42_31_30_N_72_14_0_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°31′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°14′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.52500°N 72.23333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.52500; 72.23333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Battle of Talas</li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">怛羅斯戰役</span></span></span></li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">معركة نهر طلاس</span>‎</span></span></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Talas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Battle_of_Talas.png/280px-Battle_of_Talas.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Battle_of_Talas.png/420px-Battle_of_Talas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Battle_of_Talas.png/560px-Battle_of_Talas.png 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="738" /></a></span><br />Movement into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#d50000 solid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> (Tang army)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#7e01dd solid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> (Tang army, later Abbasid army)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#0023e3 solid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> (Abbasid army)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#125ddb solid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> (Tibetan army)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>May – September 751</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Talas,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Talas, Kyrgyzstan">Talas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Abbasid victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">Al-Saffah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziyad_ibn_Salih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziyad ibn Salih (page does not exist)">Ziyad ibn Salih</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:زياد بن صالح الحارثي">ar</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Xianzhi" title="Gao Xianzhi">Gao Xianzhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siye" title="Li Siye">Li Siye</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Xiushi" title="Duan Xiushi">Duan Xiushi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 30,000 Abbasid troops</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000 Tang troops</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 20,000 Turkic mercenaries<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Transoxiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Transoxiana"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslim_conquestof_Transoxiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest<br />of Transoxiana</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Early invasions</dt></dl> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Rabi_ibn_Ziyad_al-Harithi" title="Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi">Rabi b. Ziyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Ziyad" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad">Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Uthman" title="Sa'id ibn Uthman">Sa'id b. Uthman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salm_ibn_Ziyad" title="Salm ibn Ziyad">Salm b. Ziyad</a></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musa_ibn_Abd_Allah_ibn_Khazim_al-Sulami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami (page does not exist)">Musa al-Sulami</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Initial conquest</dt></dl> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim" title="Qutayba ibn Muslim">Qutayba b. Muslim</a> (705–715)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aksu_(717)" title="Battle of Aksu (717)">Aksu</a> (717)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Umayyad–Türgesh wars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Qasr_al-Bahili" title="Relief of Qasr al-Bahili">Qasr al-Bahili</a> (720/1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Thirst" title="Day of Thirst">Day of Thirst</a> (724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baykand" title="Battle of Baykand">Baykand</a> (729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamarja" title="Siege of Kamarja">Kamarja</a> (729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Defile" title="Battle of the Defile">The Defile</a> (731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Baggage" title="Battle of the Baggage">The Baggage</a> (737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharistan" title="Battle of Kharistan">Kharistan</a> (737)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Revolt of al-Harith b. Surayj</a> (734–736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_ibn_Sayyar" title="Nasr ibn Sayyar">Reconquests of Nasr b. Sayyar</a> (738–741)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talas</a> (751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Talas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">怛羅斯戰役</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dáluósī Zhànyì</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معركة نهر طلاس</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Maʿrakat nahr Ṭalās</i></span>) was an armed confrontation between the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in 751. In July of that year, the Tang and Abbasid armies clashed at the <a href="/wiki/Talas_River" title="Talas River">Talas River</a> over control of the regions surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a>. According to Chinese sources, the engagement began with several days of military stalemate, before a mercenary column of 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk Turks</a>—representing two-thirds of the initial Tang army strength—defected to the Abbasids, and played a vital role in routing the Chinese. </p><p>After the battle, the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> quickly dispatched an envoy to <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, who arrived on 7 December 752 to ask for the restoration of diplomatic relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003241–242_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003241–242-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Tang emperor forgave the Abbasids' provocation, but continued to expand into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a> in 755, Arab influence and control west of the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> was able to spread without opposition from Tang China, which redeployed all available military forces back into China's interior in order to suppress the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 821, though the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a> had lost direct control over their Central Asian territories, and the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> rose to power in the region in 977. The gains brought about by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a> were entirely lost in 1124, when the non-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> conquered the region. The Abbasids placed great value on controlling this area as it was a strategic point on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. </p><p>Chinese prisoners captured at Talas in 751 are said to have introduced <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a> to the peoples of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, although this account is disputed by several findings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transoxiana_8th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Transoxiana_8th_century.svg/220px-Transoxiana_8th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Transoxiana_8th_century.svg/330px-Transoxiana_8th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Transoxiana_8th_century.svg/440px-Transoxiana_8th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, with the Talas River in the upper right</figcaption></figure> <p>The exact location of the battle has not been confirmed but is believed to be near <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talas,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Talas, Kyrgyzstan">Talas</a>, on the border between present-day <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. The Chinese name <span lang="zh">怛羅斯</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dáluósī</span></i> was first seen in the account of <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a> located the city near the western drain of the <a href="/wiki/Chui_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chui River">Chui River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png/220px-Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png/330px-Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png/440px-Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>The territorial extent of the Tang dynasty <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>, showing the long and narrow <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> connecting its expanded western frontier to <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oasis towns on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> in central Asia had once been controlled by the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribal confederation plunged into chaos in the latter half of the 7th century. <a href="/wiki/Empress_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Wu">Empress Wu</a> had retaken control of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> in 692 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang expansion in Inner Asia</a> and the oasis towns became a major source of income for the Tang. In 705, <a href="/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim" title="Qutayba ibn Muslim">Qutayba ibn Muslim</a> started to lead the Umayyad army on campaigns to conquer towns across along the Silk Road, exploiting Türgesh infighting.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caliphate conquered the oasis towns <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, expanding the border of their empire eastwards. At the same time, the Türgesh khagan <a href="/wiki/Suluk_(T%C3%BCrgesh_khagan)" title="Suluk (Türgesh khagan)">Suluk</a> began uniting the infighting Türgesh tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim, Tibetan and Tang armies would have two encounters. In 715, <a href="/wiki/Alutar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alutar">Alutar</a> was established as king of <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a> with the help of Umayyad and Tibetan soldiers. The deposed <a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">Ikhshid</a> fled to the Tang controlled <a href="/wiki/Kuqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuqa">Kuqa</a> and requested the aid of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong of Tang</a>; 10,000 Tang soldiers reinstated Ikhshid as Fergana's king. In 717, Arab Umayyad soldiers, assisted by the Tibetan Empire, besieged <a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu City</a> in the Tarim Basin, but were defeated by the Tang military in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aksu_(717)" title="Battle of Aksu (717)">Battle of Aksu</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabs_besieging_the_city_of_Samarkand,_captured_in_722_CE,_Palace_of_Devastich_(706-722),_Penjikent_mural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arabs_besieging_the_city_of_Samarkand%2C_captured_in_722_CE%2C_Palace_of_Devastich_%28706-722%29%2C_Penjikent_mural.jpg/170px-Arabs_besieging_the_city_of_Samarkand%2C_captured_in_722_CE%2C_Palace_of_Devastich_%28706-722%29%2C_Penjikent_mural.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arabs_besieging_the_city_of_Samarkand%2C_captured_in_722_CE%2C_Palace_of_Devastich_%28706-722%29%2C_Penjikent_mural.jpg/255px-Arabs_besieging_the_city_of_Samarkand%2C_captured_in_722_CE%2C_Palace_of_Devastich_%28706-722%29%2C_Penjikent_mural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arabs_besieging_the_city_of_Samarkand%2C_captured_in_722_CE%2C_Palace_of_Devastich_%28706-722%29%2C_Penjikent_mural.jpg/340px-Arabs_besieging_the_city_of_Samarkand%2C_captured_in_722_CE%2C_Palace_of_Devastich_%28706-722%29%2C_Penjikent_mural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjikent_mural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjikent mural (page does not exist)">Penjikent mural</a> depicting the siege of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 715, the Tang emperor declined the demand of the Türgesh tribe leader Suluk to be recognized as Khagan, instead offering him the rank of duke within the Tang military. In response, Suluk invaded the Tarim Basin along with the Tibetans, but they were driven out by the cavalry of <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xian" title="Ashina Xian">Ashina Xian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suluk and his soldiers regularly challenged Umayyad–Tang control of the oasis towns. Before Suluk's death, his soldiers were defeated by the Tang in 736 and by the Caliphate in 737.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Türgesh tribes established metal industries in Tang-controlled <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>, an area that was also home to important centres of iron production. The <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, a federation of three Türgesh tribes with settlements around <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>, were producers and exporters of iron weapons to the Tibetan Empire and the Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-DJL_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 747, the Tang general <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xianzhi" title="Gao Xianzhi">Gao Xianzhi</a>, who had successfully fought the Tibetan empire in the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>, established control over the <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> region. In early 748, the Persian Abbasid general <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>, and went on to lead what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a>. In 750, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-%27Abbas_al-Saffah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-'Abbas al-Saffah">Abu al-'Abbas al-Saffah</a> was proclaimed the first Abbasid caliph in the great mosque of <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> fell in 750 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Zab" title="Battle of the Zab">Battle of the Zab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Muslim had raised an army that included Muslims and non-Muslims, which he dispatched westwards to take control over Umayyad territory. The Tang general and the Abbasid general would eventually meet in 750 when the kings of the Silk Road towns <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a> sought the support of their imperial overlords in a battle of dominance. Gao Xianzhi conquered the Abbasid-controlled Tashkent after a siege. The Abbasid general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziyad_ibn_Salih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziyad ibn Salih (page does not exist)">Ziyad ibn Salih</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:زياد بن صالح الحارثي">ar</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> escaped from Tashkent to Samarkand, where he gathered troops and marched eastwards to confront the Tang army. In Fergana, the Tang general Gao Xianzhi raised an army by recruiting Karluk Turks. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Lalitaditya_Muktapida" title="Lalitaditya Muktapida">Lalitaditya Muktapida</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karkota_dynasty" title="Karkota dynasty">Karkota dynasty</a> of Kashmir that acknowledged the Tang as suzerain or their vassal lord, supported the Chinese against the Tibetans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to art historians Denise Patry Leidy and Donna K. Strahan, Kashmir "helped defeat the Arabas at the Battle of Talas in 751".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talas_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Talas_River.jpg/320px-Talas_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Talas_River.jpg/480px-Talas_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Talas_River.jpg/640px-Talas_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Modern view of Talas River, which starts in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and winds down into Kazakhstan. On the right side of the river is the city of <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The numeric quantities of the combatants involved in the battle of Talas are not known with certainty. The Abbasid army consisted of 200,000 soldiers according to Chinese estimates, which included contingents from their Tibetan ally. On the opposite side, Arab records put the combined Chinese forces at 100,000. But Chinese sources record a combined army of 10,000 Tang infantry and 20,000 Karluk mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–226_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–226-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a></i> (801), the earliest narrative for battle itself by either side, suggests 30,000 deaths, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i> (945) counted 20,000 deaths in this battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Arabic account for the battle, itself from <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil_fi_al-Tarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh">Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh</a></i> (1231) suggests 50,000 deaths and 20,000 prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gao Xianzhi's official position was that of the Anxi Jiedu envoy,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of Tang troops in the jurisdiction was 24,000 and was stationed in the four countries of Qiuzi, Yanqi, Khotan, and Shule.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 751, the Muslim forces, including the Karluk mercenaries faced with the Tang forces on the banks of the Talas River. The Muslim General had assembled his troops in a standard formation, with his archers in the front, the spearmen behind them and heavy cavalry with his guard. Gao Xianzhi had assembled his army in a similar manner, with his professionally-trained heavy infantry of crossbowmen and spearmen in the front and in the second line respectively, and the lighter columns of Ferghana mercenaries behind, with the Karluk Turks on the extreme far right and left flanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The sequence of the first three days of the battle were similar to each other, with the Chinese attacking first from the front, with their archers and crossbowmen dealing substantial damage to the Arab archers with greater accuracy and ranged superiority in crossbows.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab archers had to retreat behind their spearmen and the Arab spearmen charged ahead, with the infantry lines colliding between the Tang and Abbasid spearmen. However, the Tang professional heavy infantry were better armoured and could sustain more injuries than their Arab counterparts, and managed to push the Arab infantry backwards despite being outnumbered.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim general attempted to alleviate the pressure on his infantry by sending his heavy cavalry to attack the lighter column cavalry on the Chinese flanks. However, this attack failed to outflank Gao's units, but the Chinese general had to move his reserves into a fray. A similar sequence of events happened on the second and third days, but on the fourth day, the Karluk mercenaries betrayed the Chinese and attacked their flanks from the left and right while the Arab infantry made a frontal assault.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tang army was subjected to a devastating defeat, owing to the defection of the Karluk mercenaries and the retreat of Ferghana allies who originally supported the Chinese. The Karluk mercenaries, two-thirds of the Tang army, defected to the Abbasids during the battle; Karluk troops attacked the Tang army from close quarters while the main Abbasid forces attacked from the front. The Tang troops were unable to hold their positions, and the commander of the Tang forces, <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xianzhi" title="Gao Xianzhi">Gao Xianzhi</a>, recognized that defeat was imminent and managed to escape with some of his Tang regulars with the help of <a href="/wiki/Li_Siye" title="Li Siye">Li Siye</a>. Out of an estimated 10,000 Tang troops, only 2,000 managed to return from Talas to their territory in central Asia. Despite losing the battle, Li did inflict heavy losses on the pursuing Arab army after being reproached by <a href="/wiki/Duan_Xiushi" title="Duan Xiushi">Duan Xiushi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003226–228_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003226–228-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anikova,_two_horsemen_(grey_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg/220px-Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg/330px-Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg/440px-Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Two armoured horsemen from the Karluk dominion of <a href="/wiki/Semirechye" class="mw-redirect" title="Semirechye">Semirechye</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>. <a href="/wiki/Anikova_dish" title="Anikova dish">Anikova dish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ES_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GK37_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GK37-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a text by <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">Al-Maqdisi</a>, one of the few Arabic sources on the battle that has survived, Abbasid general <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> took 5,000 Chinese prisoners and confiscated possessions from the Tang military camp. According to Al-Maqdisi, Abu Muslim prepared his forces and equipment to invade more Tang controlled territory. However, he was first presented with a letter from the caliph <a href="/wiki/As-Saffah" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Saffah">As-Saffah</a>, in which he was informed that his services were needed as governor of <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Battle of Talas, the Arabs coerced the Chinese army to evacuate the <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a> ended the Tang presence in central Asia and forced them to withdraw from the northwestern frontier; because the Arabs did not advance any further after the battle, Talas was of no strategic importance.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle, a small number of Karluks converted to Islam. However, the majority would not convert until the mid-10th century, when <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Satuq_Bughra_Khan" title="Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan">Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wink_2002,_p._68_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink_2002,_p._68-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurred well after Tang dynasty was gone from central Asia. </p><p>Caliph Al-Saffah died in 754. Chinese sources record that his successor, the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a>, sent his diplomatic delegations regularly to China. Al-Mansur's delegations were known in China as <i>Khayi Tashi</i> (<i>Black Clothes</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the battle of Talas, the domestic <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Warlordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlordism">warlordism</a> gave the Arabs the opportunity to further expand into central Asia as Tibetans took over the region between the Arabs and China and Tang influence in the region retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2009158_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2009158-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The An Lushan rebellion broke out in 755 and lasted until 763, forcing the Tang army to retreat from the northwestern frontier after enjoying around a century of sovereignty. This effectively ended the Tang presence in central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 756 Al-Mansur sent 3,000 mercenaries to assist <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong of Tang</a> in the An Lushan rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A massacre of foreign Arab and Persian Muslim merchants by Tian Shengong happened during the An Lushan rebellion in the <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_massacre_(760)" title="Yangzhou massacre (760)">Yangzhou massacre (760)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWan201711Qi2010221-227_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWan201711Qi2010221-227-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_(%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93),_Zhao_Mausoleum,_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17,_ie_644_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg/170px-Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg/255px-Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg/340px-Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Tang dynasty officer of the Guard of Honour <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 644</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Tang dynasty recovered its power decades after the An Lushan rebellion and was still able to launch offensive conquests and campaigns like its <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate#Fall" title="Uyghur Khaganate">destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate</a> in Mongolia during 840–847.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012310_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012310-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a> rebellion (874–884) that permanently destroyed the power of the Tang dynasty since Huang not only devastated the north but marched into southern China which An Lushan failed to do due to the Battle of Suiyang. Huang's army in southern China committed the <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_massacre" title="Guangzhou massacre">Guangzhou massacre</a> against foreign Arab and Persian Muslim, Zoroastrian, Jewish and Christian merchants in 878–879 at the seaport and trading entrepôt of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet1996292_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet1996292-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and captured both Tang dynasty capitals, Luoyang and Chang'an. A medieval Chinese source claimed that Huang Chao killed 8 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Huang Chao was eventually defeated, the Tang Emperors lost all their power to regional <i>jiedushi</i> and Huang Chao's former lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a> who had defected to the Tang court turned the Tang emperors into his puppets and completed the destruction of Chang'an by dismantling Chang'an and transporting the materials east to Luoyang when he forced the court to move the capital. Zhu Wen deposed the last Tang Emperor in 907 and founded <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang (Five Dynasties)</a>, plunging China into the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> as regional <i>jiedushi</i> warlords declared their own dynasties and kingdoms. </p><p>The Tibetan Empire began attacking China, during a period where the Tibetan army also conquered territory in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> from Indian kingdoms and assisted the establishment of the eastern Indian <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> in the latter half of the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only under the fifth Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> that a formal military alliance was established between the Tang, the <a href="/wiki/Uighur_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Uighur Turks">Uighur Turks</a> and the Abbasid engaged the Tibetan army on the western Tibetan frontier with the Arabs. At the same time, the Uighurs fought the Tibetans along the Silk Road.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Karluks expanded their settlements around <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>, and also settled westwards in Abbasid-controlled <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tukharistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukharistan">Tukharistan</a>. Iron weapons continued to be exported to Tibet and China on the Silk Roads between <a href="/wiki/Kuqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuqa">Kuqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarim basin">Tarim basin</a>. Arab sources record that in the 10th century Aksu and Fergana had markets for arms traders.<sup id="cite_ref-DJL_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Expansion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/240px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/360px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/480px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Buddhist expansion in Asia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> first entered China during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> through the Silk Road during the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>'s existence. Maritime and overland trade routes were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Talas is in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and had been part of the Silk Road. From <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> in China, along the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Takla_Makan" class="mw-redirect" title="Takla Makan">Takla Makan</a> desert, passing through oasis towns such as <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, roads went through a region Arabs called <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>. The Silk Roads in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> went through Talas, <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>. Turning south, roads went through <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> could be crossed on roads going through <a href="/wiki/Kulob" title="Kulob">Kulob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> region. From there present day India could be reached on a road through <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a> that lead over the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>. Muslim influence along these central Asian trade routes had started in the 8th century, one key event being the battle of Talas. Prior to Talas, Buddhists controlled much of the roads. <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian Buddhism">Central Asian Buddhism</a> went into decline after the battle of Talas.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the An Lushan rebellion, the diplomatic exchange between Buddhist Indian kingdoms and the Tang dynasty all but ceased. Prior to the An Lushan rebellion, between 640 and 750 diplomatic envoys from Indian kingdoms, often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a>, had regularly visited the Tang court.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese Buddhism developed into an independent religion with distinct spiritual elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>. China became the center of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>, creating a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">canon</a> and spreading on to Japan and Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2009159_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2009159-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Battle of Talas did not mark the end of Buddhism or Chinese influence in the region. The Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khitan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitan Khanate">Kara-Khitan Khanate</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> and Kara-Khanid Turks at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a> in 1141, conquering a large part of central Asia from the Karluk <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> during the 12th century. The Kara-Khitans also reintroduced the Chinese system of Imperial government, since China was still held in respect and esteem in the region among even the Muslim population,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Kara-Khitans used Chinese as an official language.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kara-Khitan rulers were called "the Chinese" by the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papermaking">Papermaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Papermaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingangjing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jingangjing.png/240px-Jingangjing.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jingangjing.png/360px-Jingangjing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Jingangjing.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>The oldest printed book in the world to be reliably dated, a Chinese copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a></i> found at <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, printed around 868</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 11th-century Persian historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%CA%BD%C4%81lib%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Thaʽālibī">Al-Thaʽālibī</a>, Chinese prisoners captured at the Battle of Talas in 751 introduced <a href="/wiki/Paper_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper manufacturing">paper manufacturing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meggs58_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meggs58-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They engaged in the craft of papermaking while living on land occupied by the Abbasids following Talas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark201225_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark201225-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this account is unlikely to be factual. <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a> was already in use throughout <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> by the 8th century; paper fragments dating to the 4th and 5th centuries have been found in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a>, and letters written in the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian language</a> between the 4th and 6th centuries have been found in <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loulan" class="mw-redirect" title="Loulan">Loulan</a>. One such letter was a communication with Samarkand. According to Jonathan Bloom, paper was used in Samarkand, and probably produced there, several decades before the battle. Several paper documents have also been discovered near <a href="/wiki/Panjakent" title="Panjakent">Panjakent</a> at Mount Mugh, a mountain stronghold, that likely predate the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a>. They were either local or came from Buddhist monks active in the region. By the 8th century, Chinese paper was mostly made of <a href="/wiki/Bast_fibre" title="Bast fibre">bast fibers</a> while Islamic papers were mostly made of rag fibers. Bloom suggests that papermakers were already active in Central Asia for quite some time and had learned to use rag fibers rather than bast fibers as their primary papermaking material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom200138–45_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom200138–45-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No historic Chinese source records this transfer of technology through prisoners of war and no contemporary Arabic accounts of the transfer of paper exist. <a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a>, who was captured by the Abbasid army at the battle of Talas and upon his return to China published his travel writings, documented that Chinese crafts such as <a href="/wiki/Silk_weaving" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk weaving">silk weaving</a> were practiced by Chinese prisoners of war while living on territory controlled by the Abbasids. It may have been a convention to reference Chinese craftsmen, who had long been esteemed in Islamic lands, and Chinese paper remained a prized product for centuries. According to Al-Nadim, a writer in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> during the 10th century, Chinese craftsmen made paper in <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>. It was only after the first <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mill</a> was built in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 794–795 that paper was manufactured throughout the Islamic world and paper started to replace <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark201225–26Bloom200138–45_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark201225–26Bloom200138–45-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_evaluation">Modern evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the earliest historians who proclaimed the importance of this battle was the Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Vasily Bartold</a>, according to whom: "The earlier Arab historians, occupied with the narrative of events then taking place in western Asia, do not mention this battle; but it is undoubtedly of great importance in the history of Western <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> as it determined the question which of the two civilizations, the Chinese or the Muslim, should predominate in the land [of Turkestan]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartold1928180–196_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartold1928180–196-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tang loss of 8,000 troops can be compared to a total strength of more than 500,000 on the eve of the An Lushan rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003219–223_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003219–223-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bartold, during the first three centuries of Islam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> was the chief source—which has survived to the present in a compilation by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al_Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al Athir">Ibn al Athir</a>—which was brought down to 915. Neither Tabari nor the early historical works of the Arabs make any mention of this; however, Athir's statement is confirmed by the Chinese <i>History of the Tang Dynasty</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartold19282–3_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartold19282–3-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Denis Sinor</a> said that it was interference in the internal affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> which ended Chinese supremacy in central Asia, since the destruction of the Western Khaganate rid the Muslims of their greatest opponent, and it was not the Battle of Talas which ended the Chinese presence.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese historian <a href="/wiki/Bai_Shouyi" title="Bai Shouyi">Bai Shouyi</a> wrote that, at the same time that Talas took place, the Tang also sent an army from Shibao city in <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> to <a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a> and consolidated Chinese control over the <a href="/wiki/Turgesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgesh">Turgesh</a>. According to Bai, Chinese expansion in central Asia did not halt after the battle of Talas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Chinese commander <a href="/wiki/Feng_Changqing" title="Feng Changqing">Feng Changqing</a>, who took over the position from <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xianzhi" title="Gao Xianzhi">Gao Xianzhi</a> through Wang Zhengjian, virtually swept across the Kashmir region and captured <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> shortly two years later. Even <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> re-established its vassal status in 753, when the Tang bestowed a title to its ruler. Bai also maintains that the Chinese influence to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> certainly did not cease as the result of the battle. Central Asian states under Muslim control, such as <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, continued to request aid from the Tang against the Arabs and in 754, all nine kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turkestan">Western Turkestan</a> again sent petitions to the Tang to attack the Arabs and the Tang continued to turn down such requests as it did for decades. <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a>, which participated in the battle earlier, in fact joined among the central Asian auxiliaries with the Chinese army under a summons and entered Gansu during the An Lushan Rebellion in 756.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003233–234_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003233–234-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bai also noted that neither did the relations between the Chinese and Arabs worsen, as the Abbasids continued to send embassies to China after the battle without interruption. Such visits had overall resulted in 13 diplomatic gifts between 752 and 798.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003239–242_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003239–242-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xue_Zongzheng" title="Xue Zongzheng">Xue Zongzheng</a> came to the conclusion that other than the transfer of paper, there is no evidence to support a geopolitical or demographic change resulting from this battle. In fact, it seems that Tang influence over central Asia even strengthened after 751 and that by 755, Tang power in central Asia was at its zenith. Several of the factors after the battle had been taken note of prior to 751. Firstly, the Karluks never in any sense remained opposed to the Chinese after the battle. In 753, the <a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabghu" title="Karluk Yabghu">Karluk Yabghu</a> submitted under the column of Cheng Qianli and captured A-Busi, a Chinese mercenary who had defected to the <a href="/wiki/Tongluo" title="Tongluo">Tongluo</a> chief earlier in 743, receiving his title in court on 22 October.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">Sino-Arab relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">History of Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Islam during the Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Heavenly_Horses" title="War of the Heavenly Horses">War of the Heavenly Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tang-allied <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, later defected to the Abbasid army</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003224–225_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBai2003">Bai 2003</a>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarthold2003" class="citation cs2">Barthold, William (2003), <i>Turkestan down to the Mongol invasion</i>, London: Oxford University Press, p. 196</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkestan+down+to+the+Mongol+invasion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Barthold&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2013" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2013). <i>The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 96–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-53113-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-53113-4"><bdi>978-1-134-53113-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+the+Caliphs%3A+Military+and+Society+in+the+Early+Islamic+State&rft.pages=96-99&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-53113-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003241–242-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003241–242_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBai2003">Bai 2003</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPangelinan2015" class="citation book cs1">Pangelinan, James G. (2015). <i>From Red Cliffs to Chosin: the Chinese Way Of War</i>. Hauraki. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78289-988-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78289-988-4"><bdi>978-1-78289-988-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Red+Cliffs+to+Chosin%3A+the+Chinese+Way+Of+War&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Hauraki&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78289-988-4&rft.aulast=Pangelinan&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2011" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (2011). <i>Central Asia in World History</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-79317-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-79317-4"><bdi>978-0-199-79317-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+in+World+History&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-199-79317-4&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaff2012" class="citation book cs1">Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). <i>Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 181–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-73413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-73413-9"><bdi>978-0-199-73413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+China+and+Its+Turko-Mongol+Neighbors%3A+Culture%2C+Power%2C+and+Connections%2C+580%E2%80%93800&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-199-73413-9&rft.aulast=Skaff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Karam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaff2012" class="citation book cs1">Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). <i>Sui–Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-73413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-73413-9"><bdi>978-0-199-73413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui%E2%80%93Tang+China+and+Its+Turko-Mongol+Neighbors%3A+Culture%2C+Power%2C+and+Connections%2C+580-800&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-199-73413-9&rft.aulast=Skaff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Karam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2011" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (2011). <i>Central Asia in World History</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-79317-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-79317-4"><bdi>978-0-199-79317-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+in+World+History&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-199-79317-4&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DJL-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DJL_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DJL_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaRocca2006" class="citation book cs1">LaRocca, Donald J. (2006). <i>Warriors of the Himalayas: Rediscovering the Arms and Armor of Tibet</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-588-39180-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-588-39180-3"><bdi>978-1-588-39180-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+the+Himalayas%3A+Rediscovering+the+Arms+and+Armor+of+Tibet&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-588-39180-3&rft.aulast=LaRocca&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2007" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Efraim (2007). <i>Islamic Imperialism: A History</i>. Yale University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12263-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12263-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12263-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Imperialism%3A+A+History&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12263-3&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2003" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Tansen (2003). <i>Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400</i>. 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Ashraf Fazili. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Kashmir&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Ashraf+Fazili&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Sayid+Ashraf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7dQEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DArabs%2Bcompelled%2Bthe%2Bchinese%2Bto%2Bevacuate%2BGilgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2021" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Sayid Ashraf (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1iVTEAAAQBAJ&q=Arabs+compelled+the+chinese+to+evacuate+Gilgit"><i>Flower Garden: Posh-i-Chaman</i></a>. Ashraf Fazili. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flower+Garden%3A+Posh-i-Chaman&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Ashraf+Fazili&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Sayid+Ashraf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1iVTEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DArabs%2Bcompelled%2Bthe%2Bchinese%2Bto%2Bevacuate%2BGilgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNsCAAAAMAAJ"><i>J & K Research Biannual</i></a>. Directorate of Libraries, Research, Museums and Archaeology. 1976. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J+%26+K+Research+Biannual&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Libraries%2C+Research%2C+Museums+and+Archaeology&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwNsCAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA39">ed. Starr 2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130164836/https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> 30 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA36">Millward 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130164847/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> 30 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink_2002,_p._68-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wink_2002,_p._68_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA68"><i>Wink 2002, p. 68</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0391041746" title="Special:BookSources/0391041746"><bdi>0391041746</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130164847/https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wink+2002%2C+p.+68.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0391041746&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuQ7k2vQlYxEC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2012" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA230"><i>Lapidus 2012, p. 230</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51441-5"><bdi>978-0-521-51441-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130164836/https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lapidus+2012%2C+p.+230.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51441-5&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcPZ1k65pqkC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/351">Esposito 1999, p. 351.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgar1992" class="citation book cs1">Algar, Ayla Esen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&pg=PA28"><i>Lifchez & Algar 1992, p. 28</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07060-8"><bdi>978-0-520-07060-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130164837/https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lifchez+%26+Algar+1992%2C+p.+28.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07060-8&rft.aulast=Algar&rft.aufirst=Ayla+Esen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfc69BhBDjhwC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7E8gYYcHuk8C&pg=PA84">Soucek 2000, p. 84.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisviziLytrasAlhalabiZhang2019" class="citation book cs1">Visvizi, Anna; Lytras, Miltiadis D.; Alhalabi, Wadee; Zhang, Xi (2019). <i>The New Silk Road leads through the Arab Peninsula: Mastering Global Business and Innovation</i>. Emerald. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-787-56679-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-787-56679-8"><bdi>978-1-787-56679-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Silk+Road+leads+through+the+Arab+Peninsula%3A+Mastering+Global+Business+and+Innovation&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Emerald&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-787-56679-8&rft.aulast=Visvizi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Lytras%2C+Miltiadis+D.&rft.au=Alhalabi%2C+Wadee&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2009158-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2009158_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2009">Lewis 2009</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2004" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick (2004). <i>Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland</i>. M. E. Sharpe. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-765-63192-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-765-63192-3"><bdi>978-0-765-63192-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-765-63192-3&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamHoLuSivin1980" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph; Ho, Ping-Yu; Lu, Gwei-Djen; Sivin, Nathan (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA416"><i>Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts</i></a>. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. V:4. Cambridge University Press. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052108573X" title="Special:BookSources/052108573X"><bdi>052108573X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Spagyrical+Discovery+and+Invention%3A+Apparatus%2C+Theories+and+Gifts&rft.series=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=052108573X&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Ho%2C+Ping-Yu&rft.au=Lu%2C+Gwei-Djen&rft.au=Sivin%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrNDwP0pS8sC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWan201711Qi2010221-227-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWan201711Qi2010221-227_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWan2017">Wan 2017</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFQi2010">Qi 2010</a>, p. 221-227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012310-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012310_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumer2012">Baumer 2012</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet1996292-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet1996292_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGernet1996">Gernet 1996</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《殘唐五代史演義傳》：“<a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(philosopher)" title="Li Zhi (philosopher)">卓吾</a>子評：‘<b>僖宗以貌取人，失之巢賊，致令殺人八百萬，血流三千里</b>’”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2003" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Tansen (2003). <i>Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400</i>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-824-82593-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-824-82593-5"><bdi>978-0-824-82593-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%2C+Diplomacy%2C+and+Trade%3A+The+Realignment+of+Sino-Indian+Relations%2C+600-1400&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-824-82593-5&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Tansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schaik2011" class="citation book cs1">van Schaik, Sam (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15404-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15404-7"><bdi>978-0-300-15404-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%3A+A+History&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15404-7&rft.aulast=van+Schaik&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcri2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Acri, Andrea (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638">"Maritime Buddhism"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.638">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-34037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-34037-8"><bdi>978-0-199-34037-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219153342/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maritime+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.638&rft.isbn=978-0-199-34037-8&rft.aulast=Acri&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2010" class="citation book cs1">Foltz, Richard (2010). <i>Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization</i>. Springer. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10910-0"><bdi>978-0-230-10910-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+Premodern+Patterns+of+Globalization&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10910-0&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2009159-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2009159_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2009">Lewis 2009</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran" class="citation web cs1">Biran, Michal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3806884">"Biran 2012, p. 90"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731142504/https://www.academia.edu/3806884/Michal_Biran._Khitan_Migrations_in_Inner_Asia_Central_Eurasian_Studies_3_2012_85-108">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biran+2012%2C+p.+90.&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3806884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cces.snu.ac.kr/article/jces3_4biran.pdf">Biran 2012, p. 90.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414060414/http://cces.snu.ac.kr/article/jces3_4biran.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA114">Pozzi & Janhunen & Weiers 2006, p. 114.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B934LaVBaz8C&pg=PA93">Biran 2005</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meggs58-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meggs58_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meggs, Philip B. <i>A History of Graphic Design.</i> John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-29198-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-29198-6">0-471-29198-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quraishi, Silim "A survey of the development of papermaking in Islamic Countries", <i>Bookbinder</i>, 1989 (3): 29–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark201225-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark201225_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPark2012">Park 2012</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom200138–45-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom200138–45_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloom2001">Bloom 2001</a>, pp. 38–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark201225–26Bloom200138–45-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark201225–26Bloom200138–45_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPark2012">Park 2012</a>, pp. 25–26; <a href="#CITEREFBloom2001">Bloom 2001</a>, pp. 38–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartold1928180–196-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartold1928180–196_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartold1928">Bartold 1928</a>, pp. 180–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003219–223-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003219–223_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBai2003">Bai 2003</a>, pp. 219–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartold19282–3-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartold19282–3_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartold1928">Bartold 1928</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Sinor 1990, p. 344.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003233–234-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003233–234_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBai2003">Bai 2003</a>, pp. 233–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBai2003239–242-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBai2003239–242_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBai2003">Bai 2003</a>, pp. 239–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXue1998" class="citation book cs1">Xue, Zongzheng (1998). <i>Anxi and Beiting Protectorates: A Research on Frontier Policy in Tang Dynasty's Western Boundary</i>. Heilongjiang Education Press. pp. 260–281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5316-2857-0" title="Special:BookSources/7-5316-2857-0"><bdi>7-5316-2857-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anxi+and+Beiting+Protectorates%3A+A+Research+on+Frontier+Policy+in+Tang+Dynasty%27s+Western+Boundary&rft.pages=260-281&rft.pub=Heilongjiang+Education+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=7-5316-2857-0&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Zongzheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBai2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bai, Shouyi (2003), <bdi lang="zh">中囯回回民族史</bdi> [<i>A History of Chinese Muslims</i>] (in Chinese), vol. 2, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-101-02890-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-101-02890-X"><bdi>7-101-02890-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%AF%E5%9B%9E%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%8F%B2&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Book+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=7-101-02890-X&rft.aulast=Bai&rft.aufirst=Shouyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartold1928" class="citation cs2">Bartold, Vasily (1928), <i>(Western) Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion</i>, Munshiram Manoharlal, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-121-50544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-121-50544-4"><bdi>978-8-121-50544-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28Western%29+Turkestan+Down+to+the+Mongol+Invasion&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-8-121-50544-4&rft.aulast=Bartold&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2012" class="citation cs2">Baumer, Christoph (2012), <i>The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Age+of+the+Steppe+Warriors&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2001" class="citation cs2">Bloom, Jonathan (2001), <i>Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World</i>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08955-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08955-4"><bdi>0-300-08955-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+Before+Print%3A+The+History+and+Impact+of+Paper+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-300-08955-4&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernet1996" class="citation cs2">Gernet, Jacques (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern_0"><i>A History of Chinese Civilization</i></a> (2nd ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7"><bdi>978-0-521-49781-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49781-7&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2012" class="citation cs2">Park, Hyunhee (2012), <i>Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53662-2"><bdi>978-1-139-53662-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Chinese+and+Islamic+Worlds%3A+Cross-Cultural+Exchange+in+Pre-Modern+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-53662-2&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Hyunhee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Mark Edward (2009), <i>China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty</i>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05419-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05419-6"><bdi>978-0-674-05419-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Cosmopolitan+Empire%3A+The+Tang+Dynasty&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05419-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQi2010" class="citation cs2">Qi, Dongfang (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504233858/https://asia.si.edu/research/exhibition-catalogues/shipwrecked-catalog/">"Gold and Silver Wares on the Belitung Shipwreck"</a>, in Krahl, Regina; Guy, John; Wilson, J. Keith; Raby, Julian (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.si.edu/research/exhibition-catalogues/shipwrecked-catalog/"><i>Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds</i></a>, Washington, D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 221–227, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-588-34305-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-588-34305-5"><bdi>978-1-588-34305-5</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/17Qi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gold+and+Silver+Wares+on+the+Belitung+Shipwreck&rft.btitle=Shipwrecked%3A+Tang+Treasures+and+Monsoon+Winds&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=221-227&rft.pub=Arthur+M.+Sackler+Gallery%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-588-34305-5&rft.aulast=Qi&rft.aufirst=Dongfang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.si.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2F17Qi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWan2017" class="citation cs2">Wan, Lei (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kfcris.com/en/view/post/155"><i>The Earliest Muslim Communities in China</i></a>, Qiraat, vol. 8, Riyadh: King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies, p. 11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6-038-20639-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-6-038-20639-3"><bdi>978-6-038-20639-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Muslim+Communities+in+China&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.series=Qiraat&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=King+Faisal+Center+for+research+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-6-038-20639-3&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Lei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfcris.com%2Fen%2Fview%2Fpost%2F155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Talas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Talas&params=42_31_30_N_72_14_0_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°31′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°14′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.52500°N 72.23333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.52500; 72.23333</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abbasid_Caliphate_topics_(750–1258)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abbasid_Caliphate_topics_(750–1258)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> topics <span style="font-size:85%;">(750–1258)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Background</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fitna" title="Third Fitna">Third Fitna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Early period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(750–833)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Establishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Talas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_conquest_of_Ifriqiya" title="Abbasid conquest of Ifriqiya">Conquest of Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_revolt_of_762%E2%80%93763" title="Alid revolt of 762–763">Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_city_of_Baghdad" title="Round city of Baghdad">Round city of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid%E2%80%93Carolingian_alliance" title="Abbasid–Carolingian alliance">Abbasid–Carolingian alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Apogee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">Sack of Heraclea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amin" title="Al-Amin">al-Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fitna" title="Fourth Fitna">Fourth Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Fragmentation of<br />the Abbasid empire</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(833–946)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium" title="Sack of Amorium">Sack of Amorium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">al-Wathiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">Anarchy at Samarra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muntasir" title="Al-Muntasir">al-Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in" title="Al-Musta'in">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazz" title="Al-Mu'tazz">al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijite_Rebellion_(866%E2%80%93896)" title="Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)">Kharijite Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Abbasid revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muwaffaq" title="Al-Muwaffaq">al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi">al-Muktafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Collapse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Radi" title="Al-Radi">al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">al-Mustakfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27nis_al-Muzaffar" title="Mu'nis al-Muzaffar">Mu'nis al-Muzaffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Ali_ibn_al-Furat" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat">Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah">Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Qarmatian invasion of Iraq">Qarmatian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mecca_(930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Mecca (930)">Sack of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajkam" title="Bajkam">Bajkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Baridi" title="Abu Abdallah al-Baridi">Abu Abdallah al-Baridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla" title="Nasir al-Dawla">Nasir al-Dawla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Buyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyid">Buyid</a> period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(946–1055)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muti" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muti">al-Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ta'i">al-Ta'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Buyid emirs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla" title="Izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Dawla" title="Baha al-Dawla">Baha al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musharrif_al-Dawla" title="Musharrif al-Dawla">Musharrif al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Dawla" title="Jalal al-Dawla">Jalal al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Rahim" title="Al-Malik al-Rahim">al-Malik al-Rahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1055–1157)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">al-Mustarshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Billah" title="Al-Rashid Billah">al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Seljuk sultans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tughril" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril">Tughril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I_of_Great_Seljuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud I of Great Seljuk">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkyaruq" title="Berkyaruq">Berkyaruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_II" title="Malik-Shah II">Malik-Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Tapar" title="Muhammad I Tapar">Muhammad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Final period</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–1258)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Caliphs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid" title="Al-Mustanjid">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah">al-Zahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)">al-Mustansir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriya Madrasah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">al-Musta'sim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Sack of Baghdad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Aftermath</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphs_of_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphs of Cairo">Abbasid caliphs of Cairo</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Barqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq (region)">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)" title="Al-Jazira (caliphal province)">Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Sind">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awasim" title="Al-Awasim">Awasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Palace and central government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barid" title="Barid">Barid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajib" title="Hajib">Hajib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazalim" title="Mazalim">Mazalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Officials_of_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Officials of the Abbasid Caliphate">Officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">tiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">Shurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">Vizier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Financial administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">Diwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqta%27" title="Iqta'">Iqta'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abna_al-dawla" title="Abna al-dawla">Abna al-dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Battles involving the Abbasid Caliphate">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate">Commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Wars involving the Abbasid Caliphate">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Islam in the Abbasid Caliphate">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafism">Hanafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalism">Hanbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Revival" title="Sunni Revival">Sunni Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Century" title="Shi'a Century">Shi'a Century</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Christianity in the Abbasid Caliphate">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in the Abbasid Caliphate">Jews and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abbasid_architecture" title="Category:Abbasid architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abbasid_literature" title="Category:Abbasid literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Musicians from the Abbasid Caliphate">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Science in the Abbasid Caliphate">Science and learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tang_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tang_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Tang dynasty">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">Transition from Sui to Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_Gate_Incident" title="Xuanwu Gate Incident">Xuanwu Gate Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang–Eastern Turks War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Tang–Xueyantuo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baekje%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Baekje–Tang War">Baekje–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Silla–Tang War">Silla–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Tang–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang–Western Turks War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">Oasis states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Karakhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Kucha" title="Tang campaign against Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty_between_China_and_Tibet_(783)" title="Peace treaty between China and Tibet (783)">Qingshui Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu%E2%80%93Li_factional_strife" title="Niu–Li factional strife">Niu–Li factional strife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changqing_Treaty" title="Changqing Treaty">Changqing Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Dew_incident" title="Sweet Dew incident">Sweet Dew incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzhao#Territorial_expansion" title="Nanzhao">Tang-Nanzhao conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan" title="Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan">Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Songping" title="Siege of Songping">Songping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao_Rebellion" title="Huang Chao Rebellion">Huang Chao Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceramic female polo player"><img alt="A ceramic female polo player" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/120px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/180px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/240px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Tang dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Li" title="House of Li">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(middle)#Tang_and_Wu_Zhou_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">Fanzhen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Hebei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination#Tang_dynasty_(618–907)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Imperial guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Shumiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turkic generals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Protectorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the South">Protectorate General to Pacify the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ungjin_Commandery" title="Ungjin Commandery">Ungjin Commandery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyerim_Territory_Area_Command" title="Gyerim Territory Area Command">Gyerim Territory Area Command</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_art" title="Tang dynasty art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">Sancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Three Hundred Tang Poems</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card#China" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Palace_Concert" title="A Palace Concert">A Palace Concert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_Receiving_the_Tibetan_Envoy" title="Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy">Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaisu%27s_Autobiography" title="Huaisu's Autobiography">Huaisu's Autobiography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night-Shining_White" title="Night-Shining White">Night-Shining White</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_statues:_Kashyapa_and_Ananda" title="Companion statues: Kashyapa and Ananda">Kashyapa & Ananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Steeds_of_Zhao_Mausoleum" title="Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum">Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Dew" title="Autumn Dew">Autumn Dew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongxian_Giant_Buddha" title="Rongxian Giant Buddha">Rongxian Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand-Buddha_Cliff" title="Thousand-Buddha Cliff">Thousand-Buddha Cliff</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a> (596–667) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Design_for_Buddhist_Temple_Construction" title="Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction">Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a> (601–636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianji" title="Bianji">Bianji</a> (7th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a> (751–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Xingjian" title="Bai Xingjian">Bai Xingjian</a> (776–826) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Li_Wa" title="The Tale of Li Wa">The Tale of Li Wa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yu" title="Lu Yu">Lu Yu</a> (733–804) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Classic_of_Tea" title="The Classic of Tea">The Classic of Tea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Guangting" title="Du Guangting">Du Guangting</a> (850–933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yunsong" title="Yang Yunsong">Yang Yunsong</a> (9th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Satchel_Classic" title="Green Satchel Classic">Green Satchel Classic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems#Poets" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Binwang" title="Luo Binwang">Luo Binwang</a> (619–684)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Shenyan" title="Du Shenyan">Du Shenyan</a> (645–708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bo_(poet)" title="Wang Bo (poet)">Wang Bo</a> (650–676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zi%27ang" title="Chen Zi'ang">Chen Zi'ang</a> (656–702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhizhang" title="He Zhizhang">He Zhizhang</a> (659–744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jiuling" title="Zhang Jiuling">Zhang Jiuling</a> (673–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">Meng Haoran</a> (689–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qi_(poet)" title="Li Qi (poet)">Li Qi</a> (690–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Changling" title="Wang Changling">Wang Changling</a> (698–756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> (701–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Shi" title="Gao Shi">Gao Shi</a> (704–765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhangqing" title="Liu Zhangqing">Liu Zhangqing</a> (709–785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a> (712–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ji_(poet_from_Hubei)" title="Zhang Ji (poet from Hubei)">Zhang Ji</a> (712–779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cen_Shen" title="Cen Shen">Cen Shen</a> (715–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bi" title="Li Bi">Li Bi</a> (722–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yingwu" title="Wei Yingwu">Wei Yingwu</a> (737–792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Lun" title="Lu Lun">Lu Lun</a> (739–799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a> (772–842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a> (772–846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a> (773–819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a> (779–831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(poet)" title="Li Ye (poet)">Li Ye</a> (d. 784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_He" title="Li He">Li He</a> (790–817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_Yingzhen" title="Niu Yingzhen">Niu Yingzhen</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xu" title="Zhang Xu">Zhang Xu</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Mu" title="Du Mu">Du Mu</a> (803–852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tingyun" title="Wen Tingyun">Wen Tingyun</a> (812–866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shangyin" title="Li Shangyin">Li Shangyin</a> (813–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Xuanqing" title="Mo Xuanqing">Mo Xuanqing</a> (834-?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Xuanji" title="Yu Xuanji">Yu Xuanji</a> (840–868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qiuniang" title="Du Qiuniang">Du Qiuniang</a> (9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%AFu_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Liêu Hữu Phương">Liêu Hữu Phương</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_painting" title="Tang dynasty painting">Painters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (600–673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a> (680–760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Ba_%C4%AArasang%C3%A4" title="Viśa Īrasangä">Viśa Īrasangä</a> (7th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Gan" title="Han Gan">Han Gan</a> (706–783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuan" title="Zhang Xuan">Zhang Xuan</a> (713–755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Huang" title="Han Huang">Han Huang</a> (723–787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhou Fang (Tang dynasty)">Zhou Fang</a> (730–780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanxiu" title="Guanxiu">Guanxiu</a> (832–912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Hao" title="Jing Hao">Jing Hao</a> (855–915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Wei_(painter)" title="Sun Wei (painter)">Sun Wei</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907_CE)" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a> (549–623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a> (562–645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a> (613–681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (fl 602–664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a> (632–682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> (635–713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faru_(monk)" title="Faru (monk)">Faru</a> (638–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (671–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (688–763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (705–774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (709–788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a> (720–814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> (730–790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a> (745–827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (746–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a> (770–860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaozhou_Congshen" title="Zhaozhou Congshen">Zhaozhou Congshen</a> (778–897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhisheng" title="Zhisheng">Zhisheng</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (807–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a> (862–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gik%C5%AB" title="Gikū">Gikū</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907)" title="History of Taoism">Taoism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a> (fl 631–655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dongbin" title="Lü Dongbin">Lü Dongbin</a> (796-?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a> (772–841)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Yingda" title="Kong Yingda">Kong Yingda</a> (574–648)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Islam during the Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Tang dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaotong" title="Wang Xiaotong">Wang Xiaotong</a> (580–640) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jigu_Suanjing" title="Jigu Suanjing">Jigu Suanjing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jingzong" title="Xu Jingzong">Xu Jingzong</a> (592-672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Lingzan" title="Liang Lingzan">Liang Lingzan</a> <ul><li><i>The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Chunfeng" title="Li Chunfeng">Li Chunfeng</a> (602–670) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Su Jing <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinxiu_bencao" title="Xinxiu bencao">Xinxiu bencao</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Simiao" title="Sun Simiao">Sun Simiao</a> (d. 682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a> (683–727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a> (fl 714–724) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Dan" title="Jia Dan">Jia Dan</a> (730–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">Toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwu_Qi" title="Diwu Qi">Diwu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Liu Yan (Tang dynasty)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Commission" title="Salt Commission">Salt Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper" title="Template:Paper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper" title="Template talk:Paper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paper">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&oldid=1258565762">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talas&oldid=1258565762</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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