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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Planetary system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debris_disks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debris_disks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Debris disks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debris_disks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_abiogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_abiogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relation to abiogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_abiogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protoplanetary disk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet%C3%AAre_skyf" title="Protoplanetêre skyf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Protoplanetêre skyf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="قرص كوكبي أولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرص كوكبي أولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="আদিগ্রহীয় চাকতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদিগ্রহীয় চাকতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Протапланетны дыск – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Протапланетны дыск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Протаплянэтны дыск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Протаплянэтны дыск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Протопланетарен диск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протопланетарен диск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_protoplanetari" title="Disc protoplanetari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disc protoplanetari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_disk" title="Protoplanetární disk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protoplanetární disk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetare_Scheibe" title="Protoplanetare Scheibe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protoplanetare Scheibe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πρωτοπλανητικός δίσκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοπλανητικός δίσκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_protoplanetario" title="Disco protoplanetario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disco protoplanetario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praplaneda_disko" title="Praplaneda disko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Praplaneda disko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_protoplanetario" title="Disko protoplanetario – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disko protoplanetario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="قرص پیش‌سیاره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرص پیش‌سیاره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_protoplan%C3%A9taire" title="Disque protoplanétaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Disque protoplanétaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%8B%9C_%ED%96%89%EC%84%B1%EA%B3%84_%EC%9B%90%EB%B0%98" title="원시 행성계 원반 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원시 행성계 원반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="आदिग्रह चक्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आदिग्रह चक्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetni_disk" title="Protoplanetni disk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protoplanetni disk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piringan_protoplanet" title="Piringan protoplanet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Piringan protoplanet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_protoplanetario" title="Disco protoplanetario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disco protoplanetario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9D-%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דיסקה קדם-פלנטרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיסקה קדם-פלנטרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetaresch_Scheif" title="Protoplanetaresch Scheif – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Protoplanetaresch Scheif" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proplanetinis_diskas" title="Proplanetinis diskas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Proplanetinis diskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet%C3%A1ris_korong" title="Protoplanetáris korong – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Protoplanetáris korong" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Протопланетарен диск – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протопланетарен диск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakera_protoplanet" title="Cakera protoplanet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cakera protoplanet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetaire_schijf" title="Protoplanetaire schijf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Protoplanetaire schijf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%83%91%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E5%86%86%E7%9B%A4" title="原始惑星系円盤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原始惑星系円盤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetarisk_skive" title="Protoplanetarisk skive – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protoplanetarisk skive" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetarisk_skive" title="Protoplanetarisk skive – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Protoplanetarisk skive" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysk_protoplanetarny" title="Dysk protoplanetarny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dysk protoplanetarny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_protoplanet%C3%A1rio" title="Disco protoplanetário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Disco protoplanetário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_protoplanetar" title="Disc protoplanetar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Disc protoplanetar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Протопланетный диск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протопланетный диск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Protoplanetary disk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet%C3%A1rny_disk" title="Protoplanetárny disk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protoplanetárny disk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetarni_disk" title="Protoplanetarni disk – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Protoplanetarni disk" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetarni_disk" title="Protoplanetarni disk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Protoplanetarni disk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetaarinen_kiekko" title="Protoplanetaarinen kiekko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protoplanetaarinen kiekko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet%C3%A4r_skiva" title="Protoplanetär skiva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protoplanetär skiva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Протопланета дискы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Протопланета дискы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="จานดาวเคราะห์ก่อนเกิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จานดาวเคราะห์ก่อนเกิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96n_gezegen_diski" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary nebula</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gas and dust surrounding a newly formed star</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HL_Tau_protoplanetary_disk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/HL_Tau_protoplanetary_disk.jpg/220px-HL_Tau_protoplanetary_disk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/HL_Tau_protoplanetary_disk.jpg/330px-HL_Tau_protoplanetary_disk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/HL_Tau_protoplanetary_disk.jpg/440px-HL_Tau_protoplanetary_disk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">Atacama Large Millimeter Array</a> image of <a href="/wiki/HL_Tauri" title="HL Tauri">HL Tauri</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>protoplanetary disk</b> is a rotating <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">circumstellar disc</a> of dense gas and dust surrounding a <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">young newly formed</a> star, a <a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri star</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be star</a>. The protoplanetary disk may not be considered an <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a>, while the two are similar. While they are similar, an accretion disk is hotter, and spins much faster. It is also found on <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>, not stars. This process should not be confused with the accretion process thought to build up the planets themselves. Externally illuminated photo-evaporating protoplanetary disks are called <a href="/wiki/Proplyds" class="mw-redirect" title="Proplyds">proplyds</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanetary_disk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_evolutionary_sequence_of_protoplanetary_disks_with_substructures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_evolutionary_sequence_of_protoplanetary_disks_with_substructures.png/220px-The_evolutionary_sequence_of_protoplanetary_disks_with_substructures.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_evolutionary_sequence_of_protoplanetary_disks_with_substructures.png/330px-The_evolutionary_sequence_of_protoplanetary_disks_with_substructures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_evolutionary_sequence_of_protoplanetary_disks_with_substructures.png/440px-The_evolutionary_sequence_of_protoplanetary_disks_with_substructures.png 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>The evolutionary sequence of protoplanetary disks with substructures<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamajek09_diskfraction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mamajek09_diskfraction.jpg/220px-Mamajek09_diskfraction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mamajek09_diskfraction.jpg/330px-Mamajek09_diskfraction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mamajek09_diskfraction.jpg/440px-Mamajek09_diskfraction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>A 2009 image showing fractions of stars that suggest some evidence of having a protoplanetary disk as a function of their stellar age in millions of years; The samples are nearby young clusters and associations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostars</a> form from <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a> consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular hydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a>. When a portion of a molecular cloud reaches a critical size, <a href="/wiki/Jeans_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeans mass">mass</a>, or density, it begins to collapse under its own <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. As this collapsing cloud, called a <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a>, becomes denser, random gas motions originally present in the cloud average out in favor of the direction of the nebula's net angular momentum. <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of angular momentum">Conservation of angular momentum</a> causes the rotation to increase as the nebula radius decreases. This rotation causes the cloud to flatten out—much like forming a flat pizza out of dough—and take the form of a disk. This occurs because <a href="/wiki/Centripetal_acceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Centripetal acceleration">centripetal acceleration</a> from the orbital motion resists the gravitational pull of the star only in the radial direction, but the cloud remains free to collapse in the axial direction. The outcome is the formation of a thin disc supported by gas pressure in the axial direction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial collapse takes about 100,000 years. After that time the star reaches a surface temperature similar to that of a main sequence star of the same mass and becomes visible. </p><p>It is now a T Tauri star. Accretion of gas onto the star continues for another 10 million years,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the disk disappears, perhaps being blown away by the young star's <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar wind</a>, or perhaps simply ceasing to emit radiation after accretion has ended. The oldest protoplanetary disk yet discovered is 25 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoplanetary_Disk_Simulated_Spiral_Arm_vs_Observational_Data.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Protoplanetary_Disk_Simulated_Spiral_Arm_vs_Observational_Data.jpg/220px-Protoplanetary_Disk_Simulated_Spiral_Arm_vs_Observational_Data.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Protoplanetary_Disk_Simulated_Spiral_Arm_vs_Observational_Data.jpg/330px-Protoplanetary_Disk_Simulated_Spiral_Arm_vs_Observational_Data.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Protoplanetary_Disk_Simulated_Spiral_Arm_vs_Observational_Data.jpg/440px-Protoplanetary_Disk_Simulated_Spiral_Arm_vs_Observational_Data.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Protoplanetary disk. Simulated spiral arm vs observational data.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars differ from the disks surrounding the primary components of close binary systems with respect to their size and temperature. Protoplanetary disks have radii up to 1000 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>, and only their innermost parts reach temperatures above 1000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>. They are very often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Stellar_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar jet">jets</a>. </p><p>Protoplanetary disks have been observed around several young stars in our galaxy. Observations by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> have shown proplyds and planetary disks to be forming within the <a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RicciRobberto2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RicciRobberto2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'dellWong1996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'dellWong1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protoplanetary disks are thought to be thin structures, with a typical vertical height much smaller than the radius, and a typical mass much smaller than the central young star.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mass of a typical proto-planetary disk is dominated by its gas, however, the presence of dust grains has a major role in its evolution. Dust grains shield the mid-plane of the disk from energetic radiation from outer space that creates a dead zone in which the <a href="/wiki/Magnetorotational_instability" title="Magnetorotational instability">magnetorotational instability</a> (MRI) no longer operates.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that these disks consist of a turbulent envelope of plasma, also called the active zone, that encases an extensive region of quiescent gas called the dead zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dead zone located at the mid-plane can slow down the flow of matter through the disk which prohibits achieving a steady state. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/300px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/450px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/600px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="2918" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/300px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/450px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/600px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="2919" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a> ejecta producing <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">planet-forming material</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planetary_system">Planetary system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanetary_disk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planetary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soot-line1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Soot-line1.jpg/440px-Soot-line1.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Soot-line1.jpg/660px-Soot-line1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Soot-line1.jpg/880px-Soot-line1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>An artist's illustration giving a simple overview of the main regions of a protoplanetary disk, delineated by the soot and frost line, which for example has been observed around the star <a href="/wiki/V883_Orionis" title="V883 Orionis">V883 Orionis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">nebular hypothesis</a> of solar system formation describes how protoplanetary disks are thought to evolve into planetary systems. Electrostatic and gravitational interactions may cause the dust and ice grains in the disk to accrete into <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a>. This process competes against the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar wind</a>, which drives the gas out of the system, and gravity (<a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion</a>) and internal stresses (<a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>), which pulls material into the central T Tauri star. Planetesimals constitute the building blocks of both terrestrial and giant planets.<sup id="cite_ref-lhdb2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lhdb2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dangelo2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dangelo2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disk_comet_nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Disk_comet_nebula.jpg/440px-Disk_comet_nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Disk_comet_nebula.jpg/660px-Disk_comet_nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Disk_comet_nebula.jpg/880px-Disk_comet_nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A model of a protoplanetary disk</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the moons of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> are believed to have formed from smaller, circumplanetary analogs of the protoplanetary disks.<sup id="cite_ref-arxiv0812_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arxiv0812-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dangelo_podolak_2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dangelo_podolak_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of planets and moons in geometrically thin, gas- and dust-rich disks is the reason why the <a href="/wiki/Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets">planets</a> are arranged in an <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic plane">ecliptic plane</a>. Tens of millions of years after the formation of the Solar System, the inner few AU of the Solar System likely contained dozens of moon- to Mars-sized bodies that were accreting and consolidating into the terrestrial planets that we now see. The Earth's moon likely formed after a Mars-sized protoplanet obliquely <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">impacted</a> the proto-Earth ~30 million years after the formation of the Solar System. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debris_disks">Debris disks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanetary_disk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Debris disks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gas-poor disks of circumstellar dust have been found around many nearby stars—most of which have ages in the range of ~10 million years (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris" title="Beta Pictoris">Beta Pictoris</a>, <a href="/wiki/51_Ophiuchi" title="51 Ophiuchi">51 Ophiuchi</a>) to billions of years (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a>). These systems are usually referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Debris_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris disks">debris disks</a>". Given the older ages of these stars, and the short lifetimes of micrometer-sized dust grains around stars due to <a href="/wiki/Poynting_Robertson_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Poynting Robertson drag">Poynting Robertson drag</a>, collisions, and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a> (typically hundreds to thousands of years), it is thought that this dust is from the collisions of planetesimals (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroids">asteroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Comets">comets</a>). Hence the <a href="/wiki/Debris_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris disks">debris disks</a> around these examples (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphecca">Alphecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fomalhaut" title="Fomalhaut">Fomalhaut</a>, etc.) are not "protoplanetary", but represent a later stage of disk evolution where extrasolar analogs of the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> are home to dust-generating collisions between planetesimals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_abiogenesis">Relation to abiogenesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanetary_disk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relation to abiogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></div> <p>Based on recent <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer model studies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">complex organic molecules</a> necessary for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> may have formed in the protoplanetary disk of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">dust grains</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> before the formation of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120329_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120329-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the computer studies, this same process may also occur around other <a href="/wiki/Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars">stars</a> that acquire <a href="/wiki/Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets">planets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120329_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120329-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Also see <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis#Observed_extraterrestrial_organic_molecules" title="Abiogenesis">Extraterrestrial organic molecules</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanetary_disk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opo0113i.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of the dynamics of a proplyd"><img alt="Illustration of the dynamics of a proplyd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Opo0113i.jpg/120px-Opo0113i.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Opo0113i.jpg/180px-Opo0113i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Opo0113i.jpg/240px-Opo0113i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of the dynamics of a <a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">proplyd</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitch_perfect_in_DSHARP_at_ALMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="20 protoplanetary discs captured by the High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP).[21]"><img alt="20 protoplanetary discs captured by the High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP).[21]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pitch_perfect_in_DSHARP_at_ALMA.jpg/96px-Pitch_perfect_in_DSHARP_at_ALMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pitch_perfect_in_DSHARP_at_ALMA.jpg/144px-Pitch_perfect_in_DSHARP_at_ALMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pitch_perfect_in_DSHARP_at_ALMA.jpg/192px-Pitch_perfect_in_DSHARP_at_ALMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6896" data-file-height="8620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">20 protoplanetary discs captured by the High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosmic_shadow_of_HBC_672.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A shadow is created by the protoplanetary disc surrounding the star HBC 672 within the nebula.[22]"><img alt="A shadow is created by the protoplanetary disc surrounding the star HBC 672 within the nebula.[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cosmic_shadow_of_HBC_672.jpg/120px-Cosmic_shadow_of_HBC_672.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cosmic_shadow_of_HBC_672.jpg/180px-Cosmic_shadow_of_HBC_672.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cosmic_shadow_of_HBC_672.jpg/240px-Cosmic_shadow_of_HBC_672.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4398" data-file-height="3982" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A shadow is created by the protoplanetary disc surrounding the star HBC 672 within the nebula.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_planet_creates_a_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Protoplanetary disc AS 209 nestled in the young Ophiuchus star-forming region.[23]"><img alt="Protoplanetary disc AS 209 nestled in the young Ophiuchus star-forming region.[23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Young_planet_creates_a_scene.jpg/120px-Young_planet_creates_a_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Young_planet_creates_a_scene.jpg/180px-Young_planet_creates_a_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Young_planet_creates_a_scene.jpg/240px-Young_planet_creates_a_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Protoplanetary disc <a href="/w/index.php?title=AS_209&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AS 209 (page does not exist)">AS 209</a> nestled in the young <a href="/wiki/Ophiuchus_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiuchus (constellation)">Ophiuchus</a> star-forming region.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feeding_a_Baby_Star_with_a_Dusty_Hamburger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Protoplanetary disk HH 212.[24]"><img alt="Protoplanetary disk HH 212.[24]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Feeding_a_Baby_Star_with_a_Dusty_Hamburger.jpg/120px-Feeding_a_Baby_Star_with_a_Dusty_Hamburger.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Feeding_a_Baby_Star_with_a_Dusty_Hamburger.jpg/180px-Feeding_a_Baby_Star_with_a_Dusty_Hamburger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Feeding_a_Baby_Star_with_a_Dusty_Hamburger.jpg/240px-Feeding_a_Baby_Star_with_a_Dusty_Hamburger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2683" data-file-height="1788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Protoplanetary disk <a href="/w/index.php?title=HH_212&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HH 212 (page does not exist)">HH 212</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_Cleaning_in_an_Infant_Star_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="By observing dusty protoplanetary discs, scientists investigate the first steps of planet formation.[25]"><img alt="By observing dusty protoplanetary discs, scientists investigate the first steps of planet formation.[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Spring_Cleaning_in_an_Infant_Star_System.jpg/120px-Spring_Cleaning_in_an_Infant_Star_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Spring_Cleaning_in_an_Infant_Star_System.jpg/180px-Spring_Cleaning_in_an_Infant_Star_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Spring_Cleaning_in_an_Infant_Star_System.jpg/240px-Spring_Cleaning_in_an_Infant_Star_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">By observing dusty protoplanetary discs, scientists investigate the first steps of planet formation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulevard_of_Broken_Rings.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Concentric rings around young star HD 141569A, located some 370 light-years away.[26]"><img alt="Concentric rings around young star HD 141569A, located some 370 light-years away.[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Boulevard_of_Broken_Rings.jpg/120px-Boulevard_of_Broken_Rings.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Boulevard_of_Broken_Rings.jpg/180px-Boulevard_of_Broken_Rings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Boulevard_of_Broken_Rings.jpg/240px-Boulevard_of_Broken_Rings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="1461" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Concentric rings around young star <a href="/wiki/HD_141569A" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 141569A">HD 141569A</a>, located some 370 light-years away.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Debris disks detected in HST images of young stars, HD 141943 and HD 191089 - images at top; geometry at bottom.[27]"><img alt="Debris disks detected in HST images of young stars, HD 141943 and HD 191089 - images at top; geometry at bottom.[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg/120px-NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg/180px-NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg/240px-NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Debris_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris disks">Debris disks</a> detected in <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a> images of young stars, <i>HD 141943</i> and <i>HD 191089</i> - images at top; geometry at bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140424_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140424-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoplanetary_disk_HH-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Protoplanetary disk HH-30 in Taurus - disk emits the reddish stellar jet."><img alt="Protoplanetary disk HH-30 in Taurus - disk emits the reddish stellar jet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Protoplanetary_disk_HH-30.jpg/120px-Protoplanetary_disk_HH-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Protoplanetary_disk_HH-30.jpg/180px-Protoplanetary_disk_HH-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Protoplanetary_disk_HH-30.jpg/240px-Protoplanetary_disk_HH-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Protoplanetary disk <a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">HH</a>-30 in <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a> - disk emits the reddish <a href="/wiki/Stellar_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar jet">stellar jet</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_Impression_of_a_Baby_Star_Still_Surrounded_by_a_Protoplanetary_Disc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artist's impression of a protoplanetary disk."><img alt="Artist's impression of a protoplanetary disk." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Artist%E2%80%99s_Impression_of_a_Baby_Star_Still_Surrounded_by_a_Protoplanetary_Disc.jpg/120px-Artist%E2%80%99s_Impression_of_a_Baby_Star_Still_Surrounded_by_a_Protoplanetary_Disc.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Artist%E2%80%99s_Impression_of_a_Baby_Star_Still_Surrounded_by_a_Protoplanetary_Disc.jpg/180px-Artist%E2%80%99s_Impression_of_a_Baby_Star_Still_Surrounded_by_a_Protoplanetary_Disc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Artist%E2%80%99s_Impression_of_a_Baby_Star_Still_Surrounded_by_a_Protoplanetary_Disc.jpg/240px-Artist%E2%80%99s_Impression_of_a_Baby_Star_Still_Surrounded_by_a_Protoplanetary_Disc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Artist's impression of a protoplanetary disk. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M42proplyds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A proplyd in the Orion Nebula."><img alt="A proplyd in the Orion Nebula." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/M42proplyds.jpg/120px-M42proplyds.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/M42proplyds.jpg/180px-M42proplyds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/M42proplyds.jpg/240px-M42proplyds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A proplyd in the <a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv/120px--Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Artist's_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_disc_around_a_young_star.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Video shows the evolution of the disc around a young star like HL Tauri (artist concept).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GW_Orionis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of the circumtrinary disc around GW Orionis.[28]"><img alt="Image of the circumtrinary disc around GW Orionis.[28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GW_Orionis_2.jpg/120px-GW_Orionis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GW_Orionis_2.jpg/180px-GW_Orionis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GW_Orionis_2.jpg/240px-GW_Orionis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image of the circumtrinary disc around <a href="/wiki/GW_Orionis" title="GW Orionis">GW Orionis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bi2020_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bi2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_A._Aguilar%27s_Red_Dwarf_Stars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An artist's concept of a protoplanetary disk"><img alt="An artist's concept of a protoplanetary disk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/David_A._Aguilar%27s_Red_Dwarf_Stars.jpg/120px-David_A._Aguilar%27s_Red_Dwarf_Stars.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/David_A._Aguilar%27s_Red_Dwarf_Stars.jpg/180px-David_A._Aguilar%27s_Red_Dwarf_Stars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/David_A._Aguilar%27s_Red_Dwarf_Stars.jpg/240px-David_A._Aguilar%27s_Red_Dwarf_Stars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An artist's concept of a protoplanetary disk</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanetary_disk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetary_disks" class="extiw" title="commons:Protoplanetary disks"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Protoplanetary disks</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a> – Accumulation of matter around a planet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoasteroid" title="Exoasteroid">Exoasteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-PACE" title="Q-PACE">Q-PACE</a>, a spacecraft mission to study accretion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanetary_disk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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L18. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.03135">2004.03135</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...895L..18B">2020ApJ...895L..18B</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fab8eb4">10.3847/2041-8213/ab8eb4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=GW+Ori%3A+Interactions+between+a+Triple-star+System+and+Its+Circumtriple+Disk+in+Action&rft.volume=895&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L18&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2004.03135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fab8eb4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ApJ...895L..18B&rft.aulast=Bi&rft.aufirst=Jiaqing&rft.au=van+der+Marel%2C+Nienke&rft.au=Dong%2C+Ruobing&rft.au=Muto%2C+Takayuki&rft.au=Martin%2C+Rebecca+G.&rft.au=Smallwood%2C+Jeremy+L.&rft.au=Hashimoto%2C+Jun&rft.au=Liu%2C+Hauyu+Baobab&rft.au=Nomura%2C+Hideko&rft.au=Hasegawa%2C+Yasuhiro&rft.au=Takami%2C+Michihiro&rft.au=Konishi%2C+Mihoko&rft.au=Momose%2C+Munetake&rft.au=Kanagawa%2C+Kazuhiro+D.&rft.au=Kataoka%2C+Akimasa&rft.au=Ono%2C+Tomohiro&rft.au=Sitko%2C+Michael+L.&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+Sanemichi+Z.&rft.au=Tomida%2C+Kengo&rft.au=Tsukagoshi%2C+Takashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F2041-8213%252Fab8eb4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtoplanetary+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanetary_disk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Sanford S. (2006). "A New Model for Water Vapor and Ice Abundance in a Protoplanetary Nebula". <i>American Astronomical Society, DPS Meeting #38, #66.07</i>. <b>38</b>: 617. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006DPS....38.6607D">2006DPS....38.6607D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Astronomical+Society%2C+DPS+Meeting+%2338%2C+%2366.07&rft.atitle=A+New+Model+for+Water+Vapor+and+Ice+Abundance+in+a+Protoplanetary+Nebula&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=617&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006DPS....38.6607D&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Sanford+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtoplanetary+disk" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrado_y_Navascues1998" class="citation journal cs1">Barrado y Navascues, D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095617/http://aa.springer.de/papers/8339003/2300831/small.htm">"The Castor moving group: The age of Fomalhaut and Vega"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>339</b> (3): 831–839. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9905243">astro-ph/9905243</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A&A...339..831B">1998A&A...339..831B</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.springer.de/papers/8339003/2300831/small.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+Castor+moving+group%3A+The+age+of+Fomalhaut+and+Vega&rft.volume=339&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=831-839&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9905243&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998A%26A...339..831B&rft.aulast=Barrado+y+Navascues&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.springer.de%2Fpapers%2F8339003%2F2300831%2Fsmall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtoplanetary+disk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalasGrahamClampin2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kalas" title="Paul Kalas">Kalas, Paul</a>; Graham, J.; Clampin, M. (2005). 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href="/wiki/Template:Star" title="Template:Star"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Star" title="Template talk:Star"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet nebula">Wolf-Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br />observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stars" title="Category:Stars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/21px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/">"Home | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian"</a>. <i>www.cfa.harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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