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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classic_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Classic methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breaking_functional_fixedness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breaking_functional_fixedness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Breaking functional fixedness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breaking_functional_fixedness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spatial_ability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial_ability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Spatial ability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spatial_ability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_verbal_ability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_verbal_ability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Using verbal ability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_verbal_ability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Specific results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Versus_non-insight_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versus_non-insight_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Versus non-insight problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versus_non-insight_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Emotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incubation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incubation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Incubation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incubation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Sleep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>In the brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_insight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_insight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Group insight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_insight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Individual differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metacognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metacognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>Metacognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metacognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturalistic_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturalistic_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.9</span> <span>Naturalistic settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturalistic_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Human_Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Human_Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.10</span> <span>Non-Human Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Human_Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dual-process_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual-process_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Dual-process theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual-process_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-process_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-process_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Three-process theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-process_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four-stage_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four-stage_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Four-stage model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four-stage_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Psychiatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spirituality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsicht" title="Einsicht – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Einsicht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="استبصار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استبصار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsayt" title="İnsayt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsayt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Инсайт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Инсайт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsicht" title="Einsicht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einsicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight_(psicolog%C3%ADa)" title="Insight (psicología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Insight (psicología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4" title="بینش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بینش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight_(psychologie_cognitive)" title="Insight (psychologie cognitive) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insight (psychologie cognitive)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%B0%B0" title="통찰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통찰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawasan" title="Wawasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wawasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight" title="Insight – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Insight" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94" title="תובנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תובנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Инсайт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инсайт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Инсайт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инсайт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaits" title="Insaits – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Insaits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A1t%C3%A1sos_tanul%C3%A1s" title="Belátásos tanulás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Belátásos tanulás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzicht" title="Inzicht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inzicht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F" title="洞察 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="洞察" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insayt" title="Insayt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Insayt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wgl%C4%85d" title="Wgląd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wgląd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight_(no%C8%9Biune)" title="Insight (noțiune) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insight (noțiune)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Инсайт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инсайт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight" title="Insight – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Insight" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vh%C4%BEad" title="Vhľad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vhľad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دەروونبینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروونبینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Увид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Увид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvid" title="Uvid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uvid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakiramdam" title="Pakiramdam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pakiramdam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Інсайт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інсайт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F" title="洞察 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="洞察" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F%E5%8A%9B" title="洞察力 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="洞察力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Insight_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Insight (disambiguation)">Insight (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Insight</b> is the understanding of a specific <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">cause and effect</a> within a particular context.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term insight can have several related meanings: </p> <ul><li>a piece of information</li> <li>the act or result of understanding the inner nature of things or of seeing <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuitively</a> (called <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/noesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:noesis">noesis</a></i></span> in Greek)</li> <li>an <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">introspection</a></li> <li>the power of acute observation and <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deduction</a>, discernment, and <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, called intellection or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">noesis</a></i></span></li> <li>an understanding of cause and effect based on the identification of relationships and behaviors within a model, system, context, or scenario (see <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>)</li></ul> <p>An insight that manifests itself suddenly, such as understanding how to solve a difficult problem, is sometimes called by the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Eureka_effect" title="Eureka effect">Aha-Erlebnis</a></i></span>. The term was coined by the German psychologist and theoretical linguist <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BChler" title="Karl Bühler">Karl Bühler</a>. It is also known as an <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(feeling)" title="Epiphany (feeling)">epiphany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eureka_effect" title="Eureka effect">eureka moment</a>, or (for crossword solvers) the penny dropping moment (PDM).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudden sickening realisations often identify a problem rather than solving it, so <i>Uh-oh</i> rather than <i>Aha</i> moments are seen in negative insight.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further example of negative insight is chagrin which is annoyance at the obviousness of a solution that was missed up until the (perhaps too late) point of insight,<sup id="cite_ref-Gick1995_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gick1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an example of this being Homer Simpson's catchphrase exclamation, <a href="/wiki/D%27oh!" title="D'oh!">D'oh!</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duncker_candle_problem_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Duncker_candle_problem_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Duncker_candle_problem_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Duncker_candle_problem_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="141" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Candle_problem" title="Candle problem">candle problem</a> by Karl Duncker asks how a candle might be affixed to a wall using only matches and tacks<sup id="cite_ref-Duncker_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In psychology, insight occurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning.<sup id="cite_ref-Cognitive_book_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cognitive_book-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_error" title="Trial and error">trial and error</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Psychology:_Themes_and_Variations_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psychology:_Themes_and_Variations-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solutions via insight have been proven to be more accurate than non-insight solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insight was first studied by <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt psychology</a>, in the early part of the 20th century, during the search for an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Associationism" title="Associationism">associationism</a> and the associationistic view of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some proposed potential mechanisms for insight include: suddenly seeing the problem in a new way, connecting the problem to another relevant problem/solution pair, releasing past experiences that are blocking the solution, or seeing problem in a larger, coherent context.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_methods">Classic methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classic methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nine_Dot_Problem,_DLW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Nine_Dot_Problem%2C_DLW.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>Solution to the Nine-dot problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Nine-dot_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nine-dot-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, methodological approaches to the study of insight in the laboratory involve presenting participants with problems and puzzles that cannot be solved in a conventional or logical manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems of insight commonly fall into three types:<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breaking_functional_fixedness">Breaking functional fixedness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Breaking functional fixedness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAT_problem,_DLW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/RAT_problem%2C_DLW.png/220px-RAT_problem%2C_DLW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/RAT_problem%2C_DLW.png 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="118" /></a><figcaption>Example of a RAT problem.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first type of problem forces participants to use objects in a way they are not accustomed to (thus, breaking their <a href="/wiki/Functional_fixedness" title="Functional fixedness">functional fixedness</a>). An example is the "Duncker candle problem",<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which people are given matches and a box of tacks and asked to find a way to attach a candle to the wall to light the room.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncker_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The solution requires the participants to empty the box of tacks, set the candle inside the box, tack the box to the wall, and light the candle with the matches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spatial_ability">Spatial ability</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spatial ability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second type of insight problem requires <a href="/wiki/Spatial_ability" title="Spatial ability">spatial ability</a> to solve. An example is the "<a href="/wiki/Nine-dot_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine-dot problem">Nine-dot problem</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which requires participants to draw four lines, through nine dots, without picking their pencil up.<sup id="cite_ref-Nine-dot_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nine-dot-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Using_verbal_ability">Using verbal ability</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Using verbal ability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third and final type of problem requires verbal ability to solve. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Remote_Associates_Test" title="Remote Associates Test">Remote Associates Test</a> (RAT),<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which people must think of a word that connects three, seemingly unrelated, words.<sup id="cite_ref-RAT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RAT are often used in experiments, because they can be solved both with and without insight.<sup id="cite_ref-Kounios_&_Beeman_(2009)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounios_&_Beeman_(2009)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_results">Specific results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Specific results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Versus_non-insight_problems">Versus non-insight problems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Versus non-insight problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two clusters of problems, those solvable by insight and those not requiring insight to solve, have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilhooly_&_Murphy_(2005)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilhooly_&_Murphy_(2005)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person's cognitive flexibility, <a href="/wiki/Fluency" title="Fluency">fluency</a>, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on insight problems, but not on non-insight problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilhooly_&_Murphy_(2005)_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilhooly_&_Murphy_(2005)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_and_crystallized_intelligence" title="Fluid and crystallized intelligence">fluid intelligence</a> is mildly predictive of performance on non-insight problems, but not on insight problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilhooly_&_Murphy_(2005)_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilhooly_&_Murphy_(2005)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent research suggests that rather than <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">insight versus search</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what's that? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, that the subjective feeling of insight varies, with some solutions experienced with a stronger feeling of <i>Aha</i> than others.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emotion">Emotion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People in a better mood are more likely to solve problems using insight.<sup id="cite_ref-Subramaniam,_Kounios,_Parrish_&_Jung-Beeman_(2009)_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subramaniam,_Kounios,_Parrish_&_Jung-Beeman_(2009)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-reported positive affect of participants increased insight before and during the solving of a problem,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">as indicated by differing brain activity patterns</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="did this study use "self-reporting" or "brain activity patterns"? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Subramaniam,_Kounios,_Parrish_&_Jung-Beeman_(2009)_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subramaniam,_Kounios,_Parrish_&_Jung-Beeman_(2009)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People experiencing anxiety showed the opposite effect, and solved fewer problems by insight.<sup id="cite_ref-Subramaniam,_Kounios,_Parrish_&_Jung-Beeman_(2009)_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subramaniam,_Kounios,_Parrish_&_Jung-Beeman_(2009)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emotion can also be considered: whether this is a positive <i>Aha</i> or negative <i>Uh-oh</i> moment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to have insights it is important to have access to one's emotions and sensations, as these can cause insights. To the degree that individuals have limited introspective access to these underlying causes, they have only limited control over these processes as well.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incubation">Incubation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Incubation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using a geometric and spatial insight problem, it was found that providing participants with breaks improved their performance when compared to participants who did not receive a break.<sup id="cite_ref-Segal_(2004)_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segal_(2004)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the length of incubation between problems did not matter. Thus, participants' performance on insight problems improved just as much with a short break (4 minutes) as it did with a long break (12 minutes).<sup id="cite_ref-Segal_(2004)_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segal_(2004)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sleep">Sleep</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sleep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research has shown <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a> to help produce insight.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner,_Gais,_Haider,_Verleger_&_Born_(2004)_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner,_Gais,_Haider,_Verleger_&_Born_(2004)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People were initially trained on insight problems. Following training, one group was tested on the insight problems after sleeping for eight hours at night, one group was tested after staying awake all night, and one group was tested after staying awake all day. Those that slept performed twice as well on the insight problems than those who stayed awake.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner,_Gais,_Haider,_Verleger_&_Born_(2004)_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner,_Gais,_Haider,_Verleger_&_Born_(2004)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_brain">In the brain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the brain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eureka_effect#Evidence_for_the_Aha!_effect_in_EEG_studies" title="Eureka effect">Eureka effect § Evidence for the Aha! effect in EEG studies</a></div> <p>Differences in brain activation in the left and right hemisphere seem to be indicative of insight versus non-insight solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowden_&_Beeman_(2003)_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowden_&_Beeman_(2003)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presenting RATs either to the left or right visual field, it was shown that participants having solved the problem with insight were more likely to have been shown the RAT on the left visual field, indicating right hemisphere processing. This provides evidence that the right hemisphere plays a special role in insight.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowden_&_Beeman_(2003)_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowden_&_Beeman_(2003)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">fMRI</a> and <a href="/wiki/EEG" class="mw-redirect" title="EEG">EEG</a> scans of participants completing RATs demonstrated particular brain activity corresponding to problems solved by insight.<sup id="cite_ref-Kounios_&_Beeman_(2009)_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounios_&_Beeman_(2009)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, there is high EEG activity in the alpha- and gamma-band about 300 milliseconds before participants indicated a solution to insight problems, but not to non-insight problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Kounios_&_Beeman_(2009)_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounios_&_Beeman_(2009)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, problems solved by insight corresponded to increased activity in the temporal lobes and mid-frontal cortex, while more activity in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cortex" title="Posterior cortex">posterior cortex</a> corresponded to non-insight problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Kounios_&_Beeman_(2009)_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounios_&_Beeman_(2009)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data suggests there is something different occurring in the brain when solving insight versus non-insight problems that happens right before the solving of the problem. This conclusion has been supported also by eye-tracking data that shows an increased eye blink duration and frequency when people solve problems via insight. This latter result, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">paired with an eye pattern oriented to look away from sources of visual inputs</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="paired how, by whom? is this observed or induced? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (such as looking at blank wall, or out the window at the sky) proves different attention involvement in insight problem solving vs. problem solving via analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Group_insight">Group insight</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Group insight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groups typically perform better on insight problems (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Rebus" title="Rebus">rebus puzzles</a> with either helpful or unhelpful clues) than individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Bushouse,_Lord_(2010)_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Bushouse,_Lord_(2010)-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAT_Problem,_DLW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/RAT_Problem%2C_DLW.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>Example of a rebus puzzle. Answer: man overboard.</figcaption></figure> <p>Additionally, while incubation improves insight performance for individuals, it improves insight performance for groups even more.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Bushouse,_Lord_(2010)_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Bushouse,_Lord_(2010)-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, after a 15-minute break, individual performance improved for the rebus puzzles with unhelpful clues, and group performance improved for rebus puzzles with both unhelpful and helpful clues.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Bushouse,_Lord_(2010)_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Bushouse,_Lord_(2010)-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Individual_differences">Individual differences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Individual differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Participants who ranked lower on emotionality and higher on openness to experience performed better on insight problems. Men outperformed women on insight problems, and women outperformed men on non-insight problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin,_Hsu,_Chen,_Wang_(2011)_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin,_Hsu,_Chen,_Wang_(2011)-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher intelligence (higher <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a>) is associated with better performance on insight problems. However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large-scale study in Australia suggests that insight may not be universally experienced, with almost 20% of respondents reporting that they had not experienced insight.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metacognition">Metacognition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Metacognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People are poorer at predicting their own <a href="/wiki/Metacognition" title="Metacognition">metacognition</a> for insight problems, than for non-insight problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalfe_&_Wiebe_(1987)_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe_&_Wiebe_(1987)-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People were asked to indicate how "hot" or "cold" to a solution they felt. Generally, they were able to predict this fairly well for non-insight problems, but not for insight problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalfe_&_Wiebe_(1987)_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe_&_Wiebe_(1987)-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provides evidence for the suddenness involved during insight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naturalistic_settings">Naturalistic settings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Naturalistic settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accounts of insight that have been reported in the media, such as in interviews, etc., were examined and coded.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_&_Jarosz_(2011)_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein_&_Jarosz_(2011)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insights that occur in the field are typically reported to be associated with a sudden "change in understanding" and with "seeing connections and contradictions" in the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_&_Jarosz_(2011)_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein_&_Jarosz_(2011)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insight in nature differed from insight in the laboratory. For example, insight in nature was often rather gradual, not sudden, and incubation was not as important.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_&_Jarosz_(2011)_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein_&_Jarosz_(2011)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other studies used online questionnaires to explore insight outside of the laboratory,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verifying the notion that insight often happens in situations such as in the shower,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and echoing the idea that creative ideas occur in situations where divergent thought is more likely, sometimes called the Three "B"s of Creativity, in Bed, on the Bus, or in the Bath. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-Human_Animals">Non-Human Animals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non-Human Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies on <a href="/wiki/Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">primate cognition</a> have provided evidence of what may be interpreted as insight in animals. In 1917, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a> published his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mentality_of_Apes" title="The Mentality of Apes">The Mentality of Apes</a></i>, having studied primates on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> for six years. In one of his experiments, apes were presented with an insight problem that required the use of objects in new and original ways, in order to win a prize (usually, some kind of food). He observed that the animals would continuously fail to get the food, and this process occurred for quite some time; however, rather suddenly, they would purposefully use the object in the way needed to get the food, as if the realization had occurred out of nowhere. He interpreted this behavior as something resembling insight in apes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kohler_(1925)_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohler_(1925)-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent study suggested that elephants might also experience insight, showing that a young male elephant was able to identify and move a large cube under food that was out of reach so that he could stand on it to get the reward.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories">Theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of theories about insight; no single theory dominates interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual-process_theory">Dual-process theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dual-process theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the dual-process theory, there are two systems that people use to solve problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin,_Hsu,_Chen,_Wang_(2011)_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin,_Hsu,_Chen,_Wang_(2011)-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first involves logical and analytical thought processes based on reason, while the second involves intuitive and automatic processes based on experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin,_Hsu,_Chen,_Wang_(2011)_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin,_Hsu,_Chen,_Wang_(2011)-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has demonstrated that insight probably involves both processes; however, the second process is more influential.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin,_Hsu,_Chen,_Wang_(2011)_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin,_Hsu,_Chen,_Wang_(2011)-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three-process_theory">Three-process theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Three-process theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the three-process theory, intelligence plays a large role in insight.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_(1984)_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_(1984)-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, insight involves three processes that require intelligence to apply them to problems:<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_(1984)_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_(1984)-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>selective encoding</dt> <dd>focusing attention on ideas relevant to a solution, while ignoring features that are irrelevant</dd> <dt>selective combination</dt> <dd>combining the information previously deemed relevant</dd> <dt>selective comparison</dt> <dd>the use of past experience with problems and solutions that are applicable to the current problem and solution</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Four-stage_model">Four-stage model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Four-stage model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the four-stage model of insight, there are four stages to problem solving:<sup id="cite_ref-Hadamard_(1975)_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadamard_(1975)-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The person prepares to solve a problem.</li> <li>The person incubates on the problem, which encompasses trial-and-error, etc.</li> <li>The insight occurs, and the solution is illuminated.</li> <li>The verification of the solution to the problem is experienced.</li></ol> <p>Since this model was proposed, other similar models have been explored that contain two or three similar stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Psychiatry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Egosyntonic_and_egodystonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Egosyntonic and egodystonic">Egosyntonic and egodystonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, insight can mean the ability to recognize one's own <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of insight has multiple dimensions, such as recognizing the need for treatment, and recognizing consequences of one's behavior as stemming from an illness.<sup id="cite_ref-polypharmacy_in_psychiatry_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polypharmacy_in_psychiatry-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person with very poor recognition or acknowledgment is referred to as having "poor insight" or "lack of insight". The most extreme form is <a href="/wiki/Anosognosia" title="Anosognosia">anosognosia</a>, the total absence of insight into one's own mental illness. Mental illnesses are associated with a variety of levels of insight. For example, people with <a href="/wiki/Obsessive_compulsive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive compulsive disorder">obsessive compulsive disorder</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Phobias" class="mw-redirect" title="Phobias">phobias</a> tend to have relatively good insight that they have a problem and that their thoughts and/or actions are unreasonable, although they feel compelled to carry out the thoughts and actions regardless.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Psychotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic">psychotic</a> conditions tend to have very poor awareness that anything is wrong with them.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid30477401_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30477401-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychiatric insight can be broken into a number of dimensions. <i>Clinical insight</i>, awareness of one's own disease and associated symptoms, is the oldest formulation. <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a> <i>et al.</i> published a Beck cognitive insight scale (BCIS) in 2004, measuring the new concept of <i>cognitive insight</i>, that is, one's ability to recognize and distance oneself from distorted beliefs, and to re-evaluate and update existing beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the concept of <i>introspective accuracy</i>, or one's ability to assess their own skills and capabilities, was developed from self-assessment questionnaire research in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-cogi_ia_bd_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cogi_ia_bd-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Good cognitive insight predicts favorable outcomes in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioural_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive behavioural therapy">cognitive behavioural therapy</a> for people with psychosis.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, for people with schizophrenia, good cognitive insight is associated with higher self-stigma, higher insight into treatment, and lower medication compliance. It is not associated with a change in quality-of-life.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among people with schizophrenia, introspective accuracy is a very powerful predictor for functional outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30477401_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30477401-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some psychiatrists believe <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsychotics">antipsychotics</a> may contribute to the patient's lack of insight.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> word for "insight" is <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">vipassana</a></i></span>, which has been adopted as the name of a variety of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a> meditation. Research indicates that mindfulness meditation facilitates solving of insight problems with dosage of 20 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar concepts in <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> Buddhism are <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">kenshō</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">satori</a></i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a> – Branch of theology that defines virtuous and sinful behavior from a Christian perspective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">Genius</a> – Exceptional intellectual ability, creativity, or originality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok" title="Grok">Grok</a> – Neologism coined by Robert Heinlein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_self-reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Human self-reflection">Human self-reflection</a> – Capacity of humans to exercise introspection<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a> – Examining one's own thoughts and feelings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a> – Canadian philosopher and theologian (1904–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_mindedness" title="Psychological mindedness">Psychological mindedness</a> – a person's capacity for self-examination, self-reflection, introspection and personal insight<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Sagacity</a> – Ability to apply knowledge with good judgment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Self awareness">Self awareness</a> – Capacity for introspection and individuation as a subject<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a> – Normative ethical theories</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFriedlanderFine2016" class="citation journal cs1">Friedlander, Kathryn J.; Fine, Philip A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853387">"The Grounded Expertise Components Approach in the Novel Area of Cryptic Crossword Solving"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>7</b>: 567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00567">10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00567</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853387">4853387</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27199805">27199805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Grounded+Expertise+Components+Approach+in+the+Novel+Area+of+Cryptic+Crossword+Solving&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=567&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4853387%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27199805&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00567&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+J.&rft.au=Fine%2C+Philip+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4853387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillKemp2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Gillian; Kemp, Shelly M. (2016-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bear.buckingham.ac.uk/103/4/Hill_Kemp_2016_Insight.pdf">"Uh-Oh! What Have We Missed? A Qualitative Investigation into Everyday Insight Experience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Creative Behavior</i>. <b>52</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">201–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjocb.142">10.1002/jocb.142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2162-6057">2162-6057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Creative+Behavior&rft.atitle=Uh-Oh%21+What+Have+We+Missed%3F+A+Qualitative+Investigation+into+Everyday+Insight+Experience&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjocb.142&rft.issn=2162-6057&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Shelly+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbear.buckingham.ac.uk%2F103%2F4%2FHill_Kemp_2016_Insight.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gick1995-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gick1995_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGickLockhart1995" class="citation book cs1">Gick, Mary L.; Lockhart, Robert S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-98855-006">"Cognitive and affective components of insight"</a>. In Sternberg, Robert J.; Davidson, J.E. (eds.). <i>The nature of insight</i>. MIT Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">197–</span>228<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cognitive+and+affective+components+of+insight&rft.btitle=The+nature+of+insight&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Gick&rft.aufirst=Mary+L.&rft.au=Lockhart%2C+Robert+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F1994-98855-006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncker-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncker_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncker_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunckerLees1945" class="citation journal cs1">Duncker, Karl; Lees, Lynne S. (1945). 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Nelson Education ltd: Thomson Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0176472733" title="Special:BookSources/978-0176472733"><bdi>978-0176472733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themes+and+Variations&rft.place=Nelson+Education+ltd&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0176472733&rft.aulast=Weiten&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=McCann%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychologythemes0002weit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature_of_insight-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_of_insight_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSternbergDavidson1996" class="citation book cs1">Sternberg, Robert J.; Davidson, Janet E., eds. 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(2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nsa.2023.101132">"Cognitive insight and introspective accuracy in individuals with bipolar disorder: A scoping review"</a>. <i>Neuroscience Applied</i>. <b>2</b>: 101132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nsa.2023.101132">10.1016/j.nsa.2023.101132</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+Applied&rft.atitle=Cognitive+insight+and+introspective+accuracy+in+individuals+with+bipolar+disorder%3A+A+scoping+review&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=101132&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nsa.2023.101132&rft.aulast=Wels&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Dalkner%2C+Nina&rft.au=Lenger%2C+Melanie&rft.au=Fellendorf%2C+Frederike+T.&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6nthaler%2C+Elena+M.D.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Philip+D.&rft.au=Reininghaus%2C+Eva+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.nsa.2023.101132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMervisVohsLysaker2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mervis, JE; Vohs, JL; Lysaker, PH (March 2022). 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A 20-year longitudinal study"</a>. <i>Psychological Medicine</i>. <b>42</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2145–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033291712000220">10.1017/S0033291712000220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22340278">22340278</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29641445">29641445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Medicine&rft.atitle=Do+all+schizophrenia+patients+need+antipsychotic+treatment+continuously+throughout+their+lifetime%3F+A+20-year+longitudinal+study&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2145-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29641445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22340278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033291712000220&rft.aulast=Harrow&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Jobe%2C+T.H.&rft.au=Faull%2C+R.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F10757432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsight" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoncrieff2015" class="citation journal cs1">Moncrieff, J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524699">"Antipsychotic Maintenance Treatment: Time to Rethink?"</a>. <i>PLOS Med</i>. <b>12</b> (8): e1001861. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001861">10.1371/journal.pmed.1001861</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524699">4524699</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26241954">26241954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Med&rft.atitle=Antipsychotic+Maintenance+Treatment%3A+Time+to+Rethink%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1001861&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4524699%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26241954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001861&rft.aulast=Moncrieff&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4524699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsight" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRenHuangLuoWei2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ren, Jun; Huang, ZhiHui; Luo, Jing; et al. (29 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11427-011-4233-3">"Meditation promotes insightful problem-solving by keeping people in a mindful and alert conscious state"</a>. <i>Science China Life Sciences</i>. <b>54</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">961–</span>965. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11427-011-4233-3">10.1007/s11427-011-4233-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22038009">22038009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+China+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Meditation+promotes+insightful+problem-solving+by+keeping+people+in+a+mindful+and+alert+conscious+state&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E961-%3C%2Fspan%3E965&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11427-011-4233-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22038009&rft.aulast=Ren&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft.au=Huang%2C+ZhiHui&rft.au=Luo%2C+Jing&rft.au=Wei%2C+GaoXia&rft.au=Ying%2C+XiaoPing&rft.au=Ding%2C+ZhiGuang&rft.au=Wu%2C+YiBin&rft.au=Luo%2C+Fei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11427-011-4233-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradley2007" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Nigel (2007). <i>Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928196-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928196-1"><bdi>978-0-19-928196-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marketing+Research%3A+Tools+and+Techniques&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928196-1&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Kounios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Kounios (page does not exist)">Kounios, John</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvette_Kounios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yvette Kounios (page does not exist)">Yvette Kounios</a>, "The Wonder of Insight: Scientists are finally getting a grasp on the aha! moment – how and when it happens and why it matters", <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, vol. 332, no. 3 (March 2025), pp. 20–27.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insight&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></i></li> <li><span 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