CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "digital-library.theiet.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e871978bd4687ed',cH: 'Tc4Y1Ck11EQF_CpaHRczhdJIXQw05xYuPsTc5sRMRc4-1732594968-1.2.1.1-4TXWh7ccqx7_FbLZx1nHWQI8KZG7zn8vh4gplJDKZm56raCZzqaux_DYlkAkYbB5',cUPMDTk: "\/journals\/author-guide?__cf_chl_tk=3sWrx7qhsib0phNQv0S8AgjSCm10KCIA8qLQIWz641A-1732594968-1.0.1.1-CyhTtOwQHmUacsWqfWn0g0k3Vp28uYsfEJSX0NBpxmM",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732594968',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/journals\/author-guide?__cf_chl_f_tk=3sWrx7qhsib0phNQv0S8AgjSCm10KCIA8qLQIWz641A-1732594968-1.0.1.1-CyhTtOwQHmUacsWqfWn0g0k3Vp28uYsfEJSX0NBpxmM",md: "hlo1swEYyPuIDrP_PLEWSyztMnim.fFAXrkMBHLV.c0-1732594968-1.2.1.1-Ek6ZG7bN_mth2Qjn8fHc7b4HJYLYDAAEZa7Q7ssuC1Ua7Gr2y24kxqzOFTKQMWNtyLlmj6J1WvvHIaY3k6h7AEualmWjIymGZqxqMgVZ9Q0hASNtkrMPPJgMILzxB1k18YsQ7Ab0.N31PoScbeLyYFGZEl8Fgp0_9BBbTcWb83HQ90wQqaGGr8XEKbrqAORWvDDGPP8fE94M9vcak2A1HIz9.CcFXbm9J6xJA7wonPKV3BprX6v5_whZOAHqkpr.iW6ICiUcOCSaYYYWDs05jzAjzsHeyNDCJwmCU_hlQkAWCsl9zvC.5XbPkPHgxu2vQ6h9ul_XuTF2LB6U5FUqjQCa6b0x035aI3E5rcXQDaHq.gG_jINoeCy_tGmgl0SNhfPgjBOxNllMGQX.jhPZGWazkcH0_zxdoJJvWXs9diCHazJq7KYQd3NI5ymN8AIYiO0k4qIIdkFu1kRFILEMXhBCRIQmez_8Clz4qMp3m5S6QHN8Obg88W5OnkSoBVdsg5_E_MunyFz_EjTIAuC47DinO5i5GJNKCZVawve6ZWd_Xba8jI.p5iaCK_McNheS2x0dAzs6lAdfFGmQGVXfkAhOBgqFDHx4GGrt02xdoy5PLprSPSZKcDHPJNwtUIcrDuBPbz2IyJE_m5Wt0n1V6TUdNSq8UKKI4M6HgaiuT5sz1c.M3M3LjekPxveHVS57PhCmFp40353oP.9VVq7072.3Ff5CY1.d2NpjwvUJSH.sj6OfS.t4r41wMLXs0e6LqwM4guWLxltUo5GWAqeJsdy.lxrc9D2tgx1MrRMdPMiSfsMFLt9HCXb1Ovvy4CYmIYX88tkyhs4WJGPmoq1nry9.HqjkljD5hbv4iaJ3ukazdllAitvRVj9Ak5yiZj9pKfRkCabKC8c3NW4eEuujjgnR0NfsUETx9TXgs9MjBQtufDzk66zsuhO3S4EYk3l25Yp1D3manFqMd6NYFyd0hSJOIRA8rbsLBc2vc4dU.NbDTJUQTUSiUcNF7XXmUtLht02rznwV2LlxGRJN84Xx7KtxR_VbDDHWz.dspSaJFW9.oq2M2N5Oy371Sb.mCiv_2hAWNd0LDZcH0aftoRMJL1QJ.trp859zixMo4P3GVDArnzf6URf3TO.G72MnD7lTcwOKUOlMTHkdsKcejzBKae4HfkYgkJ6.NELzueEBZcsdgXpfLDBPFRpf_58_YmJVoPyG4toMBKXiX8gDGOLWBsvkdply.E_fk7uh8GH2wLE5p.wJQ75Pxf9thiW6Yq6wsd8jS70DPpZB7b5jHDjYglqWWwmVuzxArmWfqxWcDexZiC9H2kUZi2jdBYs_A08y8cjSokrG8F63yH1xZetvEyxbhU01ZhiuaswcWx4IF2sGh6p8MFrsDmUfLxSfysUMU0ArNdQ9zxddVo_4dby98SZYBqwJaQ5N.OUMVJBYqezJSDzBeFgwuYfOTtra5ASHUCTUHRc1MypsUhr4NH.1pkozZWd6dSvOWnwZOpdbyPNhb_m.mLrESs0RpikyQrDBxiSKSOrnBWYiCs52ZPGXcx4pdd2Mt8A4mj0uRBDi0SERBqKttgJ_LamcdaFfiiHA1xv0pOKd4hxvzmeSq7.JfC_ihXkqGKZmnhwzU5_yXcWPswAPCZEBLgubf7UPlmc73wvhJfAG.gP0UHjH50Nivb5pedgTkwRTZ1juzB4pV3aQhBMQ4S18RBR7S8EVC3ZcVfahO9r9T638CjqjoFRTbj0MQ3cY4ueJ1gts4_frd0ItInMqGXLlkPT98JmwOJy2HC6sp6VvSkgi3NuKmWxVfdrQv1Sea2Q0ctSEl8k19064vjtyJMAedzBDIFqK6ngBPyhTgcarfbxZX231JzP6Nvf9EyAsFx9lvl5wTJIjCz_ndfiNonRmO_bT.jy1OL0Rred8ej3YpyLlOlaGL6In4_TLnGlx1csN7GNvt3vNvcFtMwgRMJhkSw6yPRH7PXZxWbkrLdgvdRlNjz5.VN7Q54VpprIv4rZ1CM7f9BrgVkJeEie_.uzl57_4zXwkTZug1zcsM_o0Xq3dwcJBc_jK3GZnQ5z3HV8f9Ja92veUAuSvUmp7J.ywoBLO8ktSABsfDovkWapsPWvUM_pd8VX_1yV2NomFgKUAk7Tued.52sZ2pat02WwFhv_ETV.O70n8zTsluQehCeI08DF2ILMJhhCy23iv2HKQH1GV0yx0rH_.TL9UAbM3lBWJXqSFvh1.cnZu40OkwY78z.8EVfqSh7Ec.bBRwBcJtKzjfsVk2bTYXBGpIb.pRs9ofcJXU0ajEFNgDkKg_3VclhF6HXFXLo2QiXmxCBRC9zPAFxXYBBjddlaJxlgzMCbezqi6O1qYvuUrAyYxAvHFClZCL9cGGU8PDJVswzJKQjAEvIsDQjvtP_AV3Xn.mlE8YJu2_42K9887q7j0arEy0tv0hk9aYUz_UHbm5FNKZX2h5eHVOiK2t6L_IkqjiColEcI0c.5zY_AGM8VQDZoor5UTWfCcfOoc6_9ikQ_o0XgqhhkdVK5wKv4vNXLtBQvg2AIq9U7EekebpMY788jeNi255sf1Ug0d.fsASJOYhKmAgFp9pfcQc8y7y5LvQc4hGpAYOCED1MrwL6iJBLBmaCIDxyCV4_Bq9XsHO4pQDu7ECcinVX.hV0FP6Psq38MOib6Z97w6vZMCbL2NNTAbJKOZqn9RNmFkZ6bwD6MAd4Bum5XG4Xvafu0z1SHkr7OOAUxkQn4guOg.pAdwQkurXQOtfUW7oV6fAp_Nr3Hm.yeW_zt9RvYB5Q4Gqy9kPflkO4HoQz0ICwCfJWczxmPVqZ_hzjlJ.mokkb_jPYLDUewvP9BUvnw_Y7fp22V_8AC39J5L0GXQcwl6yoTN6GGWPeHOIg9gRgCSBaNX93vOhJMgVjXkm6i20anV6jcW2TjSXl0vVGP..xZgBaRb_jRf5_9r6Y.0V9lT9bhH4InuEsuijInF2Ns",mdrd: ".wRFZZfw7rXljUrXW5FnezlmmTdLdpeymlfGw1hoXH0-1732594968-1.2.1.1-ul5nB41PaBul315CjxRjPlwRxx0ruLNsLQMARL4F9R1_qW91Tq7yo3RGv8n9pxszautxSeMijz.zssBqdPub8w0Bu.KJTN0_jQXVQ2ybnuHHSfrBGMhJCcxbySR4xAcHS_i54lzc4aKPFOY3wRjSycuEsxqs7O1kpRCeFQlq4iuGOD6Q30H35mHVPBwrfFU4qSesqDyGf3ieWmAdSmTuQcKMwAxh0GbDiZrssN3.FWs8zQhcTSIqakhKMd3J83dMyGCZucyCzg_QWjb51xxMq1vfIS9ixoKrumpX0sgwcaFDjHstMzqtrjmsLydvBHyVsdJHXWaWcvmhFrjTXBqGjM7k9yqEGDViAq14G0v2qgljsClbCvrvRW0rKzFwojp1rOWe8w7dFK9whdbER4TmxFnp2OS3bGh2LUizgTdmnihYtnogXN7u97b1.xZ_x2sCZSmh_QxnL2m4FOYWSFLJ8Xhrubon7zezT7DK2KJTBpzow6T.yblFaYJXhCdcZuH0kym_eRM7LPlpz492eAVVxGrBAlDFdjyjriT6ZrPMvOllEja9I1BP3yEMs4O_IFCW3McI43p1J8VjD469p9D70tEwnndOCE_YR0MfjH1NPwTbs9Y5DhWifNEYlOk8MXFUsVIEXBMouy_RzvTXA81fUDcM_cFcQtxMHc5jheZOXweJPv1wwnC_oZl0pkcf6ETiTkeMBTuFlKnHhuPVXs_nPGdDA1p36SS9cv26mLLddhVd13DILa3cGigPsRZ9MEqeHamLFwX8Yn1KtNa9EoMsOtDjU7P8eKMfGzQcPtnk_VHEnyqRfBZmR4mx8mO0oNfH7MUule8L7MoGDD_zdxh8Fh3_cfpO3FSh.yZUMSl6pk5zqzqmbrCyt36.Hh1.imNsFlVTtLgl.MFGP9q1ebZaP3zNskSG2_8.uD2Jr5OEhs1n1UtogXY8QlNQNjtb0OOkH.W48WwgMF3Jfq8XYeswsIqTFGn6v3HexA1WmhYTw1ho7JPEBSgKQwDD9LHaE_6kWGpn2FwPpj7PwrnIdWgFwMbCEiwBYNK78hTofkFDgb_FHyZX_KDcCAKUVCXC0o7y.21TjvgqJhDLmSRBizeCSHm08x0B4.DWftWXkN9vQyqx8QOvobk2sEmoAKSmnpH2DlupLJTxsmp_bbp35lmuda4QcJXkxQKzwbaJ3Nbq_2FC1rbj3p40YzQEiD5fb7TuWPYY_cqWLeymN97XV2qiWUWYDrau4kswn806Bghfn1dlf16kEWxvZObkm4_2eDCIXkPobNCaog4N.5ivVfoOQ_djYCMRK_I8l3goNQjzP9IQVBc7Fs2Z_TZToDEI6n7V0FtlIUDxuZ2.omHOUDBxOAmQh.ZyXTXcXBmVf3NgWScHx4na5xL4ATf2oyrrUHuQW2Gk7NPpuZ0gTAR90VZEXChKbVMz0HIaajZMesFpyYEu7Yfab_jYWxiJnCtiej5qr2dF58LgZdACC8UpBCsuO_etTxCKyzEHFxLVj7G0deoUNXriM01BEv0oocX1tva7mJbfUZ49XyVubCNZrKr90GZXL_k4eGTsepeDes3AuWo7s.73Q6rN0WMLsKmOC3Dwt3UpI9ZsJyLaWmdf6St6hC2QW7rNJcKpTi5r26mijyLvzGYKY3OdLTtWLN11rktDiGcVCXj72yMpaYraJ5tR24RelstAK32RHBY6ioim1Dm2_KpgQGiQyk.jQ9QaXmVf8CFIf5slpQ1dl6k.zMOBBq.K7sahrxcre8MNsAhxKHwh7TduF0Tz5Z20VWg4jhB_IqrYvlbH1exxPypiKSfbcGyuAWaSX7C1Gj_ma1tp4KXYXOgFNo50iVUJ4EtdvbYn6A0HIf9m0ZVxJ.ltX2lu2aAjac8hnDhZqgWclgQhb3aSqq3D7w12C8XZMiR.nzCFMDgIHdLU5vwxD3dKwQolaWSYNHmCG4HqFTsOrC1MfYCg87J6OUqFo1BgWMJWm3CSNN4coZTpE8TW1h_9uU65Sg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e871978bd4687ed';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/journals\/author-guide?__cf_chl_rt_tk=3sWrx7qhsib0phNQv0S8AgjSCm10KCIA8qLQIWz641A-1732594968-1.0.1.1-CyhTtOwQHmUacsWqfWn0g0k3Vp28uYsfEJSX0NBpxmM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>