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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Breeds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Anatomy and physiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anatomy and physiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_and_skeleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_skeleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Size and skeleton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_skeleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Senses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Coat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dewclaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dewclaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Dewclaw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dewclaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Tail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lifespan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neutering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Neutering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inbreeding_depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inbreeding_depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Inbreeding depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inbreeding_depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Behavior </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behavior subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nursing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nursing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nursing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nursing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Competitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Roles with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roles_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Roles with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Roles_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Workers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shows_and_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shows_and_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Shows and sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shows_and_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dogs_as_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogs_as_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Dogs as food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dogs_as_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Health risks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Health benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Cultural importance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dog: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 268 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-268" aria-hidden="true" > 268 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%A8e" title="Asèe – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Asèe" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D" title="Хьэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хьэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hond" title="Hond – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hond" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund" title="Hund – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hund" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%BB" title="ውሻ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ውሻ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peenuv" title="Peenuv – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Peenuv" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कुत्ता – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कुत्ता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ала – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ала" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8" title="كلب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can" title="Can – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Can" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܟܠܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܠܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շուն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շուն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ni" title="Câni – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Câni" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin" title="Chin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Chin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="কুকুৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কুকুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atimw" title="Atimw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Atimw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="कुकुर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कुकुर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagua" title="Jagua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jagua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Гьой – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьой" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0t" title="İt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ایت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicing" title="Cicing – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Cicing" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B9l%C3%B9" title="Wùlù – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Wùlù" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="কুকুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুকুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadupan" title="Hadupan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hadupan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1u" title="Káu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Káu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82" title="Эт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Сабака свойскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сабака свойскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сабака – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сабака" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="कुक्कुर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कुक्कुर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam" title="Ayam – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ayam" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dok" title="Dok – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Dok" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Куче – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Куче" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund" title="Hund – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hund" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྱི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྱི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%87i_pas" title="Domaći pas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Domaći pas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki" title="Ki – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ki" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Нохой – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нохой" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gos" title="Gos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83" title="Йытă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йытă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iro" title="Iro – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iro" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes_dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD" title="Pes domácí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pes domácí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbwa" title="Imbwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Imbwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nchebe" title="Nchebe – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nchebe" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghjacaru" title="Ghjacaru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ghjacaru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci" title="Ci – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ci" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baa" title="Baa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Baa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund" title="Hund – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hund" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8" title="كلب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كلب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund" title="Hund – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Hund" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haushund" title="Haushund – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haushund" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9%C3%A9ch%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Łééchąąʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łééchąąʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domacny_pjas" title="Domacny pjas – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Domacny pjas" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2" title="ཁྱི – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཁྱི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koer" title="Koer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σκύλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκύλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can" title="Can – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Can" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Киска – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Киска" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perro" title="Perro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundo" title="Hundo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hundo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txakur" title="Txakur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txakur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avu" title="Avu – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Avu" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%AF" title="سگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttaa" title="Kuttaa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kuttaa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundur" title="Hundur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hundur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien" title="Chien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BBn" title="Hûn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hûn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjan" title="Cjan – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cjan" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madra" title="Madra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Madra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moddey" title="Moddey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Moddey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B9" title="Cù – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cù" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can" title="Can – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Can" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="ЖӀали – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЖӀали" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="狗" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="سک – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سک" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C3%BAn" title="Avún – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Avún" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A9u-%C3%A9" title="Kiéu-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kiéu-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Ноха – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ноха" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C" title="개 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare" title="Kare – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kare" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%AAlio" title="ʻĪlio – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĪlio" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कुत्ता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुत्ता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domjacy_pos" title="Domjacy pos – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Domjacy pos" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%87i_pas" title="Domaći pas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Domaći pas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundo" title="Hundo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hundo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aso" title="Aso – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aso" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anjing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can" title="Can – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Can" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%BF%E1%96%95%E1%92%A5%E1%96%85" title="ᕿᖕᒥᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕿᖕᒥᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qimmiq" title="Qimmiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qimmiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Куыдз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Куыдз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inja" title="Inja – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inja" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inja" title="Inja – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inja" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundur" title="Hundur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hundur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_familiaris" title="Canis lupus familiaris – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canis lupus familiaris" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כלב הבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלב הבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asu" title="Asu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C9%A3" title="Haɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Haɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ನಾಯಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asu" title="Asu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Asu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="შინაური ძაღლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შინაური ძაღლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86" title="ہوٗن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہوٗن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3sz" title="Tósz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Tósz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82" title="Ит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki" title="Ki – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ki" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbwa" title="Imbwa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Imbwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbwa-kaya" title="Mbwa-kaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mbwa-kaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пон – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Пон" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakol_(Canis_lupus_familiaris)" title="Vakol (Canis lupus familiaris) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vakol (Canis lupus familiaris)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyen" title="Chyen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BB%C3%A7ik" title="Kûçik – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kûçik" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82" title="Ит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8" title="Пи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cian" title="Cian – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cian" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perro" title="Perro – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Perro" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Ккаччи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ккаччи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2" title="ໝາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis" title="Canis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suns" title="Suns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Suns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haushond" title="Haushond – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Haushond" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%80" title="КицӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="КицӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uo" title="Šuo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šuo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asu" title="Asu – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Asu" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can" title="Can – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Can" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3ndj" title="Hóndj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hóndj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbw%C3%A1" title="Mbwá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mbwá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can" title="Can – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Can" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiru" title="Koiru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Koiru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gerku" title="gerku – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gerku" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbwa" title="Mbwa – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Mbwa" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutya" title="Kutya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kutya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कुत्ता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कुत्ता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Куче – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Куче" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alika" title="Alika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF" title="നായ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നായ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelb" title="Kelb – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kelb" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C4%AB" title="Kurī – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kurī" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कुत्रा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुत्रा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჯოღორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯოღორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8" title="كلب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%81%A0%E1%80%B5%E1%80%AF" title="ကၠဵု – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကၠဵု" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="سک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anjing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%A2" title="ꯍꯨꯢ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯨꯢ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjiang" title="Anjiang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Anjiang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%93ng" title="Kēng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kēng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perro" title="Perro – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Perro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пине – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пине" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Нохой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нохой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ခွေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခွေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koli" title="Koli – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Koli" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hond" title="Hond – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hond" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hond" title="Hond – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hond" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atimw" title="Atimw – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Atimw" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="कुकुर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुकुर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="खिचा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खिचा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8C" title="イヌ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イヌ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane" title="Cane – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cane" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCsh%C3%BCnj" title="Hüshünj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hüshünj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamhund" title="Tamhund – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tamhund" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund" title="Hund – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hund" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quien" title="Quien – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Quien" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_familiaris" title="Canis lupus familiaris – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canis lupus familiaris" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0" title="କୁକୁର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୁକୁର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/It" title="It – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="It" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੁੱਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁੱਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco" title="Waco – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Waco" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کتا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacho" title="Kacho – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kacho" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="سپی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سپی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daag" title="Daag – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Daag" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пон – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Пон" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%82" title="ឆ្កែ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆ្កែ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kien" title="Kien – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kien" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can" title="Can – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Can" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/vatu" title="vatu – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="vatu" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund" title="Hund – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hund" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pies_domowy" title="Pies domowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pies domowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A3o" title="Cão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0t" title="İt – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İt" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honk" title="Honk – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Honk" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ine" title="Câine – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Câine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juklo" title="Juklo – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Juklo" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaun" title="Chaun – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Chaun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allqu" title="Allqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Пес – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пес" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Собака – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Собака" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%82" title="Ыт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ыт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/wacu" title="wacu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="wacu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maile" title="Maile – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Maile" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83" title="शुनकः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शुनकः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱮᱛᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱮᱛᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کتا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کتا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane" title="Cane – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cane" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dug" title="Dug – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dug" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huling" title="Huling – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Huling" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huund" title="Huund – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Huund" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C5%A1a" title="Mpša – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Mpša" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeni" title="Qeni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_familiaris" title="Canis lupus familiaris – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Canis lupus familiaris" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D" title="බල්ලෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බල්ලෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog" title="Dog – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dog" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ڪتو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes_dom%C3%A1ci" title="Pes domáci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pes domáci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%8Di_pes" title="Domači pes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Domači pes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8A" title="Пьсъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пьсъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjes" title="Pjes – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pjes" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ey" title="Ey – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ey" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%AF" title="سەگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagu" title="Dagu – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Dagu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Пас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas" title="Pas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Anjing" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koira" title="Koira – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koira" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund" title="Hund – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hund" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aso" title="Aso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="நாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aydi" title="Aydi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aydi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82" title="Эт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%82%83" title="မႃ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မႃ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/huzil" title="huzil – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="huzil" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95" title="కుక్క – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కుక్క" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="หมา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Саг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%9F" title="ᎩᏟ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎩᏟ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oe%C5%A1kese" title="Oeškese – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Oeškese" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ನಾಯಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನಾಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pek" title="Köpek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köpek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/It" title="It – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="It" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1bwu" title="A̱bwu – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱bwu" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%82" title="Ыт – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ыт" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пуны – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Пуны" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пес свійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пес свійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کتا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA" title="ئىت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma" title="Ma – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ma" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_familiaris" title="Canis lupus familiaris – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Canis lupus familiaris" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koir" title="Koir – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Koir" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3" title="Chó – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chó" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog" title="Dog – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Dog" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pini" title="Pini – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pini" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9n" title="Tchén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%BC" title="Erü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Erü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%AC" title="犬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="犬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hound" title="Hound – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hound" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam" title="Ayam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ayam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaj" title="Xaj – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xaj" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="狗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98" title="הונט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הונט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aj%C3%A1" title="Ajá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ajá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="狗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut%C4%B1k" title="Kutık – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kutık" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ou" title="Šou – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šou" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%AC" title="犬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibo" title="Ibo – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ibo" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biang" title="Biang – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Biang" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Anjing" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/...Baa" title="...Baa – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="...Baa" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasu" title="Tasu – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tasu" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuku" title="Cuku – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Cuku" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukui" title="Ukui – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ukui" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asu" title="Asu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Asu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B4" title="ᥛᥣᥴ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥣᥴ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" 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diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&oldid=1260719276" title="Dog">Revision as of 06:34, 2 December 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&action=edit&oldid=1260719276" title="Dog">view source</a></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/152.203.125.173" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/152.203.125.173" data-mw-revid="1260719276"><bdi>152.203.125.173</bdi></a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:152.203.125.173&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:152.203.125.173 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> Undid revision <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/1260719242" title="Special:Diff/1260719242">1260719242</a> by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/152.203.125.173" title="Special:Contributions/152.203.125.173">152.203.125.173</a> (<a 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class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Rjjiii (ii)">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Rjjiii_(ii)" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Rjjiii (ii)">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">425 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <a href="#Taxonomy">→<bdi dir="ltr">Taxonomy</bdi></a>: more accurate all sources agree more than 14,000 and less than 15,000</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&diff=next&oldid=1260792228" title="Dog" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 139:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 139:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Dogs are domesticated members of the family [[Canidae]]. They are classified as a [[Subspecies of Canis lupus|subspecies of ''Canis lupus'']], along with [[wolves]] and [[dingoes]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Freedman |first1=Adam H. |last2=Wayne |first2=Robert K. |date=February 2017 |title=Deciphering the Origin of Dogs: From Fossils to Genomes |journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences |volume=5 |pages=281–307 |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110937|pmid=27912242 }}</ref><ref name="Thiele-2019">{{Cite web |last=Thiele |first=Kevin |date=19 April 2019 |title=The Trouble With Dingoes |url=https://www.taxonomyaustralia.org.au/post/the-trouble-with-dingoes |website=Taxonomy Australia |publisher=[[Australian Academy of Science]]}}</ref> Dogs were domesticated from wolves over 14,000 years ago by [[hunter-gatherer]]s, before the development of agriculture.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Perri |first1=Angela R. |last2=Feuerborn |first2=Tatiana R. |last3=Frantz |first3=Laurent A. F. |last4=Larson |first4=Greger |last5=Malhi |first5=Ripan S. |last6=Meltzer |first6=David J. |last7=Witt |first7=Kelsey E. |title=Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=9 February 2021 |volume=118 |issue=6 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2010083118 |doi-access=free |pmid=33495362 |pmc=8017920 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11810083P |language=en |issn=0027-8424}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Dogs domesticated before farming |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=January 2014 |volume=505 |issue=7485 |pages=589 |doi=10.1038/505589e |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/505589e |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> The remains of the [[Bonn–Oberkassel dog]], buried alongside humans <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">around</del> 15,000 years ago, are the earliest to be conclusively identified as a domesticated dog.<ref name=":7" /> Genetic studies show that dogs likely diverged from wolves between 27,000 to 40,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skoglund |first=Pontus |date=1 June 2015 |title=Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(15)00432-7 |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1515–1519|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019 |pmid=26004765 |bibcode=2015CBio...25.1515S }}</ref> The dingo and the related [[New Guinea singing dog]] resulted from the [[geographic isolation]] and feralization of dogs in [[Oceania]] over 8,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shao-jie Zhang |last2=Guo-Dong Wang |last3=Pengcheng Ma |last4=Liang-liang Zhang |year=2020 |title=Genomic regions under selection in the feralization of the dingoes |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=671|page=671 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14515-6 |pmid=32015346 |pmc=6997406 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..671Z }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cairns |first1=Kylie M. |last2=Wilton |first2=Alan N. |date=17 September 2016 |title=New insights on the history of canids in Oceania based on mitochondrial and nuclear data |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10709-016-9924-z |pages=553–565 |volume=144 |journal=Genetica|issue=5 |doi=10.1007/s10709-016-9924-z |pmid=27640201 }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Dogs are domesticated members of the family [[Canidae]]. They are classified as a [[Subspecies of Canis lupus|subspecies of ''Canis lupus'']], along with [[wolves]] and [[dingoes]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Freedman |first1=Adam H. |last2=Wayne |first2=Robert K. |date=February 2017 |title=Deciphering the Origin of Dogs: From Fossils to Genomes |journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences |volume=5 |pages=281–307 |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110937|pmid=27912242 }}</ref><ref name="Thiele-2019">{{Cite web |last=Thiele |first=Kevin |date=19 April 2019 |title=The Trouble With Dingoes |url=https://www.taxonomyaustralia.org.au/post/the-trouble-with-dingoes |website=Taxonomy Australia |publisher=[[Australian Academy of Science]]}}</ref> Dogs were domesticated from wolves over 14,000 years ago by [[hunter-gatherer]]s, before the development of agriculture.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Perri |first1=Angela R. |last2=Feuerborn |first2=Tatiana R. |last3=Frantz |first3=Laurent A. F. |last4=Larson |first4=Greger |last5=Malhi |first5=Ripan S. |last6=Meltzer |first6=David J. |last7=Witt |first7=Kelsey E. |title=Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=9 February 2021 |volume=118 |issue=6 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2010083118 |doi-access=free |pmid=33495362 |pmc=8017920 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11810083P |language=en |issn=0027-8424}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Dogs domesticated before farming |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=January 2014 |volume=505 |issue=7485 |pages=589 |doi=10.1038/505589e |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/505589e |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> The remains of the [[Bonn–Oberkassel dog]], buried alongside humans <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">between 14,000 to</ins> 15,000 years ago, are the earliest to be conclusively identified as a domesticated dog.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>{{cite web |work=National Geographic |last1=Brown |first1=Jackie |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/dogs-evolve-wolves-fossils-dna |title=How did wolves evolve into dogs? Ancient fossils provide intriguing clues |date=August 23, 2024}}</ref></ins><ref name=":7" /> Genetic studies show that dogs likely diverged from wolves between 27,000 to 40,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skoglund |first=Pontus |date=1 June 2015 |title=Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(15)00432-7 |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1515–1519|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019 |pmid=26004765 |bibcode=2015CBio...25.1515S }}</ref> The dingo and the related [[New Guinea singing dog]] resulted from the [[geographic isolation]] and feralization of dogs in [[Oceania]] over 8,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shao-jie Zhang |last2=Guo-Dong Wang |last3=Pengcheng Ma |last4=Liang-liang Zhang |year=2020 |title=Genomic regions under selection in the feralization of the dingoes |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=671|page=671 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14515-6 |pmid=32015346 |pmc=6997406 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..671Z }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cairns |first1=Kylie M. |last2=Wilton |first2=Alan N. |date=17 September 2016 |title=New insights on the history of canids in Oceania based on mitochondrial and nuclear data |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10709-016-9924-z |pages=553–565 |volume=144 |journal=Genetica|issue=5 |doi=10.1007/s10709-016-9924-z |pmid=27640201 }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Dogs, wolves, and dingoes have sometimes been classified as separate species.<ref name="Thiele-2019" /> In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist [[Carl Linnaeus]] assigned the [[genus]] name ''[[Canis]]'' (which is the [[Latin]] word for "dog"){{sfn|Wang|Tedford|2008|p=58}} to the domestic dog, the [[wolf]], and the [[golden jackal]] in his book, ''[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|Systema Naturae]]''. He classified the domestic dog as ''Canis familiaris'' and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as ''Canis lupus''.<ref name=linnaeus1758 /> Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (''cauda recurvata'' in [[Latin]] term), which is not found in any other [[canid]].<ref name=Clutton-Brock1995 /> In the 2005 edition of ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'', [[mammalogist]] [[W. Christopher Wozencraft]] listed the wolf as a wild subspecies of ''Canis lupus'' and proposed two additional subspecies: ''familiaris'', as named by Linnaeus in 1758, and ''dingo'', named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included ''hallstromi'' (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name ([[junior synonym]]) for the dingo. This classification was informed by a 1999 [[mitochondrial DNA]] study.<ref name=wozencraft2005 /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Dogs, wolves, and dingoes have sometimes been classified as separate species.<ref name="Thiele-2019" /> In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist [[Carl Linnaeus]] assigned the [[genus]] name ''[[Canis]]'' (which is the [[Latin]] word for "dog"){{sfn|Wang|Tedford|2008|p=58}} to the domestic dog, the [[wolf]], and the [[golden jackal]] in his book, ''[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|Systema Naturae]]''. He classified the domestic dog as ''Canis familiaris'' and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as ''Canis lupus''.<ref name=linnaeus1758 /> Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (''cauda recurvata'' in [[Latin]] term), which is not found in any other [[canid]].<ref name=Clutton-Brock1995 /> In the 2005 edition of ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'', [[mammalogist]] [[W. Christopher Wozencraft]] listed the wolf as a wild subspecies of ''Canis lupus'' and proposed two additional subspecies: ''familiaris'', as named by Linnaeus in 1758, and ''dingo'', named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included ''hallstromi'' (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name ([[junior synonym]]) for the dingo. This classification was informed by a 1999 [[mitochondrial DNA]] study.<ref name=wozencraft2005 /></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 17:18, 2 December 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Domesticated species of canid</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Doggy" and "Pooch" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dog_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dog (disambiguation)">Dog (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doggy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Doggy (disambiguation)">Doggy (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pooch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pooch (disambiguation)">Pooch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Dog <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 0.0142–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.99519384615px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> to present<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2018-1">[1]</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div style="height:68px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_merle_koolie_short_coat_heading_sheep.jpg" 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/></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div style="height:61px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Retriever_in_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Retriever_in_water.jpg/81px-Retriever_in_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Retriever_in_water.jpg/122px-Retriever_in_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Retriever_in_water.jpg/162px-Retriever_in_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="971" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div style="height:61px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Labrador_Retriever_-_Male_IMG_3323.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Black_Labrador_Retriever_-_Male_IMG_3323.jpg/92px-Black_Labrador_Retriever_-_Male_IMG_3323.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Black_Labrador_Retriever_-_Male_IMG_3323.jpg/138px-Black_Labrador_Retriever_-_Male_IMG_3323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Black_Labrador_Retriever_-_Male_IMG_3323.jpg/184px-Black_Labrador_Retriever_-_Male_IMG_3323.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4499" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:84px;max-width:84px"><div style="height:61px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooks_Chase_Ranger_of_Jolly_Dogs_Jack_Russell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Brooks_Chase_Ranger_of_Jolly_Dogs_Jack_Russell.jpg/82px-Brooks_Chase_Ranger_of_Jolly_Dogs_Jack_Russell.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" 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style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center">Domesticated </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Canis" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">C. familiaris</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Canis familiaris <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758<a href="#cite_note-linnaeus1758-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-wozencraft2005-3">[3]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. alco <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Smith" title="Charles Hamilton Smith">C. E. H. Smith</a>, 1839, </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. americanus <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin" title="Johann Friedrich Gmelin">Gmelin</a>, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. major Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. minor Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. terraenovae C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. terrarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. turcicus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. urcani C. E. H. Smith, 1839 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. variegatus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. venaticus Gmelin, 1792 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">C. vertegus Gmelin, 1792 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>. Also called the domestic dog, it was <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selectively bred</a> from an <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> population of wolves during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>. The dog was the first <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> to be domesticated by <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, over 14,000 years ago and before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">development of agriculture</a>. Experts estimate that due to their long association with humans, dogs have gained the ability to thrive on a <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>-rich diet that would be inadequate for other <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canids</a>. Dogs have been bred for desired behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. <a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">Dog breeds</a> vary widely in shape, size, and color. They have the same number of bones (with the exception of the tail), powerful jaws that house around 42 teeth, and well-developed senses of smell, hearing, and sight. Compared to humans, dogs have an inferior <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a>, a superior sense of smell, and a relatively large <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory cortex">olfactory cortex</a>. They perform many roles for humans, such as <a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">herding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">pulling loads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">companionship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Service_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Service dog">aiding disabled people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">assisting police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">military</a>. Communication in dogs includes eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). They mark their territories by urinating on them, which is more likely when entering a new environment. Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior; this adaptation includes being able to understand and communicate with humans. As such, the <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93canine_bond" title="Human–canine bond">human–canine bond</a> has been a topic of frequent study, and dogs' influence on human society has given them the <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Man%27s_best_friend" title="Man's best friend">man's best friend</a>". The global dog population is estimated at 700 million to 1 billion, <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">distributed around the world</a>. The dog is the most popular pet in the United States, present in 34–40% of households. Developed countries make up approximately 20% of the global dog population. 75% of the global dog population is estimated to consist of feral and community dogs from developing countries. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_dingo#Taxonomic_debate_–_the_domestic_dog,_dingo,_and_New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="Canis lupus dingo">Canis lupus dingo § Taxonomic debate – the domestic dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Canine phylogeny with ages of divergence </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:75%;width:475px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">Gray wolf</a> (domestic dog) <a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IX).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="347" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">1.10 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="308" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">1.32 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_VI).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="310" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">1.62 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_X).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="287" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">1.92 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XLI).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="302" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">2.74 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XLIV).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="277" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">3.06 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XIII).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="302" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XII).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="290" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">2.62 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">3.50 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">mya</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram and divergence of the gray wolf (including the domestic dog) among its closest extant relatives<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Dogs are domesticated members of the family <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a>. They are classified as a <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus" title="Subspecies of Canis lupus">subspecies of Canis lupus</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dingoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingoes">dingoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thiele-2019-6">[6]</a> Dogs were domesticated from wolves over 14,000 years ago by <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, before the development of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-:7-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The remains of the <a href="/wiki/Bonn%E2%80%93Oberkassel_dog" title="Bonn–Oberkassel dog">Bonn–Oberkassel dog</a>, buried alongside humans between 14,000 to 15,000 years ago, are the earliest to be conclusively identified as a domesticated dog.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-7">[7]</a> Genetic studies show that dogs likely diverged from wolves between 27,000 to 40,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The dingo and the related <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="New Guinea singing dog">New Guinea singing dog</a> resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_isolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic isolation">geographic isolation</a> and feralization of dogs in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> over 8,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Dogs, wolves, and dingoes have sometimes been classified as separate species.<a href="#cite_note-Thiele-2019-6">[6]</a> In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> assigned the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> name <a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a> (which is the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for "dog")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangTedford200858-13">[13]</a> to the domestic dog, the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a> in his book, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus.<a href="#cite_note-linnaeus1758-2">[2]</a> Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term), which is not found in any other <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clutton-Brock1995-14">[14]</a> In the 2005 edition of <a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammalogist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalogist">mammalogist</a> <a href="/wiki/W._Christopher_Wozencraft" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Christopher Wozencraft">W. Christopher Wozencraft</a> listed the wolf as a wild subspecies of Canis lupus and proposed two additional subspecies: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758, and dingo, named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (<a href="/wiki/Junior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior synonym">junior synonym</a>) for the dingo. This classification was informed by a 1999 <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> study.<a href="#cite_note-wozencraft2005-3">[3]</a> The classification of dingoes is disputed and a political issue in Australia. Classifying dingoes as wild dogs simplifies reducing or controlling dingo populations that threaten livestock. Treating dingoes as a separate species allows conservation programs to protect the dingo population.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Dingo classification affects wildlife management policies, legislation, and societal attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 2019, a workshop hosted by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be <a href="/wiki/Feral_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral dog">feral</a> Canis familiaris. Therefore, it did not assess them for the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> of <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alvares2019-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">Domestication of the dog</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_a_wolf_and_a_pug.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Comparison_of_a_wolf_and_a_pug.png/220px-Comparison_of_a_wolf_and_a_pug.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Comparison_of_a_wolf_and_a_pug.png/330px-Comparison_of_a_wolf_and_a_pug.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Comparison_of_a_wolf_and_a_pug.png/440px-Comparison_of_a_wolf_and_a_pug.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Wolves (left) were domesticated by humans into dogs (right)</figcaption></figure> The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Oberkassel,_Bonn" title="Oberkassel, Bonn">Bonn-Oberkassel</a>, Germany. <a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis" title="Isotope analysis">isotopic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf.<a href="#cite_note-Perri2021-18">[18]</a> The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks. The dog had died of <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">canine distemper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-janssens2018-19">[19]</a> This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated<a href="#cite_note-larson2014-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-freedman2017-21">[21]</a> in the time of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Frantz2020-22">[22]</a> which predates agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2018-1">[1]</a> Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_dog" title="Paleolithic dog">Paleolithic dogs</a>, but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated<a href="#cite_note-Irving-Pease2018-23">[23]</a> because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2018-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequences">DNA sequences</a> show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population that was distinct from any <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">modern wolf</a> lineage. Some studies have posited that all living wolves are more closely related to each other than to dogs,<a href="#cite_note-Bergström2020-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frantz2020-22">[22]</a> while others have suggested that dogs are more closely related to modern Eurasian wolves than to American wolves.<a href="#cite_note-:43-25">[25]</a> The dog is a domestic animal that likely travelled a <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensal</a> pathway into domestication (i.e. humans initially neither benefitted nor were harmed by wild dogs eating refuse from their camps).<a href="#cite_note-Irving-Pease2018-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-larson2012-26">[26]</a> The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-larson2014-20">[20]</a> Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Ostrander2019-27">[27]</a> In 2021, a <a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">literature review</a> of the current evidence <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">infers</a> that the dog was domesticated in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> 23,000 years ago by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Siberians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Siberians">ancient North Siberians</a>, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia,<a href="#cite_note-Perri2021-18">[18]</a> with dogs likely accompanying the first humans to inhabit the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Perri2021-18">[18]</a> Some studies have suggested that the extinct <a href="/wiki/Japanese_wolf" title="Japanese wolf">Japanese wolf</a> is closely related to the ancestor of domestic dogs.<a href="#cite_note-:43-25">[25]</a> In 2018, a study identified 429 genes that differed between modern dogs and modern wolves. As the differences in these genes could also be found in ancient dog fossils, these were regarded as being the result of the initial domestication and not from recent breed formation. These genes are linked to <a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">neural crest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> development. These genes affect <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a> and can confer tameness, smaller jaws, floppy ears, and diminished craniofacial development, which distinguish domesticated dogs from wolves and are considered to reflect domestication syndrome. The study concluded that during early dog domestication, the initial selection was for behavior. This trait is influenced by those genes which act in the neural crest, which led to the phenotypes observed in modern dogs.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeds">Breeds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">Dog breed</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dog_type" title="Dog type">Dog type</a></div> There are around 450 official <a href="/wiki/Dog_breeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog breeds">dog breeds</a>, the most of any mammal.<a href="#cite_note-Ostrander2019-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Dogs began diversifying in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, when humans took control of their natural selection.<a href="#cite_note-freedman2017-21">[21]</a> Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-freedman2017-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ostrander2019-27">[27]</a> Since then, dogs have undergone rapid <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">phenotypic change</a> and have been subjected to <a href="/wiki/Artificial_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial selection">artificial selection</a> by humans. The skull, body, and limb proportions between breeds display more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a>. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type, and colour.<a href="#cite_note-freedman2017-21">[21]</a> As such, humans have long used dogs for their desirable traits to complete or fulfill a certain work or role. Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, hunting,<a href="#cite_note-freedman2017-21">[21]</a> retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression.<a href="#cite_note-freedman2017-21">[21]</a> Present-day dogs are dispersed around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Ostrander2019-27">[27]</a> An example of this dispersal is the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.<a href="#cite_note-Frantz2020-22">[22]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_morphological_variation.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Morphological variation in six dogs"><img alt="Morphological variation in six dogs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dog_morphological_variation.png/221px-Dog_morphological_variation.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dog_morphological_variation.png/331px-Dog_morphological_variation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dog_morphological_variation.png/442px-Dog_morphological_variation.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">Morphological variation</a> in six dogs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_coat_variation.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phenotypic variation in four dogs"><img alt="Phenotypic variation in four dogs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dog_coat_variation.png/162px-Dog_coat_variation.png" decoding="async" width="162" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dog_coat_variation.png/243px-Dog_coat_variation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dog_coat_variation.png/324px-Dog_coat_variation.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="805" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">Phenotypic variation</a> in four dogs</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy" title="Dog anatomy">Dog anatomy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_skeleton">Size and skeleton</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg/280px-Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg/420px-Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg/560px-Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>A lateral view of a dog skeleton</figcaption></figure> Dogs are extremely variable in size, ranging from one of the largest breeds, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dane" title="Great Dane">Great Dane</a>, at 50 to 79 kg (110 to 174 lb) and 71 to 81 cm (28 to 32 in), to one of the smallest, the <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihuahua (dog)">Chihuahua</a>, at 0.5 to 3 kg (1.1 to 6.6 lb) and 13 to 20 cm (5.1 to 7.9 in).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have the same amount of bones (with the exception of the tail), although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe200412-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogle200938–39-33">[33]</a> The dog's skeleton is well adapted for running; the <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> on the neck and back have extensions for back muscles, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Epaxial_and_hypaxial_muscles" title="Epaxial and hypaxial muscles">epaxial muscles and hypaxial muscles</a>, to connect to; the long ribs provide room for the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>; and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton, allowing for flexibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe200412-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogle200938–39-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog's skeleton increase in size for larger types such as <a href="/wiki/Mastiff" title="Mastiff">mastiffs</a> and miniaturised for smaller types such as <a href="/wiki/Terrier" title="Terrier">terriers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a> has been selectively bred for some types where short legs are preferred, such as <a href="/wiki/Dachshund" title="Dachshund">dachshunds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corgi" class="mw-redirect" title="Corgi">corgis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogle200938–39-33">[33]</a> Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with <a href="/wiki/Natural_bobtail" title="Natural bobtail">naturally short tails</a> have as few as three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe200412-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selected_skulls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Selected_skulls.jpg/220px-Selected_skulls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Selected_skulls.jpg/330px-Selected_skulls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Selected_skulls.jpg/440px-Selected_skulls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Skulls of different breeds, from left to right: Pug; Boxer; Rottweiler; Wolf; Collie; Standard Poodle.</figcaption></figure> The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant <a href="/wiki/Cephalic_index" title="Cephalic index">divergence in terms of skull shape</a> between types.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogle200938–39-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesHamilton197127-35">[35]</a> The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in <a href="/wiki/Sighthound" title="Sighthound">sighthounds</a>, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogle200938–39-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesHamilton197127-35">[35]</a> The jaw contains around 42 teeth, and it has evolved for the consumption of flesh. Dogs use their <a href="/wiki/Carnassial_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnassial teeth">carnassial teeth</a> to cut food into bite-sized chunks, more especially meat.<a href="#cite_note-:3-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy#Senses" title="Dog anatomy">Dog anatomy § Senses</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vision_comparison_with_dogs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vision_comparison_with_dogs.jpg/220px-Vision_comparison_with_dogs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vision_comparison_with_dogs.jpg/330px-Vision_comparison_with_dogs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vision_comparison_with_dogs.jpg/440px-Vision_comparison_with_dogs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5482" data-file-height="3993" /></a><figcaption>The left half of the image shows the estimated difference in a dog's vision.</figcaption></figure> Dogs' senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">magnetoreception</a>. One study suggests that dogs can feel small variations in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Dogs prefer to defecate with their spines aligned in a north–south position in calm <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> conditions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Dogs' vision is <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromatic</a>; their visual world consists of yellows, blues, and grays.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> They have difficulty differentiating between red and green,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and much like other mammals, the dog's eye is composed of two types of cone cells compared to the human's three. The divergence of the eye axis of dogs ranges from 12 to 25°, depending on the breed, which can have different retina configurations.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea centralis</a> area of the eye is attached to a <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">nerve fiber</a>, and is the most sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Additionally, a study found that dogs' <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a> was up to eight times less effective than a human, and their ability to discriminate levels of <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a> was about two times worse than a human.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> While the human brain is dominated by a large <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a>, the dog brain is dominated by a large <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory cortex</a>. Dogs have roughly forty times more <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">smell-sensitive receptors</a> than humans, ranging from about 125 million to nearly 300 million in some dog breeds, such as <a href="/wiki/Bloodhound" title="Bloodhound">bloodhounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> This sense of smell is the most prominent sense of the species; it detects chemical changes in the environment, allowing dogs to pinpoint the location of mating partners, potential stressors, resources, etc.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Dogs also have an acute sense of hearing up to four times greater than that of humans. They can pick up the slightest sounds from about 400 m (1,300 ft) compared to 90 m (300 ft) for humans.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Dogs have stiff, deeply embedded hairs known as <a href="/wiki/Whisker" class="mw-redirect" title="Whisker">whiskers</a> that sense atmospheric changes, vibrations, and objects not visible in low light conditions. The lower most part of whiskers hold more receptor cells than other hair types, which help in alerting dogs of objects that could collide with the nose, ears, and jaw. Whiskers likely also facilitate the movement of food towards the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat">Coat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dog_coat" title="Dog coat">Dog coat</a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Pelage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelage">coats</a> of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common in dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse <a href="/wiki/Guard_hair" title="Guard hair">guard hair</a> and a soft <a href="/wiki/Down_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Down hair">down hair</a>, or "single", with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe200422–23-49">[49]</a> Premature graying can occur in dogs as early as one year of age; this is associated with <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">impulsive behaviors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> behaviors, and fear of unfamiliar noise, people, or animals.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Some dog breeds are hairless, while others have a very thick corded coat. The coats of certain breeds are often groomed to a characteristic style, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Terrier" title="Yorkshire Terrier">Yorkshire Terrier</a>'s "show cut".<a href="#cite_note-:3-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dewclaw">Dewclaw</h3></div> A dog's <a href="/wiki/Dewclaw" title="Dewclaw">dewclaw</a> is the fifth <a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">digit</a> in its forelimb and hind legs. Dewclaws on the forelimbs are attached by bone and ligament, while the dewclaws on the hind legs are attached only by skin. Most dogs aren't born with dewclaws in their hind legs, and some are without them in their forelimbs. Dogs' dewclaws consist of the <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">proximal phalanges and distal phalanges</a>. Some publications theorize that dewclaws in wolves, who usually do not have dewclaws, were a sign of hybridization with dogs.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tail">Tail</h3></div> A dog's tail is the terminal appendage of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a>, which is made up of a string of 5 to 23 <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> enclosed in muscles and skin that support the dog's back extensor muscles. One of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The tail also helps the dog maintain balance by putting its weight on the opposite side of the dog's tilt, and it can also help the dog spread its <a href="/wiki/Anal_gland" title="Anal gland">anal gland</a>'s scent through the tail's position and movement.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Dogs can have a <a href="/wiki/Violet_gland" title="Violet gland">violet gland</a> (or supracaudal gland) characterized by <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a> on the dorsal surface of their tails; in some breeds, it may be vestigial or absent. The enlargement of the violet gland in the tail, which can create a <a href="/wiki/Hair_loss" title="Hair loss">bald spot from hair loss</a>, can be caused by <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome_(veterinary)" title="Cushing's syndrome (veterinary)">Cushing's disease</a> or an excess of sebum from <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> in the sebaceous glands.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A study suggests that dogs show asymmetric tail-wagging responses to different emotive stimuli. "Stimuli that could be expected to elicit approach tendencies seem to be associated with [a] higher amplitude of tail-wagging movements to the right side".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Dogs can injure themselves by wagging their tails forcefully; this condition is called kennel tail, happy tail, bleeding tail, or splitting tail.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">hunting dogs</a>, the tail is traditionally <a href="/wiki/Docking_(dog)" title="Docking (dog)">docked</a> to avoid injuries. Some dogs can be born without tails because of a DNA variant in the <a href="/wiki/T-box_transcription_factor_T" title="T-box transcription factor T">T gene</a>, which can also result in a congenitally short (bobtail) tail.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Tail docking is opposed by many veterinary and animal welfare organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Veterinary_Association" title="British Veterinary Association">British Veterinary Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Evidence from veterinary practices and <a href="/wiki/Questionnaire" title="Questionnaire">questionnaires</a> showed that around 500 dogs would need to have their tail docked to prevent one injury.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlkStdSchnauzer2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BlkStdSchnauzer2.jpg/220px-BlkStdSchnauzer2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BlkStdSchnauzer2.jpg/330px-BlkStdSchnauzer2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BlkStdSchnauzer2.jpg/440px-BlkStdSchnauzer2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>A black <a href="/wiki/Standard_Schnauzer" title="Standard Schnauzer">Standard Schnauzer</a> with a docked tail</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dog_health" title="Dog health">Dog health</a></div> Numerous disorders have been known to affect dogs. Some are <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> and others are acquired. Dogs can acquire upper respiratory tract diseases including diseases that affect the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>; lower respiratory tract diseases which includes <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary disease">pulmonary disease</a> and acute respiratory diseases; <a href="/wiki/Heart_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart diseases">heart diseases</a> which includes any <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> inflammation or dysfunction of the heart; <a href="/wiki/Hematopoiesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoiesis">haemopoietic diseases</a> including <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clotting_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Clotting disorders">clotting disorders</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">gastrointestinal disease</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastric_dilatation_volvulus" title="Gastric dilatation volvulus">gastric dilatation volvulus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic disease">hepatic disease</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Portosystemic_shunts_in_animals" title="Portosystemic shunts in animals">portosystemic shunts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">liver failure</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">pancreatic disease</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis_(veterinary)" title="Pancreatitis (veterinary)">pancreatitis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Renal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal disease">renal disease</a>; lower urinary tract disease such as <a href="/wiki/Cystitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystitis">cystitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urolithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Urolithiasis">urolithiasis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine disorders">endocrine disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_in_dogs" title="Diabetes in dogs">diabetes mellitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome_(veterinary)" title="Cushing's syndrome (veterinary)">Cushing's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoadrenocorticism_in_dogs" title="Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs">hypoadrenocorticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism_in_dogs" title="Hypothyroidism in dogs">hypothyroidism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal injury">spinal injury</a>; <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal disease">musculoskeletal disease</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myopathies" class="mw-redirect" title="Myopathies">myopathies</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dog_skin_disorders" title="Dog skin disorders">dermatological disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopecia">alopecia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyoderma" title="Pyoderma">pyoderma</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ophthalmological_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ophthalmological disease (page does not exist)">ophthalmological diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entropion" title="Entropion">entropion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_retinal_atrophy" title="Progressive retinal atrophy">progressive retinal atrophy</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Neoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasia">neoplasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-health-63">[63]</a> Common dog parasites are <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly_larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly larvae">fly larvae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cestode" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestode">cestodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">coccidia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taenia_(flatworm)" title="Taenia (flatworm)">Taenia</a> is a notable genus with 5 species in which dogs are the <a href="/wiki/Definitive_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitive host">definitive host</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Additionally, dogs are a source of <a href="/wiki/Zoonoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonoses">zoonoses</a> for humans. They are responsible for 99% of <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> cases worldwide;<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> however, in some developed countries such as the UK, rabies is absent from dogs and is instead only transmitted by bats.<a href="#cite_note-bsava-66">[66]</a> Other common zoonoses are <a href="/wiki/Hydatid_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydatid disease">hydatid disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">pasteurellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ringworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringworm">ringworm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">toxocariasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bsava-66">[66]</a> Common infections in dogs include <a href="/wiki/Canine_adenovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine adenovirus">canine adenovirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine distemper virus">canine distemper virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canine_parvovirus" title="Canine parvovirus">canine parvovirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canine_influenza" title="Canine influenza">canine influenza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canine_coronavirus" title="Canine coronavirus">canine coronavirus</a>. All of these conditions have vaccines available.<a href="#cite_note-bsava-66">[66]</a> Dogs are the companion animal most frequently reported for exposure to <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>. Most poisonings are accidental and over 80% of reports of exposure to the <a href="/wiki/ASPCA" class="mw-redirect" title="ASPCA">ASPCA</a> animal poisoning hotline are due to oral exposure. The most common substances people report exposure to are: pharmaceuticals, toxic foods, and <a href="/wiki/Rodenticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodenticides">rodenticides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Data from the Pet Poison Helpline shows that human drugs are the most frequent cause of toxicosis death. The most common household products ingested are cleaning products. Most food related poisonings involved <a href="/wiki/Theobromine_poisoning" title="Theobromine poisoning">theobromine poisoning</a> (chocolate). Other common food poisonings include <a href="/wiki/Xylitol" title="Xylitol">xylitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a> (grapes, raisins, etc.) and <a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a> (garlic, oninions, etc.). <a href="/wiki/Pyrethrin" title="Pyrethrin">Pyrethrin</a> insecticides were the most common cause of pesticide poisoning. <a href="/wiki/Metaldehyde" title="Metaldehyde">Metaldehyde</a> a common pesticide for snails and slugs typically causes severe outcomes when ingested by dogs.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasia">Neoplasia</a> is the most common cause of death for dogs.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-death-71">[71]</a> Other common causes of death are <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">renal failure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-death-71">[71]</a> Their <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a> is similar to that of humans, as is their <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">response</a> to treatment and their outcomes. Genes found in humans to be responsible for disorders are investigated in dogs as being the cause and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-Ostrander2019-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifespan">Lifespan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aging_in_dogs" title="Aging in dogs">Aging in dogs</a></div> The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) is approximately 12.7 years.<a href="#cite_note-Montoya-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Obesity correlates negatively with longevity with one study finding obese dogs to have a life expectancy approximately a year and a half less than dogs with a healthy weight.<a href="#cite_note-Montoya-73">[73]</a> In a 2024 UK study analyzing 584,734 dogs, it was concluded that purebred dogs lived longer than crossbred dogs, challenging the previous notion of the latter having the higher life expectancies. The authors noted that their study included "<a href="/wiki/Designer_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer dog">designer dogs</a>" as crossbred and that purebred dogs were typically given better care than their crossbred counterparts, which likely influenced the outcome of the study.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Other studies also show that fully mongrel dogs live about a year longer on average than dogs with pedigrees.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Furthermore, small dogs with longer muzzles have been shown to have higher lifespans than larger medium-sized dogs with much more depressed muzzles.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> For free-ranging dogs, less than 1 in 5 reach sexual maturity,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and the median life expectancy for feral dogs is less than half of dogs living with humans.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canine_reproduction" title="Canine reproduction">Canine reproduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs_mating_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dogs_mating_2.jpg/220px-Dogs_mating_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dogs_mating_2.jpg/330px-Dogs_mating_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dogs_mating_2.jpg/440px-Dogs_mating_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Two dogs <a href="/wiki/Canine_reproduction" title="Canine reproduction">tied after mating</a></figcaption></figure> In domestic dogs, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrous cycle</a>, characterized by their <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulvas</a> swelling and producing <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_discharge" title="Vaginal discharge">discharges</a>, usually lasting between 4 and 20 days.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_(mammals)" title="Pregnancy (mammals)">pregnancy</a>. At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to <a href="/wiki/Canine_tying" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine tying">copulation</a>. Because the <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ova</a> survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter.<a href="#cite_note-ADW-82">[82]</a> Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation. After <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>, the dogs are <a href="/wiki/Canine_reproduction" title="Canine reproduction">coitally tied</a> for around 5–30 minutes because of the male's <a href="/wiki/Bulbus_glandis" title="Bulbus glandis">bulbus glandis</a> swelling and the female's <a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule" title="Bulb of vestibule">constrictor vestibuli</a> contracting; the male will continue ejaculating until they untie naturally due to <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">muscle relaxation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ADW-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> with an average of 63 days, although the length of <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> can vary. An average litter consists of about six <a href="/wiki/Puppy" title="Puppy">puppies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neutering">Neutering</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Neutering" title="Neutering">Neutering</a> is the sterilization of animals via <a href="/wiki/Gonadectomy" title="Gonadectomy">gonadectomy</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Orchidectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidectomy">orchidectomy</a> (castration) in dogs and <a href="/wiki/Ovariohysterectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovariohysterectomy">ovariohysterectomy</a> (spay) in bitches. Neutering reduces problems caused by <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a>, especially in male dogs.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Spayed females are less likely to develop <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> affecting the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">reproductive organs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> However, neutering increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a> in bitches,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> in dogs,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemangiosarcoma" title="Hemangiosarcoma">hemangiosarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury" title="Anterior cruciate ligament injury">cruciate ligament rupture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyometra" title="Pyometra">pyometra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_pets" title="Obesity in pets">obesity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> in either sex.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Neutering is the most common surgical procedure in dogs less than a year old in the US and is seen as a control method for overpopulation. Neutering often occurs as early as 6–14 weeks in shelters in the US.<a href="#cite_note-neuter-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</a> (ASPCA) advises that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> However, the Society for Theriogenology and the American College of Theriogenologists made a joint statement that opposes mandatory neutering; they said that the cause of overpopulation in the US is cultural.<a href="#cite_note-neuter-93">[93]</a> Neutering is less common in most European countries, especially in <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>—except for the UK, where it is common. In Norway, neutering is illegal unless for the benefit of the animal's health (e.g., ovariohysterectomy in case of ovarian or uterine neoplasia). Some European countries have similar laws to Norway, but their wording either explicitly allows for neutering for controlling reproduction or it is allowed in practice or by contradiction through other laws. Italy and Portugal have passed recent laws that promote it. Germany forbids early age neutering, but neutering is still allowed at the usual age. In Romania, neutering is mandatory except for when a pedigree to select breeds can be shown.<a href="#cite_note-neuter-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inbreeding_depression">Inbreeding depression</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a></div> A common breeding practice for pet dogs is to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">mate them between close relatives</a> (e.g., between half- and full-siblings).<a href="#cite_note-Leroy-97">[97]</a> In a study of seven dog breeds (the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Mountain_Dog" title="Bernese Mountain Dog">Bernese Mountain Dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basset_Hound" title="Basset Hound">Basset Hound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairn_Terrier" title="Cairn Terrier">Cairn Terrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittany (dog)">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Shepherd" title="German Shepherd">German Shepherd Dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonberger" title="Leonberger">Leonberger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Highland_White_Terrier" title="West Highland White Terrier">West Highland White Terrier</a>), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25475165-98">[98]</a> Another analysis of data on 42,855 <a href="/wiki/Dachshund" title="Dachshund">Dachshund</a> litters found that as the <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Inbreeding coefficient">inbreeding coefficient</a> increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15803761-99">[99]</a> In a study of <a href="/wiki/Boxer_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer (dog)">Boxer</a> litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding.<a href="#cite_note-Beek-100">[100]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dog_behavior" title="Dog behavior">Dog behavior</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dog_behavior#Behavior_compared_with_other_canids" title="Dog behavior">Dog behavior § Behavior compared with other canids</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Dog_behavior" title="Dog behavior">Dog behavior</a> has been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. They have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and are uniquely attuned to human behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-levitis2009-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-berns2012-102">[102]</a> Behavioral scientists suggest that a set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs that are not possessed by the dog's canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great apes</a>, are parallel to children's social-cognitive skills.<a href="#cite_note-tomasello2009-103">[103]</a> Most domestic animals were initially bred for the production of goods. Dogs, on the other hand, were selectively bred for desirable behavioral traits.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-cagan2016-105">[105]</a> In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> These gene variations indicate the occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial selection">artificial selection</a> and the subsequent divergence of behavior and anatomical features. These genes have been shown to affect the <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine#Synthesis" title="Catecholamine">catecholamine synthesis</a> pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight-or-flight response</a><a href="#cite_note-cagan2016-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> (i.e., selection for <a href="/wiki/Tame_animal" title="Tame animal">tameness</a>) and emotional processing.<a href="#cite_note-cagan2016-105">[105]</a> Compared to their wolf counterparts, dogs tend to be less timid and less aggressive, though some of these genes have been associated with aggression in certain dog breeds.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-cagan2016-105">[105]</a> Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to <a href="/wiki/Williams-Beuren_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams-Beuren syndrome">Williams-Beuren syndrome</a> in humans, which cause <a href="/wiki/Hypersociability" title="Hypersociability">hypersociability</a> at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem-solving ability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sciencemag-109">[109]</a> In a 2023 study of 58 dogs, some dogs classified as <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a>-like showed lower <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> A similar study claims that hyperactivity is more common in male and young dogs.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> A dog can become aggressive because of trauma or abuse, fear or anxiety, territorial protection, or protecting an item it considers valuable.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reactions</a> from <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD) seen in dogs can evolve into <a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic stress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Police dogs with PTSD can often refuse to work.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm/300px--2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_ŠPICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMAČI_PES.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm/2022-07-20_LJUBLJANA_%C5%A0PICA_CARNIVORA_Canis_lupus_familiaris_DOMA%C4%8CI_PES.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Dog swimming over to catch a ball</figcaption></figure> Dogs have a natural instinct called <a href="/wiki/Prey_drive" title="Prey drive">prey drive</a> (the term is chiefly used to describe <a href="/wiki/Dog_training" title="Dog training">training dogs</a>' habits) which can be influenced by breeding. These instincts can drive dogs to consider objects or other animals to be prey or drive possessive behavior. These traits have been enhanced in some breeds so that they may be used to hunt and kill <a href="/wiki/Vermin" title="Vermin">vermin</a> or other pests.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Puppies or dogs sometimes <a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(animal_behavior)" title="Hoarding (animal behavior)">bury food underground</a>. One study found that wolves outperformed dogs in finding food caches, likely due to a "difference in motivation" between wolves and dogs.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Some puppies and dogs engage in <a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">coprophagy</a> out of habit, stress, for attention, or boredom; most of them will not do it later in life. A study hypothesizes that the behavior was inherited from wolves, a behavior likely evolved to lessen the presence of <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">intestinal parasites</a> in dens.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Most dogs can swim. In a study of 412 dogs, around 36.5% of the dogs could not swim; the other 63.5% were able to swim without a trainer in a <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">swimming pool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> A study of 55 dogs found a correlation between swimming and 'improvement' of the hip <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis joint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nursing">Nursing</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG/300px-S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG/450px-S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG/600px-S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>A female dog nursing her newborn puppies.</figcaption></figure> The female dog may produce <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">colostrum</a>, a type of milk high in nutrients and antibodies, 1–7 days before giving birth. Milk production lasts for around three months,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-121">[121]</a> and increases with litter size.<a href="#cite_note-:1-121">[121]</a> The dog can sometimes vomit and refuse food during <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">child contractions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In the later stages of the dog's pregnancy, <a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">nesting behaviour</a> may occur.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Puppies are born with a <a href="/wiki/Fetal_membranes" title="Fetal membranes">protective fetal membrane</a> that the mother usually removes shortly after birth. Dogs can have the maternal instincts to start grooming their puppies, consume their puppies' feces, and protect their puppies, likely due to their hormonal state.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> While male-parent dogs can show more disinterested behaviour toward their own puppies,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> most can play with the young pups as they would with other dogs or humans.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> A female dog may abandon or attack her puppies or her male partner dog if she is stressed or in pain.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dog_intelligence" title="Dog intelligence">Dog intelligence</a></div> Researchers have tested dogs' ability to perceive information, retain it as knowledge, and apply it to solve problems. Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a>. A study with <a href="/wiki/Rico_(Border_Collie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rico (Border Collie)">Rico</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Border_Collie" title="Border Collie">Border Collie</a>, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items after four weeks of the initial exposure. A study of another Border Collie, Chaser, documented that he had learned the names and could associate them by verbal command with over 1,000 words.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lea2018-130">[130]</a> One study of 18 household dogs found that the dogs could not distinguish food bowls at specific locations without distinguishing cues; the study stated that this indicates a lack of <a href="/wiki/Spatial_memory" title="Spatial memory">spatial memory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sluka2018-131">[131]</a> A study stated that dogs have a <a href="/wiki/Approximate_number_system" title="Approximate number system">visual sense for number</a>. The dogs showed a ratio-dependent <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">activation</a> both for numerical values from 1–3 to larger than four.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Dogs demonstrate a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a> by engaging in deception.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Another experimental study showed evidence that Australian <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingos</a> can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Another study showed that dogs stared at humans after failing to complete an impossible version of the same task they had been trained to solve. Wolves, under the same situation, avoided staring at humans altogether.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">Dog communication</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:A_dog_making_noises_and_barking.flac" title="File:A dog making noises and barking.flac">Dog sounds</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="A_dog_making_noises_and_barking.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/A_dog_making_noises_and_barking.flac/A_dog_making_noises_and_barking.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/A_dog_making_noises_and_barking.flac/A_dog_making_noises_and_barking.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/A_dog_making_noises_and_barking.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">A dog making noises and barking</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Dog communication is the transfer of information between dogs, as well as between dogs and humans.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). Dogs mark their <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territories</a> by urinating on them, which is more likely when entering a new environment.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Both sexes of dogs may also urinate to communicate anxiety or frustration, submissiveness, or when in exciting or relaxing situations.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Aroused dogs can be a result of the dogs' higher <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Between 3 and 8 weeks of age, dogs tend to focus on other dogs for social interaction, and between 5 and 12 weeks of age, they shift their focus to people.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Belly exposure in dogs can be a defensive behavior that can lead to a bite or to seek comfort.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture. With their acute sense of hearing, dogs rely on the auditory aspect of communication for understanding and responding to various cues, including the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">barking</a> patterns that convey different messages. A study using <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (fMRI) has shown that dogs respond to both vocal and nonvocal voices using the brain's region towards the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">temporal pole</a>, similar to that of humans' brains. Most dogs also looked significantly longer at the face whose expression matched the <a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">valence of vocalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Andics2014-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> A study of <a href="/wiki/Caudate_nucleus" title="Caudate nucleus">caudate responses</a> shows that dogs tend to respond more positively to social rewards than to food rewards.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> The dog is the most widely abundant large <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivoran</a> living in the human environment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 2020, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million and 1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In the same year, a study found the dog to be the most popular pet in the United States, with there being a dog in 34 out of every 100 homes.<a href="#cite_note-:5-5">[5]</a> About 20% of the dog population live in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lord2013-152">[152]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing world</a>, it is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-ranging_dog" title="Free-ranging dog">village</a>, or community dogs.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Most of these dogs live as <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a> and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing that village dogs' most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competitors">Competitors</h3></div> Feral and <a href="/wiki/Free-ranging_dog" title="Free-ranging dog">free-ranging dogs</a>' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans.<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[149]</a> Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage when facing large dog groups.<a href="#cite_note-lescureaux2014-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoitaniMech2003259–264-156">[156]</a> In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, there is still a fear among humans of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs, and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.<a href="#cite_note-lescureaux2014-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_cat" title="Big cat">big cats</a> have also been known to attack dogs. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a> are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter their size.<a href="#cite_note-Leopard-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tigers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amur_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur river">Amur river</a> region have killed dogs in the middle of villages. They will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way.<a href="#cite_note-Gompper2013-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyenas</a> are known to kill dogs in their range.<a href="#cite_note-Striped-160">[160]</a> Dogs as introduced predators have affected the ecology of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, which lacked indigenous land-based mammals before human settlement.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Dogs have made 11 <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> species extinct and are identified as a 'potential threat' to at least 188 threatened species worldwide;<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> another figure is that dogs have also been linked to the extinction of 156 animal species.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Dogs have been documented to have killed a few birds of the endangered species, the <a href="/wiki/Kagu" title="Kagu">kagu</a>, in <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg/250px-Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg/375px-Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Golden_retriever" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden retriever">golden retriever</a> gnawing on a pig's foot bone</figcaption></figure> Dogs are typically described as <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADW-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have <a href="/wiki/Amylase#Evolution" title="Amylase">extra copies of amylase</a> and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.<a href="#cite_note-axelssonetal2013-167">[167]</a> Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> and are classified as having a high-starch diet.<a href="#cite_note-Pajic2019-168">[168]</a> Despite being an omnivore, dogs are only able to produce <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">bile acid</a> with <a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">taurine</a>. They must get their intake of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> from consuming other animals.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Of the <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">twenty-one amino acids common to all life forms</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">selenocysteine</a>), dogs cannot synthesize ten: <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">isoleucine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">leucine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">threonine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">valine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_balance" title="Nitrogen balance">nitrogen balance</a>. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3></div> As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog has notable exceptions of presence in: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Aboriginal Tasmanians</a>, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingos</a> on that continent<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Andamanese_peoples" title="Andamanese peoples">Andamanese peoples</a>, who were isolated when <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> covered the <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> to Myanmar<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fuegians" title="Fuegians">Fuegians</a>, who instead domesticated the <a href="/wiki/Fuegian_dog" title="Fuegian dog">Fuegian dog</a>, an already extinct different canid species<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs or where the dogs died out after original settlement, notably the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> and most of the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a> with exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Fais_Island" title="Fais Island">Fais Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Urban-181">[181]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Urban-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Matisoo-Smith-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Matisoo-Smith-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forster-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Forster-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Forster-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangaia" title="Mangaia">Mangaia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Forster-183">[183]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Island" title="Pitcairn Island">Pitcairn Island</a> (settled by the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">Bounty mutineers</a>, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships).<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li></ul> Dogs were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">sled dogs</a>. Starting practice in December 1993, dogs were later outlawed by the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Environmental_Protection_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" title="Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty">Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty international agreement</a> due to the possible risk of spreading infections.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_with_humans">Roles with humans</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93canine_bond" title="Human–canine bond">Human–canine bond</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">domesticated dog</a> originated as a <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavenger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> They inherited complex behaviors, such as <a href="/wiki/Bite_inhibition" title="Bite inhibition">bite inhibition</a>, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been <a href="/wiki/Pack_hunter" title="Pack hunter">pack hunters</a> with complex <a href="/wiki/Body_language_of_dogs" title="Body language of dogs">body language</a>. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for dogs' trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> and probably also their co-existence with early human hunter-gatherers.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Dogs perform many roles for people, such as <a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">herding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">pulling loads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">assisting police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">companionship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">aiding disabled individuals</a>. These roles in human society have earned them the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Man%27s_best_friend" title="Man's best friend">man's best friend</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. In some cultures, however, dogs <a href="#Dogs_as_food">are also a source of meat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wingfield-Hayes-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vietnam's_dog_meat_tradition-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pets">Pets</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siberian_Husky_pho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Siberian_Husky_pho.jpg/220px-Siberian_Husky_pho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Siberian_Husky_pho.jpg/330px-Siberian_Husky_pho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Siberian_Husky_pho.jpg/440px-Siberian_Husky_pho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Siberian_husky" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian husky">Siberian husky</a> with a human companion</figcaption></figure> The keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history.<a href="#cite_note-Derr-194">[194]</a> Pet-dog populations grew significantly after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a> increased.<a href="#cite_note-Derr-194">[194]</a> In the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's functions, such as the increased role of dogs in the <a href="/wiki/Emotional_support_animal" title="Emotional support animal">emotional support</a> of their human guardians.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Power-197">[197]</a> Within the second half of the 20th century, more and more dog owners considered their animal to be a part of the family. This major social status shift allowed the dog to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Power-197">[197]</a> The second has been the broadening of the concepts of family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.<a href="#cite_note-Power-197">[197]</a> Products such as dog-training books, classes, and television programs, target dog owners.<a href="#cite_note-Nast-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myths-199">[199]</a> Some dog-trainers have promoted a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominance model</a> of dog-human relationships. However, the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)#Use_in_dog_training" title="Pack (canine)">"alpha dog"</a> trying to be dominant is based on a controversial theory about wolf packs.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> It has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions.<a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-202">[202]</a> Human family members have increased participation in activities in which the dog is an integral partner, such as <a href="/wiki/Musical_canine_freestyle" title="Musical canine freestyle">dog dancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doga_(Dog_Yoga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doga (Dog Yoga)">dog yoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nast-198">[198]</a> According to statistics published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Pet_Products_Manufacturers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Pet Products Manufacturers Association">American Pet Products Manufacturers Association</a> in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77.5 million people in the United States have pet dogs.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% own two dogs, and nearly 9% own more than two dogs. The data also shows an equal number of male and female pet dogs; less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from <a href="/wiki/Animal_shelter" title="Animal shelter">shelters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HSO-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workers">Workers</h3></div> In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for <a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">herding livestock</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Collie" title="Collie">collies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheepdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheepdog">sheepdogs</a>); for hunting; for <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">rodent control</a> (such as terriers); as <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">search and rescue dogs</a>;<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">detection dogs</a> (such as those trained to detect <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illicit drugs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a>);<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> as homeguard dogs; as <a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">police dogs</a> (sometimes nicknamed "K-9"); as <a href="/wiki/Service_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Service dogs">welfare-purpose dogs</a>; as dogs who assist fishermen retrieve their nets; and as dogs that pull loads (such as <a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">sled dogs</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ADW-82">[82]</a> In 1957, the dog <a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a> became one of the first animals to be launched into <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a> aboard the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviets</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a>; Laika died during the flight from <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">overheating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including <a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">guide dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_dog" title="Hearing dog">hearing dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobility_assistance_dog" title="Mobility assistance dog">mobility assistance dogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_service_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric service dog">psychiatric service dogs</a>, assist individuals with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> A study of 29 dogs found that 9 dogs owned by people with epilepsy were reported to exhibit attention-getting behavior to their handler 30 seconds to 45 minutes prior to an impending seizure; there was no significant correlation between the patients' demographics, health, or attitude towards their pets.<a href="#cite_note-seizure-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shows_and_sports">Shows and sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dog_show" title="Dog show">Dog show</a></div> Dogs compete in breed-conformation shows and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_sports" title="List of dog sports">dog sports</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">sledding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dog_agility" title="Dog agility">agility competitions</a>). In dog shows, also referred to as "breed shows", a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in a <a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">breed standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weight_pulling" title="Weight pulling">Weight pulling</a>, a dog sport involving pulling weight, has been criticized for promoting <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">doping</a> and for its risk of injury.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogs_as_food">Dogs as food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog meat</a></div> Humans have consumed dog meat going back at least 14,000 years. It's unknown to what extent prehistoric dogs were consumed and bred for meat. For centuries, the practice was prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> before cultural changes triggered by the spread of religions resulted in dog meat consumption declining and becoming more taboo.<a href="#cite_note-Simoons-1994-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">pre-Columbian Mexico</a> historically consumed dog meat.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Native_American_dogs" title="Native American dogs">Native American dogs</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Hairless_Dog" title="Peruvian Hairless Dog">Peruvian Hairless Dog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xoloitzcuintle" title="Xoloitzcuintle">Xoloitzcuintle</a>, were raised to be sacrificed and eaten.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> traditionally ate dogs.<a href="#cite_note-Wangyun-2018-222">[222]</a> Consumption of dog meat declined but did not end during the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (581–618) and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) due in part to the spread of Buddhism and the upper class rejecting the practice.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Dog consumption was rare in India, Iran, and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Simoons-1994-216">[216]</a> Eating dog meat is a <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">social taboo</a> in most parts of the world,<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> though some still consume it in <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> It is still consumed in some <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> countries, including <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wingfield-Hayes-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Vietnam's_dog_meat_tradition-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> An estimated 30 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year.<a href="#cite_note-Wangyun-2018-222">[222]</a> China is the world's largest consumer of dogs, with an estimated 10 to 20 million dogs killed every year for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In Vietnam, about 5 million dogs are slaughtered annually.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In 2024, China, Singapore, and Thailand placed a ban on the consumption of dogs within their borders.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> In some parts of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> dog fat is reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> There is a long history of <a href="/wiki/Dog_meat_consumption_in_South_Korea" title="Dog meat consumption in South Korea">dog meat consumption in South Korea</a>, but the practice has fallen out of favor.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> A 2017 survey found that under 40% of participants supported a ban on the distribution and consumption of dog meat. This increased to over 50% in 2020, suggesting changing attitudes, particularly among younger individuals.<a href="#cite_note-:7-7">[7]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">South Korean government</a> passed a bill banning restaurants that sell dog meat from doing so during that year's <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> On 9 January 2024, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">South Korean parliament</a> passed a law banning the distribution and sale of dog meat. It will take effect in 2027, with plans to assist dog farmers in transitioning to other products.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> The primary type of dog raised for meat in South Korea has been the <a href="/wiki/Nureongi" title="Nureongi">Nureongi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> In <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> where meat is scarce, eating dog is a common and accepted practice, officially promoted by the government.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_risks">Health risks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">Dog bite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canine_vector-borne_disease" title="Canine vector-borne disease">Canine vector-borne disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dog_bite_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog bite prevention">Dog bite prevention</a></div> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) reported that 59,000 people died globally from <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, with 59.6% of the deaths in Asia and 36.4% in Africa. Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most significant <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year.<a href="#cite_note-:6-250">[250]</a> The primary victims of dog bite incidents are children. They are more likely to sustain more serious injuries from bites, which can lead to death.<a href="#cite_note-:6-250">[250]</a> Sharp claws can lacerate flesh and cause serious infections.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_United_States" title="Dogs in the United States">In the United States</a>, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U.K. hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study concluded that dog-associated <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">road accidents</a> involving injuries more commonly involve <a href="/wiki/Two-wheeler" title="Two-wheeler">two-wheeled vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Some countries and cities have also banned or restricted certain dog breeds, usually for safety concerns.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toxocara_canis" title="Toxocara canis">Toxocara canis</a> (dog <a href="/wiki/Roundworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundworm">roundworm</a>) eggs in dog feces can cause <a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">toxocariasis</a>. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision.<a href="#cite_note-kidshealth-256">[256]</a> Dog feces can also contain <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworms</a> that cause <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_larva_migrans" title="Cutaneous larva migrans">cutaneous larva migrans</a> in humans.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_benefits">Health benefits</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walking_the_dog_(1945527533).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Walking_the_dog_%281945527533%29.jpg/220px-Walking_the_dog_%281945527533%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Walking_the_dog_%281945527533%29.jpg/330px-Walking_the_dog_%281945527533%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Walking_the_dog_%281945527533%29.jpg/440px-Walking_the_dog_%281945527533%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Walking a dog</figcaption></figure> The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical and psychological well-being.<a href="#cite_note-Pet_ownership_and_human_health:_a_brief_review_of_evidence_and_issues-259">[259]</a> Studies suggest that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being, but they have been criticized for being "poorly controlled".<a href="#cite_note-Health_effects_of_ownership_of_and_attachment_to_companion_animals_in_an_older_population-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> One study states that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social supports</a> but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal".<a href="#cite_note-:4-262">[262]</a> Earlier studies have shown that pet-dog or -cat guardians make fewer hospital visits and are less likely to be on medication for heart problems and sleeping difficulties than non-guardians.<a href="#cite_note-:4-262">[262]</a> People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats or those without pets; these effects are relatively long-term.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated717-263">[263]</a> Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased survival in cases of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>. Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> than those who do not own dogs.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Studies have found a small to moderate correlation between dog-ownership and increased adult physical-activity levels.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> A 2005 paper states:<a href="#cite_note-Pet_ownership_and_human_health:_a_brief_review_of_evidence_and_issues-259">[259]</a><blockquote> recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, a reduced use of <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioner</a> services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less <a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">absenteeism</a> from school through sickness among children who live with pets.</blockquote> Health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> and are exposed to <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">immune-stimulating microorganisms</a>, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases (according to the <a href="/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis" title="Hygiene hypothesis">hygiene hypothesis</a>). Other benefits include dogs as social support.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> One study indicated that wheelchair-users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> In a 2015 study, it was found that having a pet made people more inclined to foster positive relationships with their neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In one study, new guardians reported a significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, which was sustained through the 10-month study.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated717-263">[263]</a> Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late-18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase smiling and laughing among people with <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and <a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">conduct disorders</a> who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, knowledge, and skill-objectives and decreased <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">antisocial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violent behavior</a> compared with those not in an animal-assisted program.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_importance">Cultural importance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dogs" title="Cultural depictions of dogs">Cultural depictions of dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_religion" title="Dogs in religion">Dogs in religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_dogs" title="List of fictional dogs">List of fictional dogs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerberus-Blake.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cerberus-Blake.jpeg/220px-Cerberus-Blake.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cerberus-Blake.jpeg/330px-Cerberus-Blake.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cerberus-Blake.jpeg/440px-Cerberus-Blake.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a> with the gluttons in <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Third_Circle_of_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Circle of Hell">Third Circle of Hell</a>, depicted by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a></figcaption></figure> Artworks have depicted dogs as symbols of <a href="/wiki/Guide" title="Guide">guidance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protection" title="Protection">protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">loyalty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">fidelity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">faithfulness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Old Babylonian period</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian period</a>, dogs were the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a>, the goddess of healing and medicine,<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-274">[274]</a> and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-274">[274]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs served as emblems of magical protection.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-274">[274]</a> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman2008-275">[275]</a> In mythology, dogs often appear as pets or as watchdogs.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman2008-275">[275]</a> Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies<a href="#cite_note-MalloryAdams2006-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-West2007-277">[277]</a> and may originate from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MalloryAdams2006-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-West2007-277">[277]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a> is a three-headed, <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman2008-275">[275]</a> Dogs also feature in association with the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, a dog called <a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a> guards <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism#Afterlives_and_rebirth" title="Death in Norse paganism">realm of the dead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman2008-275">[275]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a>, two four-eyed dogs guard the <a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman2008-275">[275]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C5%B5n_Annwn" title="Cŵn Annwn">Cŵn Annwn</a> guards <a href="/wiki/Annwn" title="Annwn">Annwn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman2008-275">[275]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, the god of death, owns two watchdogs named <a href="/wiki/Sharvara_and_Shyama" title="Sharvara and Shyama">Shyama and Sharvara</a>, which each have four eyes—they are said to watch over the gates of <a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">Naraka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> A black dog is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a> (vehicle) of <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> (an incarnation of Shiva).<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, dogs represent faithfulness.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman2008-275">[275]</a> Within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> denomination specifically, the iconography of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a> includes a dog after the saint's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and became pregnant shortly after that.<a href="#cite_note-CP2017-281">[281]</a> As such, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a>: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-CP2017-281">[281]</a> In Christian folklore, a <a href="/wiki/Church_grim" title="Church grim">church grim</a> often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their <a href="/wiki/Churchyard" title="Churchyard">churchyards</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">sacrilege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer1898-282">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a> does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets but requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and to make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> The view on dogs in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing them as unclean,<a href="#cite_note-Sherman2008-275">[275]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition [...] falsely attributed to the Prophet".<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> The Sunni <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a> jurists disagree with the idea that dogs are unclean.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <ul><li>Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperCollins2021[httpswwwcollinsdictionarycomdictionaryenglishdog_"dog"]-287">[287]</a></li> <li>Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperCollins2021[httpswwwcollinsdictionarycomdictionaryenglishbitch_"bitch"]-288">[288]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy" title="Puppy">Puppy</a> or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-289">[289]</a></li> <li>Sire – the male parent of a litter.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-289">[289]</a></li> <li>Dam – the female parent of a litter.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-289">[289]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Litter (animal)">Litter</a> – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-289">[289]</a></li> <li>Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-289">[289]</a></li> <li>Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-289">[289]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thalmann2018-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThalmannPerri2018" class="citation book cs1">Thalmann O, Perri AR (2018). "Paleogenomic Inferences of Dog Domestication". In Lindqvist C, Rajora O (eds.). Paleogenomics. Population Genomics. Springer, Cham. pp. 273–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F13836_2018_27">10.1007/13836_2018_27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04752-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04752-8"><bdi>978-3-030-04752-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paleogenomic+Inferences+of+Dog+Domestication&rft.btitle=Paleogenomics&rft.series=Population+Genomics&rft.pages=273-306&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Cham&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F13836_2018_27&rft.isbn=978-3-030-04752-8&rft.aulast=Thalmann&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft.au=Perri%2C+Angela+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-linnaeus1758-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linnaeus1758_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-linnaeus1758_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnæus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linnæus C (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/48/mode/1up">Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 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Retrieved 11 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+natur%C3%A6+per+regna+tria+natur%C3%A6%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis.+Tomus+I&rft.place=Holmi%C3%A6+%28Stockholm%29&rft.pages=38-40&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Laurentius+Salvius&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linn%C3%A6us&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F80764%23page%2F48%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wozencraft2005-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wozencraft2005_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wozencraft2005_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWozencraft2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Chris_Wozencraft" title="W. 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CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4863-0030-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4863-0030-3"><bdi>978-1-4863-0030-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dingo+Debate%3A+Origins%2C+Behaviour+and+Conservation&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing%2C+Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4863-0030-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj6omCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangTedford2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xiaoming_Wang_(paleontologist)" title="Xiaoming Wang (paleontologist)">Wang X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Tedford" title="Richard H. Tedford">Tedford RH</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnWdpK7ctI0C">Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, New York. pp. 1–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13529-0"><bdi>978-0-231-13529-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/502410693">502410693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogs%3A+Their+Fossil+Relatives+and+Evolutionary+History&rft.pages=1-232&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press%2C+New+York&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F502410693&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13529-0&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoming&rft.au=Tedford%2C+Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnWdpK7ctI0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADog" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Dog at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dog" class="extiw" title="wikt:dog">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dog" class="extiw" title="c:Dog">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dog" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Dog">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dogs" class="extiw" title="q:Dogs">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dog" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dog">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dogs" class="extiw" title="b:Dogs">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dogs" class="extiw" title="voy:Dogs">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_familiaris" class="extiw" title="species:Canis lupus familiaris">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Canis_lupus_familiaris">Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography</a> for Canis lupus familiaris</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fci.be/">Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) – World Canine Organisation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/184/dogs-in-the-ancient-world/">Dogs in the Ancient World</a>, an article on the history of dogs</li> <li>View the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Canis_familiaris/Info/Index">dog genome</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213145734/http://www.ensembl.org/Canis_familiaris/Info/Index">Archived</a> 13 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=canFam4&lastVirtModeType=default&lastVirtModeExtraState=&virtModeType=default&virtMode=0&nonVirtPosition=&position=chr14%3A4739511%2D11213510&hgsid=1430153621_Itf5zwuMWjkMYyVclRNzVMNAp83j">Genome of Canis lupus familiaris (version UU_Cfam_GSD_1.0/canFam4)</a>, via <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/85">Data of the genome of Canis lupus familiaris</a>, via <a href="/wiki/NCBI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCBI">NCBI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCF_011100685.1/">Data of the genome assembly of Canis lupus familiaris (version UU_Cfam_GSD_1.0/canFam4)</a>, via <a href="/wiki/NCBI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCBI">NCBI</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dogs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#c3b091;"><link 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Domestic_dog" title="Template:Domestic dog"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Domestic_dog" title="Template talk:Domestic dog"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic_dog" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic dog"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dogs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dogs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_type" title="Dog type">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_village_dog" title="African village dog">African village dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-ranging_dog" title="Free-ranging dog">Free-ranging dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pye-dog" title="Pye-dog">Pye-dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Street dog">Street dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairless_dog" title="Hairless dog">Hairless dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">Herding dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collie" title="Collie">Collie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_guardian_dog" title="Livestock guardian dog">Livestock guardian dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_dog" title="Sheep dog">Sheep dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cur" title="Cur">Cur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feist_(dog_breed)" title="Feist (dog breed)">Feist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurcher" title="Lurcher">Lurcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_dog" title="Pointing dog">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retriever" title="Retriever">Retriever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setter" title="Setter">Setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniel" title="Spaniel">Spaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dog" title="Water dog">Water dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound" title="Hound">Hound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scent_hound" title="Scent hound">Scenthound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basset" title="Basset">Basset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonhound" title="Coonhound">Coonhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxhound" title="Foxhound">Foxhound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighthound" title="Sighthound">Sighthound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdog" title="Longdog">Longdog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrier" title="Terrier">Terrier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_and_terrier" title="Bull and terrier">Bull-type terrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscher" title="Pinscher">Pinscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnauzer" title="Schnauzer">Schnauzer</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastiff" title="Mastiff">Mastiff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulldog_type" title="Bulldog type">Bulldog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitz" title="Spitz">Spitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husky" title="Husky">Husky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika_(dog_type)" title="Laika (dog type)">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugou" title="Tugou">Tugou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_dog" title="Toy dog">Toy dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bichon" title="Bichon">Bichon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnspit_dog" title="Turnspit dog">Turnspit dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">Breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">List of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_crossbreeds" title="List of dog crossbreeds">List of crossbreeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongrel" title="Mongrel">Mixed-breed dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_crossbreed" title="Dog crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_dog_breeds" title="List of extinct dog breeds">Extinct breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_dog_breeds_in_the_United_States" title="List of most popular dog breeds in the United States">Most popular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">Assistance dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_assistance_dog" title="Autism assistance dog">Autism dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_dog" title="Hearing dog">Hearing dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_response_dog" title="Medical response dog">Medical response dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_response_dog" title="Seizure response dog">Seizure dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_assistance_dog" title="Mobility assistance dog">Mobility assistance dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_assistance_dog" title="Psychiatric assistance dog">Psychiatric assistance dog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_dog" title="Attack dog">Attack dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_dog" title="Bay dog">Bay dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dog" title="Carriage dog">Carriage dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_dog" title="Catch dog">Catch dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_dog" title="Companion dog">Companion dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">Fighting dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">Guard dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_dog" title="Lap dog">Lap dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Meat dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_dog" title="Mercy dog">Mercy dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">Police dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_usage_of_police_dogs" title="Worldwide usage of police dogs">usage by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">Search and rescue dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">Sled dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">War dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_behavior" title="Dog behavior">Behavior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">Communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language_of_dogs" title="Body language of dogs">Body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howling" title="Howling">Howling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_intelligence" title="Dog intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%E2%80%93dog_relationship" title="Cat–dog relationship">Dog–cat relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Human–dog interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal testing on dogs">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiting_(blood_sport)" title="Baiting (blood sport)">Baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed-specific_legislation" title="Breed-specific legislation">Breed-specific legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynanthropy" title="Cynanthropy">Cynanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">Dog bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_daycare" title="Dog daycare">Dog daycare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">Dog fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_biscuit" title="Dog biscuit">dog biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">2007 recalls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_grooming" title="Dog grooming">Dog grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_religion" title="Dogs in religion">Dogs in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Dogs in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_licence" title="Dog licence">Dog licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_park" title="Dog park">Dog park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_show" title="Dog show">Dog show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_theft" title="Dog theft">Dog theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_sports" title="List of dog sports">Dog sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_walking" title="Dog walking">Dog walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynophobia" title="Cynophobia">Fear of dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93canine_bond" title="Human–canine bond">Human–canine bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_health" title="Dog health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_in_dogs" title="Aging in dogs">Aging</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_dogs" title="List of longest-living dogs">List of longest-living dogs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy" title="Dog anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">Breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_coat" title="Dog coat">Coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformation_(dog)" title="Conformation (dog)">Conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_diseases" title="List of dog diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_odor" title="Dog odor">Odor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">Rabies in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_syndrome" title="Rage syndrome">Rage syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canine_reproduction" title="Canine reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_skin_disorders" title="Dog skin disorders">Skin disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_of_dogs" title="Vaccination of dogs">Vaccination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_training" title="Dog training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clicker_training" title="Clicker training">Clicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate_training" title="Crate training">Crate training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housebreaking" title="Housebreaking">Housebreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_of_animals" title="Socialization of animals">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_silver_fox" title="Domesticated silver fox">Domesticated silver fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_dogs" title="List of individual dogs">List of individual dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_dogs" title="List of fictional dogs">List of fictional dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dogs" title="Lists of dogs">Lists of dogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#c3b091; font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dogs" title="Category:Dogs">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Dogs" title="Portal:Dogs">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Carnivora_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carnivora" title="Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carnivora" title="Template talk:Carnivora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Carnivora_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia ("cat-like" carnivorans)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (Nandinia binotata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon</a> (Asiatic linsangs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (P. linsang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> (cats)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (P. uncia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (P. tigris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (P. onca)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (P. leo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (P. pardus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> sensu stricto</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (P. marmorata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (C. badia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (Leptailurus serval)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (C. aurata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (C. caracal)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (L. colocola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (L. guigna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (L. pardalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (L. tigrinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (L. wiedii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (L. canadensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (L. rufus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (A. jubatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (P. concolor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (F. catus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (F. chaus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (F. lybica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (F. margarita)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (F. silvestris)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (Chrotogale owstoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (Cynogale bennettii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (Diplogale hosei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (Hemigalus derbyanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (Arctictis binturong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> sensu lato</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> sensu stricto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (Civettictis civetta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana</a> (African linsangs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (P. leightoni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta</a> (genets)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (G. angolensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (G. genetta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (G. letabae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (G. pardina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (G. poensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (G. servalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (G. thierryi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (G. tigrina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae</a> (hyenas)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (P. cristata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</a> (bone-crushing hyenas)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> sensu lato</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a> (Malagasy carnivorans)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (E. major)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> sensu stricto (mongooses)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (S. suricatta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (Liberiictus kuhni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (M. mungo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (Dologale dybowskii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (Xenogale naso)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (U. javanica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (Paracynictis selousi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (Rhynchogale melleri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia ("dog-like" carnivorans)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> (dogs)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (U. littoralis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (V. cana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (V. chama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (V. corsac)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (V. lagopus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (V. macrotis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (V. pallida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (V. velox)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (V. vulpes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (V. zerda)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini</a> (true dogs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina</a> (zorro)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (S. venaticus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (L. culpaeus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (L. griseus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (L. vetulus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina</a> (wolf-like canids)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lupulella" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (L. adustus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (Cuon alpinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (C. aureus)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domestic dog (C. familiaris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (C. latrans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (C. lupaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (C. lupus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (C. lycaon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (C. rufus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a> (bears)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (U. americanus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (U. arctos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (U. maritimus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia</a> (seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia (seals)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a> (eared seals: <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (Z. californianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (A. australis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a> (earless seals or true seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae</a> ("northern seals")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (P. largha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (P. vitulina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (P. caspica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (P. hispida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (P. sibirica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae</a> ("southern seals")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini</a> (monk seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga</a> (elephant seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini</a> (Antarctic seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (Ailurus fulgens)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus</a> (hog-nosed skunks)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (M. macroura)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (M. mephitis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus</a> (stink badgers)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale</a> (spotted skunks)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (Potos flavus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (B. astutus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a> (raccoons)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (P. lotor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon</a> (olingos)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (B. gabbii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (B. medius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (B. neblina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina</a> (coatis)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (N. nasua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (N. narica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (Taxidea taxus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (M. capensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a> (Eurasian badgers)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (A. albogularis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (A. collaris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (M. anakuma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (M. canescens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (M. leucurus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (M. meles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale</a> (ferret-badgers)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (Eira barbara)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (P. pennanti)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (G. gulo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes</a> (martens)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (M. americana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (M. caurina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (M. foina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (M. martes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (M. melampus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (M. zibellina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis</a> (grisons)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (G. cuja)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (G. vittata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini</a> (African polecats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Vormela</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (Poecilogale albinucha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (I. libycus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (I. striatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae</a> (otters)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (L. canadensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (L. felina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (L. provocax)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (E. lutris)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (Hydrictis maculicollis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (L. lutra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (A. capensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (N. africana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (N. felipei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (N. vison)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela</a> (weasels)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (M. altaica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (M. furo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (M. haidarum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (M. lutreola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (M. nivalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (M. putorius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (M. richardsonii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_gray_wolf_subspecies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grey_wolf_subspecies" title="Template:Grey wolf subspecies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grey_wolf_subspecies" title="Template talk:Grey wolf subspecies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grey_wolf_subspecies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grey wolf subspecies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_gray_wolf_subspecies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">gray wolf</a> <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus" title="Subspecies of Canis lupus">subspecies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a></li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a></li> <li>Genus: <a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></li> <li>Species: <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">lupus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World subspecies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_wolf" title="Tundra wolf">Tundra wolf (C. l. albus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolf (C. l. arabs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_wolf" title="Steppe wolf">Steppe wolf (C. l. campestris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wolf" title="Mongolian wolf">Mongolian wolf (C. l. chanco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_wolf" title="Himalayan wolf">Himalayan wolf (C. l. chanco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_dingo" title="Canis lupus dingo">Dingo (C. l. dingo)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domestic dog (C. l. familiaris or C. familiaris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wolf" title="Indian wolf">Indian wolf (C. l. pallipes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World subspecies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_wolf" title="Arctic wolf">Arctic wolf (C. l. arctos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wolf" title="Mexican wolf">Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_wolf" title="British Columbia wolf">British Columbian wolf (C. l. columbianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Coastal_Sea_wolf" title="Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf">Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf (C. l. crassodon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_wolf" title="Hudson Bay wolf">Hudson Bay wolf (C. l. hudsonicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_wolf" title="Northern Rocky Mountain wolf">Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (C. l. irremotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_wolf" title="Labrador wolf">Labrador wolf (C. l. labradorius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago_wolf" title="Alexander Archipelago wolf">Alexander Archipelago wolf (C. l. ligoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (C. l. lycaon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River_wolf" title="Mackenzie River wolf">Mackenzie River wolf (C. l. mackenzii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island_wolf" title="Baffin Island wolf">Baffin Island wolf (C. l. manningi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_wolf" title="Northwestern wolf">Northwestern wolf (C. l. occidentalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_wolf" title="Greenland wolf">Greenland wolf (C. l. orion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Alaskan_wolf" title="Interior Alaskan wolf">Alaskan Interior wolf (C. l. pambasileus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (C. l. rufus)</a> (taxonomy disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_tundra_wolf" title="Alaskan tundra wolf">Alaskan tundra wolf (C. l. tundrarum)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_actors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_actors" title="Template:Animal actors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_actors" title="Template talk:Animal actors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_actors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal actors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_actors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_actors" title="List of animal actors">Animal actors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dogs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_the_Wonder_Dog" title="Ace the Wonder Dog">Ace the Wonder Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_(dog)" title="Brigitte (dog)">Brigitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_the_Wonder_Dog" title="Brownie the Wonder Dog">Brownie the Wonder Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_(dog_actor)" title="Buddy (dog actor)">Buddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_(dog)" title="Cook (dog)">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_(dog)" title="Cosmo (dog)">Cosmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_(dog_actor)" title="Daisy (dog actor)">Daisy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darla_(dog)" title="Darla (dog)">Darla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_the_Pug" title="Doug the Pug">Doug the Pug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamite_the_Dog" title="Dynamite the Dog">Dynamite the Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_(dog)" title="Enzo (dog)">Enzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_(dog)" title="Flame (dog)">Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taco_Bell_chihuahua" title="Taco Bell chihuahua">Gidget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgins_(dog)" title="Higgins (dog)">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_(dog)" title="Jean (dog)">Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jed_(wolfdog)" title="Jed (wolfdog)">Jed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koko_(dog)" title="Koko (dog)">Koko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koton_(dog)" title="Koton (dog)">Koton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuma_von_Clifford" title="Kuma von Clifford">Kuma von Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassie" title="Lassie">Lassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_(dog)" title="Lightning (dog)">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Dog" title="Luke the Dog">Luke the Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_(dog)" title="Madison (dog)">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messi_(dog)" title="Messi (dog)">Messi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonie_(dog)" title="Moonie (dog)">Moonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_(dog)" title="Moose (dog)">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_(dog)" title="Olivia (dog)">Olivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal_(dog)" title="Pal (dog)">Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_the_Pup" title="Pete the Pup">Pete the Pup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_(dog)" title="Peggy (dog)">Peggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rin_Tin_Tin" title="Rin Tin Tin">Rin Tin Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggeun" title="Sanggeun">Sanggeun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shep_(dog_actor)" title="Shep (dog actor)">Shep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Streak_(dog)" title="Silver Streak (dog)">Silver Streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skippy_(dog)" title="Skippy (dog)">Skippy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_(dog)" title="Soccer (dog)">Soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(dog_actor)" title="Spike (dog actor)">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongheart" title="Strongheart">Strongheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes_(dog)" title="Sykes (dog)">Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_(dog)" title="Teddy (dog)">Teddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_(dog)" title="Terry (dog)">Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_(dog)" title="Thunder (dog)">Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uggie" title="Uggie">Uggie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primates (non-human)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheeta" title="Cheeta">Cheeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_the_Monkey" title="Crystal the Monkey">Crystal the Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Fred_Muggs" title="J. Fred Muggs">J. Fred Muggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiggs_(chimpanzee)" title="Jiggs (chimpanzee)">Jiggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_the_Chimp" title="Jimmy the Chimp">Jimmy the Chimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_(orangutan)" title="Manis (orangutan)">Manis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Martin_(orangutan)" title="Joe Martin (orangutan)">Joe Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Mendi_II" title="Jo Mendi II">Jo Mendi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokomo_Jr." title="Kokomo Jr.">Kokomo Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_Chimps" title="Marquis Chimps">Marquis Chimps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankun" title="Pankun">Pankun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_(monkey)" title="Rancho (monkey)">Rancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_(chimpanzee)" title="Travis (chimpanzee)">Travis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Horses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Harvester" title="Bamboo Harvester">Bamboo Harvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budweiser_Clydesdales" title="Budweiser Clydesdales">Budweiser Clydesdales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(horse)" title="Bunting (horse)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_(horse)" title="Buttermilk (horse)">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Ole" title="Cass Ole">Cass Ole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_the_Wonder_Horse" title="Champion the Wonder Horse">Champion the Wonder Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docs_Keepin_Time" title="Docs Keepin Time">Docs Keepin Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mokhtar" title="El Mokhtar">El Mokhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcorn_Deelites" title="Popcorn Deelites">Popcorn Deelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_the_King_of_Wild_Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex the King of Wild Horses">Rex the Wonder Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_(horse)" title="Trigger (horse)">Trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_horses" title="Wonder horses">Wonder horses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bears</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bart_the_Bear" title="Bart the Bear">Bart the Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_the_Bear_2" title="Bart the Bear 2">Bart the Bear 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brody_the_Bear" title="Brody the Bear">Brody the Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_(bear_actor)" title="Bruno (bear actor)">Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(bear)" title="Hercules (bear)">Hercules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Lion_(MGM)" title="Leo the Lion (MGM)">The lions of MGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil_Bub" title="Lil Bub">Lil Bub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumpy_Cat" title="Grumpy Cat">Grumpy Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_le_Chat_Noir" title="Henri, le Chat Noir">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_the_Cat" title="Morris the Cat">Morris the Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangey" title="Orangey">Orangey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_(parrot)" title="Douglas (parrot)">Douglas</a> (parrot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_(raven)" title="Jimmy (raven)">Jimmy</a> (raven)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Percival" title="Mr Percival">Mr Percival</a> (pelican)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elephants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirakkal_Kalidasan" title="Chirakkal Kalidasan">Chirakkal Kalidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_(elephant)" title="Tai (elephant)">Tai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cetaceans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiko_(orca)" title="Keiko (orca)">Keiko</a> (orca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_(dolphin)" title="Winter (dolphin)">Winter</a> (dolphin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reptiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocho_(crocodile)" title="Pocho (crocodile)">Pocho</a> (crocodile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_(lizard)" title="Frank (lizard)">Frank</a> (lizard)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Canis lupus familiaris</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972265" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q26972265">Q26972265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canis_lupus_familiaris/">Canis_lupus_familiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5G6ZJ">5G6ZJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1228387">1228387</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CANIFA">CANIFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6164210">6164210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/90295">90295</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=726821">726821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000752">14000752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100911/">2.100911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9615">9615</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/db725874-7d02-4221-a93d-18894fb55417">db725874-7d02-4221-a93d-18894fb55417</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=247333">247333</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Canis familiaris</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20717272" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q20717272">Q20717272</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Canis familiaris">Canis familiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Canis_familiaris">Canis_familiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/QLXF">QLXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5219200">5219200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47144">47144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10681653">10681653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183815">183815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005940">1005940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9615">9615</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=247333">247333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=104153">104153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1461482">1461482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/05C23FE8-F45D-4EA6-A309-46864DE24097">05C23FE8-F45D-4EA6-A309-46864DE24097</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026181-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85038796">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931181t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931181t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564180">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115940&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526239">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557812105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013865">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kopek">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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/></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Animal">Animal</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/21px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/42px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mammal">Mammal</a></li></ul></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFBatson,_K.McCabe,_B.Baun,_M.M.Wilson,_C.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBay-Petersen1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaver2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergströmFrantzSchmidtErsmark2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernsBrooksSpivak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBewley1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackGreen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoitaniMech2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoronyakJacobsSmith2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradshawBlackwellCasey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByosiereChouinardHowellBennett2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaganBlass2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCairnsWilton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChastant2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiodoBasualdoCiarmelaPezzani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristianWestgarthBaumanRichards2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCitron\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiucciLucchiniBoitaniRandi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClutton-Brock1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConcannonTsutsuiShille2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookPrichardSpivakBerns2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoppingerCoppinger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoppingerSchneider1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoren2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoren2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoren2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzajkowski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDK2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDa_CostaKinsmanOwczarczak-GarsteckaCasey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalzielUthmanMcgorrayReep2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielsBekoff1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawsonCooper2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerr1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDieselPfeifferCrispinBrodbelt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDogTime2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDohertyDickmanGlenNewsome2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDohertyGlenNimmoRitchie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonfrancescoAllenApplebyBehrendorff2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddyHartBoltz1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnsminger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanBianHuangLiu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFascetti2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFascettiDelaney2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldmanNelsonReuschScott-Moncrieff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenton1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisherMcGarry2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlemingCreevyPromislow2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFogle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForster1778\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFossati2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrantzBradleyLarsonOrlando2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedmanWayne2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmannThomas1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGear2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGojoboriArakawaXiaokaitiMatsumoto2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGompper2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález-MartínezMuñiz_de_MiguelGrañaCostas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreskyHamannDistl2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperCollins2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartHartThigpenTran2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartHartThigpenWillits2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartNovákováMalkemperBegall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeadey_B.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidenbergerUnshelm1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuhLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHungCarsonBellwoodCampos2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntHayVeltman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIntohShigehara2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrving-PeaseRyanJamiesonDimopoulos2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaksicCastro2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaniak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssensGiemschSchmitzStreet2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessie_YeungGawon_BaeYoonjung_SeoMarc_Stewart2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Feffer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstonKamolpatanaRoot-KustritzJohnston2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesHamilton1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaminskiHyndsMorrisWaller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaminskiWallerDiogoHartstone-Rose2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatcherWilkins2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaled_Abou_El_Fadl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingSmithGrandinBorchelt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoepfliPollingerGodinhoRobinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoganSchoenfeld-TacherHellyerOxley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKojolaRonkainenHakalaHeikkinen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKokocińska-KusiakWoszczyłoZybalaMaciocha2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrugerSerpell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKustritz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutzler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsonBradley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson_G2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeaOsthaus2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeroy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeroyPhocasHedanVerrier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLescureuxLinnell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitisLidickerFreund2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisWilesLlewellyn-ZaidiEvans2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLezama-GarcíaMaritiMota-RojasMartínez-Burnes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiSunYu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindellFeyrecildeHorwitzLandsberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnæus1758\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLordFeinsteinSmithCoppinger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLordSchneiderCoppinger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLupo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMataMata2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatisoo-Smith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMillanBielbyWilliamsUpjohn2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcNicholasCollis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNicholasGilbeyRennieAhmedzai2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMech1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiklosi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiklósi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiklósiKubinyiTopálGácsi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerMurphy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontoyaMorrisonArrignonSpofford2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison,_Wallace_B.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagasawaMuraiMogiKikusui2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNast2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNganvongpanitTanvisutYanoKongtawelert2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNganvongpanitYano2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicoll2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNießnerDenzauMalkemperGross2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNurse2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNutriSource2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhJackson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtolaniVernooijCoppinger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOskar_Seyffert1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstranderWangLarsonvonHoldt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPajicPavlidisDeanNeznanova2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkerDregerRimbaultDavis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulSen_MajumderSauNandi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPendletonShenTaravellaEmery2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerriFeuerbornFrantzLarson2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPilley,_John2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiottiKaminski2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodberscek2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPongráczUjváriFaragóMiklósi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoccaroSaliniPietraSgorbini2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossiValdez_LumbrerasVagniDell\u0026#039;Anno2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.G._PierzynowskiR._Zabielski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenfeld-TacherHellyerCheungKogan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwabe1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott,_JonathanScott,_Angela2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSecondo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerpell1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerpell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerpellDuffy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShao-jie_ZhangGuo-Dong_WangPengcheng_MaLiang-liang_Zhang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman,_Josepha2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimoons1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiniscalchiLusitoVallortigaraQuaranta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiniscalchid\u0026#039;IngeoFornelliQuaranta2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkoglund2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlukaStankoCampbellCáceres2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith,_Cheryl_S.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithLitchfield2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolovyov,_DmitryPearce,_Tim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_J._Hernandez-Divers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudarshanMahendraMadhusudanaRahman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulkamaPuurunenSalonenMikkola2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSykesBeirneHorowitzJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalaizadehMaraghiJelowdarPeyvasteh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalmadge2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamiGallagher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTancrediCardinali2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThalmannPerri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiele2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTierneyStraussSanchez2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomaselloKaminski2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrban1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenkateswar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVetterRangheardSchaidlKotrschal2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVnExpress\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVásquez_SánchezRosales_ThamGálvez_MoraDorado_Pérez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadaHoriTokuriki1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaltherYamamotoThigpenGarcia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangTedford2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangyun2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelchAlmgren2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Saletan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinefieldBlackChur-Hansen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingfield-Hayes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWismer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodMartinChristianNathan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungOlsonReadingAmgalanbaatar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZilioHammondPeralta_GonzálezLaura_Parolin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Garza2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFupdated2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_BeekNielenSchukkenBrascamp1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvonHoldtShuldinerKochKartzinel2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 11,\n [\"Animal actors\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Carnivora\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 145,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 67,\n [\"Clade\"] = 9,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 6,\n [\"Dog nav\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 3,\n [\"Grey wolf subspecies\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"MSW3 Wozencraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 5,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 58,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Lisa Jackson-Schebetta\n1 1 James Patrick Mallory\n2 2 Douglas Q. Adams\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","14.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","300","10.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","180","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","120","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","100","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","100","3.5"],["[others]","940","32.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-66c5b56c76-kmnbc","timestamp":"20241212033126","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dog","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dog","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q144","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q144","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-06T00:00:04Z","dateModified":"2024-12-02T17:18:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7a\/Huskiesatrest.jpg","headline":"domestic animal"}</script> </body> </html>