CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91352e738ef5ce11',cH: '7I0UGhzSyamcFbzLqpZQ2nE0uAYGueVWNPwDvg36QO8-1739789059-1.2.1.1-OTdU7pcbxkn0rgPr6H7b5hNNmF3KQ.mJsMqTMlevOOeMQx0OgswlSTFEy.bgAzaL',cUPMDTk: "\/10008552\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=riQWgqb1lfAa9ixYJz.rHX1okiKGmnbDARx03Ni6tto-1739789059-1.0.1.1-2xGEQ5YKtAnPfcRTuMJNbF1yuzZSCYchfic5iBaCIf0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739789059',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/10008552\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=riQWgqb1lfAa9ixYJz.rHX1okiKGmnbDARx03Ni6tto-1739789059-1.0.1.1-2xGEQ5YKtAnPfcRTuMJNbF1yuzZSCYchfic5iBaCIf0",md: "RL1in51SdtAOizdB38QWLQeXqva8t6DOYAdnrrPzxmU-1739789059-1.2.1.1-RvLBy.AhJ5Xycysnje_Mi.3.PTWrOTYpzqlaHi26_MLIgsSP9SLG1UsYtpfHAGrg3rAqvROCbRFpIBTBIHG5q5faJNQWYJj6609s2biFRGbJF.63xsBU36WLy1f19smMYuEyAeeEulEBbiDC0GtMu5E9CiTktWW3AF8rZ51lFKiBWvfM1sYAigLR6LJeFSlO1qIfYcVXpqfkwkIzZqCY7VfzWrL5Zx6GBkSwhKINyEr1hz_FI8C5d69S3RhCoYI.xiW4C8h8haKBV6aVMJ1iQuSdfC5B4v9FoKgSuSW0uHejud6tNqUs6c0nJOM3vb8.G_jeI2Gg4dqt4Zt3ewOMTgfjOn.T9Ar3MF6cqaPl3Y2cK8JFIOV1CMqIshl8GEambalgt43RKm7R7TeOgxb_qBb1XZS4Mlp8vJ_4VaYE97_P7.wtIAubPr0dkSJGWabZMo99J2Xo1Ngvw3CDg3zQ8Z0_KPDahL_jREJtK9qBeIyy43GCfZGR8aad4VDqMUqpBr9_YtJcXuvg24XUhilCzT8qFNQzj1aL9Y9jNcpStZNMFMuXZB3dTSwCwr6lsrfVuUpRIH.t0HlORBf0C4cuLgj6sfiSknTKbn9xWLhXoBRxAgJPZPP19xss4Tvt5D9s_Hn42iKU5LAsptHfa.75w65f2RgAn5gtjGfwnSgmr7XjLT_D04b_G4r1pawop5h6OcFcq3iMWS0G9AQlF5akAmZrEmq0gMY_c1pIvzsdsPiYqucP7HBSoyQkLEo3wuuR_xPIlpik4rPybFUsF5aTQ8iMRJ7DnhIAi3_bL2GuCysKMbzJFE7VIYNvzhPeTyLj7gc3SjFjwJ.SoFD6GHVMV_ijEiPgquwBd1MA8mtrhuN0TsVaduWa3zPU7IsG6HuyVaRHcQg8ap.DsssDEALtzXutkOqj5AoFf6VU6AK5s514D5fSTvo_QKTrmTQ1IOH8w8Wmn7wOdPhlGcszbV8_jdMtj7kS.OVIPEbhpfTdCsjTy_sgMoEizAkKksJfNr93PtzzBV1p8xF7293hcR7DNu.unuFWWvy3XAomew14HgLDdcA_7kUtlq7NNjlf4xvrLfhAvp_RxZoyCc9gR5dhCgb_TDcyIhK9J7z6FW.FMp.EI0CkPzGM6OQHvde84GHpWz5KoN_nQu5ePr0yAjSq5nAOQTIz9.Z1fQ5pF9_PQUBj4Y3xYz6Q1zgzxIvrdq3Wwy2Fg.1avtaDHBi4SIs37oCLNZIatHQXMok7_._vuupFXfcnhyxV_RlhlB3OLVu37_dCVEO8s_MbHDrelcATX.kwu4xGyD0MbVeEze5TifPo6066mOtmtu5HWC_KisaYlXTM6SLUm3F3EnBeYLNcts4dF7scM5Ns2hZi3HrLt8H40IBGh_b_zQg1KQJL0538b9PGOm6T25ts8g6vxWegxz9IDiGoEEhTADHRwQF1fjTd1J7MbDSx9YXX22CxRBMhpSm9gJvtBjZJPs0DbHWuxOHMfPFJFVuA4EeEeQuziJm.mqL77uYd_Hj2onZuzkq0PP7YunYucTInQALf.YI1uwijorZ2YaxzTTsrlSLq8iEaNJx1xzKJGPTeQPyPFO_Tu1gFyb0AsusH5WCRSO0_e8TB53ODO66wDb2iUMIJMQkqJVTcoySxosDj.aoqKNVgmbi_lf669ne6Htd5o2NhlvMh8NrZhLw9.OsYfalQzMg6VoMf2v1w.UFrZ8eKNB0sCEOe8l9lhrhfK238TsznkTII22RokUPeoEV2x4oP_YHIikQagG3O9965QsfJGOmYi26vCePnk3XgrQ.EniTKgej5XK10Pu996jSl4iQ7hbT5o1hg3utcPPSVVCvCKODE.CPGeVwpWTq0_Yw6oJZIfIr_t7hWfE_pDZ4BuYRv_qg",mdrd: "yQkmhELyrXbwRmlh8_1j4T3r4d2MAZiL84dGtnO.irE-1739789059-1.2.1.1-htmLZ.aWz8zF_P_iZi6r8J0VzbQ3jHTxGDzY0PEIIdRdk4h8qLOltWKjwL4Eh_kFtTLr5vtmx3bn8Vx8keIz8673uVA7OAsknJTjhPOawv2YPIElp.PxytrDaKRXyHovNATn0RrSFadgWcvOmiBJ4c_PlLFaYVt.uqsjStRrGovxt3otbQu8ifbt6ZliBcW1rpjeDnh7Iahu6ercGNX7l0FpCy76YO_xH9pEI27xZLabedUemfjkcRecuX_6_1nlbZAIZuo7SIcNXsCTk1tAxiATkgcmnRSxVG5T7LBvcr79F8BxzYXoik6_LBBltreDpwWR2Mw_zFc7zPqPsSgajE28DlOo5aNFa3rYUrBVmV3yH6uHrjbPczW7IQpZNDlMNWM6UPpBtZnGdBJU0pcb7Mgu0PS7tatoPojJQYpW0JMaC2G88dTWoENSCYN8Z3oa06YwWEpPgWW9LWSb.fCTtjFX9NGEo6TkvFysbfTZaqbPOz7xpCeKjGkk.ypY8gK1quyqkTmX0ufUH9u0AI.KfEAgm01Dq3OnvN0IYIkSSt8f6.j9SkYwE05ZbmD.61lt62U28w5z_EWdORS9AT0wwhYpaPcFxm9Cmxmr8VjGbNfVFmWNAqS3qv057PD9qHz4E25ZJCxG59SyXtubOib4pe7_OfaqDVZho2OvG.gcKpMT5MTF8MGLxpkpmUwcq_ce8A0guBROxROuneTiDiOF5cfQFh.VBcoopMe_2h2v_eF8GwSsgiA.HpG55CWjedyJNxc.D09qEBDQQ3Xs0Y61Gy7Iy6MQdRUK37L6lsjma47mzTnuj4D2EF_WyYoLqMYs_8LR_uuqJBDymesKcoSwyysWAspR.heDKG_nXetvF8I4J.PEHUN1pChAxLU1kt9UjuTp_qqPvOyuuqJLkh8Z_X.XZlODf4n9AwvGTJWMuYx02KKyyFGQbhYldiJ0Fh8arT1pWZlkVRQbPEu5GSTs_7Gf3wbHWz3UsMcvK4TOOGOhTC3LUfXFSzyOjVhA8iats_4vYApEEPn6ZeNiXd2QNbTp4Bdc_TmQhs2iiHmGM0bN.TevIIio9kQSPe1lWTjNwoU5hh_75ft3JWEKumlmUq0Bc.qhGsvvR0c_OxAkKon.Qy5Dm.M7rGZMnyHCq7Tz468zBfKkWgoic1Qw7MN3K5lxuBUaM5CBpCxm_MrCPyd_NO.qR8EyZ_EpQuZs8fBJ1.NUxvX5uDFypGHkL.1dDygoXqPA3ut2N7VtDLgoCAOgoqXx5ZygYEccFvOtTWZG__yAUFVHHBkH7MCPo6nXa_K1Bo9qRiQSlThrpAssikGhhS5EG63nT9r17gK1FFinpsHNcjz.EdHOCR9oi1lK6kl5qW2Q04L7eWXmTeKDTKxXu8AAvLs8mnE.WFRxCz_HXTfajtlQCMY_4Gr0TWF3nlW3_hhxMWMYoCnpWV76t7ETzhdBrqIhz6aGv.Fwd1iJpjdZTbwEhydlkIY1RfFwFJ_npjAMI29CmrhIUY1XYNmVzwA1XKkMhd8Ft5VOXJOO4Po2cuiRbrD34NvhW.tpWEfijqdKAiH6WSLVs2U.eWDNOc_BVvvu0ElhkElKxViocu8VQ11egAuduJeCLukG4jGKMyRwsUI.OkuHf39JFYQuJWtCg2Ns4F853TjDiL.5M.p3H6LrYbxLu8NDV0yLp4UPIZjyjOfzw12vgDEEfzFDKbJIafUxpqs5Ij5p3aHXjQ.9Y05f2pZzZt0DuoAxj4U0hx7OLMqYZ9ARUEHewMasQsfo20FiceWEbtl7R3L8nxrCocT9XdECg3fiQq8wdOCGNpAMGbCLhQdnbKIWidevUbRvS70C1m9fP88iV1yQBecPAR.ZAEKk48Q1fqKYa2ufdaFMjZb9ufjRqXc0JWzkTOIFTYsRAcKJ4ONMsgb5lePMKjCtrHJNQiCu5NqvP7ReByNZQlOOWlAvmTJpEE7cJdHsPf52nlrp4DPFFAaZ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91352e738ef5ce11';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/10008552\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=riQWgqb1lfAa9ixYJz.rHX1okiKGmnbDARx03Ni6tto-1739789059-1.0.1.1-2xGEQ5YKtAnPfcRTuMJNbF1yuzZSCYchfic5iBaCIf0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>