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href="/wiki/Side_effect_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Side effect (disambiguation)">Side effect (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>side reaction</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> that occurs at the same time as the actual main reaction, but to a lesser extent. It leads to the formation of <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-product</a>, so that the <a href="/wiki/Yield_(chemistry)" title="Yield (chemistry)">yield</a> of main product is reduced:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+B->[{k_{1}}]P1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>B</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>P</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+B->[{k_{1}}]P1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3168fbf52fc171ac42d721d1eccf57ba532c8419" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.359ex; width:13.168ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+B->[{k_{1}}]P1}}}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+C->[{k_{2}}]P2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>P</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+C->[{k_{2}}]P2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d16a27a665d4cc910e04f9e3f9481f216cf0e43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.359ex; width:13.201ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+C->[{k_{2}}]P2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>P<sub>1</sub> is the main product if k<sub>1</sub>> k<sub>2</sub>. The by-product P<sub>2</sub> is generally undesirable and must be <a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">separated</a> from the actual main product (usually in a <a href="/wiki/Industrial_separation_processes" title="Industrial separation processes">costly process</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_organic_synthesis">In organic synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Side_reaction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In organic synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>B and C from the above equations usually represent different <a href="/wiki/Compound_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound (chemistry)">compounds</a>. However, they could also just be different positions in the same molecule. </p><p>A side reaction is also referred to as competing reaction<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when different compounds (B, C) compete for another reactant (A). If the side reaction occurs about as often as the main reaction, it is spoken of parallel reactions<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (especially in the kinetics, see below). </p><p>Also there may be more complicated relationships: Compound A could reversibly but quickly react to substance B (with speed k<sub>1</sub>) or irreversible but slow (k<sub>1</sub>> k<sub>−1</sub> >> k<sub>2</sub>) to substance C: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {B<=>A->[{k_{2}}]C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>A</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {B<=>A->[{k_{2}}]C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9eb19cb35defcfd33bd5bbdbaf15c92c90c55320" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.051ex; margin-top: -0.359ex; margin-bottom: -0.454ex; width:14.017ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {B<=>A->[{k_{2}}]C}}}"></span></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_thermodynamic_kinetic_product_de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Diagram_thermodynamic_kinetic_product_de.svg/220px-Diagram_thermodynamic_kinetic_product_de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Diagram_thermodynamic_kinetic_product_de.svg/330px-Diagram_thermodynamic_kinetic_product_de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Diagram_thermodynamic_kinetic_product_de.svg/440px-Diagram_thermodynamic_kinetic_product_de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Thermodynamic and kinetic product.</figcaption></figure> <p>Assuming that the reaction to substance C is irreversible, as it is thermodynamically very stable. In this case, B is the kinetic and C is the thermodynamic product of the reaction (see also <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_versus_kinetic_reaction_control" title="Thermodynamic versus kinetic reaction control">here</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the reaction is carried out at low temperatures and stopped after a short time, it is spoken of kinetic control, primarily the kinetic product B would be formed. When the reaction is carried out at high temperatures and for long time (in which case the necessary activation energy for the reaction to C is available, which is progressively formed over time), it is spoken of thermodynamic control; the thermodynamic product C is primarily formed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions_for_side_reactions">Conditions for side reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Side_reaction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conditions for side reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In organic synthesis, elevated <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a> usually lead to more side products. Side products are usually undesirable, therefore low temperatures are preferred ("mild conditions"). The ratio between competing reactions may be influenced by a change in temperature because their <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">activation energies</a> are different in most cases. Reactions with high activation energy can be more strongly accelerated by an increase in temperature than those with low activation energy. Also, the state of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">equilibrium</a> depends on temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detection_reaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detection reaction (page does not exist)">Detection reactions</a> can be distorted by side reactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinetics">Kinetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Side_reaction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kinetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Side reactions are also described in the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_kinetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction kinetics">reaction kinetics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Branch" title="Branch">branch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a>. Side reactions are understood as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_reaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complex reaction (page does not exist)">complex reaction</a>, since the overall reaction (main reaction + side reaction) is composed of several (at least two) <a href="/wiki/Elementary_reaction" title="Elementary reaction">elementary reactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other complex reactions are competing reactions, parallel reactions, consecutive reactions, chain reactions, reversible reactions, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 280–291">: 280–291 </span></sup> </p><p>If one reaction occurs much faster than the other one (k<sub>1</sub> > k<sub>2</sub>), it (k<sub>1</sub>) will be called the main reaction, the other one (k<sub>2</sub>) side reaction. If both reactions roughly of same speed (k<sub>1</sub> ≅ k<sub>2</sub>) is spoken of parallel reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the reactions <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+B->[{k_{1}}]P1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>B</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>P</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+B->[{k_{1}}]P1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3168fbf52fc171ac42d721d1eccf57ba532c8419" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.359ex; width:13.168ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+B->[{k_{1}}]P1}}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+C->[{k_{2}}]P2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>P</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+C->[{k_{2}}]P2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d16a27a665d4cc910e04f9e3f9481f216cf0e43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.359ex; width:13.201ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+C->[{k_{2}}]P2}}}"></span> are irreversibly (without reverse reaction), then the ratio of P<sub>1</sub> and P<sub>2</sub> corresponds to the relative reactivity of B and C compared with A: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\ce {[P1]}}{\ce {[P2]}}}={\frac {k_{1}[{\ce {B}}]}{k_{2}[{\ce {C}}]}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>P</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>P</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\ce {[P1]}}{\ce {[P2]}}}={\frac {k_{1}[{\ce {B}}]}{k_{2}[{\ce {C}}]}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6a40a7ee5d985fab93032d041123b6459e562fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:13.939ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\ce {[P1]}}{\ce {[P2]}}}={\frac {k_{1}[{\ce {B}}]}{k_{2}[{\ce {C}}]}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Side_reaction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rate_equation#Parallel_or_competitive_reactions" title="Rate equation">Rate equation § Parallel or competitive reactions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Side_reaction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/side%20reaction">"side reaction auf merriam-webster.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=side+reaction+auf+merriam-webster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fmedical%2Fside%2520reaction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASide+reaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemgapedia.de/vsengine/glossary/de/konkurrenzreaktion.glos.html">"Konkurrenzreaktion auf chemgapedia.de"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32292-3"><bdi>978-3-527-32292-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organikum%3A+organisch-chemisches+Grundpraktikum&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-527-32292-3&rft.au=Klaus+Schwetlick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASide+reaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/chemie/komplexe-reaktion/4991">"Komplexe Reaktionen auf spektrum.de"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Komplexe+Reaktionen+auf+spektrum.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spektrum.de%2Flexikon%2Fchemie%2Fkomplexe-reaktion%2F4991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASide+reaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2010" class="citation book cs1">Winter, von Claus Czeslik, Heiko Seemann, Roland (2010). <i>Basiswissen Physikalische Chemie</i> (4., aktualisierte Aufl. ed.). Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag / GWV Fachverlage, Wiesbaden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783834893598" title="Special:BookSources/9783834893598"><bdi>9783834893598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basiswissen+Physikalische+Chemie&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.edition=4.%2C+aktualisierte+Aufl.&rft.pub=Vieweg%2BTeubner+Verlag+%2F+GWV+Fachverlage%2C+Wiesbaden&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783834893598&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=von+Claus+Czeslik%2C+Heiko+Seemann%2C+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASide+reaction" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Side_reaction&oldid=1226389551">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Side_reaction&oldid=1226389551</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_reactions" title="Category:Chemical reactions">Chemical reactions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 May 2024, at 09:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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