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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quebec Act</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Квебекскі акт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Квебекскі акт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quebec Act" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acte_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Acte de Québec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acte de Québec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%98%EB%B2%A1_%EB%B2%95" title="퀘벡 법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀘벡 법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_sul_Quebec" title="Legge sul Quebec – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge sul Quebec" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%B3%95" title="ケベック法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケベック法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec-lova" title="Quebec-lova – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Quebec-lova" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_Quebecu" title="Ustawa o Quebecu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustawa o Quebecu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ato_de_Quebec" title="Ato de Quebec – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ato de Quebec" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Акт о Квебеке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акт о Квебеке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quebec Act" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Quebec Act" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Yasas%C4%B1" title="Quebec Yasası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Quebec Yasası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Квебекський акт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квебекський акт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1774 law setting up Quebec as part of the British Empire</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Quebec Act, 1774</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for making more effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec in North America.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/14_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="14 Geo. 3">14 Geo. 3</a>. c. 83</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Territorial extent </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 June 1774</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">1774</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">1791</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1871" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1871">Statute Law Revision Act 1871</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1888" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1888">Statute Law Revision Act 1888</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_of_1791" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Act of 1791">Constitutional Act 1791</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relates to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coercive_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive Acts">Coercive Acts</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Category:Constitution of Canada">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:135%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation (1763)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec Act (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act (1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Act" title="Supreme Court Act">Supreme Court Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1886" title="Constitution Act, 1886">Constitution Act (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts (1867–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_bill_of_rights" title="Implied bill of rights">Implied bill of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession to the Throne Act 1937">Succession to the Throne Act (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">Letters Patent (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act,_2013" title="Succession to the Throne Act, 2013">Succession to the Throne Act, 2013</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_constitutional_documents" title="List of Canadian constitutional documents">Document list</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_Canadian_Constitution" title="Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution">Unsuccessful amendments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/16px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/24px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Template:Constitutional history of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Constitutional history of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional history of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Quebec Act, 1774</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Acte de Québec de 1774</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> which set procedures of governance in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a>. One of the principal components of the Act was the expansion of the province's territory to take over part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a>, including much of what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. </p><p>The Act removed the reference to the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Canada" title="Protestantism in Canada">Protestant</a> faith from the oath of allegiance, and guaranteed free practice of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Catholicism</a> and restored the Church's power to impose <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a>. Additionally, it restored the use of the French <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> for matters of <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a>, except for the granting of unlimited <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_testation" title="Freedom of testation">freedom of testation</a> in accordance with English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>; which was maintained for matters of <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a>, including administrative appeals, court procedure, and criminal prosecution. </p><p>In Quebec, English-speaking immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> fiercely objected to a variety of its provisions, which they saw as a removal of certain political freedoms. The Act was one of the many catalysts that led to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Meanwhile, French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadien">Canadiens</a> varied in their reaction, although the land-owning <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneurs</a> and ecclesiastics were generally happy with its provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Thirteen Colonies, the Act had been passed in the <a href="/wiki/13th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Parliament of Great Britain">same session of Parliament</a> as a number of other Acts designed as punishment for the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> and other protests, which the <a href="/wiki/American_Patriots" class="mw-redirect" title="American Patriots">American Patriots</a> collectively termed the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> or, in England, the Coercive Acts. Moreover, the Act was seen by the colonists as a new model for administration, which would strip them of their self-elected assemblies, and appeared to void some of the colonies' land claims by granting most of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> to the province of Quebec. The Americans also interpreted the Act as an "establishment" of Catholicism in the colony,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as many Americans had participated in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, and they now saw the religious freedoms and land given to their former enemy as an affront.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG/220px-British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG/330px-British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG/440px-British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> showing original boundaries of the Province of Quebec and its <i>Quebec Act</i> of 1774 post-annexation boundaries. From <i>Historical Atlas</i> by William R. Shepherd, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1923; the map is unchanged from the 1911 original version.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the peace was formalized with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_of_1763" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Paris of 1763">Treaty of Paris of 1763</a>. Under the terms of the treaty, France ceded <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/French_colony_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French colony of Canada">French colony of Canada</a>, to Britain as it was considered less valuable, since its only significant commercial product at the time was <a href="/wiki/North_American_beaver" title="North American beaver">beaver</a> <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">pelts</a>, choosing instead to keep the islands of <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> for their valuable <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> production. This territory along the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, called <i>Canada</i> by the French, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> by the British, after its <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">capital city</a>. Non-military administration of the territories acquired by the British in the war was defined in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>. </p><p>Under the terms of the peace treaty, Canadiens who chose not to leave became British subjects. In order for them to serve in public offices, they were required to swear an oath to the King that contained specific provisions rejecting the Catholic faith. Given that many of the predominantly Roman Catholic Canadiens were unwilling to take such an oath, this effectively prevented large numbers of Canadiens from participating in the local governments. </p><p>With unrest, which was growing into the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, increasing in the colonies to the south, the British were worried that the Canadiens might also support the growing rebellion. At that time, Canadiens formed the vast majority of the settler population of the province of Quebec (more than 99%) and there was little immigration from Great Britain. To secure the allegiance of the approximately 90,000 Canadiens to the British crown, first Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(Quebec_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Murray (Quebec governor)">James Murray</a> and later Governor <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton</a> promoted the need for change. </p><p>There was also a need to compromise between the conflicting demands of the Canadien subjects and those of newly arrived British subjects. These efforts by the colonial governors eventually resulted in the enactment of the <i>Quebec Act, 1774</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QAct_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QAct-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Act">The Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Territory</b>: The boundaries of the province were defined by the Act. In addition to the territory defined by the Royal Proclamation, the borders were expanded to include land that is now southern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QAct_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QAct-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ss. 1–3">: ss. 1–3 </span></sup> This increased the size of the province threefold, restoring the territory of the French province of Canada.</li> <li><b>Religion</b>: The Act allowed public office holders to practise the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> faith, by replacing <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">the oath</a> sworn by officials from one sworn to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> and her heirs, with one sworn to <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> that had no reference to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> faith.<sup id="cite_ref-QAct_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QAct-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: s. 7">: s. 7 </span></sup> This enabled, for the first time, Canadiens to legally participate in the affairs of the provincial government without formally renouncing their faith. It also re-established the collection of tithes, which had been stopped under the previous administrative rules.<sup id="cite_ref-QAct_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QAct-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: s. 5">: s. 5 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Structure of government</b>: The Act defined the structure of the provincial government. The governor was to be appointed by the Crown, and he was to govern with the assistance of a legislative council; there were no provisions for an elected legislative assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-QAct_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QAct-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: s. 12">: s. 12 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Law</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> had provided that English common law would apply for all purposes in the colony. The act restored the application of the former law of Canada for all matters respecting property and civil rights, while providing that English law would apply in matters of <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_testation" title="Freedom of testation">freedom of testation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QAct_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QAct-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ss. 8–11">: ss. 8–11 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Land use</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneurial system</a> as a means of distributing land and managing its use was restored. This was the system by which the French had administered the province; the British had instituted a <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">township</a> system of land management in 1763.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-QAct_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QAct-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: s. 8">: s. 8 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Name of the Act</b>: as was the practice at that time, the act initially only had a long title: <i>An Act for making more effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec in North America</i>. The act was customarily referred to as the <i>Quebec Act, 1774</i>. In 1898, the British Parliament authorised the use of a short title, the <i>British North America (Quebec) Act, 1774</i>, but that short title was "without prejudice to any other mode of citation".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its collection of constitutional enactments, the federal government has continued to refer to the act as the <i>Quebec Act, 1774</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution-of-quebec-1775.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Constitution-of-quebec-1775.png/200px-Constitution-of-quebec-1775.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Constitution-of-quebec-1775.png/300px-Constitution-of-quebec-1775.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Constitution-of-quebec-1775.png/400px-Constitution-of-quebec-1775.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Constitution of the Province of Quebec 1775</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_of_the_Canadiens">Participation of the Canadiens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Participation of the Canadiens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>. Cites to Shortt, but that only gives the text of the letters; conclusions being drawn here are not supported by Shortt.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The internal communications of the British colonial government at Quebec suggest a relative failure of the purpose of the Quebec Act. On 4 February 1775, Governor Guy Carleton wrote to General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a> that he believed the Canadiens to be generally happy with the Act, yet he also added: </p> <blockquote><p>... I must not however conceal from Your Excellency, that the Gentry, well disposed, and heartily desirous as they are, to serve the Crown, and to serve it with Zeal, when formed into regular Corps, do not relish commanding a bare Militia, they never were used to that Service under the French Government, (and perhaps for good Reasons) besides the sudden Dismission of the Canadian Regiment raised in 1764, without Gratuity or Recompence to Officers, who engaged in our Service almost immediately after the Cession of the Country, of taking any Notice of them since, tho' they all expected half pay, is still uppermost in their Thoughts, and not likely to encourage their engaging a second Time in the same Way; as to the Habitants or Peasantry, ever since the Civil Authority has been introduced into the Province, the Government of it has hung so loose, and retained so little Power, they have in a Manner emancipated themselves, and it will require Time, and discreet Management likewise, to recall them to their ancient Habits of Obedience and Discipline; considering all the new Ideas they have been acquiring for these ten years past, can it be thought they will be pleased at being suddenly, and without Preparation embodied into a Militia, and marched from their Families, Lands, and Habitations to remote Provinces, and all the Horrors of War, which they have already experienced; It would give appearance of Truth to the Language of our Sons of Sedition, at this very Moment busily employed instilling into their Minds, that the Act was passed merely to serve the present Purposes of Government, and in the full Intention of ruling over them with all the Despotism of their ancient Masters.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On June 7, after having received word of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>'s subsequent raid on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Quebec)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec)">Fort Saint-Jean</a>, he wrote to Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">Dartmouth</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>The little Force we have in the Province was immediately set in Motion, and ordered to assemble at or near St. John's; The Noblesse of this Neighbourhood were called upon to collect their Inhabitants, in order to defend themselves, the Savages of those Parts likewise had the same orders; but tho' the Gentlemen testified great Zeal, neither their Entreaties or their Example could prevail upon the People; a few of the Gentry, consisting principally of the Youth, residing in this Place, and its Neighbourhood, formed a small Corps of Volunteers under the Command of Mr. Samuel Mackay, and took Post at St. John's; the Indians shewed as much Backwardness as the Canadian Peasantry. ...<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Less than a month later, on 28 June 1775, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Hey_(Chief_Justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hey (Chief Justice)">William Hey</a> wrote to the Lord Chancellor from Quebec: </p> <blockquote><p>... What will be your Lordships astonishment when I tell you that an Act passed for the express purpose of gratifying the Canadians & which was supposed to comprehend all that they either wished or wanted is become the first object of their discontent & dislike. English officers to command them in time of war, & English Laws to govern them in time of Peace, is the general wish. The former they know to be impossible (at least at present) & by the latter if I understand them right, they mean no Laws & no Government whatsoever – in the mean time it may be truly said that Gen. Carleton had taken an ill measure of the influence of the seigneurs & Clergy over the lower order of people whose Principle of conduct founded in fear & the sharpness of authority over them now no longer exercised, is unrestrained, & breaks out in every shape of contempt or detestation of those whom they used to behold with terror & who gave them I believe too many occasions to express it. And they on their parts have been and are too much elated with the advantages they supposed they should derive from the restoration of their old Privileges & customs, & indulged themselves in a way of thinking & talking that gave very just offence, as well to their own People as to the English merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 21 September 1775, Lieutenant-Governor <a href="/wiki/Hector_Theophilus_de_Cramah%C3%A9" title="Hector Theophilus de Cramahé">Cramahé</a>, who governed at Quebec while Carleton was in Montreal, wrote to Dartmouth on the failure to rally the people after word arrived of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">impending invasion</a> from the colonies to the south: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My Lord ! </p><p>I am sorry to transmit to Your Lordship the disagreeable account of a disagreeable Business, some time in the Beginning of this Month, upon news of the Rebel Army approaching, General Carleton set out for Montreal in great Haste; the 7th instant the Rebels landed in the Woods near St. John's, and beat back to their Boats by a Party of Savages incamped at that Place; in this Action the Savages behaved with great Spirit and Resolution, and had they remained firm to our Interests, probably the Province would have been safe for this Year, but finding the Canadians in General averse to the taking up Arms for the Defence of their Country, they withdrew, and made their Peace. </p><p>After their Defeat the Rebels retired to the Isle aux Noix, where they continued till lately, sending out some Parties, and many Emissaries, to debauch the Minds of the Canadians and Indians, in which they have proved too successful, and for which they were too well prepared by the Cabals and Intrigues of these two last years; We knew of their being reinforced, and very considerably, I suppose, as they appeared in Numbers near St. John's last Sunday Evening; where or when they landed, or the Particulars since, we have but very imperfect Accounts of, all Communications with the Forts of St. John's and Chambli, being, as far as I can find, entirely cut off. </p><p> No Means have been left untried to bring the Canadian Peasantry to a Sense of their Duty, and engage them to take up arms in Defence of the Province, but all to no Purpose. The Justice must be done to the Gentry, Clergy, and most of the Bourgeoisie, that they have shewen the greatest Zeal and Fidelity to the King's Service, and exerted their best endeavours to reclaim their infatuated Countrymen; ...<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thirteen_Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thirteen Colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_colonies_in_North_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_British_colonies_in_North_America.jpg/220px-The_British_colonies_in_North_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_British_colonies_in_North_America.jpg/330px-The_British_colonies_in_North_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_British_colonies_in_North_America.jpg/440px-The_British_colonies_in_North_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3822" data-file-height="3197" /></a><figcaption>The British colonies in North America. Engraved and published by Royal Geographer <a href="/wiki/William_Faden" title="William Faden">William Faden</a> in 1777. The 13 colonies were tightly circumscribed by Quebec in this map.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Quebec Act angered the Americans and was termed one of the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> by the Patriots, and contributed to the coming of the American Revolution. </p><p>Frontiersmen from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a> and other colonies were already entering that area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2020)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> Land development companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a> had already been formed to acquire ownership of large tracts and sell land to settlers and trade with the Indians. Americans denounced the Act for promoting the growth of "Papism" (Catholicism)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cutting back on their freedom and traditional rights. In particular, the colonial governments of <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and Virginia were angered by the unilateral assignment of the Ohio lands to Quebec, which had each been granted them in their royal charters.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/George_Rex_Flag" title="George Rex Flag">George Rex protest flag</a> was created in New York as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Langston (2005) looked at press reaction in New England. Some colonial editors explained their views on how it reorganized Canadian governance, explaining how they felt it established direct rule by the Crown and limiting the reach of English law to criminal jurisprudence. <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Thomas_(publisher)" title="Isaiah Thomas (publisher)">Isaiah Thomas</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers#The_Massachusetts_Spy_and_the_Patriotic_Press" title="History of American newspapers">Massachusetts Spy</a></i> drew links between the <i>Quebec Act</i> and legislation circumscribing American liberties, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Coercive_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive Acts">Coercive Acts</a>. Editors shaped public opinion by writing editorials and reprinting opposition letters from both sides of the Atlantic. The <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>, which met from 5 September to 26 October 1774, <a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the inhabitants of Canada">addressed the inhabitants of Quebec</a>, warning them of the perils of the supposedly arbitrary and tyrannical nature of Parliament. </p><p>The Quebec Act's main significance in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> was that it angered the Patriots, and dismayed the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> who supported the Crown, and helped to accelerate the confrontation that became the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Act is listed as one of the rebels' <a href="/wiki/27_colonial_grievances" class="mw-redirect" title="27 colonial grievances">27 colonial grievances</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as one of the "Acts of pretended Legislation ... </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies.</p></blockquote> <p>The First Continental Congress <a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King_(1774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petition to the King (1774)">petitioned Parliament</a> to repeal the Intolerable Acts, which Parliament declined to do. Instead, in February 1775 Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a> in an attempt to curry favour with the angry colonists. This was too little, too late, as the war broke out before news of its passage could reach the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> did eventually receive this proposal, they ultimately rejected it. </p><p>In Quebec, the 1774 Act was effectively superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act 1791</a>, which partitioned Quebec into two new provinces, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>. </p><p>The Quebec Act of 1774 is an important predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> by establishing religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional history of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history" title="Timeline of Quebec history">Timeline of Quebec history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ontario" title="History of Ontario">History of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGerald_E._Hart1891" class="citation book cs1">Gerald E. Hart (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quebecact00hartgoog"><i>The Quebec Act 1774</i></a>. Montreal: Gazette Printing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quebecact00hartgoog/page/n22">12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quebec+Act+1774&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Gazette+Printing+Company&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Gerald+E.+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquebecact00hartgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Douglas_FrancisRichard_JonesDonald_B._Smith2010" class="citation book cs1">R. Douglas Francis; Richard Jones; Donald B. Smith (2010). <i>Journeys: A History of Canada</i> (6 ed.). p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-644244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-644244-6"><bdi>978-0-17-644244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys%3A+A+History+of+Canada&rft.pages=100&rft.edition=6&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-17-644244-6&rft.au=R.+Douglas+Francis&rft.au=Richard+Jones&rft.au=Donald+B.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2000" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Derek H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9es9WWz8Ac8C&pg=PA153"><i>Religion and the Continental Congress, 1774–1789: Contributions to Original Intent</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195350883" title="Special:BookSources/9780195350883"><bdi>9780195350883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Continental+Congress%2C+1774%E2%80%931789%3A+Contributions+to+Original+Intent&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780195350883&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Derek+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9es9WWz8Ac8C%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2004" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Richard B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9m6Zw0QY-YC&pg=PT61"><i>A History of Appalachia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813137934" title="Special:BookSources/0813137934"><bdi>0813137934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Appalachia&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0813137934&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ9m6Zw0QY-YC%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1921" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, William Harrison (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XmI9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA247"><i>A Short History of the Expansion of the British Empire, 1500-1920</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 247–250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Expansion+of+the+British+Empire%2C+1500-1920&rft.pages=247-250&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=William+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXmI9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QAct-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QAct_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QAct_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QAct_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QAct_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QAct_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QAct_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QAct_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/PreConfederation/qa_1774.html"><i>Quebec Act, 1774</i>, 14 Geo. III (UK), c. 83.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddock2008" class="citation book cs1">Maddock, Brian (2008). <i>History & Citizenship Education</i>. Vol. 3. Beaconsfield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780968706862" title="Special:BookSources/9780968706862"><bdi>9780968706862</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/938019103">938019103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+%26+Citizenship+Education&rft.pub=Beaconsfield&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F938019103&rft.isbn=9780968706862&rft.aulast=Maddock&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Short Titles Act, 1896</i>, 59 & 60 Vict. (UK), c. 14, s. 1 and First Schedule 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://primarydocuments.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/QuebecAct21774.pdf"><i>Quebec Act, 1774</i>, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, Appendix II, No. 2.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShortt1918">Shortt 1918</a>, p. 660</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShortt1918">Shortt 1918</a>, p. 665</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShortt1918">Shortt 1918</a>, p. 670</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShortt1918">Shortt 1918</a>, p. 667</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph J. Casino, "Anti-Popery in Colonial Pennsylvania", <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> Vol. 105, No. 3 (Jul., 1981), pp. 279–309 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20091589">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon Wood, The American Revolution (New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1961" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Charles (1961). <i>Catholics and the American Revolution: A Study in Religious Climate</i>. Loyola University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781258177744" title="Special:BookSources/9781258177744"><bdi>9781258177744</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+the+American+Revolution%3A+A+Study+in+Religious+Climate&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Loyola+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9781258177744&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, John C. (1943). <i>Origins of the American Revolution</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpKLDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Alden" class="citation book cs1">Alden, John R. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryamerica06watkgoog"><i>A history of the American Revolution</i></a>. New York: Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryamerica06watkgoog/page/n190">164</a>–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80366-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80366-6"><bdi>0-306-80366-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=164-170&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-306-80366-6&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryamerica06watkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1034/quebec-act-of-1774">Cornish, Paul. "Quebec Act of 1774 (1774)." <i>The First Amendment Encyclopedia.</i></a> Retrieved 2021-12-14.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoupland1925" class="citation book cs1">Coupland, Reginald (1925). <i>The Quebec Act: A Study in Statemanship</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. s.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quebec+Act%3A+A+Study+in+Statemanship&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=s&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Coupland&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangston2006" class="citation journal cs1">Langston, Paul (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tyrant and Oppressor!' Colonial Press Reaction to the Quebec Act". <i>Historical Journal of Massachusetts</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 1–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal+of+Massachusetts&rft.atitle=%27Tyrant+and+Oppressor%21%27+Colonial+Press+Reaction+to+the+Quebec+Act&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Langston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Lawson, Philip (1991). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sapped by Corruption': British Governance of Quebec and the Breakdown of Anglo-American Relations on the Eve of Revolution". <i>Canadian Review of American Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 301–323 – via Ebsco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Review+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Sapped+by+Corruption%27%3A+British+Governance+of+Quebec+and+the+Breakdown+of+Anglo-American+Relations+on+the+Eve+of+Revolution&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-323&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1936" class="citation journal cs1">Metzger, Charles Henry (1936). "The Quebec act; a primary cause of the American revolution". <i>American Catholic Studies</i>. New York: American Catholic Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Catholic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Quebec+act%3B+a+primary+cause+of+the+American+revolution&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1943" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John C. (1943). <i>Origins of the American Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreviston2011" class="citation journal cs1">Creviston, Vernon P. (2011). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'No King unless it be a Constitutional King': Rethinking the Place of the Quebec Act in the Coming of the American Revolution". <i>Historian</i>. <b>73</b> (3). s: 463–479.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historian&rft.atitle=%27No+King+unless+it+be+a+Constitutional+King%27%3A+Rethinking+the+Place+of+the+Quebec+Act+in+the+Coming+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=463-479&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Creviston&rft.aufirst=Vernon+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Cavendish,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet">Cavendish, Sir Henry</a> (1839). <i>Debates of the House of Commons in the Year 1774 on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec: Drawn Up from the Notes of the Henry Cavendish, Member for Lostwithiel</i>, London: Ridgway, 303 pp. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iRIWAAAAYAAJ">online</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortt1918" class="citation book cs1">Shortt, Adam; Doughty, Arthur G., eds. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_03425"><i>Documents relating to the constitutional history of Canada 1759–1791</i></a> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+relating+to+the+constitutional+history+of+Canada+1759%E2%80%931791&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiana.ca%2Fview%2Foocihm.9_03425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Act&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quebec_Act,_1774" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Quebec Act, 1774">Quebec Act, 1774</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Original text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.48786">The Quebec Act</a> (bilingual)</li> <li>Full (clear) text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/PreConfederation/qa_1774.html">The Quebec Act – Law Society of Upper Canada</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quebec Act"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Quebec_Act">"Quebec Act" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quebec+Act&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=729&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_HL_PO_PU_1_1774_14G3n226">Digital Reproduction of the Original Act on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool_Act_1698" title="Wool Act 1698">Wool Act</a> (1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_Act_1731" title="Hat Act 1731">Hat Act</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a> (1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron Act</a> (1750)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a><br />(1763–1765)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency Act</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Act</a> (1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> (1765)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">Rockingham ministry</a><br />(1765–1766)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765#Repeal" title="Stamp Act 1765">Repeal Act</a> (March 1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory Act</a> (March 1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_1766" title="Revenue Act 1766">Revenue Act</a> (June 1766)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton</a><br />ministries (1766–1770)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a> (1767)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a><br />(1770–1782)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts#Partial_repeal" title="Townshend Acts">Repeal Act</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a> (1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Coercive Acts</a> (1774: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Port_Act" title="Boston Port Act">Boston Port Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">Massachusetts Government Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Justice_Act_1774" title="Administration of Justice Act 1774">Administration of Justice Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts#Quartering_Act_1774" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a> (February 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining Acts</a> (March and April 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a> (August 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory Act</a> (December 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_of_Colonies_Act_1778" title="Taxation of Colonies Act 1778">Taxation of Colonies Act</a> (1778)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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