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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical multi-member districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_multi-member_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Naming conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundary_adjustment_for_federal_electoral_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_adjustment_for_federal_electoral_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Boundary adjustment for federal electoral districts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boundary_adjustment_for_federal_electoral_districts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boundary adjustment for federal electoral districts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boundary_adjustment_for_federal_electoral_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formula_for_adjusting_federal_electoral_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formula_for_adjusting_federal_electoral_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Formula for adjusting federal electoral boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formula_for_adjusting_federal_electoral_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundary_review_of_federal_electoral_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_review_of_federal_electoral_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Boundary review of federal electoral districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundary_review_of_federal_electoral_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundary_adjustment_for_provincial_and_territorial_electoral_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_adjustment_for_provincial_and_territorial_electoral_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Boundary adjustment for provincial and territorial electoral districts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boundary_adjustment_for_provincial_and_territorial_electoral_districts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boundary adjustment for provincial and territorial electoral districts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boundary_adjustment_for_provincial_and_territorial_electoral_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ontario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ontario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prince_Edward_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prince_Edward_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Prince Edward Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prince_Edward_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_of_ridings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_of_ridings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics of ridings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_of_ridings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal or provincial electoral district in Canada</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Federal_Ridings_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Canada_Federal_Ridings_Map.svg/350px-Canada_Federal_Ridings_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Canada_Federal_Ridings_Map.svg/525px-Canada_Federal_Ridings_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Canada_Federal_Ridings_Map.svg/700px-Canada_Federal_Ridings_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Map of the 338 Canadian electoral districts represented in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>electoral district in Canada</b> is a geographical <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituency</a> upon which <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> is based. It is officially known in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> as a <i>circonscription</i> but frequently called a <i>comté</i> (<a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a>). In Canadian English it is also colloquially and more commonly known as a <a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">riding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituency</a>. </p><p>Each federal electoral district returns one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>; each <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provincial or territorial</a> electoral district returns one representative—called, depending on the province or territory, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly">Member of the Legislative Assembly</a> (MLA), <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">Member of the National Assembly</a> (MNA), <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Provincial_Parliament_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)">Member of Provincial Parliament</a> (MPP) or <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Member of the House of Assembly</a> (MHA)—to the provincial or territorial legislature. </p><p>Since 2015, there have been 338 federal electoral districts in Canada. In provincial and territorial legislatures, the provinces and territories each set their own number of electoral districts independently of their federal representation. The province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> currently defines most of its provincial electoral districts to align with federal boundaries; no other province does so, and even Ontario maintains a few variances from federal boundaries. The ward boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Council" title="Toronto City Council">Toronto City Council</a> also correspond to federal electoral district boundaries, although they are numbered rather than using the federal names. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> is the independent body set up by Parliament to oversee <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian federal elections">Canadian federal elections</a>, while each province and territory has its own separate elections agency to oversee the provincial and territorial elections. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, most electoral districts were equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/County#Canada" title="County">counties</a> used for local government, hence the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> unofficial term <i>comté</i>. However, it became common, especially in Ontario, to divide counties with sufficient population into multiple electoral divisions. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a>, which created the electoral map for Ontario for the first federal and provincial general elections, used the term "ridings" to describe districts which were sub-divisions of counties.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "<a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">riding</a>", from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>*þriðing</i> "one-third" (compare <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/farthing" class="extiw" title="wikt:farthing">farthing</a></i>, literally "one-fourth"), is an English term denoting a sub-division of a county. </p><p>In some of Canada's earliest <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">censuses</a>, in fact, some citizens in the Ontario ridings of <a href="/wiki/Bothwell_(Canadian_electoral_district)" title="Bothwell (Canadian electoral district)">Bothwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardwell_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Cardwell (federal electoral district)">Cardwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monck_(electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monck (electoral district)">Monck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niagara_(electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara (electoral district)">Niagara</a> listed their electoral district as their "county" of residence instead of their actual county. </p><p>Although the term "riding" is no longer used officially to indicate an electoral district, it has passed into common usage. Soon after <a href="/wiki/Confederation_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation (Canada)">Confederation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> population grew—and more importantly, most city dwellers gained the franchise after property ownership was no longer required to gain the vote. <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">Rural</a> constituencies therefore became geographically larger through the 20th century and generally encompassed one or more counties each, and the word "riding" became used to refer to any electoral division. </p><p>A political party's local organization is generally known as a <a href="/wiki/Riding_association" title="Riding association">riding association</a>; the legal term is <i>electoral district association</i> or EDA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_multi-member_districts">Historical multi-member districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical multi-member districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While electoral districts at both the federal and provincial levels are now exclusively <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-member_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-member district">multiple-member districts</a> have been used in the past. The federal riding of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> elected two members from 1872 to 1933. The federal riding of <a href="/wiki/Halifax_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Halifax (federal electoral district)">Halifax</a> elected two members from the 1800s to 1966. The federal riding of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(British_Columbia_federal_electoral_district)" title="Victoria (British Columbia federal electoral district)">Victoria</a> elected two members from 1872 to 1903. As well, eight other federal ridings elected multiple (two) members at different times.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well, every province plus the territories of <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> at one time or another used multi-seat districts. The use of multi-member districts usually led to the use of <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">plurality block voting</a> but occasionally other forms of voting were used in the multi-seat districts. </p><p>From 1920 to 1949 <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> used <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> (STV) to elect 10 MLAs in a single city-wide district. And then the city was made into three four-member districts, again with the seats filled through STV. <a href="/wiki/St._Boniface_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="St. Boniface (provincial electoral district)">St. Boniface</a> elected two MLAs in 1949 and 1953 through STV. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> had three provincial districts that at various times returned two, five, six or seven members: see <a href="/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Calgary (provincial electoral district)">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Edmonton (provincial electoral district)">Edmonton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Medicine Hat (provincial electoral district)">Medicine Hat</a>. Prior to 1924 these seats were filled through <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">plurality block voting</a> but from 1924 to 1956 the seats were filled through <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single transferable voting">single transferable voting</a> (STV).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> used multi-member provincial districts in <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moose_Jaw" title="Moose Jaw">Moose Jaw</a>, from 1920 to 1967. These seats were filled through <a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">multiple non-transferable vote</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> provincially had a mix of multiple-member districts and single-member districts at the provincial level from 1871 to the <a href="/wiki/1991_British_Columbia_general_election" title="1991 British Columbia general election">1991 election</a>. Members were elected through plurality (<a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">plurality block voting</a>). The only exception were the <a href="/wiki/1952_British_Columbia_general_election" title="1952 British Columbia general election">1952</a> and <a href="/wiki/1953_British_Columbia_general_election" title="1953 British Columbia general election">1953</a> elections, when <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> was used. In the case of multi-member districts, separate contests were used to elect separate MLAs in the same district. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> had <a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">dual-member</a> districts at the provincial level from Confederation to the <a href="/wiki/1996_Prince_Edward_Island_general_election" title="1996 Prince Edward Island general election">1996 election</a>. </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, between 1935 and 1974, some ridings were multi member districts, electing more than one MLA in a district at each election.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> in 1886 and 1890 was a multi-member provincial district. <a href="/wiki/Limited_Voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited Voting">Limited voting</a> was used to ensure mixed representation and voter satisfaction. From 1908 to 1914, the four Toronto districts elected two MLAs each. </p><p>With just a few exceptions, voters in multiple-member districts were able to cast as many votes as there were seats in the district (<a href="/wiki/Block_Voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Block Voting">block voting</a>). Usually, under block voting, one single party took all the seats in the district. STV was used in Alberta and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> multi-member districts from 1920s to 1950s. STV almost always produced mixed representation with no one-party sweep.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As mentioned, limited voting was used in Toronto when it was a multi-member district. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a> was used in all BC districts including the multi-member districts, in 1952 and 1953. This voting system ensured that the winner had the support of a majority of votes in each contest but did nothing to create proportionality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_conventions">Naming conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Naming conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electoral district names are usually geographic in nature, and chosen to represent the community or region within the electoral district boundaries. Some electoral districts in Quebec are named for historical figures rather than geography, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Louis-H%C3%A9bert_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Louis-Hébert (federal electoral district)">Louis-Hébert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9-Mercier_(electoral_district)" title="Honoré-Mercier (electoral district)">Honoré-Mercier</a>. Similarly in Alberta, provincial districts mix geographic names with those of historical personages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Edmonton-Decore" title="Edmonton-Decore">Edmonton-Decore</a> after <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Decore" title="Laurence Decore">Laurence Decore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary-Lougheed" title="Calgary-Lougheed">Calgary-Lougheed</a> after <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Lougheed" title="James Alexander Lougheed">James Alexander Lougheed</a>). This practice is no longer employed in the other provinces and territories.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundary_adjustment_for_federal_electoral_districts">Boundary adjustment for federal electoral districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Boundary adjustment for federal electoral districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electoral district boundaries are adjusted to reflect population changes after each <a href="/wiki/Decennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Decennial">decennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>. Depending on the significance of a boundary change, an electoral district's name may change as well. Any adjustment of electoral district boundaries is official as of the date the changes are legislated, but is not put into actual effect until the first subsequent election. Thus, an electoral district may officially cease to exist, but will continue to be represented <i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a></i> in the House of Commons until the next election is called. This, for example, gives new riding associations time to organize, and prevents the confusion that would result from changing elected MPs' electoral district assignments in the middle of a Parliament. </p><p>On some occasions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Timiskaming%E2%80%94French_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Timiskaming—French River">Timiskaming—French River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto%E2%80%94Danforth_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Toronto—Danforth (federal electoral district)">Toronto—Danforth</a>), a riding's name may be changed without a boundary adjustment. This usually happens when it is determined at a later date that the existing name is not sufficiently representative of the district's geographic boundaries. This is the only circumstance in which a sitting MP's riding name may change between elections. </p><p>The number of electoral districts for <a href="/wiki/1867_Canadian_federal_election" title="1867 Canadian federal election">first federal election in 1867</a> were set by the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i> on the principle of representation by population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElections_Canada202178_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElections_Canada202178-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act provided Quebec a minimum of 65 seats and seat allotment for the remainder of the country was based by dividing the average population of Quebec's 65 electoral districts to determine the number of seats for other provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElections_Canada202179_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElections_Canada202179-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act also specified that distribution and boundary reviews should occur after each 10 year census.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElections_Canada202179_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElections_Canada202179-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundaries for Quebec's seats were based on the 65 seats <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a> had held in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">Parliament of the Province of Canada</a>, prior to Confederation, while the boundaries for Ontario's 82 seats were set by the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formula_for_adjusting_federal_electoral_boundaries">Formula for adjusting federal electoral boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formula for adjusting federal electoral boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present formula for adjusting electoral boundaries was adopted in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It starts by calculating an "electoral quotient", based on the average of the growth rate of the provinces since the time of the last redistribution, the previous redistribution's electoral quotient is then multiplied by this average, and then the population of each individual province is divided by this electoral quotient then rounded up to determine the number of seats to which the province is officially entitled. Additionally, one seat is automatically allocated to each of Canada's three territories.<sup id="cite_ref-s51(2)_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s51(2)-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, a few special rules are applied. Under the "Senate floor", a province's number of seats in the House of Commons can never be lower than the province's representation in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the "<a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clause</a>", the province's number of seats can also never fall below the number of seats it had in the <a href="/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="43rd Canadian Parliament">43rd Canadian Parliament</a> (2019–2021).<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the "representation rule", no province that had a higher share of seats than its population share in the last redistribution can have its share of seats drop below its population share.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A province may be allocated extra seats over its base entitlement to ensure that these rules are met. In 2022, for example, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> would have been entitled to only two seats according to the electoral quotient, but through the senatorial clause the province gained two more seats to equal its four senators. <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> was only entitled to 71 seats by the electoral quotient alone, but through the grandfather clause the province gained seven seats to equal the 78 seats it had in the 43rd Parliament. <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> also gained seats under the grandfather clause, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> gained seats under the senatorial clause, and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> gained seats under the grandfather and senate clauses. </p><p>In practice, the process results in most provinces maintaining the same number of seats from one redistribution to the next, due to the senatorial and grandfather clauses—prior to the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 election</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, traditionally the country's three fastest-growing provinces, had ever gained seats in a redistribution. All other provinces still held the same number of seats that they held in 1985, and were thus already protected from losing even one seat by the other clauses. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federal_electoral_redistribution,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian federal electoral redistribution, 2012">2012 redistribution</a>, which added three new seats in Quebec under the newly added representation rule, was the first and so far only time since 1985 that any of the other seven provinces had ever gained new seats. </p><p>Some sources incorrectly state that a special provision guaranteeing a certain number of seats to Quebec is also applied. While such a provision was proposed in the failed <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a>, no such rule currently exists—Quebec's seat allotment in the House of Commons is in fact governed by the same adjustment clauses as all other provinces, and not by any provisions unique to Quebec alone. However, such provisions have existed at various times in the past. From 1867 to 1946 Quebec was allocated 65 seats, with the other provinces allocated seats based on their size relative to Quebec. The "amalgam formula" of 1976 set the number of Quebec seats to 75, which was to be increased by 4 after each decennial census.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other "large" provinces (over 2.5 million) would be assigned seats based on their relative population to Quebec. The amalgam formula was applied only once, based on the 1971 census. After the 1981 census it was realized that adding an additional four seats to Quebec every ten years would rapidly inflate the size of the House of Commons, so that formula was abandoned in favour of the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Representation_Act,_1985" title="Representation Act, 1985">Representation Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 the government of <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> proposed an <a href="/wiki/Amendment" title="Amendment">amendment</a> to the process which would have given Alberta, British Columbia and Ontario, the three provinces whose electoral districts have an average size larger than those in Quebec, a total of 32 additional seats by applying Quebec's average of 105,000.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure initially included only British Columbia and Alberta; Harper later proposed an alternative plan which included Ontario. However, opposition then emerged in Quebec, where politicians expressed concern about the province losing clout in Ottawa if its proportion of seats in the House of Commons were reduced; finally, three new seats were allotted to Quebec as well. The measure did not pass before the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 election</a> was called,<sup id="cite_ref-voice_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voice-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was put forward again after the election.<sup id="cite_ref-fairness_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairness-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was passed on December 16, 2011 as the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Representation_Act_(Canada)" title="Fair Representation Act (Canada)">Fair Representation Act</a> (Bill C-20),<sup id="cite_ref-C-20_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and resulted in the 2012 redistribution process. </p><p>On March 24, 2022, the Liberal Trudeau government tabled legislation to prevent Quebec (or any other province) from losing any seats relative to the number of seats it was apportioned in <a href="/wiki/2012_Canadian_federal_electoral_redistribution" title="2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution">2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Preserving_Provincial_Representation_in_the_House_of_Commons_Act" title="Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act">Bill C-14</a> amended Rule 2 of subsection 51(1) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>, commonly known as the "Grandfather Clause".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bill passed the House of Commons on June 15, 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passed the Senate on June 21, 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on June 23, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chief Electoral Officer announced the new allocation of seats on July 8, 2022, which would result in an increase to 343 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-UpdatedSeatNumbers_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UpdatedSeatNumbers-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act was introduced after a <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>' motion calling for government action to protect the number of Quebec's seat after redistribution. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundary_review_of_federal_electoral_districts">Boundary review of federal electoral districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Boundary review of federal electoral districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Boundaries_Readjustment_Act" title="Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act">Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act</a></div> <p>When the province's final seat allotment is determined, an independent election boundaries commission in each province reviews the existing boundaries and proposes adjustments. Public input is then sought, which may then lead to changes in the final boundary proposal. For instance, the proposed boundaries may not accurately reflect a community's historical, political or economic relationship with its surrounding region; the community would thus advise the boundary commission that it wished to be included in a different electoral district. </p><p>For example, in the 2003 boundary adjustment, the boundary commission in Ontario originally proposed dividing the city of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Greater Sudbury</a> into three districts. The urban core would have remained largely unchanged as <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Sudbury (federal electoral district)">Sudbury</a>, while communities west of the central city would have been merged with <a href="/wiki/Algoma%E2%80%94Manitoulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Algoma—Manitoulin">Algoma—Manitoulin</a> to form the new riding of Greater Sudbury—Manitoulin, and those east and north of the central city would have been merged with <a href="/wiki/Timiskaming_(electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timiskaming (electoral district)">Timiskaming</a> to create the riding of Timiskaming—Greater Sudbury.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the region's economic and transportation patterns, however, "Timiskaming—Greater Sudbury" was particularly opposed by its potential residents — voters in Sudbury were concerned about the weakening of their representation if the city were divided into one city-based riding and two large rural ones rather than two city-based ridings,<sup id="cite_ref-dupuis_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupuis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Timiskaming_District,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Timiskaming District, Ontario">Timiskaming District</a> is much more strongly aligned with and connected to <a href="/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario" title="North Bay, Ontario">North Bay</a>, to which it has a direct highway link, than to Sudbury. In a deputation to the boundary commission, Sudbury's <a href="/wiki/Deputy_mayor" title="Deputy mayor">deputy mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Dupuis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Dupuis">Ron Dupuis</a> stated that "An electoral district must be more than a mere conglomeration of arbitrary and random groups of individuals. Districts should, as much as possible, be cohesive units with common interests related to representation. This makes a representative's job of articulating the interests of his or her constituency much easier."<sup id="cite_ref-dupuis_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupuis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, in the final report that was passed by the House of Commons, the Sudbury area's existing ridings of Sudbury and <a href="/wiki/Nickel_Belt_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Nickel Belt (federal electoral district)">Nickel Belt</a> were retained with only minor boundary adjustments, while the Timiskaming riding was merged with <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_(electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipissing (electoral district)">Nipissing</a>. Despite the opposition that arose to the 2003 process, however, virtually the same tripartite division of the city was proposed in the boundary adjustment of 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although due to concerns around balancing the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a> region's population against its geographic size, the commission announced in 2013 that it would retain the existing electoral districts again.<sup id="cite_ref-northern10_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northern10-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, opposition arose in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> during the 2012 redistribution process, especially to a proposal which would have divided the <a href="/wiki/Church_and_Wellesley" title="Church and Wellesley">Church and Wellesley</a> neighbourhood, the city's primary <a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">gay village</a>, between the existing riding of <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Centre_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Toronto Centre (federal electoral district)">Toronto Centre</a> and a new riding of Mount Pleasant along the length of <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_Street,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellesley Street, Toronto">Wellesley Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final report, the northern boundary of Toronto Centre was shifted north to Charles Street.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the final report is produced, it is then submitted to Parliament, MPs may offer objections to the boundaries, but the boundary commissions are not compelled to make any changes as a result of the objections.<sup id="cite_ref-ElectoralBoundaries_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectoralBoundaries-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, the boundaries were defined by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a>. Boundaries for one or more electoral districts were updated in 1872, 1882, 1892, 1903, 1914, 1924, 1933, and 1947. Subsequent changes are known as <i>Representation Order</i>, and occurred in 1952, 1966, 1976, 1987, 1996, 2003, 2013 and 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-reporder_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reporder-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such changes come into force "on the first <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution of Parliament</a> that occurs at least seven months after the day on which that proclamation was issued".<sup id="cite_ref-EBRA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBRA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundary_adjustment_for_provincial_and_territorial_electoral_districts">Boundary adjustment for provincial and territorial electoral districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Boundary adjustment for provincial and territorial electoral districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boundary adjustment processes for electoral districts in provincial or territorial legislative assemblies follow provincial or territorial, rather than federal, law; they are overseen by each province's or territory's own <a href="/wiki/Election_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Election agency">election agency</a> rather than by Elections Canada, and legislated by the provincial legislature rather than the federal parliament. Each province is free to decide its own number of legislative assembly seats, and is not required to comply with the federal quotas that govern its number of parliamentary districts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontario">Ontario</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1999, provincial electoral districts were defined independently of federal districts; at the time of the <a href="/wiki/1995_Ontario_general_election" title="1995 Ontario general election">1995 Ontario general election</a>, the province had 103 seats in the Canadian House of Commons but 130 in its provincial legislature. For the <a href="/wiki/1999_Ontario_general_election" title="1999 Ontario general election">1999 Ontario general election</a>, however, the government of <a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Mike Harris</a> passed legislation which mandated that seats in the provincial legislature would follow federal electoral district boundaries, both reducing the size of the legislature and eliminating the cost of the province conducting its own boundary adjustment process. After each federal boundary adjustment, seats in the legislative assembly would henceforth be automatically realigned to match the federal boundaries at the first subsequent provincial election. </p><p>Although most electoral districts in the province still conform to federal boundaries, later amendments to the 1999 legislation have reauthorized the introduction of some differences from the federal map. In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> region, provincial districts remain in precise alignment with the federal ones; in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a> region, however, because the region's slower growth would result in the gradual loss of seats compared to the more rapidly growing south, most districts still retain the same boundaries as the federal districts that were in place as of 2003, and are not readjusted to correspond to current federal boundaries. For the <a href="/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election" title="2018 Ontario general election">2018 Ontario general election</a>, further, two new uniquely provincial districts were added to increase representation for the far north of the province. As a result, the province currently has 121 seats in the House of Commons, but 124 seats in the provincial legislature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prince_Edward_Island">Prince Edward Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prince Edward Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Prince Edward Island joined Confederation in 1873, it set a fixed formula in which each of the province's three counties was divided into five electoral districts per county, each of which elected two representatives to the provincial legislature. These districts were never adjusted for demographic changes, except in 1966 when the district for the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a> was divided into two. After 1966, however, the electoral district boundaries again remained unchanged until 1996, when the province adopted new single-member districts. Under the new model, electoral districts are now adjusted every ten years, although most adjustments are geographically modest and the district's name is sometimes, but not always, the only substantive change that actually occurs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_issues">Political issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because electoral district boundaries are proposed by an <a href="/wiki/Arm%27s_length_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm's length body">arms-length body</a>, rather than directly by political parties themselves, <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> is not generally seen as an issue in Canada. However, in 2006 the provincial government of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> was accused of gerrymandering<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after it rejected the independent boundary commission's report and instead proposed a new map that would have seen the cities of <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summerside,_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Summerside, Prince Edward Island">Summerside</a> each gain one additional seat, with two fewer seats allocated to rural areas of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alternate map gave every <a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a> member of the governing party a "safe" seat to run in, while the original report would have forced some of the party's MLAs to compete against each other in nomination contests. </p><p>The unequal size of electoral districts across Canada has sometimes given rise to discussion of whether all Canadians enjoy equal democratic <a href="/wiki/Representation_(politics)#Representation_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation (politics)">representation by population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-voice_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voice-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the four federal electoral districts in Prince Edward Island have an average size of just 33,963 voters each, while federal electoral districts in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia have an average size of over 125,000 voters each—only slightly smaller, in fact, than the <i>entire</i> population of Prince Edward Island.<sup id="cite_ref-mowat_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mowat-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, pure representation by population creates distinct disadvantages for some Canadians, giving rise to frequent debate about how to balance the population size of electoral districts against their geographic size. Whereas urban districts, such as <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Centre_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Toronto Centre (federal electoral district)">Toronto Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver Centre">Vancouver Centre</a> or <a href="/wiki/Papineau_(electoral_district)" title="Papineau (electoral district)">Papineau</a>, may be as small as 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi) or less, more rural districts, such as <a href="/wiki/Timmins%E2%80%94James_Bay_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Timmins—James Bay (federal electoral district)">Timmins-James Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abitibi%E2%80%94Baie-James%E2%80%94Nunavik%E2%80%94Eeyou" title="Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou">Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou</a> or <a href="/wiki/Desneth%C3%A9%E2%80%94Missinippi%E2%80%94Churchill_River" title="Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River">Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River</a> may encompass tens or hundreds of thousands of square kilometres. Thus, while Canadians who reside in major urban centres typically live within walking distance of their federal or provincial representatives' constituency offices, a rural resident may not even be able to call their federal or provincial representative's constituency offices without incurring <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_calling" title="Long-distance calling">long-distance calling</a> charges. </p><p>Further, a rural politician who represents dozens of geographically dispersed small towns must normally incur much greater travel expenses, being forced to drive for several hours, or even to travel by air, in order to visit parts of their own district—and may even need to maintain more than one constituency office in order to properly represent all of their constituents. In Ontario, for example, the highest annual expense budgets among members of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</a> are consistently filed by the representatives for <a href="/wiki/Mushkegowuk%E2%80%94James_Bay" title="Mushkegowuk—James Bay">Mushkegowuk—James Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiiwetinoong" title="Kiiwetinoong">Kiiwetinoong</a>, the province's two largest and northernmost electoral districts; both must spend far more on travel to and from Toronto, travel within their own ridings and additional support staff in multiple communities within their ridings than any other legislator in the province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_of_ridings">Demographics of ridings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics of ridings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2017 study found, that 41 of the 338 federal ridings, have populations where <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minorities</a>/Non <a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Whites</a> form the majority of the riding. <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> have the largest number of ridings where visible minorities form the majority. <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> has the most ridings with less than 5% visible minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_electoral_districts" title="List of Canadian electoral districts">List of Canadian electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_federal_electoral_districts_of_Canada" title="Historical federal electoral districts of Canada">Historical federal electoral districts of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_provincial_electoral_districts" title="Canadian provincial electoral districts">Canadian provincial electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canadian_federal_ridings" title="Population of Canadian federal ridings">Population of Canadian federal ridings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding (division)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-9.html#h-32">Constitution Act, 1867, First Schedule.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parliament Guides</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Report on Alberta Elections, 1905-1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia: List of post-confederation New Brunswick general elections</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Report on Alberta Elections 1905-1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Gatineau, Quebec: Elections Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-660-37056-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-660-37056-9"><bdi>978-0-660-37056-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vote+in+Canada.&rft.place=Gatineau%2C+Quebec&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Elections+Canada&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-660-37056-9&rft.au=Elections+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.ca%2Fres%2Fhis%2FWEB_EC%252091135%2520History%2520of%2520the%2520Vote_Third%2520edition_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+district+%28Canada%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney2001" class="citation book cs1">Courtney, John C. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commissionedridi0000cour"><i>Commissioned ridings : designing Canada's electoral districts</i></a></span>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2265-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2265-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-2265-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commissioned+ridings+%3A+designing+Canada%27s+electoral+districts&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2265-7&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommissionedridi0000cour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+district+%28Canada%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&oldid=1256369818">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_district_(Canada)&oldid=1256369818</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_electoral_districts" title="Category:Canadian electoral districts">Canadian electoral districts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Category:Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use Canadian English from October 2024">Use Canadian English from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2024">Use dmy dates from October 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 16:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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