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<span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lychee_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lychee_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lychee processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lychee_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Bottling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bottling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lychee_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lychee_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lychee varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lychee_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lychee_wine" title="Special:EditPage/Lychee wine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lychee+wine%22">"Lychee wine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lychee+wine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lychee+wine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lychee+wine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lychee+wine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lychee+wine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lychee_wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Lychee_wine.jpg/250px-Lychee_wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Lychee_wine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Lychee wine</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lychee wine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8D%94%E6%9E%9D%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:荔枝酒">荔枝酒</a></span></span>, <i>lìzhījiǔ</i>) is a full-bodied Cantonese dessert wine<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made of 100% <a href="/wiki/Lychee" title="Lychee">lychee</a> fruit. This wine has a golden colour and rich, sweet taste. It is usually served ice cold<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, either <a href="/wiki/Straight_up_(bartending)" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight up (bartending)">straight up</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bartending_terminology#On_the_rocks" title="Bartending terminology">on the rocks</a> with food. Lychee wine is believed to pair better with shellfish and Asian cuisine than with heavier meat dishes. This refreshing beverage can also be used as a <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktail</a> mixer paired with other spirits. </p><p>Lychee wine is a low-alcohol and high-flavored Cantonese beverage made of fresh lychee fruits using partial osmotic dehydration techniques. It usually contains 10–18% alcohol, 1–4% sugar and 0.3–1%% acid. The nutrients and flavour are concentrated and retained thanks to dehydration pretreatment and this is also can tell from the product the usage of untreated fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lychee is made into wines that can be consumed fresh or a few years before serving. Lychee itself has a golden color and unique rosy flavor and lychee wines keep the subtle flavor of the berry in the wine but it is not overpowering. This wine is inherently sweet and pungent. However, additional tannin is usually added to the wine, in order to get rid of the loamy mellow tones.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lychee_cocktail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lychee_cocktail.jpg/426px-Lychee_cocktail.jpg" decoding="async" width="426" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lychee_cocktail.jpg/639px-Lychee_cocktail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lychee_cocktail.jpg/852px-Lychee_cocktail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2794" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>Lychee cocktail</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeology has proved that ancient China brewed wine, although the winemaking technique and flavor might be completely different from the modern age. Lychee wine has been devised in Canton since at least the Tang Dynasty. The Xuzhoufu lychee wine used to be exclusive for the imperial family in the Qing dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lychee wine is a healthy fruit wine made of high-quality fresh lychee as raw material, which is fermented at low temperature after washing, draining, peeling, pitting, and juice extraction. The market prospect is broad. Lychee, as one of the unique fruits in Lingnan, has developed rapidly since the 1990s. The planting area has continued to increase and the lychee yield has continued to increase. </p><p>However, due to the short harvest period and unsuitable storage of lychee, farmers growing lychee did not get enough profits when the lychee was harvested, which significantly restricted the development of the lychee industry. Although the country has done a lot of research on the preservation and storage of lychee, and the researchers have come up with some solutions, it is still difficult to expand it on a bigger scale due to high costs. Therefore, vigorously producing and developing lychee wine will help solve the problem of first, the short period of time of storage of lychee, and second, the lack of development of the lychee industry. Moreover, lychee wine is comparatively a healthier alcoholic drink and it can meet the needs of people's healthy drinking lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markets">Markets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The annual production of fruit wine in the world is about 30 million tons. The annual production of lychee fruit in Guangdong Province is more than 5 million tons. If all the fresh lychees produced in Guangdong are used for winemaking, only 1.5 million tons of lychee wine can be produced. In the domestic market in China, Guangdong ’s annual consumption of fruit wine amounts to 300 thousand tons, but China ’s per capita annual consumption of fruit wine is only 0.2 to 0.3 L, which is a big gap between the world ’s per capita consumption of 6 L. </p><p>Right now, there are not many manufacturers of lychee wine in China, and most of them manufacturers' production is relatively small. The companies that produce lychee wine are mainly Guangdong Huilai Di Nong Liquor Co., Ltd., Guangdong Changle Shochu Industry Co., Ltd., Guangdong Yinzhou Group Co., Ltd., Guangdong Conghua Shunchangyuan Winery, Guangdong Twelve Ling Liquor Co., Ltd., etc., </p><p>Lychee in China is mainly harvested by hand. The cost of picking is high and therefore the supply is relatively slow. Although the production process of lychee wine is relatively strict, it is still difficult to ensure that the lychee wine has a good quality and great taste due to the difficulties caused by the storage of lychee.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycheeeeeeee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lycheeeeeeee.jpg/500px-Lycheeeeeeee.jpg" decoding="async" width="371" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lycheeeeeeee.jpg/960px-Lycheeeeeeee.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Lychee Tree</figcaption></figure> <p>Lychee fruits of optimum maturity are washed and peeled. The treated fruits are taken out, followed by pulping in a pulper. Then the lychee fruits are drained into a bucket for 4–8 hours at 10~15 °C, and then cooled to 8–10 °C and drained for another 10 hours. The sugar contents are adjusted to 22° Bx by dilution with water and then mixed thoroughly together with 100 mg/L sulfur dioxide and 80~120 mg/L activated liquid pectinase. The treated lychee juice is then frozen to obtain the condensed juice that is full of a sweet and sour flavor. Afterward, the condensed juice is warmed up to 10–12 °C. A 24h-old active culture of yeast (<i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> is added at 5% to the sterilised lychee juice to carry out the alcoholic fermentation. The fermentation is carried as a routine practice and allowed to continue until the TSS comes to 7° Bx; this procedure usually takes several weeks. The wine is filtered and stored at 10–15 °C, and the ideal maturation process takes about three months. Slight adjustments are often made based on the flavor and alcohol content of the wine, followed by sterilization and then the beverage is dispensed into glass bottles, which are closed with crown corks. The initial lychee juice contains a large amount of fermentable sugars and high acid content which make the liquid suitable for winemaking. Lychee wine produced from reconstituted lychee juice concentrate under optimized conditions contain 11.6% ethanol, 92 mg/L total esters, 124 mg/L total aldehydes, and 0.78% titratable acidity. Sensory evaluation reveals a clean, light amber color, an attractive aroma of the natural lychee fruit, and a harmonious wine taste.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lychee_processing">Lychee processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lychee processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is the first step in lychee wine production. After picking, the lychee fruits of optimum maturity are washed, peeled and seeded by hand or husking machine. The treated fruits are taken out, conveyed by a screw mechanism, followed by pulping in a pulper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crushing">Crushing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crushing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After peeling, the lychees are lightly or fully crushed. Crushers usually consist of several stainless steel rollers and gaps. They can be adjusted to different modes, light, strong or no crushing, depending on the winemaker's preference. </p><p>The mix of lychee fruit and juice is then transferred to a vessel, usually a tank made of stainless steel or glass for fermentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additions">Additions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Additions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> is added when the lychee pulp is pumped to the containers. The addition rate varies from 0–100 mg/L. The purpose of sulfur dioxide is to prevent oxidation and delay the onset of fermentation. </p><p>Pectinase is added at this stage to improve the extraction of the color and flavor from the lychee and to facilitate pressing. The addition rate of macerating enzyme ranges from 80–120 mg/L. According to the previous experiment, 0.2% activated liquid pectinase is usually the preferred reception. </p><p>Tannin is the optional addition in the winemaking process. It can contribute to help stabilize color and prevent oxidation to remove the effects of rot. </p><p>The sweetener may be added now, later or even not at all according to the preference of winemakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentation">Fermentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a process of transferring the sugar present in the fruit into alcohol with heat as the byproduct. The natural yeast from the fruit and the environment start to carry out the alcoholic fermentation once the lychee pulp is in the fermentation vessel. Different winemakers have their own choices of specially selected yeast and the addition rate of yeast. There are hundreds of different strains of wine yeast are commercially available, many winemakers believe that specific strains of yeast are more or less suitable for different lychee varieties and different types of wine. </p><p>The fermentation is carried as a routine practice and allowed to continue until the total suspended solid rate comes to 7°Bx, this procedure usually takes several weeks for lychee wine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bottling">Bottling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bottling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most winemakers choose to filter the wine before bottling, although some of them use the absence of filtration as a marketing tool. Filtration is designed to clarify the wine and eliminate any remaining yeast and bacteria, which can stabilize the microenvironment in the bottled wine. Lychee wine is often dispensed into glass bottles with cork stoppers, but sometimes aluminium screw caps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lychee_fruits_Chinatown_Toronto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lychee_fruits_Chinatown_Toronto.JPG/393px-Lychee_fruits_Chinatown_Toronto.JPG" decoding="async" width="393" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lychee_fruits_Chinatown_Toronto.JPG/590px-Lychee_fruits_Chinatown_Toronto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lychee_fruits_Chinatown_Toronto.JPG/786px-Lychee_fruits_Chinatown_Toronto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4136" data-file-height="2503" /></a><figcaption>Lychee fruit in Chinatown Toronto</figcaption></figure> <p>This is the formal classification for all Chinese wines. There are three categories: dry, semi-dry, semi-sweet. Classified by sugar content (g/L) </p> <ul><li>Dry (Gan, 乾, 干): with sugar content ≤4.0</li> <li>Semi-dry (Ban Gan, 半乾, 半干): with sugar content 4.1–12.0</li> <li>Semi-sweet (Ban Tian, 半甜): with sugar content 12.1–50.0</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lychee_varieties">Lychee varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lychee varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical lychees used for lychee wine production are Feizixiao, mainly in Guangdong, China, considered to be the noblest variety by Cantonese winemakers. The fragrance, sugar and acid content of lychee are the main factors of wine quality. Many vintners are experimenting with making lychee wine from other varieties, such as Nuomici and Sanyuehong.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Wine in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichido" title="Lichido">Lichido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLin1975" class="citation book cs1">Lin, F. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyU-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Florence Lin's Chinese regional cookbook</i></a>. Hawthorn Books. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8015-2674-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8015-2674-9"><bdi>978-0-8015-2674-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florence+Lin%27s+Chinese+regional+cookbook&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Hawthorn+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8015-2674-9&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlyU-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALychee+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKosseva,_M.,_Joshi,_V._K.,_&_Panesar,_P._S._(Eds.)2016" class="citation book cs1">Kosseva, M., Joshi, V. K., & Panesar, P. S. (Eds.) (2016). <i>Science and technology of fruit wine production Academic Press</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+technology+of+fruit+wine+production+Academic+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Kosseva%2C+M.%2C+Joshi%2C+V.+K.%2C+%26+Panesar%2C+P.+S.+%28Eds.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALychee+wine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazzit" class="citation journal cs1">Kazzit. 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"荔枝酒发酵工艺优化研究". <i>中外食品工业: 下</i>: (2), <span class="nowrap">2–</span>2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%96%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%3A+%E4%B8%8B&rft.atitle=%E8%8D%94%E6%9E%9D%E9%85%92%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=%282%29%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2015&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E5%89%91%E9%98%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALychee+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>荔枝酒的制作工艺. 酿酒, (3), 42</i>. 黄进. 2019.</cite><span 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href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%BF" class="extiw" title="zh:瓿">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine_cup" title="Rice wine cup">Rice wine cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Distilled spirits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erguotou" title="Erguotou">Erguotou</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Maotai" title="Maotai">Maotai</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changyu" title="Changyu">Changyu Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanthus_wine" title="Osmanthus wine">Guihua Chenjiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery">Distilleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Hongxing" title="Beijing Hongxing">Beijing Hongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guizhou_Dongjiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guizhou Dongjiu (page does not exist)">Guizhou Dongjiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:董酒">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujing_Gongjiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujing Gongjiu (page does not exist)">Gujing Gongjiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a 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style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%91%E5%8D%97%E6%98%A5" class="extiw" title="zh:剑南春">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiuguijiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiuguijiu (page does not exist)">Jiuguijiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%92%E9%AC%BC%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:酒鬼酒">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kweichow_Moutai" title="Kweichow Moutai">Kweichow Moutai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langjiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langjiu (page does not exist)">Langjiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%8E%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:郎酒">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzhou_Laojiao" title="Luzhou Laojiao">Luzhou Laojiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niulanshan_Distillery" title="Niulanshan Distillery">Niulanshan Distillery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shede (page does not exist)">Shede</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%BE%97%E9%85%92%E4%B8%9A" class="extiw" title="zh:舍得酒业">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuliangye" title="Wuliangye">Wuliangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xifengjiu" title="Xifengjiu">Xifengjiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinghuacun_Fenjiu" title="Xinghuacun Fenjiu">Xinghuacun Fenjiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanghe_(alcoholic_beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanghe (alcoholic beverage)">Yanghe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yingjia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yingjia (page does not exist)">Yingjia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%8E%E9%A9%BE%E8%B4%A1%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:迎驾贡酒">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Fermented beverages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gouqijiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouqijiu">Gouqijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengangjiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengangjiu (page does not exist)">Chengangjiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%BC%B8%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:沉缸酒">zh</a>]</span> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxingjiu</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Huangjiu#types" title="Huangjiu">Huadiao</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Liaojiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaojiu">Liaojiu</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Xionghuang_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Xionghuang wine">Xionghuangjiu</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lizhijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_China" title="Beer in China">Pijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Putaojiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Museles" title="Museles">Museles</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Breweries</a> & <a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">wineries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Beer" title="Beijing Beer">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changyu" title="Changyu">Changyu Pioneer Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_Snow" title="CR Snow">CR Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Brewing" title="Great Leap Brewing">Great Leap Brewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_Wine" title="Great Wall Wine">Great Wall Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Brewery" title="Harbin Brewery">Harbin Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Qiandaohu" title="Hangzhou Qiandaohu">Cheerday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingway_Brewery" title="Kingway Brewery">Kingway Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Tibet" title="Beer in Tibet">Lhasa Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Buddha_Beer" title="Lucky Buddha Beer">Lucky Buddha Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeb_(beer)" title="Reeb (beer)">Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Brewery_Hong_Kong" title="San Miguel Brewery Hong Kong">San Miguel Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La_Beer" title="Shangri-La Beer">Shangri-La Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsingtao_Brewery" title="Tsingtao Brewery">Tsingtao Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Yanjing_Brewery" title="Beijing Yanjing Brewery">Yanjing Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Zhujiang_Brewery_Group" title="Guangzhou Zhujiang Brewery Group">Zhujiang Brewery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&oldid=1267290255">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lychee_wine&oldid=1267290255</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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