CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.oecd.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '913926596e3cfe8f',cH: '7Ok5VRNsolD5fmfU.SCnNOMtl9TfwkRO4hK.HDe82TM-1739830670-1.2.1.1-PnaM1Imb.q2n1UP.AoLEh.BPl6.eOvPy9.kXmzJCISr8XKXwp4ppMDIrthCQK339',cUPMDTk: "\/en\/topics\/anti-corruption-and-integrity.html?__cf_chl_tk=hoVkI1wo54nM9hka2ApIJO9ZM7ms2CNXma0FzhPUrBk-1739830670-1.0.1.1-.R3zzRnFfpFc2zYIS2SrQc3B5rSCnXJs8qSUjMU4p1Q",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739830670',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/en\/topics\/anti-corruption-and-integrity.html?__cf_chl_f_tk=hoVkI1wo54nM9hka2ApIJO9ZM7ms2CNXma0FzhPUrBk-1739830670-1.0.1.1-.R3zzRnFfpFc2zYIS2SrQc3B5rSCnXJs8qSUjMU4p1Q",md: "trOY4V7guc95aKurmxy2FJVE7an_rSMIAXRz5mHnuew-1739830670-1.2.1.1-yzwH6eDXf.HBsQU5tyJ5eqD0XNng7R7jFNccikNSNUblfl.AGG6Kz9Nd0drMf.2Q6yzxCE_U1VoBCtMuVUHaeH1gnB7njqswacY4wqjnYqmbRutUHizGpV1akI5FqbagpDT6dXhnIkcbY3ehh96H.GTbpOuVezftLleTSN0N_c9zUUkGn_Zsh4kiuTiVtLn5YuxPUtgoxjSRc2mvFGm5AEv6fcruvewrxgsVKqNqrBuK0YsMcMvkbwwDqWHN8beiQSgD4ZXWcwUjPuiXukhn1KtHf_WuN4GDRaUVsxJfoiFHPd840GsKx_cGKGjglEo0.yehEOnhJjmzsdCSyipZS5TJinE0wfxwxYLYkUV.gmclpHkTZk5Wx01jzgzE8k355btMgYVyTvpIeV3Joc3mEqaGH91f9fIhjBtLUuT9ao1enSY0axDT5wrxttQOy17HZJLQwRtoiWV7_iv40s9YgiWetZIYxR9fVjhOD9M44oKj4PR8.7lC4Qklzxb9xXXary8Q1.NI42ETCo.5gWgBXb.TgoD19.iH4XcP9IdTOrk6RKUSii4eC01lkPXtQbHvSYc1ABk6RhWQHRWdpp7NwUk1xwPsmonNhp6GAe3HNEPXHVQx0FWP7opK7PKNGuXXfNkle5Ex9N82xvaaesw2DK1kvcFCFdFDSTr3HoKvhfOHnm2yLYzSS0IaS5RnywE_NwG3I9MSwYxEOvGboOO1iaD.gRFOAvHMXVRBTRea.i32pfAnIibIu9.73SWs_uRDM2bg9t39l_hUkxpMhgOvwqoSxFPnSgQ6.AFpPJ0wm8yrtBY_1XTM72eFl8RkOi3e5oVxwGj971J8Tt8oaFJ6GSk0.XuZGXG6GN0Ae1OhzVjgNFs_rDgcM4t0S6Oaljufzl0mbnwxqsFCp5wDAh5.1RZDHESknCITOKpGjzt_xXb2siWWSGjSNGNYzHrwVIS25SzUEF0Du9gXhpG.npmRG2qQ6Rz.r0VnaOMJ7bAve2gtLA6xsQXPLnRolyZFpRa1hgM350444pVH79njaciB4UKhU9JpldgDG7QjVVOkOeSZbw9lvq3_EXt79ZKD71w4YQcY_x5oqHV1Nb9aZ5EH0BsqAC1Hp_X7oif7DomATwtLq4OZyYyPwLdfCKopfgxDZGjYTm9SL12Vq7fn_UpDsiAJ_qPpF6AMPt2IDleqvHMi0kuIGEHuHjL56qPx_vRjtnW3HtSDU8doqMfzS7p.pfuFug31JqLpLpb3gOjYhu8bLGacjA4FmT0Vh4bB9Y._ou4VFvJRqy8mcxQ9kSbtiLIDjf7HbXWSZBdF09Kt_o7rdIpeuajX7VIiRF2u80DOo2CT8beWgJcaYQD1KogPIHFAmNF89iaqc7ObzzAxpyCenU2PEcP529a85sJuEYEj_rPaiqEIr49dae.Fkg77cQ2.uxnF77CGnN9LA8VNUgI6Au8BWfYHDMFLVfPmz.ba7eysNCTs30Qv46Mypw4nXV1RIR8mnIw_SLM3TXmwnzXgL4vF4zpumJWt0YyAsbJRuJygI0Flpt0Yc8tG4ZwNRFf1DiVQ0ZFiqD0fyZGkhnGPJD1uU9BvGV2YvyECR8fQ56_8.x1wZjXKFYbnTwpefDnhLvppibI.tkGEtXhwb9V4Fjrgp4T4Ji2vJgiULZr.yaYxHTyaWwYdc8cTq0FRT7Yib2rXF7B85CxPopXQv53o8mwbhgmtsC2JVQBC6CE91npx_tCedyqymS2nHOjGiy24UOO6mq7p50AkZ46Crut7Cm8sapjxkpf99p6PMQsaXZtG9DfOrOmmhPyosdC2YEvSfV1cixv7WO_RoqslX_2vTEvBjzEmwIF5yGw9DKcpTZCyF9OpKaafqupDxlaKHKlgP1P4Di8imTVJ.vIdzgBxLh0HyCveJlHqhm_xXnCpDJ45lSUMqQAKPMGVwIJgbgnzJMjs6stQCN88RoQXkVUEXFcKjA6PCTXFFrBgJpa65e66j1e8KcZqDPq6CRTLpLfvThdJw.JfBB1Aih3Y0fQ87DWSd0CYr5_7f6AjuWrCV0GS8HdPLEZZ29vNc1sl_lu8M9dQms6u.qnSedebzFC.eKzUujWxUGsxTaNHZpZ2K4q0xpzJU6qcbCXBMktyPbV7aPPjOzrH18Zf_huqxXTZ5IoK2QvmE3xvS7hfFY_Jt8LIPgCN564tEx.qHc7orLgnffPIEytD2pFvnTxQWicNTz.twlLrKTty4Wzmsq9ntRx00GbYaAxVx6.HoLk4GOetrfkH1fj7i10KlZLIPqPxyccNnNCYypcx0mCF2_ZqFD0rL0h3VkCnWqx44uw4zPyh2AexBC_4UDed6oc53Xf_VY0fk4Hk5B3VwV8_2qBTP60dvdodZ7qJsBJ1ToMjrOWu.14juNv1HhjM.fpf0lKv.H88FxDvGUtahFy7rlGwzB7387WfWqjmgf3e3E8.AnLqfiQ97unl12XyUwV6.zlW8ZrB3lemolhUzokyLadAyHfuUBFm_v.6vfTDsmPEuiL20ivK.VPSHbpRZNzL6vsx7H3.PTvzzXyU8vTlLNZpiEY5V1_OTOQmu09ucLx7EUaH0K2v28HlXI7FX1_7jD8",mdrd: "9pS9djbztECO_J_c8AGdQ7XfJXTd5Zjjzm0rxPjWsZI-1739830670-1.2.1.1-mElccFJxOT1HwrxZVvV06CuvkzL9anyF8rGRsTQfc15sgFTVXCTImG68QrvYVKQog7AbutD4cGyRvOmRi.jCfUULCHq7yWGhX9xUEdrp9vFDwOfyfLoGyYNzHPiF_bay6Ol5xz0UTWqlN60xOz3LDvm7zZji9ZTcC54_tmXZKDQgXywpNc5c6maKAq45rS_GqMqJ0arrXm1LSqvmVg4AYEnRuPU.25g7wBURf59_BsqxVBOw7LEaF3E_6ndkfaDaICYIKaj58kwRpss_SviKHxITD19iJo4hZlSLTOI9..ED3lCJ2Ammkg1BhfYNkXbVfBsPLZsfjWXXxrBDdxOpx1I.rKc42SBGz.BtR_G3nU6jLiLHEYA3V6n.m4ijGUlACb72wHTgsvdK1FA9Xzwvc7VFMthZbsVcDNtrBy2w9uOILBqQMsvgJ6Ev8zu36WBYaqEuk8rcEcK4I.Bp7rAvR8XZdPmltudRke_rSwPuYIN4EBSY_CC5_fKEPnusasqxRzTEljhrwz.CJtZGJGJOB3V8SEyRnXjUpwvYqJwtlEttHcunVe1ZdddHih44aXEKDRAaAqBJJQm_vDgSfyoeLhA5f9EzMVJNSp0JCsJ8hM7ZvXFAuxl0_m4X5NS.mZyrFVsO_A4mjme70x6QCV9mM9dtsZWYvlXXXXeBrJncT8CCR2nYgbE.Hyz6PWQ74sC5MI.w4NrgsZt_chIq95pdRbgvGlb6a6ut95jJACVk5U8Viz1EqCIOy7ZPQamkV4Q1aSOR1zjqIZ16Dj1nbGoIPeLakc2zzZB.nu5HAPRD33g5nwSbMgEHwStJWoLdWmcuhwghA7dQplWiKQjj0SbG_JKZjF2cgCAIFI9RQpXkR3eMuu.Jc9MWLhCSqSvsDX6yitJOUtlMDCSGG7jAQFUncIjAHuK_ZAfqESas_3FW6YFpjAR4WkYQJjbTgt0U1QMJa2mia3JeYq7QhHhMPsfPYljS21AEuDw42.2D1LPEQFJMVNfLZ9gjjUVvFVH.prQ0X25k7deu0OzXzOijJMq2fkROp0e0TE7K7d8wmlzl0oLtuIWMi9iNLi2NtmXoslFtwqrtP_nsTzLcsIYwbEhVBqKisMJv8QN.fcD2RLxN75td1hV5S2g9dsSTPH4S7tjzAlTqvCBFN7.BrOOCD1zjoNZyXQ01_94N_n82saJYH_ow1NFAwDWQh0_cc.EQp63vepaAmWmXAFs5LU_fD_qrEl_Zb3tKN_xw.Pcqf6PiutQGuvuzX3VnMzpkPujia6IAJ3PMUr6heUubu7_3Xp3r.TlecbIeesdMfeoZnJ38OpJEJPqqCs6Rzbxu9w1MMTM6nMy6vX..OpCDJldhT4tBPs_DyFI7P4TfPomjEmw2AqcI2URR9ZjNOs12RznNy0RgHmCw6vd.iQwcJcTxeD6metVM6PqNGXD.ylN4ZqGFoWCUxr5JcECdqBp0s_HZwxpaZJO0bxwgIkVXJo6M7PlNkPwUwvu4izQpOuQXfj3RltZx8Qsyq7biQEVz.PwLLVontmXHVLajuBv5_d0hPo0Hlql1su7h0uxliYoJjGZkbylO4KMvAuf0AxIf0iwS0YmobefAs5WJTwfO2rbGke_DabtDli6v0XHPApfBx7k55OUAmmVeCj1VvyZYGWbJkiDamwQzDHQJGf1UcEdJEJ8u1QzpVsP_SlH8isTj5XPBb.8QbaVI7D3g_N9UXnREV6p3OBayEV2oBW2jh7_1VSmagrzKW70KwxW3ge1rxcpzbiPAPL9R4Bfum7sVnog_4q03yH9SQcqnROfJrAvTWTIV4Tp2a4FNl3vEaEDV2OeJTaScZS.VX1kKcxN5v_uA26cdMDC2hz4T9CTBeQszwQlkR2HIQO0JAoFu.YaQDys2QHGV8rfaDxdjPFWXe9.BiBE2bSwtvHoljVP6xFyB3Lm1.g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913926596e3cfe8f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/en\/topics\/anti-corruption-and-integrity.html?__cf_chl_rt_tk=hoVkI1wo54nM9hka2ApIJO9ZM7ms2CNXma0FzhPUrBk-1739830670-1.0.1.1-.R3zzRnFfpFc2zYIS2SrQc3B5rSCnXJs8qSUjMU4p1Q" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>