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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memories_of_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memories_of_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Memories of childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memories_of_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_studies_and_early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_studies_and_early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 University studies and early career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_studies_and_early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Freud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Freud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Relationship with Freud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Freud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meeting_and_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_and_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Meeting and collaboration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_and_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divergence_and_break" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divergence_and_break"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Divergence and break </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divergence_and_break-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midlife_isolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midlife_isolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Midlife isolation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midlife_isolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-London_1913–14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_1913–14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 London 1913–14 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_1913–14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Black_Books_and_The_Red_Book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Black_Books_and_The_Red_Book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 The Black Books and The Red Book </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Black_Books_and_The_Red_Book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_army_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_army_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Wartime army service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_army_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Travels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_(1920,_1923,_1925,_1935,_1938,_1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_(1920,_1923,_1925,_1935,_1938,_1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 England (1920, 1923, 1925, 1935, 1938, 1946) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_(1920,_1923,_1925,_1935,_1938,_1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_1909–1912,_1924–25,_1936–37" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_1909–1912,_1924–25,_1936–37"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 United States 1909–1912, 1924–25, 1936–37 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_1909–1912,_1924–25,_1936–37-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 East Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.4 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Later life and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Thought </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Thought subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Key concepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collective_unconscious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collective_unconscious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Collective unconscious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collective_unconscious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archetype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archetype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Archetype </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archetype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shadow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shadow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Shadow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shadow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraversion_and_introversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraversion_and_introversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Extraversion and introversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraversion_and_introversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Persona </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_Thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_Thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Evolutionary Thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_Thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inquiries_into_the_paranormal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inquiries_into_the_paranormal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Inquiries into the paranormal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inquiries_into_the_paranormal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Interpretation of quantum mechanics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alchemy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alchemy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Alchemy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alchemy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Art therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance/movement_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance/movement_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Dance/movement therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance/movement_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Political views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12.1 The state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_to_the_Allies_during_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_to_the_Allies_during_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12.2 Service to the Allies during World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_to_the_Allies_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_Nazism_and_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_Nazism_and_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Relationship to Nazism and antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_Nazism_and_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 Views on homosexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychedelics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychedelics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15 Psychedelics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychedelics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_in_which_Jung_is_a_character_in_the_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_in_which_Jung_is_a_character_in_the_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Books in which Jung is a character in the narrative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_in_which_Jung_is_a_character_in_the_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction_which_references_Jung's_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction_which_references_Jung's_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Fiction which references Jung's theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction_which_references_Jung's_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre,_film,_television_and_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre,_film,_television_and_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Theatre, film, television and radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre,_film,_television_and_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films_in_which_Jung_is_a_character_in_the_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_in_which_Jung_is_a_character_in_the_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Films in which Jung is a character in the narrative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_in_which_Jung_is_a_character_in_the_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Documentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film,_stage,_and_television_influenced_by_Jung's_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film,_stage,_and_television_influenced_by_Jung's_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 Film, stage, and television influenced by Jung's ideas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film,_stage,_and_television_influenced_by_Jung's_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collected_Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collected_Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Collected Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collected_Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Carl Jung</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" > 107 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA" title="كارل يونغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل يونغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%82" title="কাৰ্ল গুষ্টাভ য়ুং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্ল গুষ্টাভ য়ুং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Qustav_Yunq" title="Karl Qustav Yunq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karl Qustav Yunq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82" title="کارل قوستاو یونق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارل قوستاو یونق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Карл Густав Юнг – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карл Густав Юнг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Карл Густаў Юнг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Густаў Юнг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Карл Густаў Юнг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карл Густаў Юнг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Карл Густав Юнг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл Густав Юнг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Юнг Карл Густав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юнг Карл Густав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B2_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Καρλ Γκούσταβ Γιουνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρλ Γκούσταβ Γιουνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کارل گوستاو یونگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل گوستاو یونگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EC%9C%B5" title="카를 융 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 융" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE_%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Կարլ Գուստավ Յունգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարլ Գուստավ Յունգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="कार्ल गुस्टाफ युंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्ल गुस्टाफ युंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="קרל גוסטב יונג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל גוסטב יונג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಜಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಜಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="კარლ გუსტავ იუნგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ გუსტავ იუნგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Карл Юнг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карл Юнг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Jung" title="Karl Gustav Jung – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Карл Юнг – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карл Юнг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Jung" title="Carolus Jung – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Jung" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karls_Gustavs_Jungs" title="Karls Gustavs Jungs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karls Gustavs Jungs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Карл Густав Јунг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карл Густав Јунг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="കാൾ യുങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൾ യുങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="कार्ल गुस्टाफ युंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्ल गुस्टाफ युंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="კარლ გუსტავ იუნგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარლ გუსტავ იუნგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC" title="كارل يونج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل يونج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Карл Юнг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Карл Юнг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကားလ် ယွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကားလ် ယွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="カール・グスタフ・ユング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール・グスタフ・ユング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਕਾਰਲ ਜੁੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਲ ਜੁੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کارل جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارل جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AB" title="کارل یونګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کارل یونګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Юнг, Карл Густав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юнг, Карл Густав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D" title="कार्ल य़ुङ्ग् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कार्ल य़ुङ्ग्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Jung" title="Karl Gustav Jung – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%82" title="කාල් යුං – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාල් යුං" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5_%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کارڵ گۆستاف یۆنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارڵ گۆستاف یۆنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Карл Густав Јунг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл Густав Јунг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._G._Jung" title="C. G. Jung – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="C. G. Jung" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="கார்ல் யுங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்ல் யுங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్ల్ జంగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్ల్ జంగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87" title="คาร์ล ยุง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ล ยุง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Карл Густав Юнг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл Густав Юнг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carl Jung" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8D%A3%E6%A0%BC" title="卡尔·荣格 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔·荣格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%AE%B9%E6%A0%BC" title="卡爾·容格 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡爾·容格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Carl Gustav Jung" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8D%A3%E6%A0%BC" title="卡尔·荣格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔·荣格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (1875–1961)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jung" redirects here. For his grandfather, a professor of medicine, see <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Jung" title="Karl Gustav Jung">Karl Gustav Jung</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jung_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jung (disambiguation)">Jung (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Carl Jung</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Jung,_Carl_Gustav_(1875-1961)-Portrait-Portr_14163_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="3080" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Jung, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1935</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Carl Gustav Jung</div> (1875-07-26)26 July 1875 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kesswil" title="Kesswil">Kesswil</a>, Thurgau, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 1961(1961-06-06) (aged 85) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCsnacht" title="Küsnacht">Küsnacht</a>, Zürich, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">Psychological Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_(psychology)" title="Complex (psychology)">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Archetypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_and_animus" title="Anima and animus">Anima and animus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantiodromia" title="Enantiodromia">Enantiodromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" title="Shadow (psychology)">Shadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion" title="Extraversion and introversion">Extraversion and introversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Jung" title="Emma Jung">Emma Rauschenbach</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1903; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1955)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Jung" title="Karl Gustav Jung">Karl Gustav Jung</a> (grandfather)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgh%C3%B6lzli" title="Burghölzli">Burghölzli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler" title="Eugen Bleuler">Eugen Bleuler</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Jung_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Carl_Jung_signature.svg/150px-Carl_Jung_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="54" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Psychoanalysis" title="Category:Psychoanalysis">a series of articles</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Freud%27s_couch,_London,_2004_(2).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/220px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/330px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/440px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial development (Erikson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind#Freud's_view" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconscious" title="Preconscious">Preconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_apparatus" title="Psychic apparatus">Psychic apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">Ego defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference" title="Transference">Transference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertransference" title="Countertransference">Countertransference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_(psychoanalysis)" title="Resistance (psychoanalysis)">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_(Freud)" title="Denial (Freud)">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">Dreamwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathexis" title="Cathexis">Cathexis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Balint" title="Michael Balint">Balint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Bion" title="Wilfred Bion">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Chodorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fairbairn" title="Ronald Fairbairn">Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Freud (Anna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud (Sigmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Jacobson" title="Edith Jacobson">Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Kohut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laplanche" title="Jean Laplanche">Laplanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahler" title="Margaret Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Spielrein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Stekel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">Strachey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a> (1901)</li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality</a> (1905)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Id" title="The Ego and the Id">The Ego and the Id</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Fundamental_Concepts_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis">The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">Adlerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">Ego psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Jungian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_psychoanalysis" title="Interpersonal psychoanalysis">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjective_psychoanalysis" title="Intersubjective psychoanalysis">Intersubjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_therapy" title="Reichian therapy">Reichian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_psychoanalysis" title="Relational psychoanalysis">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_psychology" title="Self psychology">Self psychology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Training</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis" title="Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis">Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytic_Council" title="British Psychoanalytic Council">British Psychoanalytic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytical_Society" title="British Psychoanalytical Society">British Psychoanalytical Society</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Center_for_Psychoanalytic_Training_and_Research" title="Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research">Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Psychoanalysis" title="World Association of Psychoanalysis">World Association of Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis" title="List of schools of psychoanalysis">List of schools of psychoanalysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_psychoanalysis" title="Child psychoanalysis">Child psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_psychology" title="Depth psychology">Depth psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Psychodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychoanalysis" title="Template:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychoanalysis" title="Template talk:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoanalysis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Carl Gustav Jung (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/jʊŋ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">YUUNG</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[kaʁl ˈjʊŋ]</a>; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotherapist">psychotherapist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> and pioneering evolutionary theorist who founded the school of <a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">analytical psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> He was a prolific author, illustrator, and correspondent, and a complex and controversial character, perhaps best known through his "autobiography" <a href="/wiki/Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections" title="Memories, Dreams, Reflections">Memories, Dreams, Reflections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Jung's work has been influential in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> and evolutionary theory.<a href="#cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-3">[3]</a> He worked as a research scientist at the <a href="/wiki/Burgh%C3%B6lzli" title="Burghölzli">Burghölzli</a> psychiatric hospital, in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zurich</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler" title="Eugen Bleuler">Eugen Bleuler</a>. Jung established himself as an influential mind, developing a friendship with <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, conducting a <a href="/wiki/The_Freud/Jung_Letters" title="The Freud/Jung Letters">lengthy correspondence</a> paramount to their joint vision of human psychology. Jung is widely regarded as one of the most influential psychologists in history.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Freud saw the younger Jung not only as the heir he had been seeking to take forward his "new science" of psychoanalysis, but as a means to legitimize his own work: Freud and other contemporary psychoanalysts were Jews facing rising antisemitism in Europe, and Jung was <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Freud secured Jung's appointment as president of Freud's newly founded <a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a>. Jung's research and personal vision, however, made it difficult to follow his older colleague's doctrine and they parted ways. This division was painful for Jung and resulted in the establishment of Jung's analytical psychology, as a comprehensive system separate from psychoanalysis. Scholar <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi" title="Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi">Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi</a> believed Jung's later antisemitic remarks may be a clue to the schism.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Among the central concepts of analytical psychology is <a href="/wiki/Individuation#Carl_Jung" title="Individuation">individuation</a>—the lifelong psychological process of differentiation of the self out of each individual's conscious and unconscious elements. Jung considered it to be the main task of human development. He created some of the best known psychological concepts, including <a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">synchronicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">archetypal phenomena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">collective unconscious</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Complex_(psychology)" title="Complex (psychology)">psychological complex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion" title="Extraversion and introversion">extraversion and introversion</a>. His belief that some alcoholics may recover if they have a 'spiritual or religious experience' indirectly influenced the later founding of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Jung was an <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsman</a>, builder, and prolific writer. Many of his works were not published until after his death and some remain unpublished.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Childhood">Childhood</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> Carl Gustav Jung<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> was born 26 July 1875 in <a href="/wiki/Kesswil" title="Kesswil">Kesswil</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Swiss canton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a>, as the first surviving son of Paul Achilles Jung (1842–1896) and Emilie Preiswerk (1848–1923).<a href="#cite_note-birth_whoami-16">[14]</a> His birth was preceded by two stillbirths and that of a son named Paul, born in 1873, who survived only a few days.<a href="#cite_note-Wehr-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Paul Jung, Carl's father, was the youngest son of noted German-Swiss professor of medicine at <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Jung" title="Karl Gustav Jung">Karl Gustav Jung</a> (1794–1864).<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Paul's hopes of achieving a fortune never materialised, and he did not progress beyond the status of an impoverished rural pastor in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a>. Emilie Preiswerk, Carl's mother, had also grown up in a large family, whose Swiss roots went back five centuries. Emilie was the youngest child of a distinguished Basel churchman and academic, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Preiswerk" title="Samuel Preiswerk">Samuel Preiswerk</a> (1799–1871), and his second wife. Samuel Preiswerk was an <a href="/wiki/Antistes" title="Antistes">Antistes</a>, the title given to the head of the Reformed clergy in the city, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Hebraist" title="Hebraist">Hebraist</a>, author, and editor, who taught Paul Jung as his professor of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> at <a href="/wiki/Basel_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel University">Basel University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wehr-17">[15]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/17">17–19</a>  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfarrhaus_Kleinh%C3%BCningen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pfarrhaus_Kleinh%C3%BCningen.jpg/220px-Pfarrhaus_Kleinh%C3%BCningen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pfarrhaus_Kleinh%C3%BCningen.jpg/330px-Pfarrhaus_Kleinh%C3%BCningen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pfarrhaus_Kleinh%C3%BCningen.jpg/440px-Pfarrhaus_Kleinh%C3%BCningen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4379" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The clergy house in Kleinhüningen, Basel, where Jung grew up</figcaption></figure> Jung's father was appointed to a more prosperous parish in <a href="/wiki/Laufen-Uhwiesen" title="Laufen-Uhwiesen">Laufen</a> when Jung was six months old. Tensions between father and mother had developed. Jung's mother was an eccentric and depressed woman; she spent considerable time in her bedroom, where she said spirits visited her at night.<a href="#cite_note-Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections-20">[18]</a> Though she was normal during the day, Jung recalled that at night his mother became strange and mysterious. He said that one night he saw a faintly luminous and indefinite figure coming from her room, with a head detached from the neck and floating in the air in front of the body. Jung had a better relationship with his father.<a href="#cite_note-Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections-20">[18]</a> Jung's mother left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near Basel, for an unknown physical ailment. His father took Carl to be cared for by Emilie Jung's unmarried sister in Basel, but he was later brought back to his father's residence. Emilie Jung's continuing bouts of absence and depression deeply troubled her son and caused him to associate women with "innate unreliability", whereas "father" meant for him reliability, but also powerlessness.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> In his memoir, Jung would remark that this parental influence was the "handicap I started off with". Later, these early impressions were revised: "I have trusted men friends and been disappointed by them, and I have mistrusted women and was not disappointed."<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> After three years of living in Laufen, Paul Jung requested a transfer. In 1879 he was called to Kleinhüningen, next to Basel, where his family lived in a parsonage of the church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019233-23">[21]</a> The relocation brought Emilie Jung closer into contact with her family and lifted her melancholy.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> When he was 9, Jung's sister Johanna Gertrud (1884–1935) was born. Known in the family as "Trudi", she became a secretary to her brother.<a href="#cite_note-Wehr-17">[15]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/349">349</a>  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memories_of_childhood">Memories of childhood</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Memories of childhood">edit</a>]</div> Jung was a solitary and introverted child. From childhood, he believed that, like his mother,<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> he had two personalities—a modern Swiss citizen and a personality more suited to the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> "Personality Number 1", as he termed it, was a typical schoolboy living in the era of the time. "Personality Number 2" was a dignified, authoritative, and influential man from the past. Though Jung was close to both parents, he was disappointed by his father's academic approach to faith.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jung_piccolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jung_piccolo.jpg/170px-Jung_piccolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Jung_piccolo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Young Jung, early 1880s</figcaption></figure> Some childhood memories made lifelong impressions on him. As a boy, he carved a tiny <a href="/wiki/Mannequin" title="Mannequin">mannequin</a> into the end of the wooden ruler from his pencil case and placed it inside the case. He added a stone, which he had painted into upper and lower halves, and hid the case in the attic. Periodically, he would return to the mannequin, often bringing tiny sheets of paper with messages inscribed on them in his own secret language.<a href="#cite_note-art-therapy-28">[26]</a> He later reflected that this ceremonial act brought him a feeling of inner peace and security. Years later, he discovered similarities between his personal experience and the practices associated with <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totems</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous cultures">indigenous cultures</a>, such as the collection of soul-stones near <a href="/wiki/Arlesheim" title="Arlesheim">Arlesheim</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Tjurunga" title="Tjurunga">tjurungas</a> of Australia. He concluded that his intuitive ceremonial act was an unconscious ritual, which he had practiced in a way that was strikingly similar to those in distant locations which he, as a young boy, knew nothing about.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> His observations about symbols, <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">archetypes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">collective unconscious</a> were inspired, in part, by these early experiences combined with his later research.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> At the age of 12, shortly before the end of his first year at the Humanistisches <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> in Basel, Jung was pushed to the ground by another boy so hard he momentarily lost consciousness. (Jung later recognized the incident was indirectly his fault.) A thought then came to him—"now you won't have to go to school anymore".<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> From then on, whenever he walked to school or began homework, he fainted. He remained at home for the next six months until he overheard his father speaking hurriedly to a visitor, about the boy's future ability to support himself. They suspected he had <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>. Confronted with the reality of his family's poverty, he realized the need for academic excellence. He went into his father's study and began poring over <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a>. He fainted three more times, but eventually overcame the urge and did not faint again. This event, Jung later recalled, "was when I learned what a <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurosis</a> is".<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_studies_and_early_career">University studies and early career</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: University studies and early career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg/170px-11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg/255px-11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg/340px-11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a>, where Jung studied between 1895 and 1900</figcaption></figure> Initially, Jung had aspirations of becoming a preacher or minister. There was a strong moral sense in his household and several of his family were clergymen. Jung had wanted to study archaeology, but his family could not afford to send him further than the University of Basel, which did not teach it. After studying philosophy in his teens, Jung decided against the path of religious traditionalism and decided to pursue psychiatry and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> His interest was captured—it combined the biological and spiritual, exactly what he was searching for.<a href="#cite_note-jungbio1-35">[33]</a> In 1895 Jung began to study medicine at the University of Basel. Barely a year later, his father Paul died and left the family near destitute. They were helped by relatives who also contributed to Jung's studies.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> During his student days, he entertained his contemporaries with the family legend that his paternal grandfather was the illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and his German great-grandmother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Ziegler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophie Ziegler (page does not exist)">Sophie Ziegler</a>. In later life, he pulled back from this tale, saying only that Sophie was a friend of Goethe's niece.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> It was during this early period, when Jung was an assistant at the Anatomical Institute at Basel University, that he took an interest in palaeoanthropology and the revolutionary discoveries of Homo erectus and Neanderthal fossils. These formative experiences contributed to his fascination with the evolutionary past of humanity and his belief that an ancient evolutionary layer in the psyche, represented by early fossil hominins, is still evident in the psychology of modern humans.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In 1900, Jung moved to Zürich and began working at the <a href="/wiki/Burgh%C3%B6lzli" title="Burghölzli">Burghölzli</a> psychiatric hospital under <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler" title="Eugen Bleuler">Eugen Bleuler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019234,_259-39">[37]</a> Bleuler was already in communication with the Austrian neurologist <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>. Jung's <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>, published in 1903, was titled On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena. It was based on the analysis of the supposed <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediumship</a> of Jung's cousin Hélène Preiswerk, under the influence of Freud's contemporary <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Flournoy" title="Théodore Flournoy">Théodore Flournoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Jung studied with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a> in Paris in 1902<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> and later equated his view of the <a href="/wiki/Complex_(psychology)" title="Complex (psychology)">complex</a> with Janet's idée fixe subconsciente.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> In 1905, Jung was appointed as a permanent 'senior' doctor at the hospital and became a lecturer <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a> in the medical faculty of Zurich University.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> In 1904, he published with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Riklin" title="Franz Riklin">Franz Riklin</a> their Diagnostic Association Studies, of which Freud obtained a copy.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-diagnostic-45">[43]</a> In 1909, Jung left the psychiatric hospital and began a private practice in his home in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCsnacht" title="Küsnacht">Küsnacht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019259-46">[44]</a> Eventually, a close friendship and strong professional association developed between the elder <a href="#Relationship_with_Freud">Freud and Jung</a>, which left a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Freud-Jung_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud-Jung Letters">correspondence</a>. In late summer 1909, the two sailed for the U.S., where Freud was the featured lecturer at the twentieth anniversary celebration of the founding of <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a>, the Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy, September 7–11. Jung spoke as well and received an honorary degree.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> It was during this trip that Jung first began separating psychologically from Freud, his mentor, which occurred after intense communications around their individual dreams. And it was during this visit that Jung was introduced to the elder philosopher and psychologist <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, known as the "Father of American psychology," whose ideas Jung would incorporate into his own work.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Jung connected with James around their mutual interests in <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychical_investigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychical investigator">psychical</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> James wrote to a friend after the conference stating Jung "left a favorable impression," while "his views of Freud were mixed."<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> James died about eleven months later. The ideas of both Jung and James, on topics including hopelessness, self-surrender and spiritual experiences, were influential in the development and founding of the international altruistic, self-help movement <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> on June 10, 1935, in <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>, a quarter of a century after James' death and in Jung's sixtieth year. For six years, Jung and Freud cooperated in their work. In 1912, however, Jung published <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a>, which made manifest the developing theoretical divergence between the two. Consequently, their personal and professional relationship fractured—each stating the other was unable to admit he could be wrong. After the culminating break in 1913, Jung went through a difficult and pivotal psychological transformation, exacerbated by the outbreak of the First World War. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Ellenberger" title="Henri Ellenberger">Henri Ellenberger</a> called Jung's intense experience a "creative illness" and compared it favorably to Freud's own period of what he called <a href="/wiki/Neurasthenia" title="Neurasthenia">neurasthenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hayman2001-51">[49]</a>: 173  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emma_Jung_1911_sitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Emma_Jung_1911_sitting.jpg/150px-Emma_Jung_1911_sitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Emma_Jung_1911_sitting.jpg/225px-Emma_Jung_1911_sitting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Emma_Jung_1911_sitting.jpg/300px-Emma_Jung_1911_sitting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emma_Jung" title="Emma Jung">Emma Jung</a> in 1911. She assisted her husband in his early research before becoming a psychoanalyst and author.</figcaption></figure> In 1903, Jung married <a href="/wiki/Emma_Jung" title="Emma Jung">Emma Rauschenbach</a> (1882–1955), seven years his junior and the elder daughter of a wealthy industrialist in eastern Switzerland, Johannes Rauschenbach-Schenck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019234-52">[50]</a> Rauschenbach was the owner, among other concerns, of <a href="/wiki/IWC_Schaffhausen" title="IWC Schaffhausen">IWC Schaffhausen</a>—the International Watch Company, manufacturer of luxury time-pieces. Upon his death in 1905, his two daughters and their husbands became owners of the business. Jung's brother-in-law—<a href="/wiki/Ernst_Homberger" title="Ernst Homberger">Ernst Homberger</a>—became the principal proprietor, but the Jungs remained shareholders in a thriving business that ensured the family's financial security for decades.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Emma Jung, whose education had been limited, evinced considerable ability and interest in her husband's research and threw herself into studies and acted as his assistant at Burghölzli. She eventually became a noted psychoanalyst in her own right. The marriage lasted until Emma died in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> They had five children: <ul><li>Agathe Niehus, born on December 28, 1904</li> <li>Gret Baumann, born on February 8, 1906</li> <li>Franz Jung-Merker, born on November 28, 1908</li> <li>Marianne Niehus, born on September 20, 1910</li> <li>Helene Hoerni, born on March 18, 1914</li></ul> None of the children continued their father's career. The daughters, Agathe and Marianne, assisted in publishing work.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> During his marriage, Jung engaged in at least one extramarital relationship: his affair with his patient and, later, fellow psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Sabina Spielrein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> A continuing affair with <a href="/wiki/Toni_Wolff" title="Toni Wolff">Toni Wolff</a> is also alleged.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Freud">Relationship with Freud</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship with Freud">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meeting_and_collaboration">Meeting and collaboration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meeting and collaboration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark_1909.jpg/220px-Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark_1909.jpg/330px-Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark_1909.jpg/440px-Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Group photo 1909 in front of <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a>. Front row, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a>, Carl Jung. Back row, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Brill" title="Abraham Brill">Abraham Brill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Ernest Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a>.</figcaption></figure> Jung and Freud influenced each other during the intellectually formative years of Jung's life. Jung had become interested in psychiatry as a student by reading <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis" title="Psychopathia Sexualis">Psychopathia Sexualis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a>. In 1900, Jung completed his degree and started work as an intern (voluntary doctor) under the psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler" title="Eugen Bleuler">Eugen Bleuler</a> at Burghölzli Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> It was Bleuler who introduced him to the writings of Freud by asking him to write a review of <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a> (1899). In the early 1900s <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> as a science was still in its early stages, but Jung became a qualified proponent of Freud's new "psycho-analysis". Freud needed collaborators and pupils to validate and spread his ideas. Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric clinic in Zurich and Jung's research had already gained him international recognition. Jung sent Freud a copy of his Studies in Word Association in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The same year, he published Diagnostic Association Studies, a copy of which he later sent to Freud—who had already purchased a copy.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostic-45">[43]</a> Preceded by a lively correspondence, Jung met Freud for the first time in Vienna on 3 March 1907.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Jung recalled the discussion between himself and Freud as interminable, unceasing for 13 hours.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Six months later, the then 50-year-old Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zurich. This marked the beginning of an intense correspondence and collaboration that lasted six years.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> In 1908, Jung became an editor of the newly founded Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research. In 1909, Jung travelled with Freud and Hungarian psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a> to the United States; in September they took part in a conference at <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>, Massachusetts. The conference at Clark University was planned by the psychologist <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> and included 27 distinguished psychiatrists, neurologists, and psychologists. It represented a watershed in the acceptance of psychoanalysis in North America. This forged welcome links between Jung and influential Americans.<a href="#cite_note-king-66">[64]</a> Jung returned to the United States the next year for a brief visit. In 1910 Freud proposed Jung, "his adopted eldest son, his crown prince and successor", for the position of lifetime President of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a>. However, after forceful objections from his Viennese colleagues, it was agreed Jung would be elected to serve a two-year term of office.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divergence_and_break">Divergence and break</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Divergence and break">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jung_1910-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jung_1910-crop.jpg/170px-Jung_1910-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jung_1910-crop.jpg/255px-Jung_1910-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jung_1910-crop.jpg/340px-Jung_1910-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Jung outside Burghölzli in 1910</figcaption></figure> While Jung worked on his Psychology of the Unconscious: a study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido, tensions manifested between him and Freud because of various disagreements, including those concerning the nature of <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Jung de-emphasized the importance of sexual development and focused on the collective unconscious: the part of the unconscious that contains memories and ideas that Jung believed were inherited from ancestors. While he did think that libido was an important source for personal growth, unlike Freud, Jung did not believe that libido alone was responsible for the formation of the core personality.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> In 1912 these tensions came to a peak because Jung felt severely slighted after Freud visited his colleague <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kreuzlingen" title="Kreuzlingen">Kreuzlingen</a> without paying him a visit in nearby Zurich, an incident Jung referred to as "the Kreuzlingen gesture". Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled to the US and gave the <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a> lectures, a six-week series, which were published later in the year as Psychology of the Unconscious, subsequently republished as <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Transformation">Symbols of Transformation</a>. While they contain remarks on Jung's dissenting view on the libido, they represent largely a "psychoanalytical Jung" and not the theory of analytical psychology, for which he became famous in the following decades. Nonetheless, it was their publication which, Jung declared, "cost me my friendship with Freud".<a href="#cite_note-Gay_2006_225-70">[68]</a> Another disagreement with Freud stemmed from their differing concepts of the unconscious.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as incomplete and unnecessarily negative and inelastic. According to Jung, Freud conceived the unconscious solely as a repository of repressed emotions and desires.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Jung's observations overlap to an extent with Freud's model of the unconscious, what Jung called the "<a href="/wiki/Personal_unconscious" title="Personal unconscious">personal unconscious</a>", but his hypothesis is more about a process than a static model and he also proposed the existence of a second, overarching form of the unconscious beyond the personal, that he named the psychoid—a term borrowed from neo-vitalist philosopher and embryologist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Driesch" title="Hans Driesch">Hans Driesch</a> (1867–1941)—but with a somewhat altered meaning.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">collective unconscious</a> is not so much a 'geographical location', but a deduction from the alleged ubiquity of <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">archetypes</a> over space and time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] In November 1912, Jung and Freud met in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> for a meeting among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals.<a href="#cite_note-jones1963-74">[72]</a> At a talk about a new psychoanalytic essay on <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenhotep IV">Amenhotep IV</a>, Jung expressed his views on how it related to actual conflicts in the psychoanalytic movement. While Jung spoke, Freud suddenly fainted and Jung carried him to a couch.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-75">[73]</a> Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September 1913 for the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress in Munich. Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the <a href="/wiki/Introvert" class="mw-redirect" title="Introvert">introverted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extravert" class="mw-redirect" title="Extravert">extraverted</a> type in <a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">analytical psychology</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midlife_isolation">Midlife isolation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Midlife isolation">edit</a>]</div> It was the publication of Jung's book The Psychology of the Unconscious in 1912 that led to the final break with Freud. The letters they exchanged show Freud's refusal to consider Jung's ideas. This rejection caused what Jung described in his posthumously-published autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1962) as a "resounding censure". Everyone he knew dropped away from him, except two of his colleagues. After the Munich congress he was on the verge of a suicidal psychosis that precipitated his writing of his Red Book, his seven-volume personal diaries that were only published partially and posthumously in 2009. Eleven years later, in 2020, they were published in their entirety as his Black Books. Jung described his 1912 book as "an attempt, only partially successful, to create a wider setting for medical psychology and to bring the whole of the psychic phenomena within its purview". The book was later revised and retitled Symbols of Transformation in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="London_1913–14">London 1913–14</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: London 1913–14">edit</a>]</div> Jung spoke at meetings of the Psycho-Medical Society in London in 1913 and 1914. His travels were soon interrupted by the war, but his ideas continued to receive attention in England primarily through the efforts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Long&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constance Long (page does not exist)">Constance Long</a> who translated and published the first English volume of his collected writings.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Black_Books_and_The_Red_Book">The Black Books and The Red Book</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Black Books and The Red Book">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Book_(Jung)" title="The Red Book (Jung)">The Red Book (Jung)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Books_(Jung)" title="Black Books (Jung)">Black Books (Jung)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Red_Book_-_Liber_Novus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Red_Book_-_Liber_Novus.jpg/220px-The_Red_Book_-_Liber_Novus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Red_Book_-_Liber_Novus.jpg/330px-The_Red_Book_-_Liber_Novus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Red_Book_-_Liber_Novus.jpg/440px-The_Red_Book_-_Liber_Novus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>The Red Book resting on Jung's desk</figcaption></figure> In 1913, at the age of 38, Jung experienced a horrible "confrontation with the unconscious". He saw visions and heard voices. He worried at times that he was "menaced by a psychosis" or was "doing a schizophrenia". He decided that it was valuable experience and, in private, he induced hallucinations or, in his words, a process of "<a href="/wiki/Active_imagination" title="Active imagination">active imagination</a>". He recorded everything he experienced in small journals, which Jung referred to in the singular as his <a href="/wiki/Black_Books_(Jung)" title="Black Books (Jung)">Black Book</a>,<a href="#cite_note-blackbooks-79">[77]</a> considering it a "single integral whole", even though some of these original journals have a brown cover.<a href="#cite_note-blackbooks-79">[77]</a> The material Jung wrote was subjected to several edits, hand-written and typed, including another, "second layer" of text, his continual psychological interpretations during the process of editing.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Around 1915, Jung commissioned a large red leather-bound book,<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> and began to transcribe his notes, along with painting, working intermittently for sixteen years.<a href="#cite_note-Corbett-84">[82]</a> Jung left no posthumous instructions about the final disposition of what he called the Liber Novus or Red Book. <a href="/wiki/Sonu_Shamdasani" title="Sonu Shamdasani">Sonu Shamdasani</a>, a historian of psychology from London, tried for three years to persuade Jung's resistant heirs to have it published. Ulrich Hoerni, Jung's grandson who manages the Jung archives, decided to publish it when the necessary additional funds needed were raised through the <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Foundation" title="Philemon Foundation">Philemon Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Corbett-84">[82]</a> Up to September 2008, fewer than about two dozen people had ever seen it. In 2007, two technicians for DigitalFusion, working with New York City publishers <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>, scanned the manuscript with a 10,200-pixel scanner. It was published on 7 October 2009, in German with a "separate English translation along with Shamdasani's introduction and footnotes" at the back of the book. According to Sara Corbett, reviewing the text for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, "The book is bombastic, baroque and like so much else about Carl Jung, a willful oddity, synched with an <a href="/wiki/Antediluvian" title="Antediluvian">antediluvian</a> and mystical reality."<a href="#cite_note-Corbett-84">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art" title="Rubin Museum of Art">Rubin Museum of Art</a> in New York City displayed Jung's Red Book leather folio, as well as some of his original "Black Book" journals, from 7 October 2009 to 15 February 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-85">[83]</a> According to them, "During the period in which he worked on this book Jung developed his principal theories of archetypes, collective unconscious, and the process of individuation." Two-thirds of the pages bear Jung's <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminations</a> and illustrations to the text.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_army_service">Wartime army service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wartime army service">edit</a>]</div> During World War I, Jung was drafted as an army doctor and soon made commandant of an internment camp for British officers and soldiers. The Swiss were neutral and obliged to intern personnel from either side of the conflict, who crossed their frontier to evade capture. Jung worked to improve the conditions of soldiers stranded in Switzerland and encouraged them to attend university courses.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019260-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels">Travels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Travels">edit</a>]</div> Jung emerged from his period of isolation in the late nineteen-tens with the publication of several journal articles, followed in 1921 with <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">Psychological Types</a>, one of his most influential books. There followed a decade of active publication, interspersed with overseas travels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England_(1920,_1923,_1925,_1935,_1938,_1946)">England (1920, 1923, 1925, 1935, 1938, 1946)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: England (1920, 1923, 1925, 1935, 1938, 1946)">edit</a>]</div> Constance Long arranged for Jung to deliver a seminar in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in 1920. Another seminar was held in 1923, this one organized by Jung's British protégé <a href="/wiki/Helton_Godwin_Baynes" title="Helton Godwin Baynes">Helton Godwin Baynes</a> (known as "Peter") (1882–1943), and another in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-McGuire-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beatrice_Ensor_Jung_Montreux_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beatrice_Ensor_Jung_Montreux_1923.jpg/170px-Beatrice_Ensor_Jung_Montreux_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Beatrice_Ensor_Jung_Montreux_1923.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Ensor" title="Beatrice Ensor">Beatrice Ensor</a> and Jung in Montreux, Switzerland, 1923, for the Second International <a href="/wiki/New_Education_Movement" title="New Education Movement">New Education Fellowship</a> Conference</figcaption></figure> In 1935, at the invitation of his close British friends and colleagues, <a href="/wiki/Helton_Godwin_Baynes" title="Helton Godwin Baynes">H. G. Baynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Armstrong_Bennet" title="Edward Armstrong Bennet">E. A. Bennet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Crichton-Miller" title="Hugh Crichton-Miller">Hugh Crichton-Miller</a>, Jung gave a series of lectures at the <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_and_Portman_NHS_Foundation_Trust" title="Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust">Tavistock Clinic</a> in London, later published as part of the Collected Works.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> In 1938, Jung was awarded an honorary degree by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019261-90">[88]</a> At the tenth International Medical Congress for Psychotherapy held at Oxford from 29 July to 2 August 1938, Jung gave the presidential address, followed by a visit to <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> to stay with the Bailey family at Lawton Mere.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> In 1946, Jung agreed to become the first Honorary President of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Analytical_Psychology" title="Society of Analytical Psychology">Society of Analytical Psychology</a> in London, having previously approved its training programme devised by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fordham" title="Michael Fordham">Michael Fordham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_1909–1912,_1924–25,_1936–37">United States 1909–1912, 1924–25, 1936–37</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States 1909–1912, 1924–25, 1936–37">edit</a>]</div> During the period of Jung's <a href="#Relationship_with_Freud">collaboration with Freud</a>, both visited the US in 1909 to lecture at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts<a href="#cite_note-king-66">[64]</a> where both were awarded honorary degrees. In 1912 Jung gave a series of lectures at Fordham University, New York which were published later in the year as <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_2006_225-70">[68]</a> Jung made a more extensive trip westward in the winter of 1924–5, financed and organized by Fowler McCormick and George Porter. Of particular value to Jung was a visit with <a href="/wiki/Ochwiay_Biano" title="Ochwiay Biano">Chief Mountain Lake</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a> near <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos, New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGuire-88">[86]</a> Jung made another trip to America in 1936, receiving an honorary degree at Harvard<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> and giving lectures in New York and New England for his growing group of American followers. He returned in 1937 to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Terry_Lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Terry Lectures">Terry Lectures</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, later published as Psychology and Religion.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: East Africa">edit</a>]</div> In October 1925, Jung embarked on his most ambitious expedition, the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition" to East Africa. He was accompanied by his English friend, <a href="/wiki/Helton_Godwin_Baynes" title="Helton Godwin Baynes">"Peter" Baynes</a> and an American associate, <a href="/wiki/George_Beckwith_(Carl_Jung_associate)" title="George Beckwith (Carl Jung associate)">George Beckwith</a>. On the voyage to Africa, they became acquainted with an English woman named Ruth Bailey, who joined their safari a few weeks later. The group traveled through Kenya and Uganda to the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elgon" title="Mount Elgon">Mount Elgon</a>, where Jung hoped to increase his understanding of "primitive psychology" through conversations with the culturally isolated residents of that area. Later he concluded that the major insights he had gleaned had to do with himself and the European psychology in which he had been raised.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> One of Jung's most famous proposed constructs is kinship libido. Jung defined this as an instinctive feeling of belonging to a particular group or family and Jung believed it was vital to the human experience and used this as an endogamous aspect of the libido and what lies amongst the family. This is similar to a Bantu term called <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a> that emphasizes humanity and almost the same meaning as kinship libido, which is, "I am because you are."<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Jung,_Carl_Gustav_(1875-1961)-Portrait-Portr_14163_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-170px-ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-255px-ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-340px-ETH-BIB-Jung%2C_Carl_Gustav_%281875-1961%29-Portrait-Portr_14163_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption>Jung in about 1935</figcaption></figure> In December 1937, Jung left Zurich again for an extensive tour of India with Fowler McCormick. In India, he felt himself "under the direct influence of a foreign culture" for the first time. In Africa, his conversations had been strictly limited by the language barrier, but in India, he was able to converse extensively. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> became an important element in his understanding of the role of symbolism and the life of the unconscious, though he avoided a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a>. He described Ramana as being absorbed in "the self". During these travels he visited the <a href="/wiki/Vedagiriswarar_Temple" title="Vedagiriswarar Temple">Vedagiriswarar Temple</a> where he had a conversation with a local expert about the symbols and sculptures on the <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a> of this temple. He later wrote about this conversation<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_C._G._Jung#Aion" title="The Collected Works of C. G. Jung">Aion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Jung became seriously ill on this trip and endured two weeks of <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a> in a Calcutta hospital. After 1938, his travels were confined to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Later life and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interview_with_C._G._Jung_in_K%C3%BCsnacht_(Carl_Gustav_Jung),_Swiss_psychiatrist,_depth_psychologist_5.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Interview_with_C._G._Jung_in_K%C3%BCsnacht_%28Carl_Gustav_Jung%29%2C_Swiss_psychiatrist%2C_depth_psychologist_5.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Interview_with_C._G._Jung_in_K%C3%BCsnacht_%28Carl_Gustav_Jung%29%2C_Swiss_psychiatrist%2C_depth_psychologist_5.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Interview_with_C._G._Jung_in_K%C3%BCsnacht_%28Carl_Gustav_Jung%29%2C_Swiss_psychiatrist%2C_depth_psychologist_5.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Interview_with_C._G._Jung_in_K%C3%BCsnacht_%28Carl_Gustav_Jung%29%2C_Swiss_psychiatrist%2C_depth_psychologist_5.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Interview_with_C._G._Jung_in_K%C3%BCsnacht_%28Carl_Gustav_Jung%29%2C_Swiss_psychiatrist%2C_depth_psychologist_5.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Interview_with_C._G._Jung_in_K%C3%BCsnacht_%28Carl_Gustav_Jung%29%2C_Swiss_psychiatrist%2C_depth_psychologist_5.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3035" data-file-height="4543" /></a><figcaption>Jung in a 1955 interview</figcaption></figure> Jung became a full professor of medical psychology at the University of Basel in 1943, but resigned after a heart attack the next year to lead a more private life. In 1945, he began corresponding with an English <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> priest, Father <a href="/wiki/Victor_White_(priest)" title="Victor White (priest)">Victor White</a>, who became a close friend, regularly visiting the Jungs at the Bollingen estate.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> Jung became ill again in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019262-101">[99]</a> Jung continued to publish books until the end of his life, including Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies (1959), which analyzed the archetypal meaning and possible psychological significance of the reported observations of <a href="/wiki/UFO" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO">UFOs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In 1961, he wrote his last work, a contribution to <a href="/wiki/Man_and_His_Symbols" title="Man and His Symbols">Man and His Symbols</a> entitled "Approaching the Unconscious" (published posthumously in 1964).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019262-101">[99]</a> Jung died on 6 June 1961 at Küsnacht after a short illness.<a href="#cite_note-hayman2001-51">[49]</a>: 450 <a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> He had been beset by <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">circulatory diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> Among his principal distinctions are <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorate">honorary doctorates</a> from: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a> 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a> 1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Allahabad" title="University of Allahabad">University of Allahabad</a> 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Benares">University of Benares</a> 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a> 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETH" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich</a> 1955 on his 80th birthday</li></ul> In addition, he was: <ul><li>given a <a href="/wiki/Literature_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature prize">Literature prize</a> from the city of Zurich, 1932</li> <li>made <a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Titular Professor</a> of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, <a href="/wiki/ETH" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH">ETH</a> 1935</li> <li>appointed Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Medicine" title="Royal Society of Medicine">Royal Society of Medicine</a> 1939</li> <li>given a <a href="/wiki/Festschrift" title="Festschrift">Festschrift</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eranos" title="Eranos">Eranos</a> 1945</li> <li>appointed President of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Analytical_Psychology" title="Society of Analytical Psychology">Society of Analytical Psychology</a>, London, 1946</li> <li>given a Festschrift by students and friends 1955</li> <li>named <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary citizen">Honorary citizen</a> of Kűsnacht 1960, on his 85th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought">Thought</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Thought">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jung_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jung_Family.jpg/220px-Jung_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jung_Family.jpg/330px-Jung_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jung_Family.jpg/440px-Jung_Family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Jung's family c. 1895: l to r. father Paul, sister Gertrud, mother Emilie and Carl</figcaption></figure> Jung's thought derived from the classical education he received at school and from early family influences, which on the maternal side were a combination of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed Protestant</a> academic theology with an interest in occult phenomena. On his father's side was a dedication to academic discipline emanating from his grandfather, the physician, scientist and first Basel Professor of Medicine, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Jung" title="Karl Gustav Jung">Karl Gustav Jung</a>, a one time student activist and convert from Catholicism to Swiss Reformed Protestantism. Family lore suggested there was at least a social connection to the German <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe">Johann Wolfgang Goethe</a>, through the latter's niece, Lotte Kestner, known as "Lottchen" who was a frequent visitor in Jung senior's household.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Carl Jung, the practicing clinician, writer and founder of analytical psychology, had, through his marriage, the economic security to pursue interests in other intellectual topics of the moment. His early celebrity as a research scientist through the Word Association Test, led to the start of a prolific correspondence and world-wide travel. It opened academic as well as social avenues, supported by his explorations into <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>. He delved into <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, and sociology, as well as literature and the arts. Jung's interest in philosophy and spiritual subjects led many to label him as a mystic, although his preference was to be seen as a man of science. Jung, unlike Freud, was deeply knowledgeable about philosophical concepts and sought links between epistemology and emergent theories of psychology.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lachmanpage258-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_concepts">Key concepts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Key concepts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C._G._Jung_institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/C._G._Jung_institute.jpg/220px-C._G._Jung_institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/C._G._Jung_institute.jpg/330px-C._G._Jung_institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/C._G._Jung_institute.jpg/440px-C._G._Jung_institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>C. G. Jung Institute, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCsnacht" title="Küsnacht">Küsnacht</a>, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> Within the field of <a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">analytical psychology</a>, a brief survey of major concepts developed by Jung include (alphabetical):<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anima_and_animus" title="Anima and animus">Anima and animus</a>—(archetype) the contrasexual aspect of a person's psyche. In a woman's psyche, her inner personal masculine is conceived both as a complex and an archetypal image; comparably in a man's psyche, his inner personal feminine is conceived both as a complex and an archetypal image.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Archetype</a>—a concept "borrowed" from <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> to denote supposedly universal and recurring mental images or themes. Jung's descriptions of archetypes varied over time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Archetypal images</a>—universal symbols that can mediate opposites in the psyche, often found in religious art, mythology, and fairy tales across cultures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a>—aspects of unconsciousness experienced by all people in different cultures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_(psychology)" title="Complex (psychology)">Complex</a>—the repressed organisation of images and experiences that governs perception and behaviour.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion" title="Extraversion and introversion">Extraversion and introversion</a>—personality traits of degrees of openness or reserve contributing to <a href="/wiki/Psychological_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological type">psychological type</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a>—the process of fulfilment of each individual "which negates neither the conscious or unconscious position but does justice to them both".<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a>—the way people relate to others is a reflection of the way they relate to their own selves. This may also be extended to relations with the natural environment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(psychology)" title="Persona (psychology)">Persona</a>—element of the personality that arises "for reasons of adaptation or personal convenience"—the "masks" one puts on in various situations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">Psychological types</a>—a framework for consciously orienting psychotherapists to patients, by raising to consciousness particular modes of personality, differentiation between analyst and patient.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" title="Shadow (psychology)">Shadow</a>—(archetype) the repressed, therefore unknown, aspects of the personality including those often considered to be negative.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_in_Jungian_psychology" title="Self in Jungian psychology">Self</a>—(archetype) the central overarching concept governing the individuation process, as symbolised by mandalas, the union of male and female, totality, and unity. Jung viewed it as the psyche's central archetype.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a>—an acausal principle as a basis for the apparently random concurrence of phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collective_unconscious">Collective unconscious</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Collective unconscious">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></div> Since the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">psychoanalytic theory</a>, the notion and meaning of individuals having a <a href="/wiki/Personal_unconscious" title="Personal unconscious">personal unconscious</a> has gradually come to be commonly accepted. This was popularised by both Freud and Jung. Whereas an individual's personal unconscious is made up of thoughts and emotions which have, at some time, been experienced or held in mind, but which have been repressed or forgotten, in contrast, the collective unconscious is neither acquired by activities within an individual's life, nor a container of things that are thoughts, memories or ideas which are capable of being conscious during one's life. The contents of it were never naturally "known" through physical or cognitive experience and then forgotten. The collective unconscious consists of universal heritable elements common to all humans, distinct from other species.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> However, this does not necessarily imply a genetic cause. It encapsulates fields of evolutionary biology, history of civilization, ethnology, brain and nervous system development, and general psychological development.<a href="#cite_note-CW9_1_90_92_118-115">[113]</a> Considering its composition in practical physiological and psychological terms, "it consists of pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which can only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to certain psychic contents."<a href="#cite_note-CW9_1_90_92_118-115">[113]</a> Jung writes about causal factors in personal psychology, as stemming from, influenced by an abstraction of the impersonal physical layer, the common and universal physiology among all humans.<a href="#cite_note-CW9_1_91-116">[114]</a> Jung considers that science would hardly deny the existence and basic nature of "instincts", existing as a whole set of motivating urges. The collective unconscious acts as the frame where science can distinguish individual motivating urges, thought to be universal across all individuals of the human species, while instincts are present in all species. Jung contends, "the hypothesis of the collective unconscious is, therefore, no more daring than to assume there are instincts."<a href="#cite_note-CW9_1_90_92_118-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archetype">Archetype</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Archetype">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Jungian archetypes</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:452px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:450px;"> <div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:450px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:3px 0 0 3px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_Devouring_His_Son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Isis, The Great mother of divine son Horus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saturn_Devouring_His_Son.jpg/110px-Saturn_Devouring_His_Son.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saturn_Devouring_His_Son.jpg/165px-Saturn_Devouring_His_Son.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saturn_Devouring_His_Son.jpg/220px-Saturn_Devouring_His_Son.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Demeter_Altemps_Inv8546.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Demeter, Great Mother of divine daughter Persephone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Demeter_Altemps_Inv8546.jpg/110px-Demeter_Altemps_Inv8546.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Demeter_Altemps_Inv8546.jpg/165px-Demeter_Altemps_Inv8546.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Demeter_Altemps_Inv8546.jpg/220px-Demeter_Altemps_Inv8546.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="3550" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhang_Lu-Laozi_Riding_an_Ox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lao Tzu, Wise Old Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zhang_Lu-Laozi_Riding_an_Ox.jpg/110px-Zhang_Lu-Laozi_Riding_an_Ox.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zhang_Lu-Laozi_Riding_an_Ox.jpg/165px-Zhang_Lu-Laozi_Riding_an_Ox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zhang_Lu-Laozi_Riding_an_Ox.jpg/220px-Zhang_Lu-Laozi_Riding_an_Ox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1688" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Christ, Hero" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/110px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/165px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/220px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="3774" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Common archetypal motifs: Devourer, Great/Benevolent Mother, Wise Old Man, Hero/Self</div></div></div> The archetype is a concept "borrowed" from <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> to denote a process of nature. Jung's definitions of archetypes varied over time and have been the subject of debate as to their usefulness. <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Archetypal images</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">motifs in mythology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[c]</a> are universal symbols that can mediate opposites in the psyche, are often found in religious art, mythology and fairy tales across cultures. Jung saw archetypes as pre-configurations in nature that give rise to repeating, understandable, describable experiences. In addition the concept takes into account the passage of time and of patterns resulting from transformation.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Archetypes are said to exist independently of any current event, or its effect. They are said to exert influence both across all domains of experience and throughout the stages of each individual's unique development. Being in part based on heritable physiology, they are thought to have "existed" since humans became a differentiated species. They have been deduced through the development of storytelling over tens of thousands of years, indicating repeating patterns of individual and group experience, behaviors, and effects across the planet, apparently displaying common themes.<a href="#cite_note-CW9_1_90_92_118-115">[113]</a> The concept did not originate with Jung but with <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> who first conceived of primordial patterns. Later contributions came from <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bastian" title="Adolf Bastian">Adolf Bastian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Usener" title="Hermann Usener">Hermann Usener</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-CW9_1_153-119">[116]</a> In the first half of the twentieth century it proved impossible to objectively isolate and categorize the notion of an archetype within a materialist frame. According to Jung, there are "as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life",<a href="#cite_note-CW9_1_99-120">[117]</a> and he asserted that they have a dynamic mutual influence on one another. Their alleged presence could be extracted from thousand-year-old narratives, from comparative religion and mythology.<a href="#cite_note-CW9_1_89_110_115-121">[118]</a> Jung elaborated many archetypes in "The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious" and in "Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self". Examples of archetypes might be the shadow, the hero, the self, anima, animus, mother, father, child, and trickster. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shadow">Shadow</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Shadow">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" title="Shadow (psychology)">shadow (psychology)</a></div> The shadow exists as part of the unconscious mind and is composed of the traits individuals instinctively or consciously resist identifying as their own and would rather ignore, typically: repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings. Much of the shadow comes as a result of an individual's adaptation to cultural norms and expectations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[110]</a> Thus, this archetype not only consists of all the things deemed unacceptable by society but also those that are not aligned with one's own personal morals and values. Jung argues that the shadow plays a distinctive role in balancing one's overall psyche, the counter-balancing to consciousness—"where there is light, there must also be shadow". Without a well-developed shadow (often "shadow work", "integrating one's shadow"), an individual can become shallow and extremely preoccupied with the opinions of others; that is, a walking <a href="/wiki/Persona_(psychology)" title="Persona (psychology)">persona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[110]</a> Not wanting to look at their shadows directly, Jung argues, often results in <a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">psychological projection</a>. Individuals project imagined attitudes onto others without awareness. The qualities an individual may hate (or love) in another, may be manifestly present in the individual, who does not see the external, material truth.<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[110]</a> In order to truly grow as an individual, Jung believed that both the <a href="/wiki/Persona_(psychology)" title="Persona (psychology)">persona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" title="Shadow (psychology)">shadow</a> should be balanced.<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[110]</a> The shadow can appear in dreams or visions, often taking the form of a dark, wild, exotic figure.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraversion_and_introversion">Extraversion and introversion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Extraversion and introversion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion" title="Extraversion and introversion">Extraversion and introversion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></div> Jung was one of the first people to define introversion and extraversion in a psychological context. In Jung's Psychological Types, he theorizes that each person falls into one of two categories: the introvert or the extravert. Jung compares these two psychological types to ancient archetypes, <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. The introvert is likened to Apollo, who shines a light on understanding. The introvert is focused on the internal world of reflection, dreaming, and vision. Thoughtful and insightful, the introvert can sometimes be uninterested in joining the activities of others. The extravert is associated with Dionysus, interested in joining the activities of the world. The extravert is focused on the outside world of objects, sensory perception, and action. Energetic and lively, the extravert may lose their sense of self in the intoxication of Dionysian pursuits.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Jungian introversion and extraversion is quite different from the modern idea of introversion and extraversion.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Modern theories often stay true to behaviourist means of describing such a trait (sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, etc.), whereas Jungian introversion and extraversion are expressed as a perspective: introverts interpret the world subjectively, whereas extraverts interpret the world objectively.<a href="#cite_note-celebritytypes1-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persona">Persona</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Persona">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persona_(psychology)" title="Persona (psychology)">Persona (psychology)</a></div> In his psychological theory—which is not necessarily linked to a particular theory of <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a>—the persona appears as a consciously created personality or identity, fashioned out of part of the collective psyche through <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> and experience.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Jung applied the term <a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">persona</a>, explicitly because, in Latin, it means both personality and the masks worn by Roman actors of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical period</a>, expressive of the individual roles played. The persona, he argues, is a mask for the "collective psyche", a mask that 'pretends' individuality, so that both self and others believe in that identity, even if it is really no more than a well-played role through which the collective psyche is expressed. Jung regarded the "persona-mask" as a complicated system which mediates between individual consciousness and the social community: it is "a compromise between the individual and society as to what a man should appear to be".<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> But he also makes it quite explicit that it is, in substance, a character mask in the classical sense known to theatre, with its double function: both intended to make a certain impression on others, and to hide (part of) the true nature of the individual.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> The therapist then aims to assist the <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">individuation</a> process through which the client (re)gains their "own self"—by liberating the self, both from the deceptive cover of the persona, and from the power of unconscious impulses. Jung has influenced management theory; because managers and executives create an appropriate "management persona" (a corporate mask) and a persuasive identity,<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> and they have to evaluate what sort of people the workers are, to manage them (for example, using <a href="/wiki/Personality_test" title="Personality test">personality tests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer reviews</a>).<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_Thought">Evolutionary Thought</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Evolutionary Thought">edit</a>]</div> Of his early years, Jung wrote that ‘mentally my greatest adventure had been the study of Kant and Schopenhauer. The great news of the day was the work of Charles Darwin.’ <a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> While Jung’s conception of human psychology is grounded in Darwinian evolutionary theory it is important to note that his evolutionary thought had a distinctively German quality to it. This is because the idiosyncratic reception of Darwin in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Germany resulted in the integration of Darwin's ideas with German embryological and developmental traditions formulated by the <a href="/wiki/Naturphilosophie" title="Naturphilosophie">Naturphilosophen</a> and theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>. It was these traditions that formed the intellectual background of Jung’s evolutionary thought.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> The result was that Jung's evolutionary conception of mind focused on embryology and development. From this perspective, the emergence of consciousness both in ontogeny (development) and phylogeny (evolution) was built upon much more archaic, affect based subcortical brain systems. It was this developmental approach to evolution that underpinned his "archaeological" conception of the human psyche consisting of different evolutionary layers, from the deeply archaic to the more evolutionarily recent. Those more archaic structures in the brain Jung believed to be the basis of the “collective unconscious” - an aspect of human psychology shared by all members of the species Homo sapiens.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> In commenting on humanity's evolution from an ancient primate ancestor Jung wrote: 'We keep forgetting that we are primates and that we have to make allowances for these primitive layers in our psyche.' <a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> Jung also developed the notion of different evolutionary layers in the psyche in his discussion of fossil hominins such as Pithecanthropus (Homo erectus). As he writes: For just as a man has a body which is no different in principle from that of an animal, so also his psychology has a whole series of lower storeys in which the spectres from humanity’s past epochs still dwell, then the animal souls from the age of Pithecanthropus and the hominids, then the “psyche” of the cold-blooded saurian.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Jung’s notion of different evolutionary layers in the human mind has been compared with the work of neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp, particularly as outlined in his book The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Of these affinities it has been suggested that ‘Jung and Panksepp have, independently it seems, developed similar metaphors of an archeologically layered psyche in which jewels and treasures are discoverable in the deepest phylogenetically ancient regions of the brain – for Jung they are archetypal structures for Panksepp cross-species homologies.' <a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Significantly, in a 2017 article entitled "The Affective Core of the Self: A Neuro-Archetypical Perspective on the Foundations of Human (and Animal) Subjectivity", when noting Jung’s belief that archetypes may be related to evolutionarily ancient subcortical brain systems, Panksepp and colleagues wrote that ‘such assertions by Jung were not only quite farsighted, but they actually open ways to connect his theory of the psyche with the most advanced scientific theories and discoveries of our day’ <a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Spirituality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jungian_interpretation_of_religion" title="Jungian interpretation of religion">Jungian interpretation of religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Esotericism" title="Category:Esotericism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Esotericism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:10px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esoteric symbolism"><img alt="Esoteric symbolism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/90px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/135px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/180px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_esotericism" title="Eastern esotericism">Eastern esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(perennialism)" title="Traditionalism (perennialism)">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Esoteric transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propitiation" title="Propitiation">Propitiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Ritual purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4" title="A∴A∴">A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lus_Co%C3%ABns" class="mw-redirect" title="Élus Coëns">Élus Coëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinism" title="Martinism">Martinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">List of magical organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Faivre" title="Antoine Faivre">Faivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff">Gurdjieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manly_P._Hall" title="Manly P. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Lavey">Lavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Lévi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_Mathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Liddell Mathers">Mathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Oldmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edward_Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Edward Waite">Waite</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Neo-Nazism" title="Esoteric Neo-Nazism">Esoteric Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Esotericism" title="Template:Esotericism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Esotericism" title="Template talk:Esotericism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Esotericism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Esotericism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jung's work on himself and his patients convinced him that life has a spiritual purpose beyond material goals.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> The main task for people, he believed, is to discover and fulfill their deep, innate potential. Based on his study of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and other traditions, Jung believed this journey of transformation, which he called <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">individuation</a>, is at the mystical heart of all religions. It is a journey to meet the <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a> and at the same time to meet the <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> Unlike Freud's atheistic worldview, Jung's <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> may have led him to believe that spiritual experience was essential to well-being, as he specifically identifies individual human life with the universe as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> In 1959, Jung was asked by host <a href="/wiki/John_Freeman_(British_politician)" title="John Freeman (British politician)">John Freeman</a> on the BBC interview program <a href="/wiki/Face_to_Face_(British_TV_programme)" title="Face to Face (British TV programme)">Face to Face</a> whether he believed in God, to which Jung answered, "I do not need to believe. I know."<a href="#cite_note-bbc-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> Jung's ideas on religion counterbalance Freudian skepticism. Jung's idea of religion as a practical road to individuation is still treated in modern textbooks on the <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">psychology of religion</a>, though his ideas have been criticized.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> Jung recommended spirituality as a cure for alcoholism, and is considered to have had an indirect role in establishing <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Jung once treated an American patient (<a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hazard_III" title="Rowland Hazard III">Rowland Hazard III</a>), who had chronic alcoholism. After working with the patient for some time and achieving no significant progress, Jung told the man that his alcoholic condition was near to hopeless, save only the possibility of a spiritual experience. Jung noted that, occasionally, such experiences had been known to reform alcoholics when all other options had failed. Hazard took Jung's advice seriously and set about seeking a personal, spiritual experience. He returned to the United States and joined a Christian <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group" title="Oxford Group">Oxford Group</a>. He told other alcoholics what Jung had told him about the importance of a spiritual experience. One of the alcoholics he brought into the Oxford Group was <a href="/wiki/Ebby_Thacher" title="Ebby Thacher">Ebby Thacher</a>, a long-time friend and drinking buddy of <a href="/wiki/William_Griffith_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Griffith Wilson">Bill Wilson</a>, later co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous. Thacher told Wilson about the Oxford Group, and, through them, Wilson became aware of Hazard's experience with Jung. The influence of Jung thus indirectly found its way into the formation of Alcoholics Anonymous, the original <a href="/wiki/Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">twelve-step program</a>. The above claims are documented in the letters of Jung and Bill Wilson.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Though the detail is disputed by some historians, Jung discussed an Oxford Group member, who may have been the same person, in talks given around 1940. The remarks were distributed privately in transcript form, from shorthand taken by an attender (Jung reportedly approved the transcript), and later recorded in his Collected Works, "For instance, when a member of the Oxford Group comes to me in order to get treatment, I say, 'You are in the Oxford Group; so long as you are there, you settle your affair with the Oxford Group. I can't do it better than Jesus.'"<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Jung goes on to state he has seen similar cures among <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>. The 12 step program of Alcoholics Anonymous has a psychological backdrop, involving the human ego and dichotomy between the conscious and unconscious mind.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inquiries_into_the_paranormal">Inquiries into the paranormal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Inquiries into the paranormal">edit</a>]</div> Jung had an apparent interest in the paranormal and occult. For decades he attended <a href="/wiki/Seance" class="mw-redirect" title="Seance">seances</a> and claimed to have witnessed "parapsychic phenomena". Initially, he attributed these to psychological causes, even delivering a 1919 lecture in England for the Society for Psychical Research on "The Psychological Foundations for the belief in spirits".<a href="#cite_note-Jung1997-151">[148]</a> However, he began to "doubt whether an exclusively psychological approach can do justice to the phenomena in question"<a href="#cite_note-Jung1997-151">[148]</a> and stated that "the spirit hypothesis yields better results".<a href="#cite_note-Carl_Gustav_Jung_1997_7-152">[149]</a> But he retained some skepticism toward his own postulation, as he could not find material evidence of the existence of spirits.<a href="#cite_note-Carl_Gustav_Jung_1997_7-152">[149]</a> Jung's ideas about the paranormal culminated in "<a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">synchronicity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> This is the idea that certain coincidences manifest in the world, have exceptionally intense meaning to observers. Such coincidences have great effect on the observer from multiple cumulative aspects: from the immediate personal relevance of the coincidence to the observer; from the peculiarities of (the nature of, the character, novelty, curiosity of) any such coincidence; from the sheer improbability of the coincidence, having no apparent causal link (hence Jung's essay subtitle "An Acausal Connecting Principle"). Despite his own experiments failing to confirm the phenomenon<a href="#cite_note-ShermerLinse2002-154">[151]</a> he held on to the idea as an explanation for apparent <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">ESP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jung2013-155">[152]</a> In addition, he proposed it as a functional explanation for how the <a href="/wiki/I-Ching" class="mw-redirect" title="I-Ching">I-Ching</a> worked, although he was never clear about how synchronicity worked.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics">Interpretation of quantum mechanics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Interpretation of quantum mechanics">edit</a>]</div> Jung influenced one philosophical interpretation (not the science) of quantum physics with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">synchronicity</a> regarding some events as <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">non-causal</a>. That idea influenced the physicist <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> (with whom, via a letter correspondence, Jung developed the notion of <a href="/wiki/Unus_mundus" title="Unus mundus">unus mundus</a> in connection with the notion of nonlocality) and some other <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">physicists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alchemy">Alchemy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Alchemy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg/220px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg/330px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg/440px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The mythic alchemical philosopher's stone as pictured in <a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta Fugiens</a> Emblem 21</figcaption></figure> Jung's acquaintance with alchemy came between 1928 and 1930, when he was introduced to a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Golden_Flower" title="The Secret of the Golden Flower">The Secret of the Golden Flower</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilhelm_(sinologist)" title="Richard Wilhelm (sinologist)">Richard Wilhelm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> The work and writings of Jung from the 1930s onwards shifted to a focus on the <a href="/wiki/Alchemy#Psychology" title="Alchemy">psychological significance of alchemy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> In 1944 Jung published <a href="/wiki/Psychology_and_Alchemy" title="Psychology and Alchemy">Psychology and Alchemy</a>, in which he analyzed the alchemical symbols and came to the conclusion that there is a direct relationship between them and the psychoanalytical process.<a href="#cite_note-160">[d]</a> He argued that the alchemical process was the transformation of the impure soul (lead) to perfected soul (gold), and a metaphor for the individuation process.<a href="#cite_note-jungbio1-35">[33]</a> In 1963 <a href="/wiki/Mysterium_Coniunctionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysterium Coniunctionis">Mysterium Coniunctionis</a> first appeared in English as part of <a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_C._G._Jung" title="The Collected Works of C. G. Jung">The Collected Works of C. G. Jung</a>. Mysterium Coniunctionis was Jung's last major book and focused on the "Mysterium Coniunctionis" archetype, known as the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred marriage">sacred marriage</a> between sun and moon. Jung argued that the stages of the alchemists, the blackening, the whitening, the reddening, and the yellowing, could be taken as symbolic of individuation—his chosen term for personal growth (75).<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_therapy">Art therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Art therapy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></div> Jung proposed that art can be used to alleviate or contain feelings of trauma, fear, or anxiety and also to repair, restore and heal.<a href="#cite_note-art-therapy-28">[26]</a> In his work with patients and his own personal explorations, Jung wrote that art expression and images found in dreams could help recover from trauma and emotional distress. At times of emotional distress, he often drew, painted, or made objects and constructions which he recognized as more than recreational.<a href="#cite_note-art-therapy-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance/movement_therapy">Dance/movement therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dance/movement therapy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Dance/movement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance/movement therapy">Dance/movement therapy</a> as active imagination was created by Jung and <a href="/wiki/Toni_Wolff" title="Toni Wolff">Toni Wolff</a> in 1916<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> and practiced by <a href="/wiki/Tina_Keller-Jenny" title="Tina Keller-Jenny">Tina Keller-Jenny</a> and other analysts, but remained largely unknown until the 1950s when it was rediscovered by <a href="/wiki/Marian_Chace" title="Marian Chace">Marian Chace</a> and therapist Mary Whitehouse. Whitehouse, after studying with <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a>, became a dancer and teacher of modern dance,<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> as well as Swiss dancer <a href="/wiki/Trudi_Schoop" title="Trudi Schoop">Trudy Schoop</a> in 1963, who is considered one of the founders of dance/movement therapy in the US. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views">Political views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Political views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_state">The state</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: The state">edit</a>]</div> Jung stressed the importance of <a href="/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural and legal rights">individual rights</a> in a person's relation to the state and society. He saw that the state was treated as "a quasi-animate personality from whom everything is expected" but that this personality was "only camouflage for those individuals who know how to manipulate it",<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> and referred to the state as a form of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jung_2006_23–24-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> He also thought that the state "swallowed up [people's] religious forces",<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> and therefore that the state had "taken the place of God"—making it comparable to a religion in which "state slavery is a form of worship".<a href="#cite_note-Jung_2006_23–24-167">[163]</a> Jung observed that "stage acts of [the] state" are comparable to religious displays: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Brass bands, flags, banners, parades and monster demonstrations are no different in principle from ecclesiastical processions, cannonades and fire to scare off demons.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a></blockquote> From Jung's perspective, this replacement of God with the state in a mass society leads to the dislocation of the religious drive and results in the same <a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">fanaticism</a> of the church-states of the Dark Ages—wherein the more the state is 'worshipped', the more freedom and morality are suppressed;<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> this ultimately leaves the individual psychically undeveloped with extreme feelings of marginalization.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Service_to_the_Allies_during_World_War_II">Service to the Allies during World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Service to the Allies during World War II">edit</a>]</div> Jung was in contact with <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>) and provided valuable intelligence on the psychological condition of <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>. Dulles referred to Jung as "Agent 488" and offered the following description of his service: "Nobody will probably ever know how much Professor Jung contributed to the Allied Cause during the war, by seeing people who were connected somehow with the other side". Jung's service to the Allied cause through the OSS remained classified after the war.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_Nazism_and_antisemitism">Relationship to Nazism and antisemitism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Relationship to Nazism and antisemitism">edit</a>]</div> In "The State of Psychotherapy Today",<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> published in 1934 in the Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie, Jung wrote: "The <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> unconscious has a greater potential than the Jewish unconscious" and "The Jew, who is something of a nomad, has never yet created a cultural form of his own and as far as we can see never will".<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Samuels" title="Andrew Samuels">Andrew Samuels</a> argues that his remarks on the "Aryan unconscious" and the "corrosive character" of Freud's "Jewish gospel"<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> demonstrate an antisemitism "fundamental to the structure of Jung's thought" but also argues that there is a "pioneering nature of Jung's contributions" and that "his intuition of the importance of exploring difference remains intact."<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> In 1933, after the Nazis gained power in Germany, Jung became the president of the new <a href="/wiki/International_General_Medical_Society_for_Psychotherapy" title="International General Medical Society for Psychotherapy">International General Medical Society for Psychotherapy</a> (Allgemeine Ärztliche Gesellschaft für Psychotherapie), a professional body which aimed to have affiliated organizations in different countries.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> The German affiliated organization, the Deutsche Allgemeine Ärztliche Gesellschaft für Psychotherapie, led by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_G%C3%B6ring" title="Matthias Göring">Matthias Göring</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Adlerian</a> psychotherapist<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> and a cousin of the prominent Nazi <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, excluded Jews. In 1933, the society's Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie journal published a statement endorsing Nazi positions<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> and Hitler's book <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> In 1934, Jung wrote in a Swiss publication, the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a>, that he experienced "great surprise and disappointment"<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> when the Zentralblatt associated his name with the pro-Nazi statement. He did not end his relationship with the Zentralblatt at this time, but he did arrange the appointment of a new managing editor, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Alfred_Meier" title="Carl Alfred Meier">Carl Alfred Meier</a> of Switzerland. For the next few years, the Zentralblatt under Jung and Meier maintained a position distinct from that of the Nazis, in that it continued to acknowledge contributions of Jewish doctors to psychotherapy.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffe_p83-183">[179]</a> In the face of energetic German attempts to Nazify the international body, Jung resigned from its presidency in 1939,<a href="#cite_note-Jaffe_p83-183">[179]</a> the year the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> started. The International Society's constitution permitted individual doctors to join it directly, rather than through one of the national affiliated societies, a provision to which Jung drew attention in a circular in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> This implied that German Jewish doctors could maintain their professional status as individual members of the international body, even though they were excluded from the German affiliate, as well as from other German medical societies operating under the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> Jung went on to say "the main point is to get a young and insecure science into a place of safety during an earthquake".<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi" title="Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi">Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi</a> believed that Jung's antisemitism may have contributed to the schism from Freud and his circle of psychoanalysts, who were predominantly Jews.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> Jung's interest in <a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">European mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">folk psychology</a> was shared by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman1979-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-75">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Noll" title="Richard Noll">Richard Noll</a> describes Jung's own reaction to this connection: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Jung clearly identifies himself with the spirit of German <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Volkstumsbewegung</a> throughout this period and well into the 1920s and 1930s, until the horrors of Nazism finally compelled him to reframe these <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">neopagan</a> metaphors in a negative light in his 1936 essay on <a href="/wiki/Wotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wotan">Wotan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a></blockquote> Various statements made by Jung in the 1930s have been cited as evidence of both contempt for Nazism and sympathy for Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-Clark,_R.W_1980_pp._492-191">[187]</a> In the 1936 essay "Wotan", Jung described the influence of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> on Germany as "one man who is obviously 'possessed' has infected a whole nation to such an extent that everything is set in motion and has started rolling on its course towards perdition."<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> He would later say, during a lengthy interview with <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Renfro_Knickerbocker" title="Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker">H. R. Knickerbocker</a> in October 1938:<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Hitler seemed like the 'double' of a real person, as if Hitler the man might be hiding inside like an appendix, and deliberately so concealed in order not to disturb the mechanism ... You know you could never talk to this man; because there is nobody there ... It is not an individual; it is an entire nation.</blockquote> In an interview in 1949 Carl Jung said, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It must be clear to anyone who has read any of my books that I have never been a Nazi sympathizer and I never have been anti-Semitic, and no amount of misquotation, mistranslation, or rearrangement of what I have written can alter the record of my true point of view. Nearly every one of these passages has been tampered with, either by malice or by ignorance. Furthermore, my friendly relations with a large group of Jewish colleagues and patients over a period of many years in itself disproves the charge of anti-Semitism.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a></blockquote>Jung is also known to have possessed an interest in the Jewish mystic tradition of Kabbalah.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Views on homosexuality">edit</a>]</div> Jung addressed homosexuality in his published writings, in one comment specifying that homosexuality should not be a concern of legal authorities nor be considered a crime. He also stated that homosexuality does not reduce the value of a person as a member of society. Jung also said that homosexuality is a result of psychological immaturity, but only if one's sexuality is not an aspect of their constitutional characteristics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychedelics">Psychedelics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Psychedelics">edit</a>]</div> Jung's theories are considered to be a useful therapeutic framework for the analysis of unconscious phenomena that become manifest in the acute psychedelic state.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-carhart-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-entropic-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> This view is based on correspondence Jung had with researchers involved in psychedelic research in the 1950s, as well as more recent neuroimaging research where subjects who are administered psychedelic compounds seem to have archetypal religious experiences of "unity" and "ego dissolution" associated with reduced activity in the default mode network.<a href="#cite_note-carhart-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-entropic-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-204">[200]</a> This research has led to a re-evaluation of Jung's work, and particularly the visions detailed in <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Book_(Jung)" title="The Red Book (Jung)">The Red Book</a>, in the context of contemporary psychedelic, evolutionary and developmental <a href="/wiki/Jungian_neuroscience" title="Jungian neuroscience">neuroscience</a>. For example, in a chapter entitled "Integrating the Archaic and the Modern: The Red Book, Visual Cognitive Modalities and the Neuroscience of Altered States of Consciousness", in the 2020 volume Jung's Red Book for Our Time: Searching for Soul Under Postmodern Conditions, Volume 4, it is argued Jung was a pioneer who explored uncharted "cognitive domains" that are alien to Western modes of thought. While such domains of experience are not part of mainstream Western culture and thought, they are central to various Indigenous cultures who use psychedelics such as <a href="/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga" title="Tabernanthe iboga">Iboga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a> during rituals to alter consciousness. As the author writes: "Jung seems to have been dealing with modes of consciousness alien to mainstream Western thought, exploring the terrain of uncharted cognitive domains. I argue that science is beginning to catch up with Jung who was a pioneer whose insights contribute a great deal to our emerging understanding of human consciousness."<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> In this analysis Jung's paintings of his visions in <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Book_(Jung)" title="The Red Book (Jung)">The Red Book</a> were compared to the paintings of Ayahuasca visions by the Peruvian shaman <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Amaringo" title="Pablo Amaringo">Pablo Amaringo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> Commenting on research that was being undertaken during the 1950s, Jung wrote the following in a letter to Betty Eisner, a psychologist who was involved in LSD research at the University of California: "Experiments along the line of mescaline and related drugs are certainly most interesting since such drugs lay bare a level of the unconscious that is otherwise accessible only under peculiar psychic conditions. It is a fact that you get certain perceptions and experiences of things appearing either in mystical states or in the analysis of unconscious phenomena."<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> An account of Jung and psychedelics, as well as the importance of Jungian psychology to psychedelic-assisted therapies, is outlined in Scott Hill's 2013 book Confrontation with the Unconscious: Jungian Depth Psychology and Psychedelic Experience.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> A 2021 article discusses Jung's attitude towards psychedelics, as well as the applicability of his ideas to current research.<a href="#cite_note-auto-204">[200]</a> As the author writes Jung's "...legitimate reservations about the clinical use of psychedelics are no longer relevant as the field has progressed significantly, devising robust clinical and experimental protocols for psychedelic assisted therapies. That said Jung's concept of individuation—that is the integration of the archaic unconscious with consciousness—seems extremely pertinent to modern psychedelic research."<a href="#cite_note-auto-204">[200]</a> The author also uses work in evolutionary and psychedelic neuroscience, and specifically the latter's ability to make manifest ancient subcortical brain systems, to illuminate Jung's concept of an archaic collective unconscious that evolved prior to the ego complex and the uniquely human default mode network.<a href="#cite_note-auto-204">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a> (MBTI), a <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">psychometric instrument</a> mostly popular with non-psychologists, as well as the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Socionics" title="Socionics">socionics</a>, were developed from Jung's model of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological types">psychological types</a>. The MBTI is considered <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> and is not widely accepted by researchers in the field of psychology.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Jung is considered a "godparent" of the altruistic, mutual self-help movement, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sikorsky_Jr._1990-211">[207]</a> Jung told Rhode Island businessman and politician <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hazard_III" title="Rowland Hazard III">Rowland Hazard</a> III, who had come under his care for the first time in 1926, that the only chance he might have to recover was through a "spiritual or religious experience" or "genuine conversion," which Hazard later had, through the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group" title="Oxford Group">Oxford Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Movement" title="Emmanuel Movement">Emmanuel Movement</a>, and, according to some sources, never drank again.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> Hazard, in turn, helped <a href="/wiki/Ebby_Thacher" title="Ebby Thacher">Ebby Thatcher</a>, another alcoholic, get sober, with help from the Oxford Group. Thatcher brought Jung's ideas to a third alcoholic, <a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a>, who consequently cofounded Alcoholics Anonymous with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(doctor)" title="Bob Smith (doctor)">Dr. Bob</a>. Years later, Bill W. corresponded with Jung, in 1961, thanking him for helping to inspire the organization. Of Hazard, the alcoholic who came under his care, Jung wrote: "His craving for alcohol was the equivalent, on a low level, of the spiritual thirst of our being for wholeness, expressed in medieval language: the union with God."<a href="#cite_note-Sikorsky_Jr._1990-211">[207]</a> Jung concludes his letter to Bill W.: "You see, "alcohol" in Latin is spiritus, and you use the same word for the highest religious experience as well as for the most depraving poison. The helpful formula therefore is: spiritus contra spiritum."<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> Jung saw the human psyche as "by nature religious" and made this idea a principal focus of his explorations. Jung is one of the best known contemporary contributors to <a href="/wiki/Dream_interpretation" title="Dream interpretation">dream analysis</a> and symbolization. His influence on popular psychology, the "psychologization of religion", <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> movement has been immense. A <a href="/wiki/Review_of_General_Psychology" title="Review of General Psychology">Review of General Psychology</a> survey, published in 2002, ranked Jung as the 23rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century. The list however focused on U.S. journals and was made by the psychology department of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_State_University" title="Arkansas State University">Arkansas State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> Although psychoanalysis is still studied in the humanities, a 2008 study in The Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association found that psychology departments and textbooks treat it as "desiccated and dead".<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> Similarly, Alan Stone noted, "As academic psychology becomes more 'scientific' and psychiatry more biological, psychoanalysis is being brushed aside."<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> In a 2024 book length reappraisal of Jung’s theories entitled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781032624549/carl-jung-evolutionary-sciences-gary-clark?refId=3029bbda-1429-4657-b560-47b1291c1fa9&context=ubx">Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences: A New Vision for Analytical Psychology</a>, it has been suggested that Jung was far ahead of his time in his evolutionary conception of the human mind. This thesis asserts that recent work in developmental biology, as well as experimental and psychedelic neuroscience, have provided empirical evidence that supports some of Jung’s central claims about the nature and evolution of consciousness. More specifically, trance states or altered states of consciousness (what Jung often referred to as the numinous) have become a central concern in contemporary neuroscientific investigation of the nature and origins of consciousness. In this sense, as an evolutionary theorist of the mind, Jung was far ahead of his own time. It is only during the first decades of the 21st Century, as scientists began investigating altered, trance and psychedelic states, that Jung’s far seeing and wide ranging theories have found increasing support from the empirically based mind sciences. In this sense we can now appreciate how revolutionary and prescient Jung’s evolutionary conception of human psychology really was. <a href="#cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Houses and institutions</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._G._Jung_House_Museum" title="C. G. Jung House Museum">C. G. Jung House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollingen_Tower" title="Bollingen Tower">Bollingen Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_Club_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Psychology Club Zürich">Psychology Club Zürich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._G._Jung_Institute,_Z%C3%BCrich" title="C. G. Jung Institute, Zürich">C. G. Jung Institute, Zürich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Analytical_Psychology" title="Society of Analytical Psychology">Society of Analytical Psychology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Organizations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Analytical_Psychology" title="International Association for Analytical Psychology">International Association for Analytical Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Jungian_Studies" title="International Association for Jungian Studies">International Association for Jungian Studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books_in_which_Jung_is_a_character_in_the_narrative">Books in which Jung is a character in the narrative</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Books in which Jung is a character in the narrative">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_van_der_Post" title="Laurens van der Post">Laurens van der Post</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> author who claimed to have had a 16-year friendship with Jung, from which a number of books and a film were created about Jung.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> The accuracy of van der Post's claims about his relationship to Jung has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-jones2001-219">[215]</a></li> <li>In his novel The World is Made of Glass (1983), <a href="/wiki/Morris_West" title="Morris West">Morris West</a> gives a fictional account of one of Jung's cases, placing the events in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> According to the author's note, the novel is "based upon a case recorded, very briefly, by Carl Gustav Jung in his autobiographical work Memories, Dreams, Reflections".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_(Timothy_Findley_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim (Timothy Findley novel)">Pilgrim</a> - a supernatural novel in which Jung is a character.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessing_the_Secret_of_Joy" title="Possessing the Secret of Joy">Possessing the Secret of Joy</a>, a novel in which Jung is a therapist character—</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Murder" title="The Interpretation of Murder">The Interpretation of Murder</a> - a novel focused on Sigmund Freud in which he solves a murder in New York City.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiction_which_references_Jung's_theories">Fiction which references Jung's theories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Fiction which references Jung's theories">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, author of works such as <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_(novel)" title="Siddhartha (novel)">Siddhartha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_(novel)" title="Steppenwolf (novel)">Steppenwolf</a>, was treated by Joseph Lang, a student of Jung. For Hesse this began a long preoccupation with <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, through which he came to know Jung personally.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a></li> <li>The Canadian novelist <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Davies" title="Robertson Davies">Robertson Davies</a> made Jungian analysis a central part of his 1970 novel The Manticore. He stated in a letter, "There have been other books which describe Freudian analyses, but I know of no other that describes a Jungian analysis" adding "I was deeply afraid that I would put my foot in it, for I have never undergone one of those barnacle-scraping experiences, and knew of it only through reading. So, I was greatly pleased when some of my Jungian friends in Zurich liked it very much."<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a></li> <li>The psychological novel <a href="/wiki/E.E._(novel)" title="E.E. (novel)">E.E.</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a> draws from Jung's doctoral dissertation On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-:02-223">[219]</a> Jung is not a character in this story, but Jung's views on the occult are extensively cited.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarlJungStatueLiverpool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CarlJungStatueLiverpool.jpg/220px-CarlJungStatueLiverpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CarlJungStatueLiverpool.jpg/330px-CarlJungStatueLiverpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CarlJungStatueLiverpool.jpg/440px-CarlJungStatueLiverpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Original statue of Jung in <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Street" title="Mathew Street">Mathew Street</a>, Liverpool, a half-body on a plinth captioned "Liverpool is the pool of life"</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">visionary</a> Swiss painter <a href="/wiki/Peter_Birkh%C3%A4user" title="Peter Birkhäuser">Peter Birkhäuser</a> was treated by a student of Jung, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_von_Franz" title="Marie-Louise von Franz">Marie-Louise von Franz</a>, and corresponded with Jung about the translation of dream symbolism into works of art.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a></li> <li>American <a href="/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract Expressionism">Abstract Expressionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Pollock" title="Jackson Pollock">Jackson Pollock</a> underwent Jungian psychotherapy in 1939 with Joseph Henderson. Henderson engaged Pollock through his art, having him make drawings, which led to the appearance of many Jungian concepts in his paintings.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a></li> <li>Contrary to some sources,<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> Jung did not visit <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> but recorded a dream in which he did, and of which he wrote, "Liverpool is the pool of life, it makes to live." A plaster statue of Jung was erected in <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Street" title="Mathew Street">Mathew Street</a> in 1987 that was vandalised and replaced by a more durable version in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Liverpool-228">[224]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Musician <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> described himself as Jungian in his relationship to dreams and the unconscious.<a href="#cite_note-:1-229">[225]</a> Bowie sang of Jung on his album <a href="/wiki/Aladdin_Sane" title="Aladdin Sane">Aladdin Sane</a> (a pun on "a lad insane") and attended the exhibition of The Red Book in New York with artist <a href="/wiki/Tony_Oursler" title="Tony Oursler">Tony Oursler</a>, who described Bowie as "reading and speaking of the psychoanalyst with passion".<a href="#cite_note-:1-229">[225]</a> Bowie's 1967 song "<a href="/wiki/Shadow_Man_(song)" title="Shadow Man (song)">Shadow Man</a>" encapsulates a key Jungian concept, while in 1987 Bowie described the Glass Spiders of <a href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Down" title="Never Let Me Down">Never Let Me Down</a> as Jungian mother figures around which he not only anchored <a href="/wiki/Glass_Spider_Tour" title="Glass Spider Tour">a worldwide tour</a> but also created an enormous onstage effigy.<a href="#cite_note-:1-229">[225]</a></li> <li>British rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">The Police</a> released an album titled <a href="/wiki/Synchronicity_(The_Police_album)" title="Synchronicity (The Police album)">Synchronicity</a> in 1983.</li> <li>The American rock band <a href="/wiki/Tool_(band)" title="Tool (band)">Tool</a> was influenced by Jungian concepts in its album <a href="/wiki/%C3%86nima" title="Ænima">Ænima</a>, the title a play on the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Anima_and_animus" title="Anima and animus">anima and animus</a>. In the song "<a href="/wiki/Forty_Six_%26_2" title="Forty Six & 2">Forty Six & 2</a>", the singer seeks to become a more evolved self by exploring and overcoming his <a href="/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" title="Shadow (psychology)">Shadow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a></li> <li>Argentinian musician <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Spinetta" title="Luis Alberto Spinetta">Luis Alberto Spinetta</a> was influenced by Jung's texts in his 1975 conceptual album Durazno sangrando, specifically the songs "Encadenado al ánima" and "En una lejana playa del ánimus", which deal with anima and animus.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a></li> <li>Jung appeared on the front cover of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a></li> <li>The South Korean band <a href="/wiki/BTS" title="BTS">BTS</a>'s 2019 album <a href="/wiki/Map_of_the_Soul:_Persona" title="Map of the Soul: Persona">Map of the Soul: Persona</a> is based on Jung's Map of the Soul, which gives the basic principles of Jung's analytical psychology.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> It includes an intro song titled <a href="/wiki/Intro:_Persona" title="Intro: Persona">Persona</a> rapped by group leader <a href="/wiki/RM_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="RM (rapper)">RM</a>, who asks, "<a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">who am I?</a>", and is confronted with various versions of himself with the words "<a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">Persona</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" title="Shadow (psychology)">Shadow</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Ego</a>", referring to Jung's theories.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> On 21 February 2020, the band released <a href="/wiki/Map_of_the_Soul:_7" title="Map of the Soul: 7">Map of the Soul: 7</a>, which specifically focuses on Jung's "Shadow" and "Ego" theories. As part of the first phase of the band's comeback, Interlude: Shadow, rapped by <a href="/wiki/Suga_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suga (rapper)">Suga</a> and released on 10 January,<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> addresses the shadows and the darkness that go hand-in-hand with the light and attention shone on celebrities.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> The next comeback trailer, "Outro: Ego", performed by <a href="/wiki/J-Hope" title="J-Hope">J-Hope</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> ends with his declaration of self and ego as he appears within a colourful city "in which the artist's current image is projected".<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a></li> <li>Jung appeared on the cover art of the 2008 single <a href="/wiki/Metanoia_(song)" title="Metanoia (song)">Metanoia</a> by American psychedelic rock band <a href="/wiki/MGMT" title="MGMT">MGMT</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre,_film,_television_and_radio">Theatre, film, television and radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Theatre, film, television and radio">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films_in_which_Jung_is_a_character_in_the_narrative">Films in which Jung is a character in the narrative</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Films in which Jung is a character in the narrative">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2002 saw the release of an Italian film about Jung and Spielrein <a href="/wiki/The_Soul_Keeper" title="The Soul Keeper">The Soul Keeper</a> (Prendimi l'Anima) directed by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Faenza" title="Roberto Faenza">Roberto Faenza</a>. It used English dialogue and English actors, but was never formally released in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Fox" title="Emilia Fox">Emilia Fox</a> played Sabina Spielrein and <a href="/wiki/Iain_Glen" title="Iain Glen">Iain Glen</a> was Carl Gustav Jung.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Method" title="A Dangerous Method">A Dangerous Method</a>, a 2011 film directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Cronenberg" title="David Cronenberg">David Cronenberg</a>, is a fictional dramatisation of the lives of Freud, Jung, and <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Sabina Spielrein</a> between 1904 and 1913. Spielrein is the Russian woman who became Jung's lover and student and, later, an analyst herself.<a href="#cite_note-Cronenberg_2012_p.-239">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fassbender" title="Michael Fassbender">Michael Fassbender</a> plays Carl Jung. The film is based on the stage play The Talking Cure by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hampton" title="Christopher Hampton">Christopher Hampton</a> which was in turn based on the 1993 non-fiction book by <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(author)" title="John Kerr (author)">John Kerr</a>, A Most Dangerous Method: The Story of Jung, Freud, and Sabina Spielrein.</li> <li>In the online animated series, <a href="/wiki/Super_Science_Friends" title="Super Science Friends">Super Science Friends</a>, Jung, voiced by Tom Park, is featured as one of the recurrent antagonists against Sigmund Freud.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_(2020_film)" title="Soul (2020 film)">Soul</a>, a 2020 <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> film written by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Docter" title="Pete Docter">Pete Docter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Jones_(screenwriter)" title="Mike Jones (screenwriter)">Mike Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kemp_Powers" title="Kemp Powers">Kemp Powers</a>, includes brief appearances of Jung as an ethereal cartoon character, "Soul Carl Jung".<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Documentaries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> interviewed Jung for <a href="/wiki/Face_to_Face_(British_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Face to Face (British TV series)">Face to Face</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Freeman_(British_politician)" title="John Freeman (British politician)">John Freeman</a> at Jung's home in Zurich in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-144">[141]</a></li> <li>Stephen Segaller produced a documentary on Jung as part of his "World of Dreams", Wisdom of the Dream in 1985. It was re-issued in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> It was followed by a book of the same title.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a></li> <li>Matter of Heart (1986) is a documentary about Jung featuring interviews with those who knew him and archival footage.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a></li> <li>On 2 December 2004, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>'s <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> broadcast a program on "the mind and theories" of Jung.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film,_stage,_and_television_influenced_by_Jung's_ideas">Film, stage, and television influenced by Jung's ideas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Film, stage, and television influenced by Jung's ideas">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> brought to the screen exuberant imagery shaped by his encounter with Jung's ideas, especially Jungian <a href="/wiki/Dream_interpretation" title="Dream interpretation">dream interpretation</a>. Fellini preferred Jung to Freud because Jungian analysis defined the dream not as a symptom of a disease that required a cure but rather as a link to archetypal images shared by all of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s 1987 film <a href="/wiki/Full_Metal_Jacket" title="Full Metal Jacket">Full Metal Jacket</a> has an underlying theme about the duality of man. In one scene, a colonel asks a soldier, "You write 'Born to Kill' on your helmet and you wear a peace button. What's that supposed to be, some kind of sick joke?" The soldier replies, "I think I was trying to suggest something about the duality of man, sir...the Jungian thing, sir."<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a></li> <li>In the 1994 Frasier episode, "Frasier Crane's Day Off", Niles fills in for his brother, declaring: "Although I feel perfectly qualified to fill Frasier's radio shoes, I should warn you that while Frasier is a Freudian, I am a Jungian. So there'll be no blaming Mother today."</li> <li>More recently, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eggers" title="Robert Eggers">Robert Eggers</a> psychological thriller, <a href="/wiki/The_Lighthouse_(2019_film)" title="The Lighthouse (2019 film)">The Lighthouse</a> has elements strongly influenced by Jung's work with Eggers hoping that "it's a movie where both Jung and Freud would be furiously eating their popcorn".<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Video games">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Persona_(series)" title="Persona (series)">Persona</a> series of games is heavily based on Jung's theories, representing the <a href="/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" title="Shadow (psychology)">shadow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persona_(psychology)" title="Persona (psychology)">persona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">archetype</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nights_into_Dreams" title="Nights into Dreams">Nights into Dreams</a> series of games is heavily based on Jung's theories.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a></li> <li>Jungian concepts are present in the <a href="/wiki/Xeno_(series)" title="Xeno (series)">Xeno</a> series, including <a href="/wiki/Xenogears" title="Xenogears">Xenogears</a>; its reimagination as the <a href="/wiki/Xenosaga" title="Xenosaga">Xenosaga</a> trilogy; and a graphic novel, <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect Works">Perfect Works</a>, published by the game's creator.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The game <a href="/wiki/Control_(video_game)" title="Control (video game)">Control</a> is heavily influenced by Carl Jung's ideas, particularly <a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">synchronicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" title="Shadow (psychology)">shadow selves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Wake" title="Alan Wake">Alan Wake</a> takes inspiration from Carl Jung's ideas of <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">individuation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung_publications" title="Carl Jung publications">Carl Jung publications</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1910 <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cber_Konflikte_der_kindlichen_Seele" title="Über Konflikte der kindlichen Seele">About the conflicts of a child's soul</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[e]</a></li> <li>1912 <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a></li> <li>1916 <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sermons_to_the_Dead" title="Seven Sermons to the Dead">Seven Sermons to the Dead</a> (a part of the <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Book_(Jung)" title="The Red Book (Jung)">Red Book</a>, published privately)</li> <li>1921 <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">Psychological Types</a></li> <li>1933 <a href="/wiki/Modern_Man_in_Search_of_a_Soul" title="Modern Man in Search of a Soul">Modern Man in Search of a Soul</a> (essays)</li> <li>1944 <a href="/wiki/Psychology_and_Alchemy" title="Psychology and Alchemy">Psychology and Alchemy</a></li> <li>1951 <a href="/wiki/Aion:_Researches_into_the_Phenomenology_of_the_Self" class="mw-redirect" title="Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self">Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self</a></li> <li>1952 <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Transformation">Symbols of Transformation</a> (revised edition of Psychology of the Unconscious)</li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Answer_to_Job" title="Answer to Job">Answer to Job</a></li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Mysterium_Coniunctionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysterium Coniunctionis">Mysterium Coniunctionis</a>: An Inquiry into the Separation and Synthesis of Psychic Opposites in Alchemy</li> <li>1959 <a href="//archive.org/details/flyingsaucersmod0000cgju" class="extiw" title="iarchive:flyingsaucersmod0000cgju">Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies</a> (Translated by <a href="/wiki/R._F._C._Hull" title="R. F. C. Hull">R. F. C. Hull</a>)</li> <li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Synchronicity:_An_Acausal_Connecting_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle">Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle</a></li> <li>1962 <a href="/wiki/Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections" title="Memories, Dreams, Reflections">Memories, Dreams, Reflections</a> (autobiography, co-written with <a href="/wiki/Aniela_Jaff%C3%A9" title="Aniela Jaffé">Aniela Jaffé</a>)</li> <li>1964 <a href="/wiki/Man_and_His_Symbols" title="Man and His Symbols">Man and His Symbols</a> (Jung contributed one part, his last writing before his death in 1961; the other four parts are by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_von_Franz" title="Marie-Louise von Franz">Marie-Louise von Franz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Henderson" title="Joseph L. Henderson">Joseph L. Henderson</a>, Jaffé, and <a href="/wiki/Jolande_Jacobi" title="Jolande Jacobi">Jolande Jacobi</a>)</li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Book_(Jung)" title="The Red Book (Jung)">The Red Book: Liber Novus</a> (manuscript produced <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1915–1932)</li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Black_Books_(Jung)" title="Black Books (Jung)">Black Books</a> (private journals produced <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1913–1932, on which the Red Book is based)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_Works">Collected Works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Collected Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_C._G._Jung" title="The Collected Works of C. G. Jung">The Collected Works of C. G. Jung</a></div> Editors. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fordham" title="Michael Fordham">Michael Fordham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Adler" title="Gerhard Adler">Gerhard Adler</a>. Executive ed. W. McGuire. Trans <a href="/wiki/R.F.C._Hull" class="mw-redirect" title="R.F.C. Hull">R.F.C. Hull</a>. London: Routledge Kegan Paul (1953–1980). <dl><dd>1. Psychiatric Studies (1902–1906)</dd> <dd>2. Experimental Researches (1904–1910) (trans L. Stein and D. Riviere)</dd> <dd>3. Psychogenesis of Mental Disease (1907–1914; 1919–1958)</dd> <dd>4. Freud and Psychoanalysis (1906–1914; 1916–1930)</dd> <dd>5. Symbols of Transformation (1911–12; 1952)</dd> <dd>6. <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">Psychological Types</a> (1921)</dd> <dd>7. <a href="/wiki/Two_Essays_on_Analytical_Psychology" title="Two Essays on Analytical Psychology">Two Essays on Analytical Psychology</a> (1912–28)</dd> <dd>8. Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche (1916–1952)</dd> <dd>9.1 Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (1934–1955)</dd> <dd>9.2 Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self (1951)</dd> <dd>10. Civilization in Transition (1918–1959)</dd> <dd>11. Psychology and Religion: West and East (1932–1952)</dd> <dd>12. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_and_Alchemy" title="Psychology and Alchemy">Psychology and Alchemy</a> (1936–1944)</dd> <dd>13. <a href="/wiki/Alchemical_Studies" title="Alchemical Studies">Alchemical Studies</a> (1919–1945):</dd> <dd>14. Mysterium Coniunctionis (1955–56):</dd> <dd>15. Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature (1929–1941)</dd> <dd>16. The Practice of Psychotherapy (1921–1925)</dd> <dd>17. The Development of Personality (1910; 1925–1943)</dd> <dd>18. The Symbolic Life: Miscellaneous Writings</dd> <dd>19. General Bibliography</dd> <dd>20. General Index</dd></dl> Supplementary volumes <dl><dd>A. The Zofingia Lectures</dd> <dd>B. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a> (trans. Beatrice M. Hinckle)</dd></dl> Seminars <dl><dd>Analytical Psychology (1925)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dream_Analysis" title="Dream Analysis">Dream Analysis</a> (1928–30)<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a></dd> <dd>Visions (1930-34)</dd> <dd>The Kundalini Yoga (1932)</dd> <dd>Nietzsche's Zarathustra (1934-39)</dd> <dd>Children's Dreams (1936–1940)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Jung's identification as a "psychoanalyst" was temporary (Quote: "Between the years 1907 and 1912, when Jung was a psycho-analyst").<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Following Freud's exclusive definition of the term, Jung stopped referring to his practice as "psycho-analysis". He resigned as president of the International Psychoanalytical Association and later was characterized as an "analytical psychologist".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> As a university student Jung changed the modernized spelling of Karl to the original family form of Carl. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBair2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Bair" title="Deirdre Bair">Bair, Deirdre</a> (2003). Jung: A Biography. New York: Back Bay Books. pp. 7, 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-15938-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-15938-8"><bdi>978-0-316-15938-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7%2C+53&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-316-15938-8&rft.aulast=Bair&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Also see other <a href="/wiki/Motif_(disambiguation)#General_concepts" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Motif (disambiguation)">general concepts of 'motif'</a> covering visual arts, narrative, etcetera </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> 'For Jung, alchemy is not only part of the pre-history of chemistry, that is, not only laboratory work, but also an essential part of the history of psychology as the history of the discovery of the deep structure of the psyche and its unconscious. Jung emphasized the significance of the symbolic structure of alchemical texts, a structure that is understood as a way independent of laboratory research, as a structure per se.' <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalian2010" class="citation book cs1">Calian, George Florin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnThe/FlorinGeorgeCalian-AlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnTheHistoriographyOfAlchemy#page/n0/mode/2up">Alkimia Operativa and Alkimia Speculativa. Some Modern Controversies on the Historiography of Alchemy</a>. Budapest: Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU. pp. 167–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alkimia+Operativa+and+Alkimia+Speculativa.+Some+Modern+Controversies+on+the+Historiography+of+Alchemy&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=Annual+of+Medieval+Studies+at+CEU&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Calian&rft.aufirst=George+Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnThe%2FFlorinGeorgeCalian-AlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnTheHistoriographyOfAlchemy%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> This work is also cited by Jung himself as "Psychic Conflicts in a Child". See, for example, Symbols of Transformation pg. 23 and 249. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taylorfrancis.com_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylorfrancis.com_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylorfrancis.com_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2024" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Gary (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781032624549/carl-jung-evolutionary-sciences-gary-clark">Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781032624549">10.4324/9781032624549</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-62454-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-62454-9"><bdi>978-1-032-62454-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Jung+and+the+Evolutionary+Sciences&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781032624549&rft.isbn=978-1-032-62454-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781032624549%2Fcarl-jung-evolutionary-sciences-gary-clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1973" class="citation book cs1">Jung, C. G. (1 September 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eY4CQAAQBAJ&dq=%22jung+was+a+psychoanalyst%22&pg=PR89">"Editorial Note (Vol. IV)"</a>. Collected Works of C.G. Jung: The First Complete English Edition of the Works of C.G. Jung. Routledge. p. lxxxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53016-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53016-9"><bdi>978-1-317-53016-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editorial+Note+%28Vol.+IV%29&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+C.G.+Jung%3A+The+First+Complete+English+Edition+of+the+Works+of+C.G.+Jung&rft.pages=lxxxix&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1973-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-317-53016-9&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eY4CQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522jung%2Bwas%2Ba%2Bpsychoanalyst%2522%26pg%3DPR89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisold2002" class="citation journal cs1">Eisold, Kenneth (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/55101481">"Jung, Jungians, and psychoanalysis"</a>. Psychoanalytic Psychology. 19 (3): 502–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0736-9735.19.3.501">10.1037/0736-9735.19.3.501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1331">1939-1331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanalytic+Psychology&rft.atitle=Jung%2C+Jungians%2C+and+psychoanalysis.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=502-503&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0736-9735.19.3.501&rft.issn=1939-1331&rft.aulast=Eisold&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F55101481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsley2018" class="citation book cs1">Kingsley, Peter (2018). Catafalque. London: Catafalque Press. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781999638412" title="Special:BookSources/9781999638412"><bdi>9781999638412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catafalque&rft.place=London&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Catafalque+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781999638412&rft.aulast=Kingsley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarowskiDarowski2016" class="citation journal cs1">Darowski, Emily; Darowski, Joseph (1 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol52/iss2/2">"Carl Jung's Historic Place in Psychology and Continuing Influence in Narrative Studies and American Popular Culture"</a>. Swiss American Historical Society Review. 52 (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-4814">0883-4814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+American+Historical+Society+Review&rft.atitle=Carl+Jung%27s+Historic+Place+in+Psychology+and+Continuing+Influence+in+Narrative+Studies+and+American+Popular+Culture&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.issn=0883-4814&rft.aulast=Darowski&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Darowski%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fsahs_review%2Fvol52%2Fiss2%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebuzzdiary.com/carl-jung-one-of-the-most-influential-psychiatrists-of-all-time/">"Carl Jung - One of the Most Influential Psychiatrists of All Time"</a>. 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carl+Jung+-+One+of+the+Most+Influential+Psychiatrists+of+All+Time&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebuzzdiary.com%2Fcarl-jung-one-of-the-most-influential-psychiatrists-of-all-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2009" class="citation news cs1">Corbett, Sara (16 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/20/magazine/20jung-t.html">"The Holy Grail of the Unconscious"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Grail+of+the+Unconscious&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F20%2Fmagazine%2F20jung-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi" title="Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi">Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi</a> (1991). Freud's Moses. Yale University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05756-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05756-3"><bdi>0-300-05756-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%27s+Moses&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-300-05756-3&rft.au=Yosef+Hayim+Yerushalmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> Freud wrote, "[I]t was only by his appearance on the scene that psycho-analysis escaped the danger of becoming a Jewish national affair." </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi" title="Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi">Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi</a> (1991). Freud's Moses. Yale University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05756-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05756-3"><bdi>0-300-05756-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%27s+Moses&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-300-05756-3&rft.au=Yosef+Hayim+Yerushalmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcoholics_Anonymous1984" class="citation book cs1">Alcoholics Anonymous (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/passitonstory00alco">"Pass it on" : the story of Bill Wilson and how the A.A. message reached the world</a>. Internet Archive. New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916856-12-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916856-12-0"><bdi>978-0-916856-12-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Pass+it+on%22+%3A+the+story+of+Bill+Wilson+and+how+the+A.A.+message+reached+the+world&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Alcoholics+Anonymous+World+Services&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-916856-12-0&rft.au=Alcoholics+Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpassitonstory00alco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Life of Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961)", Carl Gustav Jung, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 1–38, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781446218921.n1">10.4135/9781446218921.n1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6238-0"><bdi>978-0-7619-6238-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carl+Gustav+Jung&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Carl+Gustav+Jung+%281875%E2%80%931961%29&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781446218921.n1&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6238-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth_whoami-16"><a href="#cite_ref-birth_whoami_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellinski2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schellinski, Kristina (2014). "Who am I?". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 59 (2): 189–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-5922.12069">10.1111/1468-5922.12069</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8774">0021-8774</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24673274">24673274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Analytical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Who+am+I%3F&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-210&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0021-8774&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24673274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-5922.12069&rft.aulast=Schellinski&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wehr-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wehr_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wehr_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wehr_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr1987" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Gerhard (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/9">Jung: a Biography</a>. Moshupa, Dorset: Shambhala. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-455-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-455-0"><bdi>978-0-87773-455-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung%3A+a+Biography&rft.place=Moshupa%2C+Dorset&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87773-455-0&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjungbiography0000wehr%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrome1978" class="citation book cs1">Brome, Vincent (1978). Jung. New York: Atheneum. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Brome&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Bair, pp. 8–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Memories, Dreams, Reflections. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories%2C+Dreams%2C+Reflections&rft.pages=18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunne, Claire (2002). Carl Jung: Wounded Healer of the Soul: An Illustrated Biography. Continuum. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Jung%3A+Wounded+Healer+of+the+Soul%3A+An+Illustrated+Biography&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Memories, Dreams, Reflections, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019233-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019233_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoerniFischerKaufmann2019">Hoerni, Fischer & Kaufmann 2019</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Bair, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepp" class="citation web cs1">Stepp, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/biography-carl-jung/50365.aspx">"Carl Jung: Forever Jung"</a>. Vision Journal. Retrieved 19 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vision+Journal&rft.atitle=Carl+Jung%3A+Forever+Jung&rft.aulast=Stepp&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vision.org%2Fvisionmedia%2Fbiography-carl-jung%2F50365.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Memories, Dreams, Reflections. pp. 33–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories%2C+Dreams%2C+Reflections&rft.pages=33-34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Wehr records that Paul's chosen career path was to achieve a doctorate in philology. He was an Arabist, but the family money ran out for his studies. Relief came from a family legacy, however, a condition of the will was that it should only be offered to a family member who intended to study theology and become a pastor. Paul Jung, therefore, had his career determined by a will, not his will. See p.20. </li> <li id="cite_note-art-therapy-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art-therapy_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-art-therapy_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-art-therapy_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalchiodi2006" class="citation book cs1">Malchiodi, Cathy A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vno0XgRuRhcC&pg=PA134">The Art Therapy Sourcebook</a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146827-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146827-5"><bdi>978-0-07-146827-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+Therapy+Sourcebook&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-146827-5&rft.aulast=Malchiodi&rft.aufirst=Cathy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVno0XgRuRhcC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Memories, Dreams, Reflections. pp. 22–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories%2C+Dreams%2C+Reflections&rft.pages=22-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Wehr, G. p. 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Jung">"Carl Jung | Biography, Theory, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carl+Jung+%7C+Biography%2C+Theory%2C+%26+Facts&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCarl-Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Memories, Dreams, Reflections. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories%2C+Dreams%2C+Reflections&rft.pages=30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Memories, Dreams, Reflections. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories%2C+Dreams%2C+Reflections&rft.pages=32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Jung">"Carl Jung | Biography, Theory, & Facts"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=soultherapynow.com&rft.atitle=Carl+Jung+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoultherapynow.com%2Farticles%2Fcarl-jung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Wehr, G. p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr1987" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Gerhard (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/14">Jung: A Biography</a>. Boston/Shaftesbury, Dorset: Shambhala. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-455-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-455-0"><bdi>978-0-87773-455-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Boston%2FShaftesbury%2C+Dorset&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87773-455-0&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjungbiography0000wehr%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781032624549-3/fossils-anthropology-hominin-brain-phylogeny-gary-clark?context=ubx&refId=d9df2e63-7963-4b7f-a154-5382d0b1e05f">Clark. G. 2024. "Fossils, Anthropology and Hominin Brain Phylogeny". Chapter 2, pp. 38-40. 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I. Beitrag. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Assoziationen Gesunder (pp.55–83). 1904, Journ. Psych. Neurol., 3/1-2. – Hrsg. v. August Forel & Oskar Vogt. Red. v. Karl Brodmann. – Leipzig, Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1904, gr.-8°, pp.55–96. (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostic-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostic_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostic_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire,_William1979" class="citation book cs1">McGuire, William, ed. (1979). The Freud/Jung Letters. 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N.p., DIANE Publishing Company, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoelsch1984" class="citation journal cs1">Koelsch, William (1 January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.clarku.edu/clarkuhistory/2">"Incredible day-dream : Freud and Jung at Clark, 1909"</a>. 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Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01967-4"><bdi>978-0-393-01967-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+Jung&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01967-4&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofjung00haym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019234-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019234_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoerniFischerKaufmann2019">Hoerni, Fischer & Kaufmann 2019</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwc.com/en/experiences/c-g-jung/">"C. G. JUNG: Experiences"</a>. IWC Schaffhausen. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IWC+Schaffhausen&rft.atitle=C.+G.+JUNG%3A+Experiences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwc.com%2Fen%2Fexperiences%2Fc-g-jung%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Wehr, G. p. 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdream-dictionary.com2024" class="citation web cs1">dream-dictionary.com (21 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dream-dictionary.com/carl-gustaw-jung-wife-and-children/">"Carl Gustaw Jung - wife and children"</a>. Dream Dictionary. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dream+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Carl+Gustaw+Jung+-+wife+and+children&rft.date=2024-02-21&rft.au=dream-dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dream-dictionary.com%2Fcarl-gustaw-jung-wife-and-children%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hayman" title="Ronald Hayman">Hayman, Ronald</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym/page/84">A Life of Jung</a> (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym/page/84">84–5, 92, 98–9, 102–7, 121, 123, 111, 134–7, 138–9, 145, 147, 152, 176, 177, 184, 185, 186, 189, 194, 213–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01967-4"><bdi>978-0-393-01967-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+Jung&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=84-5%2C+92%2C+98-9%2C+102-7%2C+121%2C+123%2C+111%2C+134-7%2C+138-9%2C+145%2C+147%2C+152%2C+176%2C+177%2C+184%2C+185%2C+186%2C+189%2C+194%2C+213-4&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01967-4&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofjung00haym%2Fpage%2F84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Carotenuto, A. A secret symmetry. Sabina Spielrien between Jung and Freud. Tran. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Pomerans" title="Arnold Pomerans">Arno Pomerans</a>, John Shepley, Krishna Winston. New York: Pantheon Books, 1982 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Zvi_Lothane" title="Henry Zvi Lothane">Lothane. Z.</a> Tender love and transference. Unpublished letters of C G Jung and Sabina Spielrein. International Journal of Psychoanalysis'. 80, 1999, 1189–1204; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Zvi_Lothane" title="Henry Zvi Lothane">Lothane, Z.</a> (2007b). The snares of seduction in life and in therapy, or what do young [Jewish] girls (Spielrein) seek in their Aryan heroes (Jung), and vice versa? International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 16:12–27, 81–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Catrine Clay (2016). 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HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0075106-6-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0075106-6-5"><bdi>978-0-0075106-6-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labyrinths%3A+Emma+Jung%2C+her+Marriage+to+Carl+and+the+early+Years+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-0075106-6-5&rft.au=Catrine+Clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hayman" title="Ronald Hayman">Hayman, Ronald</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym/page/184">A Life of Jung</a> (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym/page/184">184–8, 189, 244, 261, 262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01967-4"><bdi>978-0-393-01967-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+Jung&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=184-8%2C+189%2C+244%2C+261%2C+262&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01967-4&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofjung00haym%2Fpage%2F184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Wehr, Gerhard. (1987). Jung – A Biography. 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July 1990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1520-6696%28199007%2926%3A3%3C303%3A%3Aaid-jhbs2300260335%3E3.0.co%3B2-e">10.1002/1520-6696(199007)26:3<303::aid-jhbs2300260335>3.0.co;2-e</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5061">0022-5061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=William+McGuire%2C+Ed.+The+Freud%2FJung+letters%3A+The+correspondence+between+Sigmund+Freud+and+C.+G.+Jung%2C+translated+by+Ralph+Manheim+and+R.+F.+C.+Hull.+Cambridge%3A+Harvard+University+Press%2C+1988+%28first+published+in+1974+by+Princeton+University+Press%29.+736+pp.+%2415.95+%28paper%29&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303&rft.date=1990-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1520-6696%28199007%2926%3A3%3C303%3A%3Aaid-jhbs2300260335%3E3.0.co%3B2-e&rft.issn=0022-5061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Wehr, p. 105-6. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Peter Gay, Freud: a Life for Our Time (London, 1988) p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> McGuire, W. 1974. 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Freud: A Life for Our Time. Norton. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+A+Life+for+Our+Time&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Mary Williams, "The Indivisibility of the Personal and Collective Unconscious", Journal of Analytical Psychology 8.1, January 1963. 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Retrieved 20 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Grail+of+the+Unconscious&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft.au=Corbett%2C+Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F20%2Fmagazine%2F20jung-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090711195944/http://www.rmanyc.org/nav/exhibitions/view/308">"The Red Book of C. G. Jung"</a>. Rubin Museum of Art. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmanyc.org/nav/exhibitions/view/308">the original</a> on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Red+Book+of+C.+G.+Jung&rft.pub=Rubin+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmanyc.org%2Fnav%2Fexhibitions%2Fview%2F308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1999" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Vivianne (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jung00vivi/page/56">Jung: A Journey of Transformation</a>. Quest Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jung00vivi/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0782-7"><bdi>978-0-8356-0782-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung%3A+A+Journey+of+Transformation&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-0782-7&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Vivianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjung00vivi%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019260-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019260_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoerniFischerKaufmann2019">Hoerni, Fischer & Kaufmann 2019</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-McGuire-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGuire_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuire_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire1995" class="citation journal cs1">McGuire, William (1995). "Firm Affinities: Jung's relations with Britain and the United States". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 40 (3): 301–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1465-5922.1995.00301.x">10.1111/j.1465-5922.1995.00301.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Analytical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Firm+Affinities%3A+Jung%27s+relations+with+Britain+and+the+United+States&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-326&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1465-5922.1995.00301.x&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung,_C.G.1935" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jung, C.G.</a> (1935). Tavistock Lectures, in The Symbolic Life. Collected Works, vol.18. London: Routledge. pp. 1–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8291-6"><bdi>978-0-7100-8291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tavistock+Lectures%2C+in+The+Symbolic+Life&rft.place=London&rft.series=Collected+Works%2C+vol.18&rft.pages=1-182&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8291-6&rft.au=Jung%2C+C.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019261-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019261_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoerniFischerKaufmann2019">Hoerni, Fischer & Kaufmann 2019</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundingBruel1939" class="citation journal cs1">Lunding, N. Chr.; Bruel, Oluf (March 1939). "The Tenth International Congress of Medical Psychotherapy in Oxford, July 29 to August 2,1938". Journal of Personality. 7 (3): 255–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6494.1939.tb02147.x">10.1111/j.1467-6494.1939.tb02147.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3506">0022-3506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality&rft.atitle=The+Tenth+International+Congress+of+Medical+Psychotherapy+in+Oxford%2C+July+29+to+August+2%2C1938.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-258&rft.date=1939-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-6494.1939.tb02147.x&rft.issn=0022-3506&rft.aulast=Lunding&rft.aufirst=N.+Chr.&rft.au=Bruel%2C+Oluf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_B._Kirsch2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_B._Kirsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas B. Kirsch (page does not exist)">Thomas B. Kirsch</a> (2012). The Jungians: a Comparative and Historical Perspective. Routledge. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72551-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72551-9"><bdi>978-1-134-72551-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jungians%3A+a+Comparative+and+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72551-9&rft.au=Thomas+B.+Kirsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Degrees Conferred at the Harvard Tercentenary Celebration". Science. New Series. 84 (2178): 285–286. 25 September 1936. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.84.2178.285-a">10.1126/science.84.2178.285-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1662296">1662296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Degrees+Conferred+at+the+Harvard+Tercentenary+Celebration&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2178&rft.pages=285-286&rft.date=1936-09-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.84.2178.285-a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1662296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1988" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (1988). Psychology and Western Religion. Ark Routledge. p. v. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7448-0091-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7448-0091-3"><bdi>978-0-7448-0091-3</bdi></a>. <q>A third and equally weighty essay is Psychology and Religion, originally given as the Terry Lectures at Yale University in 1937.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+and+Western+Religion&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=Ark+Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7448-0091-3&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> Editorial Note by William McGuire. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuvall2008" class="citation book cs1">Duvall, John N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racewhiteidentit00duva">Race and White Identity in Southern Fiction: From Faulkner to Morrison</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racewhiteidentit00duva/page/n185">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61182-5"><bdi>978-0-230-61182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+White+Identity+in+Southern+Fiction%3A+From+Faulkner+to+Morrison&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61182-5&rft.aulast=Duvall&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracewhiteidentit00duva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleson2005" class="citation book cs1">Burleson, Blake W. (2005). Jung in Africa. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6921-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-6921-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung+in+Africa&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6921-2&rft.aulast=Burleson&rft.aufirst=Blake+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vaughan, A.G (2019). "African American cultural history and reflections on Jung in the African Diaspora". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 64 (3): 320–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-5922.12501">10.1111/1468-5922.12501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31070251">31070251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148570214">148570214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Analytical+Psychology&rft.atitle=African+American+cultural+history+and+reflections+on+Jung+in+the+African+Diaspora&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=320-348&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148570214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31070251&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-5922.12501&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=A.G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> "When I visited the ancient pagoda at Turukalukundram [sic], southern India, a local pundit explained to me that the old temples were purposely covered on the outside, from top to bottom, with obscene sculptures, in order to remind ordinary people of their sexuality. The spirit, he said, was a great danger, because Yama, the god of death, would instantly carry off these people (the "imperfecti") if they trod the spiritual path directly, without preparation. The erotic sculptures were meant to remind them of their dharma (law), which bids them fulfil their ordinary lives. Only when they have fulfilled their dharma can they tread the spiritual path. The obscenities were intended to arouse the erotic curiosity of visitors to the temples, so that they should not forget their dharma; otherwise they would not fulfil it. Only the man who was qualified by his karma (the fate earned through works in previous existences), and who was destined for the life of the spirit, could ignore this injunction with impunity, for to him these obscenities mean nothing. That was also why the two seductresses stood at the entrance of the temple, luring the people to fulfil their dharma, because only in this way could the ordinary man attain to higher spiritual development. And since the temple represented the whole world, all human activities were portrayed in it; and because most people are always thinking of sex anyway, the great majority of the temple sculptures were of an erotic nature. For this reason too, he said, the lingam (phallus) stands in the sacred cavity of the adyton (Holy of Holies), in the garbha griha (house of the womb). This pundit was a Tantrist (scholastic; tantra = 'book')." -- C. G. Jung, from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegal1992" class="citation book cs1">Segal, Rober A. (1992). The Gnostic Jung. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01923-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01923-9"><bdi>978-0-691-01923-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Jung&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01923-9&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Rober+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Also published in his <a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_C._G._Jung" title="The Collected Works of C. G. Jung">Collected Works</a> as a footnote to paragraph 339 in chapter 7.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1989" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl Gustav (1989). "VII-Gnostische Symbole des Selbst". Aion - Beiträge zur Symbolik des Selbst. C G Jung Gesammelte Werke. Vol. 9/2 (7 ed.). Olten und Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter Verlag. para. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-530-40798-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-530-40798-4"><bdi>3-530-40798-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII-Gnostische+Symbole+des+Selbst&rft.btitle=Aion+-+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Symbolik+des+Selbst&rft.place=Olten+und+Freiburg+im+Breisgau&rft.series=C+G+Jung+Gesammelte+Werke&rft.pages=para.+339&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Walter+Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-530-40798-4&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBair2003" class="citation book cs1">Bair, Deirdre (2003). Jung: A Biography. Little, Brown. pp. 417–430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-07665-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-07665-4"><bdi>978-0-316-07665-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=417-430&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-316-07665-4&rft.aulast=Bair&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019262-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019262_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoerniFischerKaufmann2019262_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoerniFischerKaufmann2019">Hoerni, Fischer & Kaufmann 2019</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, p. 152, by Siegfried M. Clemens, Carl Gustav Jung, 1978. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBair2003" class="citation book cs1">Bair, Deirdre (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography00bair">Jung</a>. Boston: Little, Brown. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography00bair/page/622">622</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-07665-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-07665-4"><bdi>978-0-316-07665-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=622-3&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-316-07665-4&rft.aulast=Bair&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjungbiography00bair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0726.html">"Dr. Carl G. Jung is Dead at 85; Pioneer in Analytic Psychology"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Carl+G.+Jung+is+Dead+at+85%3B+Pioneer+in+Analytic+Psychology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0726.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr,_Gerhard1987" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Gerhard (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/501">Jung – A Biography</a>. Translated by Weeks, David. M. Boston: Shambala. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/501">501–505</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-455-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-455-0"><bdi>978-0-87773-455-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung+%E2%80%93+A+Biography&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=501-505&rft.pub=Shambala&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87773-455-0&rft.au=Wehr%2C+Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjungbiography0000wehr%2Fpage%2F501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Wehr, Gerhard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/14/">p. 14</a>. "Sophie Ziegler Jung was later friendly with Lotte Kestner, a niece of Goethe's 'Lottchen'. This Lotte frequently came to see my grandfather—as, incidentally, did Franz Liszt. In later years Lotte Kestner settled in Basel, no doubt because of these close ties with the Jung family." </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlwi.magix.net/jungmetaphysic.htm">"Jung's metaphysic and epistemology: Platonism or Phenomenology?"</a>. mlwi.magix.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlwi.magix.net&rft.atitle=Jung%27s+metaphysic+and+epistemology%3A+Platonism+or+Phenomenology%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlwi.magix.net%2Fjungmetaphysic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lachmanpage258-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Lachmanpage258_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachman2010" class="citation book cs1">Lachman, Gary (2010). Jung the Mystic. New York: Tarcher/Penguin. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-792-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-792-5"><bdi>978-1-58542-792-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung+the+Mystic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Tarcher%2FPenguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58542-792-5&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Anthony Stevens (1991) On Jung London: Penguin Books, pp. 27–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Dicks-Mireaux, M. J. (1964). "Extraversion-Introversion in Experimental Psychology: Examples of Experimental Evidence and their Theoretical Explanations", Journal of Analytical Psychology, 9, 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Anthony Stevens (1991) On Jung London: Penguin Books, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalpsyche.org/jungian-model-psyche/">"The Jungian Model of the Psyche"</a>. journalpsyche.org. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=journalpsyche.org&rft.atitle=The+Jungian+Model+of+the+Psyche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalpsyche.org%2Fjungian-model-psyche%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Bright, George. (1997) "Synchronicity as a basis of analytic attitude", Journal of Analytical Psychology, 42, 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Jung1959" class="citation book cs1">Carl Jung (1959). "Psychological Aspects of the Mother Archetype". The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1. Princeton University Press. para. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1"><bdi>978-0-691-01833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psychological+Aspects+of+the+Mother+Archetype&rft.btitle=The+Archetypes+and+the+Collective+Unconscious%2C+Collected+Works%2C+Volume+9%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=para.+152&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01833-1&rft.au=Carl+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CW9_1_90_92_118-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CW9_1_90_92_118_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW9_1_90_92_118_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW9_1_90_92_118_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW9_1_90_92_118_115-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Jung1959" class="citation book cs1">Carl Jung (1959). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1. Princeton University Press. para. 90-92,118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1"><bdi>978-0-691-01833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archetypes+and+the+Collective+Unconscious%2C+Collected+Works%2C+Volume+9%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=para.+90-92%2C118&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01833-1&rft.au=Carl+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CW9_1_91-116"><a href="#cite_ref-CW9_1_91_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Jung1959" class="citation book cs1">Carl Jung (1959). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1. Princeton University Press. para. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1"><bdi>978-0-691-01833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archetypes+and+the+Collective+Unconscious%2C+Collected+Works%2C+Volume+9%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=para.+91&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01833-1&rft.au=Carl+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Jung1959" class="citation book cs1">Carl Jung (1959). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1. Princeton University Press. para. 80-81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1"><bdi>978-0-691-01833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archetypes+and+the+Collective+Unconscious%2C+Collected+Works%2C+Volume+9%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=para.+80-81&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01833-1&rft.au=Carl+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CW9_1_153-119"><a href="#cite_ref-CW9_1_153_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Jung1959" class="citation book cs1">Carl Jung (1959). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1. Princeton University Press. para. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1"><bdi>978-0-691-01833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archetypes+and+the+Collective+Unconscious%2C+Collected+Works%2C+Volume+9%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=para.+153&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01833-1&rft.au=Carl+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CW9_1_99-120"><a href="#cite_ref-CW9_1_99_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Jung1959" class="citation book cs1">Carl Jung (1959). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1. Princeton University Press. para. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1"><bdi>978-0-691-01833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archetypes+and+the+Collective+Unconscious%2C+Collected+Works%2C+Volume+9%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=para.+99&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01833-1&rft.au=Carl+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CW9_1_89_110_115-121"><a href="#cite_ref-CW9_1_89_110_115_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Jung1959" class="citation book cs1">Carl Jung (1959). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Collected Works, Volume 9, Part 1. Princeton University Press. para. 89,110,115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01833-1"><bdi>978-0-691-01833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archetypes+and+the+Collective+Unconscious%2C+Collected+Works%2C+Volume+9%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=para.+89%2C110%2C115&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01833-1&rft.au=Carl+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychotreat.com/what-is-jungian-psychology/">"What is Jungian Psychology? – Types, Archetypes, Complexes and More"</a>. 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(ed.), 1968: A View of the Protest Movements 40 Years after, from a Global Perspective. 43rd <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Conference_of_Labour_and_Social_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Conference of Labour and Social History (page does not exist)">International Conference of Labour and Social History</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_of_Labour_and_Social_History" class="extiw" title="de:International Conference of Labour and Social History">de</a>] 2008. Vienna: Akademische Verlagsanstalt, 2009, pp. 192, 193, 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Jung, C.G. 2014b. Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 18: The Symbolic Life: Miscellaneous Writings (Princeton University Press), p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Clark, G. 2023. ‘Rethinking Jung’s Reception of Kant and the Naturphilosophen: Archetypes, Evolutionary Developmental Biology and the Future of Analytical Psychology’, International Journal of Jungian Studies, 1: 1–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Clark. G. 2024. "Fossils, Anthropology and Hominin Brain Phylogeny". Chapter 2, pp. 38-40. In Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences: A New Vision for Analytical Psychology, Routledge </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Jung, C.G. 2020. C.G. Jung Speaking: Interviews and Encounters (Princeton University Press). </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Jung, C.G. 1970. Mysterium Coniunctionis: An Inquiry into the Separation and Synthesis of Psychic Opposites in Alchemy (Princeton University Press).pp. 212-3 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2024" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Gary (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781032624549/carl-jung-evolutionary-sciences-gary-clark">Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781032624549">10.4324/9781032624549</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-62454-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-62454-9"><bdi>978-1-032-62454-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Jung+and+the+Evolutionary+Sciences&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781032624549&rft.isbn=978-1-032-62454-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781032624549%2Fcarl-jung-evolutionary-sciences-gary-clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2024" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Gary (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781032624549/carl-jung-evolutionary-sciences-gary-clark">Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781032624549">10.4324/9781032624549</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-62454-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-62454-9"><bdi>978-1-032-62454-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Jung+and+the+Evolutionary+Sciences&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781032624549&rft.isbn=978-1-032-62454-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781032624549%2Fcarl-jung-evolutionary-sciences-gary-clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Alcaro, A., S. Carta, and J. Panksepp 2017. ‘The Affective Core of the Self: A Neuro- Archetypical Perspective on the Foundations of Human (and Animal) Subjectivity’, Frontiers in Psychology, 8: 1–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/memoriesdreamsre007394mbp/memoriesdreamsre007394mbp_djvu.txt">"Aniela Jaffe, foreword to Memories, Dreams, Reflections"</a>. Vintage Books. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aniela+Jaffe%2C+foreword+to+Memories%2C+Dreams%2C+Reflections&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmemoriesdreamsre007394mbp%2Fmemoriesdreamsre007394mbp_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunne, Clare (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uegLZklR0fEC&pg=PA3">"Prelude"</a>. Carl Jung: Wounded Healer of the Soul: An Illustrated Biography. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6307-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6307-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-6307-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prelude&rft.btitle=Carl+Jung%3A+Wounded+Healer+of+the+Soul%3A+An+Illustrated+Biography&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6307-4&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuegLZklR0fEC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrickLautenschlager,_Bruno2007" class="citation book cs1">Frick, Eckhard; Lautenschlager, Bruno (2007). Auf Unendliches bezogen – Spirituelle Entdeckungen bei C. G. Jung. Munich: Koesel. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-466-36780-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-466-36780-1"><bdi>978-3-466-36780-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auf+Unendliches+bezogen+%E2%80%93+Spirituelle+Entdeckungen+bei+C.+G.+Jung&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Munich%3A+Koesel&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-466-36780-1&rft.aulast=Frick&rft.aufirst=Eckhard&rft.au=Lautenschlager%2C+Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2000" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Vivianne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jung00vivi">Jung: A Journey of Transformation: Exploring His Life and Experiencing His Ideas</a>. Wheaton Illinois: Quest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0782-7"><bdi>978-0-8356-0782-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung%3A+A+Journey+of+Transformation%3A+Exploring+His+Life+and+Experiencing+His+Ideas&rft.place=Wheaton+Illinois&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-0782-7&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Vivianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjung00vivi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Andrew Reid Fuller, "Psychology and Religion: Eight Points of View", 2002, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AMu-G51yTY">"BBC Face to Face broadcast, 22 October 1959"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=BBC+Face+to+Face+broadcast%2C+22+October+1959&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2AMu-G51yTY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollins2013" class="citation book cs1">Rollins, Wayne Giibert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_spNAwAAQBAJ&q=jung+god+%22the+listener%22&pg=PA121">Jung and the Bible</a>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers [reprint of 1983 edition]. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-261-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-261-5"><bdi>978-1-62564-261-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung+and+the+Bible&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers+%5Breprint+of+1983+edition%5D&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-261-5&rft.aulast=Rollins&rft.aufirst=Wayne+Giibert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_spNAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Djung%2Bgod%2B%2522the%2Blistener%2522%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulff1991" class="citation book cs1">Wulff, David (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologyofreli00wulf/page/464">Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views</a>. Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologyofreli00wulf/page/464">464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-50236-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-50236-4"><bdi>978-0-471-50236-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+of+Religion%3A+Classic+and+Contemporary+Views&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-471-50236-4&rft.aulast=Wulff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychologyofreli00wulf%2Fpage%2F464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin1995" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Jerome David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_y7H9Sq5g6kC&pg=PA167">"Other Etiological Theories of Alcoholism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoal00levi/page/167">Introduction to Alcoholism Counseling</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoal00levi/page/167">167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56032-358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56032-358-7"><bdi>978-1-56032-358-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Other+Etiological+Theories+of+Alcoholism&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Alcoholism+Counseling&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56032-358-7&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Jerome+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_y7H9Sq5g6kC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (1984) Pass It On: The Story of Bill Wilson and How the A.A. 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Jung, Volume 18: The Symbolic Life: Miscellaneous Writings Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09892-0">978-0-691-09892-0</a>, [p. 272, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070908023121/http://www.stellarfire.org/additional.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20070908023121/http://www.stellarfire.org/additional.html</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609020111/https://www.hopemakersrecovery.com/psychology/jungian-12-steps">"Jungian 12 Steps"</a>. Hope Makers. 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Psychology Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15509-0"><bdi>978-0-415-15509-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung+on+Synchronicity+and+the+Paranormal&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15509-0&rft.au=Carl+Gustav+Jung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DusrGSaO7QosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carl_Gustav_Jung_1997_7-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Gustav_Jung_1997_7_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Gustav_Jung_1997_7_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Gustav_Jung1997" class="citation book cs1">Carl Gustav Jung (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usrGSaO7QosC">Jung on Synchronicity and the Paranormal</a>. 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Skeptical Inquirer. 12 (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csicop.org/sb/show/visitations_after-death_contacts">the original</a> on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=%22Visitations%22%3A+After-Death+Contacts&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2002-09&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsb%2Fshow%2Fvisitations_after-death_contacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShermerLinse2002-154"><a href="#cite_ref-ShermerLinse2002_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_ShermerPat_Linse2002" class="citation book cs1">Michael Shermer; Pat Linse (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&pg=PA241">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 240–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-653-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic+Encyclopedia+of+Pseudoscience&rft.pages=240-241&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-653-8&rft.au=Michael+Shermer&rft.au=Pat+Linse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGr4snwg7iaEC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jung2013-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Jung2013_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._G._Jung2013" class="citation book cs1">C. G. Jung (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x-Rxhf2gUa8C&pg=PA27">Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle</a>. Routledge. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-96845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-96845-9"><bdi>978-1-134-96845-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synchronicity%3A+An+Acausal+Connecting+Principle&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-134-96845-9&rft.au=C.+G.+Jung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx-Rxhf2gUa8C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Charles (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214171807/https://www.csicop.org/si/show/whats_wrong_with_the_i_ching_ambiguity_obscurity_and_synchronicity">"Whats Wrong with the I Ching? Ambiguity, Obscurity, and Synchronicity"</a>. Skeptical Inquirer. 33 (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csicop.org/si/show/whats_wrong_with_the_i_ching_ambiguity_obscurity_and_synchronicity">the original</a> on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Whats+Wrong+with+the+I+Ching%3F+Ambiguity%2C+Obscurity%2C+and+Synchronicity&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2009-08&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fwhats_wrong_with_the_i_ching_ambiguity_obscurity_and_synchronicity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Jung, C. G. and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>, The Interpretation of Nature and Psyche, New York: Pantheon Books, 1955. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2012" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (2012). "Epilogue". In Shamdasani, Sonu (ed.). The Red Book (Reader ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 555.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue&rft.btitle=The+Red+Book&rft.pages=555&rft.edition=Reader&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1952" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (1952). "From Editorial Note to the First Edition". In Hull, R.F.C. (ed.). Psychology and Alchemy (1968 Second Edition completely revised ed.). Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Editorial+Note+to+the+First+Edition&rft.btitle=Psychology+and+Alchemy&rft.edition=1968+Second+Edition+completely+revised&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Wagner, Christopher Franklin (15 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290574">Of Books and Fire: Approaching the Alchemy of Carl Gustav Jung</a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17863%2FCAM.37801">10.17863/CAM.37801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Of+Books+and+Fire%3A+Approaching+the+Alchemy+of+Carl+Gustav+Jung&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17863%2FCAM.37801&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F290574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodorow1991" class="citation web cs1">Chodorow, Joan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Dance-Therapy-and-Depth-Psychology-The-Moving-Imagination/Chodorow/p/book/9780415041133">"Dance Therapy and Depth Psychology: The Moving Imagination – Routledge"</a>. Retrieved 23 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dance+Therapy+and+Depth+Psychology%3A+The+Moving+Imagination+%E2%80%93+Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Chodorow&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FDance-Therapy-and-Depth-Psychology-The-Moving-Imagination%2FChodorow%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415041133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallaro2007" class="citation book cs1">Pallaro, Patrizia (15 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xywBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">Authentic Movement: Moving the Body, Moving the Self, Being Moved: A Collection of Essays – Volume Two</a>. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84642-586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84642-586-8"><bdi>978-1-84642-586-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authentic+Movement%3A+Moving+the+Body%2C+Moving+the+Self%2C+Being+Moved%3A+A+Collection+of+Essays+%E2%80%93+Volume+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84642-586-8&rft.aulast=Pallaro&rft.aufirst=Patrizia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxywBCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2006" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (2006). The Undiscovered Self: The Problem of the Individual in Modern Society. New American Library. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5"><bdi>978-0-451-21860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Self%3A+The+Problem+of+the+Individual+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-451-21860-5&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> C. G. Jung, Die Beziehungen zwischen dem Ich und dem Unbewußten, chapter one, second section, 1928. Also, C. G. Jung Aufsätze zur Zeitgeschichte, 1946. Speeches made in 1933 and 1937 are excerpted. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2006" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (2006). The Undiscovered Self: The Problem of the Individual in Modern Society. New American Library. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5"><bdi>978-0-451-21860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Self%3A+The+Problem+of+the+Individual+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-451-21860-5&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jung_2006_23–24-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_2006_23–24_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_2006_23–24_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2006" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (2006). The Undiscovered Self: The Problem of the Individual in Modern Society. New American Library. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5"><bdi>978-0-451-21860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Self%3A+The+Problem+of+the+Individual+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-451-21860-5&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1960" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (1960). Psychology and Religion. The Vail-Ballou Press ic. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16650-7"><bdi>978-0-300-16650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+and+Religion&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=The+Vail-Ballou+Press+ic.&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16650-7&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2006" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (2006). The Undiscovered Self: The Problem of the Individual in Modern Society. New American Library. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5"><bdi>978-0-451-21860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Self%3A+The+Problem+of+the+Individual+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-451-21860-5&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2006" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (2006). The Undiscovered Self: The Problem of the Individual in Modern Society. New American Library. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5"><bdi>978-0-451-21860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Self%3A+The+Problem+of+the+Individual+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-451-21860-5&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2006" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (2006). The Undiscovered Self: The Problem of the Individual in Modern Society. New American Library. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5"><bdi>978-0-451-21860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Self%3A+The+Problem+of+the+Individual+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-451-21860-5&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2006" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl (2006). The Undiscovered Self: The Problem of the Individual in Modern Society. New American Library. p. 14 & 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21860-5"><bdi>978-0-451-21860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Self%3A+The+Problem+of+the+Individual+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=14+%26+45&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-451-21860-5&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickey2016" class="citation news cs1">Dickey, Christopher (12 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-shrink-as-secret-agent-jung-hitler-and-the-oss">"The Shrink as Secret Agent: Jung, Hitler, and the OSS"</a>. The Daily Beast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+Shrink+as+Secret+Agent%3A+Jung%2C+Hitler%2C+and+the+OSS&rft.date=2016-11-12&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fthe-shrink-as-secret-agent-jung-hitler-and-the-oss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_C._G._Jung" title="The Collected Works of C. G. Jung">Collected Works</a>, Volume 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Falk, A Anti-Semitism A History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred Westport Connecticut: Praeger, 2008, pp. 110–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Letter to William M Kranefeldt dd 9 February 1934 reprinted in the International Review of Psychoanalysis Vol. 4:377 (1977) </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Samuels" title="Andrew Samuels">Samuels, Andrew</a>. (1997), Institute of Historical Research, University of London e-seminar.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/4412/1/Jung_And_Antisemitism_by_Andrew_Samuels___Institute_of_Historical_Research.pdf">"Jung and Anti-Semitism"</a>, Also published in the Jewish Quarterly, Spring 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Jaffé, Aniela (1972); From the Life and Work of C. G. Jung; Hodder and Stoughton, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12515-1">978-0-340-12515-1</a>; pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLifton1985" class="citation news cs1">Lifton, Robert Jay (27 January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/27/books/psychotherapy-in-the-third-reich.html">"Lifton, Robert Jay (27 January 1985) "Psychotherapy in the Third Reich""</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lifton%2C+Robert+Jay+%2827+January+1985%29+%22Psychotherapy+in+the+Third+Reich%22&rft.date=1985-01-27&rft.aulast=Lifton&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F01%2F27%2Fbooks%2Fpsychotherapy-in-the-third-reich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> The New York Times </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Jaffé, Aniela (1972); From the Life and Work of C. G. Jung; Hodder and Stoughton, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12515-1">978-0-340-12515-1</a>; p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Mark Medweth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050331084847/http://www.sfu.ca/~wwwpsyb/issues/1996/winter/medweth.htm">"Jung and the Nazis"</a>, in Psybernetika, Winter 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Article republished in English in Jung, Carl G. (1970); Collected Works, Volume 10; Routledge and Kegan Paul, London; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-1640-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-1640-9">978-0-7100-1640-9</a>; p. 538. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffe_p83-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffe_p83_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffe_p83_183-1">b</a> Jaffé, Aniela (1972); From the Life and Work of C. G. Jung; Hodder and Stoughton, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12515-1">978-0-340-12515-1</a>; p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> An English translation of the circular is in Jung, Carl G. (1970); Collected Works, Volume 10; Routledge and Kegan Paul, London; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-1640-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-1640-9">978-0-7100-1640-9</a>; pp. 545–546. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Jaffé, Aniela (1972); From the Life and Work of C. G. Jung; Hodder and Stoughton, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12515-1">978-0-340-12515-1</a>; p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Article republished in English in Jung, Carl G. (1970); Collected Works, Volume 10; Routledge and Kegan Paul, London; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-1640-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-1640-9">978-0-7100-1640-9</a>; p. 538. See also Stevens, Anthony, Jung: a very short introduction, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285458-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285458-2">978-0-19-285458-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayim_Yerushalmi" title="Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi">Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi</a> (1991). Freud's Moses. Yale University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05756-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05756-3"><bdi>0-300-05756-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%27s+Moses&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-300-05756-3&rft.au=Yosef+Hayim+Yerushalmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll1994" class="citation book cs1">Noll, Richard (1994). The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement (1st ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jung+Cult%3A+Origins+of+a+Charismatic+Movement&rft.pages=336&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman1979-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman1979_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrossman1979">Grossman 1979</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll1994" class="citation book cs1">Noll, Richard (1994). The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement (1st ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jung+Cult%3A+Origins+of+a+Charismatic+Movement&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark,_R.W_1980_pp._492-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark,_R.W_1980_pp._492_191-0">^</a> Clark, R.W (1980) Freud: the Man and the Cause. London: Cape, pp. 492–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry2010" class="citation book cs1">Sherry, Jay (2010). Carl Gustav Jung: Avant-Garde Conservative. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Gustav+Jung%3A+Avant-Garde+Conservative&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sherry&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Jung, Carl G. (1970); Collected Works, Volume 10; Routledge and Kegan Paul, London; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-1640-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-1640-9">978-0-7100-1640-9</a>; p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> C. G. Jung Speaking: Interviews and Encounters, eds. William McGuire and <a href="/wiki/R._F._C._Hull" title="R. F. C. Hull">R. F. C. Hull</a>, Princeton University Press, pp. 128, reprint from Diagnosing the Dictators (1938). </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> C. G. Jung Speaking: Interviews and Encounters, eds. William McGuire and <a href="/wiki/R._F._C._Hull" title="R. F. C. Hull">R. F. C. Hull</a> (London: Thames and Hudson, 1978), pp. 91–93, 115–135, 136–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Carl Jung, interview by Carol Baumann, published in the Bulletin of Analytical Psychology Club of New York (December 1949) </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoeller2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hoeller, Stephan A. (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00332925.2012.677606">"Jung, Kabbalah, and Gnosis"</a>. Psychological Perspectives. 55 (2): 163–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00332925.2012.677606">10.1080/00332925.2012.677606</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2925">0033-2925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Jung%2C+Kabbalah%2C+and+Gnosis&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-181&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00332925.2012.677606&rft.issn=0033-2925&rft.aulast=Hoeller&rft.aufirst=Stephan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00332925.2012.677606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopcke1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hopcke, R. (1988). "Jung and Homosexuality: A Clearer Vision". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 33 (1): 65–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1465-5922.1988.00065.x">10.1111/j.1465-5922.1988.00065.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3350769">3350769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Analytical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Jung+and+Homosexuality%3A+A+Clearer+Vision&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-80&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1465-5922.1988.00065.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3350769&rft.aulast=Hopcke&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2024" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Gary (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781032624549/carl-jung-evolutionary-sciences-gary-clark">Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781032624549">10.4324/9781032624549</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-62454-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-62454-9"><bdi>978-1-032-62454-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Jung+and+the+Evolutionary+Sciences&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781032624549&rft.isbn=978-1-032-62454-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781032624549%2Fcarl-jung-evolutionary-sciences-gary-clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Hill, S.J. 2013. Confrontation with the Unconscious: Jungian Depth Psychology and Psychedelic Experience: Muswell Hill Press </li> <li id="cite_note-carhart-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carhart_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carhart_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarhart-HarrisFriston2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Carhart-Harris" title="Robin Carhart-Harris">Carhart-Harris, R</a>; Friston, K.J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850580">"The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas"</a>. Brain. 133 (Pt 4): 1265–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawq010">10.1093/brain/awq010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850580">2850580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20194141">20194141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=The+default-mode%2C+ego-functions+and+free-energy%3A+a+neurobiological+account+of+Freudian+ideas.&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.pages=1265-83&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2850580%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20194141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawq010&rft.aulast=Carhart-Harris&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Friston%2C+K.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2850580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-entropic-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-entropic_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-entropic_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarhart-HarrisLeechHellyerShanahan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Carhart-Harris, Robin; Leech, Robert; Hellyer, Peter; Shanahan, Murray; Feilding, Amanda; Tagliazucchi, Enzo; Chialvo, Dante; Nutt, David (8 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3909994">"The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs"</a>. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 8: 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2014.00020">10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3909994">3909994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24550805">24550805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Human+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+entropic+brain%3A+a+theory+of+conscious+states+informed+by+neuroimaging+research+with+psychedelic+drugs&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3909994%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24550805&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2014.00020&rft.aulast=Carhart-Harris&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Leech%2C+Robert&rft.au=Hellyer%2C+Peter&rft.au=Shanahan%2C+Murray&rft.au=Feilding%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Tagliazucchi%2C+Enzo&rft.au=Chialvo%2C+Dante&rft.au=Nutt%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3909994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Clark, Gary. 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Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Radio+4+%E2%80%93+In+Our+Time%2C+Jung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp004y2bf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondanella2002" class="citation book cs1">Bondanella, Peter E. (17 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filmsfedericofel00bond">The Films of Federico Fellini</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filmsfedericofel00bond/page/n109">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57573-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57573-7"><bdi>978-0-521-57573-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Federico+Fellini&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-01-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57573-7&rft.aulast=Bondanella&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffilmsfedericofel00bond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/amk/doc/0065.html">"The Kubrick Site: The Full Metal Jacket Screenplay"</a>. www.visual-memory.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visual-memory.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Kubrick+Site%3A+The+Full+Metal+Jacket+Screenplay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visual-memory.co.uk%2Famk%2Fdoc%2F0065.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2019" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Matthew (20 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/the-lighthouse-homoeroticism-robert-pattinson-willem-dafoe_n_5da9c888e4b0e71d65b801ae">"'He Sort Of Wants A Daddy': Decoding The Homoeroticism In 'The Lighthouse'"</a>. HuffPost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=%27He+Sort+Of+Wants+A+Daddy%27%3A+Decoding+The+Homoeroticism+In+%27The+Lighthouse%27&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.huffingtonpost.ca%2Fentry%2Fthe-lighthouse-homoeroticism-robert-pattinson-willem-dafoe_n_5da9c888e4b0e71d65b801ae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Megami Ibunroku Persona Digital Collection: Persona World (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/ASCII_Media_Works" title="ASCII Media Works">ASCII Media Works</a>. 1998. pp. 6–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7572-0014-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7572-0014-2"><bdi>978-4-7572-0014-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megami+Ibunroku+Persona+Digital+Collection%3A+Persona+World&rft.pages=6-11&rft.pub=ASCII+Media+Works&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-4-7572-0014-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dualshockers.com/2015/02/22/persona-1-roundtable-interview-translated-into-english-for-first-time-featuring-creator-scenario-writer-and-art-director/">Translated scans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150606000640/http://www.dualshockers.com/2015/02/22/persona-1-roundtable-interview-translated-into-english-for-first-time-featuring-creator-scenario-writer-and-art-director/">Archived</a> 6 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2007" class="citation web cs1">Valentine, Digi (13 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324211137/http://www.nightsintodreams.com/?p=1343">"A Yuji Naka Interview"</a>. Nights into Dreams. Sonic Retro. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightsintodreams.com/?p=1343">the original</a> on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nights+into+Dreams&rft.atitle=A+Yuji+Naka+Interview&rft.date=2007-07-13&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Digi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nightsintodreams.com%2F%3Fp%3D1343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophyandvideogamesblog.wordpress.com/2019/09/29/other-dimensions-in-control/">"Other Dimensions in Control"</a>. Philosophy and Video Games. 29 September 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Video+Games&rft.atitle=Other+Dimensions+in+Control&rft.date=2019-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophyandvideogamesblog.wordpress.com%2F2019%2F09%2F29%2Fother-dimensions-in-control%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.videogameschronicle.com/review/control/">"Control game review: Remedy's finest creation since Max Payne"</a>. VGC. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VGC&rft.atitle=Control+game+review%3A+Remedy%27s+finest+creation+since+Max+Payne&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videogameschronicle.com%2Freview%2Fcontrol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia, Andry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/105031081">"Archetype and Individuation Process in Alan Wake (2010) Video Game"</a>. Journal of Games, Game Art, and Gamification.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Games%2C+Game+Art%2C+and+Gamification&rft.atitle=Archetype+and+Individuation+Process+in+Alan+Wake+%282010%29+Video+Game&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Andry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F105031081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1984" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl Gustav (1984). Dream Analysis: Notes of the Seminar Given in 1928–1930. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09896-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09896-8"><bdi>978-0-691-09896-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dream+Analysis%3A+Notes+of+the+Seminar+Given+in+1928%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09896-8&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoerniFischerKaufmann2019" class="citation book cs1">Hoerni, Ulrich; Fischer, Thomas; Kaufmann, Bettina, eds. (2019). The Art of C.G. Jung. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-25487-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-25487-7"><bdi>978-0-393-25487-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+C.G.+Jung&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-393-25487-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> Introductory texts <ul><li>Carl Gustav Jung, Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice (The Tavistock Lectures) (Ark Paperbacks), 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7448-0056-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7448-0056-2">978-0-7448-0056-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordham,_Frieda1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frieda_Fordham" title="Frieda Fordham">Fordham, Frieda</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoju00ford_1">An Introduction to Jung's Psychology</a>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020273-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020273-1"><bdi>978-0-14-020273-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Jung%27s+Psychology&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-14-020273-1&rft.au=Fordham%2C+Frieda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoju00ford_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The Basic Writings of C. G. Jung, edited by V. S. de Laszlo (The Modern Library, 1959), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60071-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60071-8">978-0-679-60071-8</a></li> <li>Edward F Edinger, Ego and Archetype, (<a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala Publications</a>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-576-2">978-0-87773-576-2</a></li> <li>Robert Hopcke, A Guided Tour of the Collected Works of C. G. Jung, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-405-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-405-6">978-1-57062-405-6</a></li> <li>Edward C. Whitmont, The Symbolic Quest: Basic Concepts of Analytical Psychology, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1969, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02454-7">978-0-691-02454-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_Peter_A.1985" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Peter A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingjun00ocon">Understanding Jung, understanding yourself</a>. New York, NY: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2799-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2799-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-2799-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jung%2C+understanding+yourself&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2799-3&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Peter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingjun00ocon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1998" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Murray (1998). Jung's map of the soul: An introduction. Chicago: Open Court. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9376-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9376-0"><bdi>0-8126-9376-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38106161">38106161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung%27s+map+of+the+soul%3A+An+introduction&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38106161&rft.isbn=0-8126-9376-0&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Texts in various areas of Jungian thought <ul><li>Robert Aziz, C. G. Jung's Psychology of Religion and Synchronicity (1990), currently in its 10th printing, is a refereed publication of <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0166-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0166-8">978-0-7914-0166-8</a></li> <li>Robert Aziz, Synchronicity and the Transformation of the Ethical in Jungian Psychology in Carl B. Becker, ed., Asian and Jungian Views of Ethics. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30452-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30452-1">978-0-313-30452-1</a></li> <li>Robert Aziz, The Syndetic Paradigm: The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung (2007), a refereed publication of The State University of New York Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6982-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6982-8">978-0-7914-6982-8</a></li> <li>Robert Aziz, Foreword in Lance Storm, ed., Synchronicity: Multiple Perspectives on Meaningful Coincidence. Pari, Italy: Pari Publishing, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-95604-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-95604-02-2">978-88-95604-02-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Clift" title="Wallace Clift">Wallace Clift</a>, Jung and Christianity: The Challenge of Reconciliation. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-0409-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-0409-0">978-0-8245-0409-0</a></li> <li>Edward F. Edinger, The Mystery of The Coniunctio, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919123-67-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919123-67-0">978-0-919123-67-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Giegerich" title="Wolfgang Giegerich">Wolfgang Giegerich</a>, The Soul's Logical Life, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-38225-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-38225-7">978-3-631-38225-7</a></li> <li>James A Hall M.D., Jungian Dream Interpretation, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919123-12-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919123-12-0">978-0-919123-12-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillman" title="James Hillman">James Hillman</a>, "Healing Fiction", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88214-363-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88214-363-7">978-0-88214-363-7</a></li> <li>Stanton Marlan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Jungs-Alchemical-Philosophy-Psyche-and-the-Mercurial-Play-of-Image-and/Marlan/p/book/9781032105444">Jung's Alchemical Philosophy. Psyche and the Mercurial Play of Image and Idea</a>, Routledge, 2022, ISBN 9781032105444</li> <li>Montiel, Luis, "El rizoma oculto de la psicología profunda. Gustav Meyrink y Carl Gustav Jung", Frenia, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-695-3540-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-695-3540-0">978-84-695-3540-0</a></li> <li>Catherine M Nutting, Concrete Insight: Art, the Unconscious, and Transformative Spontaneity, UVic Thesis 2007 214</li> <li>Andrew Samuels, Critical Dictionary of Jungian Analysis, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05910-7">978-0-415-05910-7</a></li> <li>Vladimir Simosko. Jung, Music, and Music Therapy: Prepared for the Occasion of the C.G. "Jung and the Humanities" Colloquium, 1987. Winnipeg, Man., The Author, 1987</li> <li>June Singer, Boundaries of the Soul, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47529-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47529-7">978-0-385-47529-7</a>. On psychotherapy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Storr" title="Anthony Storr">Anthony Storr</a>, Jung (1973) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-633166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-633166-7">978-0-00-633166-7</a></li> <li>— The Essential Jung (1983) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08615-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08615-6">978-0-691-08615-6</a></li> <li>— The Essential Jung: Selected Writings (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-653065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-653065-7">978-0-00-653065-7</a></li> <li>John R. White, (2023) Adaptation and Psychotherapy. Langs and Analytical Psychology. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. discusses Jung's two concepts of "adaptation" and relates these ideas to the work of psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Robert_Langs" title="Robert Langs">Robert Langs</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1794-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1794-1">978-1-5381-1794-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Woodman" title="Marion Woodman">Marion Woodman</a>, The Pregnant Virgin: A Process of Psychological Transformation, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1794-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1794-1">978-1-5381-1794-1</a></li></ul> Academic texts <ul><li>Andrew Samuels, The Political Psyche (Routledge), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08102-3">978-0-415-08102-3</a></li> <li>Lucy Huskinson, Nietzsche and Jung: The Whole Self in the Union of Opposites (Routledge), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58391-833-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58391-833-3">978-1-58391-833-3</a></li> <li>Davydov, Andrey. From Carl Gustav Jung's Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious to Individual Archetypal Pattern. HPA Press, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-311-82008-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-311-82008-2">978-1-311-82008-2</a></li> <li>Remo, F. Roth: Return of the World Soul, Wolfgang Pauli, C.G. Jung and the Challenge of Psychophysical Reality [unus mundus], Part 1: The Battle of the Giants. Pari Publishing, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-95604-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-95604-12-1">978-88-95604-12-1</a></li> <li>Remo, F. Roth: Return of the World Soul, Wolfgang Pauli, C.G. Jung and the Challenge of Psychophysical Reality [unus mundus], Part 2: A Psychophysical Theory. Pari Publishing, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-95604-16-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-95604-16-9">978-88-95604-16-9</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thejap.org/">The Journal of Analytical Psychology</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14685922">JAP at John Wiley & Sons</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jungstudies.net/ijjs-journal/">International Journal for Jungian Studies</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ijjs/ijjs-overview.xml?language=en">IJJS at Brill</a>)</li></ul> Jung-Freud relationship <ul><li>Kerr, John. A Most Dangerous Method: The Story of Jung, Freud, and Sabina Spielrein. Knopf, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40412-5">978-0-679-40412-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire,_William1979" class="citation book cs1">McGuire, William, ed. (1979). The Freud/Jung Letters. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-25891-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-25891-3"><bdi>978-0-330-25891-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Freud%2FJung+Letters&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-330-25891-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Balakirsky Katz, Maya. Freud, Jung and Jonah: Religion and the Birth of the Psychoanalytic Periodical. Cambridge University Press, 2023.</li></ul> Others recollections of Jung <ul><li>van der Post, Laurens, Jung and the Story of Our Time, New York: Pantheon Books, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-49207-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-49207-0">978-0-394-49207-0</a></li> <li>Hannah, Barbara, Jung, his life and work: a biographical memoir, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1976. SBN: 399-50383-8</li> <li>David Bailey's biography of his Great Aunt, Ruth Bailey, 'The English Woman and C.G.Jung' drawing extensively on her diaries and correspondence, explores the deep and long-lasting friendship between Ruth, Jung, and Jung's wife and family.</li></ul> Critical scholarship <ul><li>Maidenbaum, Aryeh (ed), Jung and the Shadow of Anti-Semitism, Berwick ME: Nicolas-Hays Inc, 2002.</li> <li>Dohe, Carrie B. Jung's Wandering Archetype: Race and Religion in Analytical Psychology. London: Routledge, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-88840-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-88840-1">978-1-138-88840-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman1979" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Stanley (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQxozVpaXF8C&pg=PA92">"C.G. Jung and National Socialism"</a>. Jung in Contexts: A Reader. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20558-0"><bdi>978-0-415-20558-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=C.G.+Jung+and+National+Socialism&rft.btitle=Jung+in+Contexts%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20558-0&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQxozVpaXF8C%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanegraaff1997" class="citation book cs1">Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1997). New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. Leiden/New York/Koln: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0565-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0565-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-0565-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Age+Religion+and+Western+Culture%3A+Esotericism+in+the+Mirror+of+Secular+Thought&rft.place=Leiden%2FNew+York%2FKoln&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0565-0&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Wouter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2014" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Paul (2014). Carl Jung (Critical Lives). Reaktion Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Jung+%28Critical+Lives%29&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Noll" title="Richard Noll">Richard Noll</a>, The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Jung (Random House, 1997)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamdasani1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sonu_Shamdasani" title="Sonu Shamdasani">Shamdasani, Sonu</a> (1998). Cult Fictions: C.G. Jung and the Founding of Analytical Psychology. London/New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18614-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18614-8"><bdi>978-0-415-18614-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/560455823">560455823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cult+Fictions%3A+C.G.+Jung+and+the+Founding+of+Analytical+Psychology&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F560455823&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18614-8&rft.aulast=Shamdasani&rft.aufirst=Sonu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamdasani2003" class="citation book cs1">Shamdasani, Sonu (2003). Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology: The Dream of a Science. Cambridge, UK New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53909-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53909-8"><bdi>978-0-521-53909-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57509166">57509166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Psychology%3A+The+Dream+of+a+Science&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57509166&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53909-8&rft.aulast=Shamdasani&rft.aufirst=Sonu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamdasani2005" class="citation book cs1">Shamdasani, Sonu (2005). Jung Stripped Bare: By His Biographers, Even. London New York: Karnac. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-317-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-317-4"><bdi>978-1-85575-317-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759160070">759160070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung+Stripped+Bare%3A+By+His+Biographers%2C+Even&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pub=Karnac&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759160070&rft.isbn=978-1-85575-317-4&rft.aulast=Shamdasani&rft.aufirst=Sonu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Jung" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Jung&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Carl Jung <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Carl+Jung">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Carl+Jung&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Carl Jung <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Carl+Jung">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Carl+Jung&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Jung%2C%20Carl%20Gustav%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jung%2C%20Carl%20G%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jung%2C%20C%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20Gustav%20Jung%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20G%2E%20Jung%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20G%2E%20Jung%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20Gustav%20Jung%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20G%2E%20Jung%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20G%2E%20Jung%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20Gustav%20Jung%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jung%2C%20Carl%20Gustav%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jung%2C%20Carl%20G%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jung%2C%20C%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jung%2C%20C%2E%20Gustav%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20Gustav%20Jung%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20G%2E%20Jung%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20G%2E%20Jung%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20Gustav%20Jung%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20G%2E%20Jung%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20G%2E%20Jung%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jung%2C%20Carl%20Gustav%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jung%2C%20Carl%20G%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221875-1961%22%20AND%20Jung%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Carl Jung</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3213">Works by Carl Jung</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nb-helveticat.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,%22Carl+Jung%22&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=MyInstitution&vid=41SNL_51_INST:helveticat&lang=de&offset=0">Publications by and about Carl Jung</a> in the catalogue Helveticat of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Library" title="Swiss National Library">Swiss National Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707171458/https://www.junginstitut.ch/english/about/">C.G. Jung Institute, Zurich</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204164335/https://www.cgjunghaus.ch/en/">Museum House of C.G. Jung</a> Küsnacht, Zurich (Switzerland)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429222044/http://carl-jung.net/">Carl Jung Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgjungpage.org/">The Jung Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922184715/https://philemonfoundation.org/">Philemon Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iging.com/intro/foreword.htm">Carl Jung: Foreword to the I Ching</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-about-psychology.com/association-method.html">The Association Method</a> Full-text article from 1916. Originally Published in the Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/7Sermons.htm">The Seven Sermons to the Dead, 1916</a> Carl Gustav Jung</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044020083374;view=1up;seq=7">The Theory of Psychoanalysis</a> Full-text article from 1915. Originally published in The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191005044937/http://www.philosopher.eu/others-writings/essay-on-wotan-w-nietzsche-c-g-jung/">Jung's "Essay on Wotan"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/031.html">Bollingen Foundation Collection</a> From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thejap.org/">The Journal of Analytical Psychology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jungstudies.net/ijjs-journal/">International Journal for Jungian Studies</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carl_Jung" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carl_Jung" title="Template:Carl Jung"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carl_Jung" title="Template talk:Carl Jung"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carl_Jung" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carl Jung"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carl_Jung" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Jung</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungian_cognitive_functions" title="Jungian cognitive functions">Cognitive functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungian_interpretation_of_religion" title="Jungian interpretation of religion">Interpretation of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_type" title="Personality type">Personality type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung%27s_theory_of_neurosis" title="Jung's theory of neurosis">Theory of neurosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">The psyche</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_(psychology)" title="Complex (psychology)">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_complex" title="Electra complex">Electra complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_child" title="Inner child">Inner child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_unconscious" title="Personal unconscious">Personal unconscious</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Jungian archetypes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anima_and_animus" title="Anima and animus">Anima and animus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_archetype" title="Apollo archetype">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(psychology)" title="Persona (psychology)">Persona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_in_Jungian_psychology" title="Self in Jungian psychology">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" title="Shadow (psychology)">Shadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">Trickster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wise_Old_Man_and_Wise_Old_Woman" title="Wise Old Man and Wise Old Woman">Wise Old Man and Wise Old Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_healer" title="Wounded healer">Wounded healer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_imagination" title="Active imagination">Active imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantiodromia" title="Enantiodromia">Enantiodromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion" title="Extraversion and introversion">Extraversion and introversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_mystique" title="Participation mystique">Participation mystique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung_publications" title="Carl Jung publications">Publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">Psychological Types</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Man_in_Search_of_a_Soul" title="Modern Man in Search of a Soul">Modern Man in Search of a Soul</a> (1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_and_Alchemy" title="Psychology and Alchemy">Psychology and Alchemy</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aion:_Researches_into_the_Phenomenology_of_the_Self" class="mw-redirect" title="Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self">Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Answer_to_Job" title="Answer to Job">Answer to Job</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysterium_Coniunctionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysterium Coniunctionis">Mysterium Coniunctionis</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections" title="Memories, Dreams, Reflections">Memories, Dreams, Reflections</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_and_His_Symbols" title="Man and His Symbols">Man and His Symbols</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Book_(Jung)" title="The Red Book (Jung)">The Red Book: Liber Novus</a> (2009) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sermons_to_the_Dead" title="Seven Sermons to the Dead">Seven Sermons to the Dead</a> (1916)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Books_(Jung)" title="Black Books (Jung)">Black Books</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_C._G._Jung" title="The Collected Works of C. G. Jung">The Collected Works of C. G. Jung</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Psychiatric Studies (1970)</li> <li>Experimental Researches (1973)</li> <li>Psychogenesis of Mental Disease (1960)</li> <li>Freud & Psychoanalysis (1961)</li> <li>Symbols of Transformation (1967, a revision of Psychology of the Unconscious, 1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">Psychological Types</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Essays_on_Analytical_Psychology" title="Two Essays on Analytical Psychology">Two Essays on Analytical Psychology</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_%26_Dynamics_of_the_Psyche" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure & Dynamics of the Psyche">Structure & Dynamics of the Psyche</a> (1969)</li> <li>Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (1969)</li> <li>Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self (1969)</li> <li>Civilization in Transition (1970)</li> <li>Psychology and Religion (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_and_Alchemy" title="Psychology and Alchemy">Psychology and Alchemy</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_Studies" title="Alchemical Studies">Alchemical Studies</a> (1968)</li> <li>Mysterium Coniunctionis (1970)</li> <li>Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature (1966)</li> <li>Practice of Psychotherapy (1966)</li> <li>Development of Personality (1954)</li> <li>The Symbolic Life (1977)</li> <li>General Bibliography (Revised Edition) (1990)</li> <li>General Index (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jungfrauen" title="Jungfrauen">Jungfrauen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_von_Franz" title="Marie-Louise von Franz">Marie-Louise von Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hannah" title="Barbara Hannah">Barbara Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolande_Jacobi" title="Jolande Jacobi">Jolande Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniela_Jaff%C3%A9" title="Aniela Jaffé">Aniela Jaffé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Jung" title="Emma Jung">Emma Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Wolff" title="Toni Wolff">Toni Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Moltzer" title="Maria Moltzer">Maria Moltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Sabina Spielrein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_White_(priest)" title="Victor White (priest)">Victor White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilhelm_(sinologist)" title="Richard Wilhelm (sinologist)">Richard Wilhelm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Followers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillman" title="James Hillman">James Hillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Neumann_(psychologist)" title="Erich Neumann (psychologist)">Erich Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Oakes" title="Maud Oakes">Maud Oakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Henderson" title="Joseph L. Henderson">Joseph L. Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_van_der_Post" title="Laurens van der Post">Laurens van der Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonu_Shamdasani" title="Sonu Shamdasani">Sonu Shamdasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Singer" title="June Singer">June Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stevens_(Jungian_analyst)" title="Anthony Stevens (Jungian analyst)">Anthony Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Woodman" title="Marion Woodman">Marion Woodman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollingen_Tower" title="Bollingen Tower">Bollingen Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._G._Jung_House_Museum" title="C. G. Jung House Museum">C. G. Jung House Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollingen_Foundation" title="Bollingen Foundation">Bollingen Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._G._Jung_Institute,_Z%C3%BCrich" title="C. G. Jung Institute, Zürich">C. G. Jung Institute in Zürich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranos" title="Eranos">Eranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Analytical_Psychology" title="International Association for Analytical Psychology">Int'l Assoc. for Analytical Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Jungian_Studies" title="International Association for Jungian Studies">Int'l Assoc. for Jungian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungian_Society_for_Scholarly_Studies" title="Jungian Society for Scholarly Studies">Jungian Society for Scholarly Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Foundation" title="Philemon Foundation">Philemon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_Club_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Psychology Club Zürich">Psychology Club Zürich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Method" title="A Dangerous Method">A Dangerous Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity_(The_Police_album)" title="Synchronicity (The Police album)">Synchronicity (album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity_I" title="Synchronicity I">song 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity_II" title="Synchronicity II">2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Man_(song)" title="Shadow Man (song)">Shadow Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_Keeper" title="The Soul Keeper">The Soul Keeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(series)" title="Persona (series)">Persona (series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_(2020_film)" title="Soul (2020 film)">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_pedagogy" title="Archetypal pedagogy">Archetypal pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollingen_Prize" title="Bollingen Prize">Bollingen Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh%C3%B6lzli" title="Burghölzli">Burghölzli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Golden_Flower" title="The Secret of the Golden Flower">The Secret of the Golden Flower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Carl_Jung" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Carl Jung">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Carl_Jung" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Carl Jung">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Carl_Jung" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Carl Jung">Wikisource texts</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carl_Jung" title="Category:Carl Jung">All articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consciousness" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consciousness" title="Template:Consciousness"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consciousness" title="Template talk:Consciousness"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consciousness" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consciousness"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consciousness" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_O%27Shaughnessy_(philosopher)" title="Brian O'Shaughnessy (philosopher)">Brian O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Strong" title="Charles Augustus Strong">Charles Augustus Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Peacocke" title="Christopher Peacocke">Christopher Peacocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_McGinn" title="Colin McGinn">Colin McGinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Papineau" title="David Papineau">David Papineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Galen Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes">George Henry Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Rey" title="Georges Rey">Georges Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Levine_(philosopher)" title="Joseph Levine (philosopher)">Joseph Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Frankish" title="Keith Frankish">Keith Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Sayre" title="Kenneth M. Sayre">Kenneth M. Sayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Velmans" title="Max Velmans">Max Velmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Goff_(philosopher)" title="Philip Goff (philosopher)">Philip Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Metzinger" title="Thomas Metzinger">Thomas Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">William Kingdon Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lycan" title="William Lycan">William Lycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seager_(philosopher)" title="William Seager (philosopher)">William Seager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Gustav Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_D._Hoffman" title="Donald D. Hoffman">Donald D. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fechner" title="Gustav Fechner">Gustav Fechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Jaynes" title="Julian Jaynes">Julian Jaynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koffka" title="Kurt Koffka">Kurt Koffka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neuroscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Seth" title="Anil Seth">Anil Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Libet" title="Benjamin Libet">Benjamin Libet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Baars" title="Bernard Baars">Bernard Baars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Tononi" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl Pribram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weiskrantz" title="Lawrence Weiskrantz">Lawrence Weiskrantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gazzaniga" title="Michael Gazzaniga">Michael Gazzaniga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graziano" title="Michael Graziano">Michael Graziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wilken" title="Patrick Wilken">Patrick Wilken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene" title="Stanislas Dehaene">Stanislas Dehaene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Laureys" title="Steven Laureys">Steven Laureys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff" title="Stuart Hameroff">Stuart Hameroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Singer" title="Wolf Singer">Wolf Singer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annaka_Harris" title="Annaka Harris">Annaka Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_monism" title="Anomalous monism">Anomalous monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-aspect_theory" title="Double-aspect theory">Double-aspect theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_monism" title="Reflexive monism">Reflexive monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionary_materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionary materialism">Revisionary materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_schema_theory" title="Attention schema theory">Attention schema theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Universe_of_Consciousness#The_Dynamic_Core_Hypothesis" title="A Universe of Consciousness">Dynamic core hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasio%27s_theory_of_consciousness" title="Damasio's theory of consciousness">Damasio's theory of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness" title="Electromagnetic theories of consciousness">Electromagnetic theories of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workspace_theory" title="Global workspace theory">Global workspace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_theories_of_consciousness" title="Higher-order theories of consciousness">Higher-order theories of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory" title="Holonomic brain theory">Holonomic brain theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_information_theory" title="Integrated information theory">Integrated information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_masking#Lamme's_recurrent_feedback_hypothesis_of_visual_awareness_and_masking" title="Visual masking">Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_drafts_model" title="Multiple drafts model">Multiple drafts model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction" title="Orchestrated objective reduction">Orchestrated objective reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">Agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">Altered state of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_control" title="Attentional control">Attentional control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">Binding problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindsight" title="Blindsight">Blindsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_theater" title="Cartesian theater">Cartesian theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorders of consciousness">Disorders of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Divided consciousness">Divided consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_consciousness" title="Dual consciousness">Dual consciousness (split-brain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_gap" title="Explanatory gap">Explanatory gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppression" title="Flash suppression">Flash suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology">Heterophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection_illusion" title="Introspection illusion">Introspection illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_argument" title="Knowledge argument">Knowledge argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locked-in_syndrome" title="Locked-in syndrome">Locked-in syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimally_conscious_state" title="Minimally conscious state">Minimally conscious state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">Neural correlates of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Philosophical zombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_consciousness" title="Primary consciousness">Primary consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_(neural_circuitry)" title="Reentry (neural circuitry)">Reentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(witness)" title="Sakshi (witness)">Sakshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_consciousness" title="Secondary consciousness">Secondary consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">Sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Sociology of human consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(psychology)" title="Stream of consciousness (psychology)">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">Subconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_character_of_experience" title="Subjective character of experience">Subjective character of experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">Subjectivity and objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">Unconsciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_masking" title="Visual masking">Visual masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Universe_of_Consciousness" title="A Universe of Consciousness">A Universe of Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness">Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_and_Cognition" title="Consciousness and Cognition">Consciousness and Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_Explained" title="Consciousness Explained">Consciousness Explained</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness" title="Cosmic Consciousness">Cosmic Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_the_Self_Controls_Its_Brain" title="How the Self Controls Its Brain">How the Self Controls Its Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Consciousness_Conference" title="Online Consciousness Conference">Online Consciousness Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(consciousness_journal)" title="Psyche (consciousness journal)">Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astonishing_Hypothesis" title="The Astonishing Hypothesis">The Astonishing Hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscious_Mind" title="The Conscious Mind">The Conscious Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind" title="The Emperor's New Mind">The Emperor's New Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Science_of_Consciousness" title="The Science of Consciousness">The Science of Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Consciousness" title="Understanding Consciousness">Understanding Consciousness</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_It_Like_to_Be_a_Bat%3F" title="What Is It Like to Be a Bat?">What Is It Like to Be a Bat?</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider_than_the_Sky" title="Wider than the Sky">Wider than the Sky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Consciousness" title="Category:Consciousness">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Consciousness" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Consciousness">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BFD7FF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology">Wiktionary category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Psychology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Psychology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychology">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychotherapy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychotherapy" title="Template talk:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychotherapy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">Psychodynamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlerian">Adlerian therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral psychotherapy">Cognitive and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis" title="Clinical behavior analysis">Clinical behavior analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">Focusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">Dance therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Feminist therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">Play therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_therapy_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic therapy (psychotherapy)">Systemic therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">Transactional analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">Integrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_psychotherapy" title="Eclectic psychotherapy">Eclectic psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">Brief psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_counseling" title="Online counseling">Online counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">Support groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">Clinical formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pluralism" title="Clinical pluralism">Clinical pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">Common factors theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy_discontinuation" title="Psychotherapy discontinuation">Discontinuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couples_therapy" title="Couples therapy">Couples therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelly_(psychologist)" title="George Kelly (psychologist)">George Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Axline" title="Virginia Axline">Virginia Axline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Whitaker" title="Carl Whitaker">Carl Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bugental" title="James Bugental">James Bugental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minuchin" title="Salvador Minuchin">Salvador Minuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_Lindsley" title="Ogden Lindsley">Ogden Lindsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Gendlin" title="Eugene Gendlin">Eugene Gendlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_White_(psychotherapist)" title="Michael White (psychotherapist)">Michael White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Young_(psychologist)" title="Jeffrey Young (psychologist)">Jeffrey Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonagy" title="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Psychotherapy" title="Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy">Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Applied_Psychophysiology_and_Biofeedback" title="Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41532#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41532#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41532#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000426604224">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88819182">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29786/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvxqkbqJQt3mHBVG648YP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118558749">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79003358">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909239m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909239m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444983">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV004509">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36062685">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990004107&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1722231">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/22648">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06836346X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90061849">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00405159?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/carl-gustav-jung/">Leopoldina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500320294">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a10120fb-622d-4504-ac71-c218095d4977">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/295408">RKD Artists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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