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directors and staff subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_directors_and_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Dalton_Hooker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Joseph Dalton Hooker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Dalton_Hooker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peter_Shaw_Green" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peter_Shaw_Green"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Peter Shaw Green</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peter_Shaw_Green-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bernard_Verdcourt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bernard_Verdcourt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bernard Verdcourt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bernard_Verdcourt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections_and_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections_and_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Collections and access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections_and_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_and_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_and_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conservation and preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_and_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Index_Kewensis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Index_Kewensis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Index Kewensis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Index_Kewensis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kew_Record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kew_Record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kew Record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kew_Record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Taxonomic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Research applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Digital access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Future developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kew_Herbarium&params=51_29_6_N_0_17_28_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°29′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°17′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.48500°N 0.29111°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.48500; -0.29111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Herbarium in London</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kew_Herbarium_Nov_2024_(corrected).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kew_Herbarium_Nov_2024_%28corrected%29.jpg/260px-Kew_Herbarium_Nov_2024_%28corrected%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kew_Herbarium_Nov_2024_%28corrected%29.jpg/390px-Kew_Herbarium_Nov_2024_%28corrected%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kew_Herbarium_Nov_2024_%28corrected%29.jpg/520px-Kew_Herbarium_Nov_2024_%28corrected%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3223" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Kew Herbarium and Library</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Kew Herbarium</b> (herbarium code: <b>K</b>) is one of the world's largest and most historically significant <a href="/wiki/Herbaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaria">herbaria</a>, housed at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England. Established in the 1850s on the ground floor of Hunter House, it has grown to maintain approximately seven million preserved plant specimens, including 330,000 <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type specimens</a>. The herbarium's collections, which include specimens dating back to 1700, represent about 95% of known <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> genera and 60% of described <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, with specimens collected over 260 years of <a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">botanical exploration</a>. The herbarium processes around 5,000 specimen loans annually and hosts approximately 3,000 visitor-days of research visits each year, supporting a wide range of botanical research. </p><p>The herbarium's development has been closely tied to British <a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">botanical exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial expansion">colonial expansion</a>, with contributions from influential directors like Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> and major acquisitions including the Gay Herbarium. Research at the herbarium has contributed to botanical <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, with publications such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Kewensis" title="Index Kewensis">Index Kewensis</a></i>, initiated with funding from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in 1882, and the <i>Kew Record</i>. The facility has undergone several major expansions since its first purpose-built wing was constructed in 1877, with <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian architecture</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Spiral_staircase" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral staircase">spiral staircases</a>, iron columns, and vast handcrafted wooden cupboards. In 2022, the herbarium initiated a £29 million <a href="/wiki/Digitisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitisation">digitisation</a> project to produce high-resolution images of its collection, with a target completion date of 2026. </p><p>The herbarium is a resource for botanical research in taxonomy, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate science">climate science</a>. Its specimens offer data that aid in tracking environmental changes, studying <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease" title="Plant disease">plant diseases</a>, and identifying new species, as demonstrated by the 2022 discovery of <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_boliviana" title="Victoria boliviana">Victoria boliviana</a></i>, the world's largest water lily species, which had remained unrecognised in the collection for almost two centuries. The herbarium's future is currently subject to debate, with controversial plans announced in 2023 to relocate the collection to <a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley_Park" title="Thames Valley Park">Thames Valley Science Park</a>, prompting discussion about the balance between preservation needs, research accessibility, and maintaining the historic connection between the herbarium and Kew's living collections. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gardens_of_Kew-_the_work_of_Kew_Gardens_in_Wartime,_Surrey,_England,_UK,_1943_D16520.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Gardens_of_Kew-_the_work_of_Kew_Gardens_in_Wartime%2C_Surrey%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16520.jpg/220px-The_Gardens_of_Kew-_the_work_of_Kew_Gardens_in_Wartime%2C_Surrey%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16520.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Gardens_of_Kew-_the_work_of_Kew_Gardens_in_Wartime%2C_Surrey%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16520.jpg/330px-The_Gardens_of_Kew-_the_work_of_Kew_Gardens_in_Wartime%2C_Surrey%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Gardens_of_Kew-_the_work_of_Kew_Gardens_in_Wartime%2C_Surrey%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16520.jpg/440px-The_Gardens_of_Kew-_the_work_of_Kew_Gardens_in_Wartime%2C_Surrey%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D16520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>View of the interior of the Herbarium at Kew Gardens in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the establishment of Kew's herbarium, botanical specimens in London were primarily studied at Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>' collection in <a href="/wiki/Soho_Square" title="Soho Square">Soho Square</a>. This changed after <a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a> became Kew's Director in 1841, when he began allowing researchers to access his substantial private collection at his residence near the gardens. The herbarium officially began in 1852 when the ground floor of Hunter House, an early 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Queen Anne Revival architecture in the United Kingdom">Queen Anne style</a> building on <a href="/wiki/Kew_Green" title="Kew Green">Kew Green</a>, was allocated to store both Hooker's collection and the herbarium and library of <a href="/wiki/William_Arnold_Bromfield" title="William Arnold Bromfield">William Arnold Bromfield</a>. Hunter House had previously been the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a> (later <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a>) until his death in 1851, and formed part of a larger complex with the adjacent Meyer's House (now Hanover House).<sup id="cite_ref-RBG_openhouse_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBG_openhouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1876, parts of Hunter House, including its drawing room, south room, kitchen and river <a href="/wiki/Frontage" title="Frontage">frontage</a> steps, were demolished to make way for the herbarium's first purpose-built wing.<sup id="cite_ref-RBG_openhouse_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBG_openhouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year saw the appointment of the first <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Black" title="Allan Black">Allan Black</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KEW_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KEW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The herbarium's collection includes specimens from many notable historical figures, illustrating its connection to exploration and scientific discovery. Among its treasures is a specimen of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faroa_nyasica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faroa nyasica (page does not exist)">Faroa nyasica</a></i> collected by <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> in the 1860s during his explorations of what is now <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>. While the collection includes a 4,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Olive_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive tree">olive tree</a> branch from <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>'s tomb, its oldest officially catalogued specimen is <i><a href="/wiki/Indigofera_astragalina" title="Indigofera astragalina">Indigofera astragalina</a></i>, collected by Daniel du Bois at <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George" title="Fort St. George">Fort St. George</a> in India in 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-Jowit_2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowit_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early specimens are those collected by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Browne_(surgeon)" title="Samuel Browne (surgeon)">Samuel Browne</a>, a surgeon working for the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in the 1690s. Browne collected plants around <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> (now Chennai) and collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> speakers to record local plant names and uses.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirschler_2024_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirschler_2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early herbarium grew rapidly through both government grants and private donations. In 1853, the herbarium received William Bromfield's <i>Flora Vectensis</i>. An expansion took place in 1854 when <a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">George Bentham</a> donated his herbarium and library to the nation, on condition they would be housed at Kew and remain accessible to botanists. After William Hooker's death in 1865, the government purchased his herbarium and library in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemsley_1903_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemsley_1903-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many significant historical collections were incorporated during this early period, including <a href="/wiki/Allan_Cunningham_(botanist)" title="Allan Cunningham (botanist)">Allan Cunningham</a>'s Australasian specimens, <a href="/wiki/William_John_Burchell" title="William John Burchell">William John Burchell</a>'s collections from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> and South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist,_born_1773)" title="Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)">Robert Brown</a>'s British specimens, <a href="/wiki/Hewett_Watson" title="Hewett Watson">Hewett Watson</a>'s British collections, <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Griffiths" title="Amelia Griffiths">Amelia Griffiths</a>'s algae, <a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(botanist)" title="William Wright (botanist)">William Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Rottler" title="Johan Peter Rottler">Johan Peter Rottler</a>'s Indian specimens, and several general herbaria. The extensive Indian collections of Hooker and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(botanist)" title="Thomas Thomson (botanist)">Thomas Thomson</a> that reached Kew in 1851 contained an estimated 8,000 species.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemsley_1903_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemsley_1903-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another valuable acquisition was the herbarium of Jacques Gay, which arrived at Kew in 1868. This collection included early specimens from <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> collected in the 1820s by Claude Richard, the founder of the Richard Tol botanical gardens, and by Döllinger (who collected in Senegal during 1823, particularly around Richard Tol). Many of these specimens were originally sent to Gay by Baron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Roger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques François Roger (page does not exist)">Jacques François Roger</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Roger" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques François Roger">fr</a>]</span>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Senegal" title="List of colonial governors of Senegal">governor of Senegal</a> (1821–1826), who played an important role in furthering botanical research in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillett_1962_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillett_1962-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first purpose-built wing of the herbarium was constructed in 1877, prompted by the need for additional space to accommodate botanical specimens collected during exploration of the British Empire. Around 1878, a large hall was added – a quadrangular structure eighty-six feet by forty-three feet, with a ground floor and two galleries connected by two spiral staircases and lit by forty-eight windows. A second hall of the same dimensions was completed around 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemsley_1903_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemsley_1903-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facility underwent several further expansions between 1902 and 1969, including basement extensions. The facility has expanded periodically to house its growing collections, with extensions added approximately every 40 years. This pattern of growth continued with a modern wing added in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Jowit_2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowit_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drinkell_2024_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkell_2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, a major reorganisation of British botanical collections took place when Kew transferred its <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and most of its <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_(Natural_History)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum (Natural History)">British Museum (Natural History)</a> on permanent loan, receiving in exchange the British Museum's fungal collections.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenan_1972_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenan_1972-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, the herbarium's holdings had grown substantially – from over 2,000,000 specimens mounted on 1,500,000 sheets in 1903<sup id="cite_ref-Hemsley_1903_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemsley_1903-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to its current size of approximately seven million specimens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_and_design">Architecture and design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kew_Herbarium_old_wing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kew_Herbarium_old_wing.jpg/220px-Kew_Herbarium_old_wing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kew_Herbarium_old_wing.jpg/330px-Kew_Herbarium_old_wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kew_Herbarium_old_wing.jpg/440px-Kew_Herbarium_old_wing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Three-story spiral staircases stand beside tall iron columns in the old wing of the herbarium.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original 1877 Wing C exemplifies the grand <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian architecture</a> that characterises much of the herbarium. Its interior features a soaring rectangular warehouse design with three-story spiral staircases beside tall red iron columns, in what staff affectionately call a "jailhouse style." The space is flooded with natural light from enormous windows - a deliberate 19th-century design choice to minimize the use of gas lanterns around the paper specimens. Vast handcrafted wooden cupboards are arranged in rows, creating what staff call small "cells" between the stacks that point toward the centre of the room. The historic wing has a unique atmosphere, marked by the scent of old paper and preserved specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Leyden_2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leyden_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent wings retained similar architectural features to the original design through the early 20th century, with Wing B (1902) matching the galleried interior and woodwork of Wing C. The newer wings show the evolution of herbarium design – Wing E (2009) replaced the traditional wooden cupboards with wheel-operated compactor shelves and substituted windows for modern <a href="/wiki/Climate_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate control">climate control</a> systems maintaining a constant 18°C. The facility includes two cavernous basements housing specialised collections. These storage areas feature custom-made boxes designed for preserving particular specimen types, with shelving extending deep into climate-controlled storage areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_directors_and_staff">Notable directors and staff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable directors and staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joseph_Dalton_Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Joseph Dalton Hooker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1817–1911) served as Assistant Director (1855–1865) and then Director (1865–1885) of Kew Gardens. During his tenure, he substantially expanded the herbarium's collections through his own extensive botanical expeditions and by establishing a wide network of scientific exchanges. Hooker conducted several major collecting expeditions, including voyages to Antarctica and the South Pacific (1839–1843), India and the Himalayas (1847–1851), and the western United States (1877). His Indian expedition alone yielded over 150,000 specimens representing around 7,000 species. During his travels in Sikkim, he collected specimens of 25 previously unknown species of rhododendron. His botanical artwork and field sketches from these expeditions are preserved in Kew's art collection.<sup id="cite_ref-Goyder_2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goyder_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A prolific author, Hooker formally described over 12,000 new plant species during his career. His major publications included the multi-volume <i>Flora of British India</i> and <i>Genera Plantarum</i>, the latter written with George Bentham establishing a systematic structure for plant classification that remained in use at Kew for over 130 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Goyder_2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goyder_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peter_Shaw_Green">Peter Shaw Green</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peter Shaw Green"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shaw_Green" title="Peter Shaw Green">Peter Shaw Green</a> (1920–2009) served as Keeper of the Herbarium and Deputy Director of Kew Gardens from 1975 to 1982. He was particularly known for his expertise in the taxonomy of <a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a> and the flora of the south-western Pacific. During his tenure, he reorganised the herbarium's sectional structure to be based on systematic rather than geographical responsibilities. Green also played a crucial role in establishing the management of the Herbarium and Library as a single unit, which later evolved into the Herbarium, Library, Art & Archives department.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Green joined Kew in 1966 in the Australian Section of the Herbarium, later becoming Deputy Keeper and editor of the <i>Kew Bulletin</i>. In this role, he cleared the mounting backlog of manuscripts and restored the publication to a regular schedule. After retirement in 1982, he continued his research as an Honorary Research Fellow, contributing accounts of the Oleaceae to various floras including the <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">Flora of China</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Thailand" title="Flora of Thailand">Flora of Thailand</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bernard_Verdcourt">Bernard Verdcourt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bernard Verdcourt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Verdcourt" title="Bernard Verdcourt">Bernard Verdcourt</a> (1925–2011) was a prolific taxonomist who worked at Kew from 1964 to 2008, first as Principal Scientific Officer and later as an Honorary Research Fellow. He made substantial contributions to the Flora of Tropical East Africa, authoring over one-fifth of this major work which covered 12,500 species. Verdcourt published extensively on the taxonomy of various plant <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leguminosae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminosae">Leguminosae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beentje_et_al._2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beentje_et_al._2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his career, he contributed more than 1,220 scientific papers and books, focusing not only on botany but also on malacology and entomology. He was particularly known for his meticulous attention to detail in plant taxonomy and his willingness to assist younger botanists. His taxonomic work was recognised with several honours, including the <a href="/wiki/Kew_International_Medal" title="Kew International Medal">Kew Medal</a> in 1986 and the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Gold_Medal" title="Linnean Gold Medal">Linnean Society's Gold Medal</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Beentje_et_al._2013_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beentje_et_al._2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections_and_access">Collections and access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Collections and access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kew_Herbarium,_storage_in_old_wing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kew_Herbarium%2C_storage_in_old_wing.jpg/220px-Kew_Herbarium%2C_storage_in_old_wing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kew_Herbarium%2C_storage_in_old_wing.jpg/330px-Kew_Herbarium%2C_storage_in_old_wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kew_Herbarium%2C_storage_in_old_wing.jpg/440px-Kew_Herbarium%2C_storage_in_old_wing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Specimen storage in the wooden cabinets, showing the traditional vertical filing system for preserved plant sheets. These handcrafted cupboards, characteristic of the older wings, store thousands of mounted specimens in organised compartments.</figcaption></figure> <p>The size of the collection has been a subject of historical interest. In 1953, for the herbarium's centenary, it was estimated to contain approximately 6 million specimens. However, a detailed statistical analysis conducted in 1970 revealed that these earlier estimates had been inflated. The study, which sampled 279 pigeonholes from a total of 64,199, established that the herbarium contained approximately 4,188,000 specimens, including about 275,000 <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type specimens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenan_1972_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenan_1972-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2024, the collection had grown to approximately seven million specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkell_2024_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkell_2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kew Herbarium houses approximately seven million preserved vascular plant specimens, making it one of the largest herbaria in the world. The institution's internationally recognised herbarium code is <b>K</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Index_Herbariorum_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index_Herbariorum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is used when citing housed specimens. The collections are highly representative of global plant diversity, containing about 95% of known vascular plant genera. Of particular scientific importance are the 330,000 type specimens, which serve as nomenclatural standards for plant identification and taxonomy. Approximately 30,000 to 50,000 new specimens are added to the herbarium's collections each year. About a quarter of these new accessions come from Kew staff working with international partners, while the remainder arrive through exchanges with other herbaria worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Jowit_2010_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowit_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KEW_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KEW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specimens are typically collected when plants are in flower or fruit to aid identification. Field collection methods have remained largely unchanged since the herbarium's founding - plants are pressed and dried between sheets in traditional flower presses before being shipped to Kew. Specimens typically arrive wrapped in newspaper from their country of origin, which was used to dry them in the field. Each specimen includes a collector's label with provisional identification and contextual information, often accompanied by field notes, maps, and notebooks that provide valuable details about the time and place of collection.<sup id="cite_ref-Seed_2024_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seed_2024-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once received, specimens require specialised preservation methods depending on their type, with facilities like custom storage boxes for delicate specimens such as cacti.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2019_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The herbarium regularly supports international research through specimen loans and visiting researchers. Around 10,000 specimens are sent out annually as loans or exchanges to scientists worldwide. The facility hosts hundreds of visiting researchers each year, who use the collections not only for taxonomic studies but also for research in conservation planning, agricultural development, environmental science, and climate studies.<sup id="cite_ref-KEW_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KEW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_and_preservation">Conservation and preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conservation and preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The herbarium processes approximately 5,000 specimen loans annually and facilitates around 3,000 researcher visits each year, supporting botanical research worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkell_2024_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkell_2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preservation of specimens is a central aspect of the herbarium's work. Historically, various methods have been used to mount and preserve specimens. In the 19th century, specimens were typically mounted on high-quality <a href="/wiki/Rag_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Rag paper">rag paper</a> using traditional materials like <a href="/wiki/Wheat_starch_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat starch paste">wheat starch paste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glue</a>. By the mid-20th century, newer materials such as <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">polyvinyl acetate</a> adhesives and plastic mountants were introduced, though some of these later proved problematic for long-term preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_1986_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_1986-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic preservation process has remained largely unchanged since the herbarium's founding, though methods have evolved over time. New acquisitions follow a specific protocol: specimens are collected and dried between sheets of paper in presses, then undergo deep-freezing to eradicate pests before awaiting examination by specialist taxonomists. After verification of plant identification, specimens are mounted on <a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">acid-free papers</a> using appropriate <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a> that allow for future examination, then imaged, digitised, and finally incorporated into the collections.<sup id="cite_ref-Seed_2024_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seed_2024-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_1986_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_1986-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While various chemical treatments have historically been used to prevent insect attack, the institution now primarily relies on deep-freezing for pest control. Documentation has similarly evolved from handwritten labels to computer-generated ones including GPS data, though historical specimens preserve important contextual details from collectors like <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Francis_George_Kerr" title="Arthur Francis George Kerr">A.F.G. Kerr</a>'s detailed Thai specimens from the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Jowit_2010_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowit_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_and_research">Publications and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publications and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kew_Herbarium_pressed_and_boxed_specimens_of_Raphia_australis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kew_Herbarium_pressed_and_boxed_specimens_of_Raphia_australis.jpg/220px-Kew_Herbarium_pressed_and_boxed_specimens_of_Raphia_australis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kew_Herbarium_pressed_and_boxed_specimens_of_Raphia_australis.jpg/330px-Kew_Herbarium_pressed_and_boxed_specimens_of_Raphia_australis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kew_Herbarium_pressed_and_boxed_specimens_of_Raphia_australis.jpg/440px-Kew_Herbarium_pressed_and_boxed_specimens_of_Raphia_australis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>The distinctive fan palm leaves and fruit clusters of <i><a href="/wiki/Raphia_australis" title="Raphia australis">Raphia australis</a></i> mounted as herbarium specimens, showing how different parts of the plant are preserved and stored. Large specimens like these palms often require specialised storage solutions, including custom boxes to accommodate their size.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kew Herbarium has contributed to a wide range of botanical research. Beyond its traditional importance in taxonomic studies, the collections underpin research in conservation, ecology, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, and climate science. The specimens offer information on plant morphology, distribution, environmental niches, <a href="/wiki/Phenology" title="Phenology">phenology</a> (flowering and fruiting times), and even genetic material that can be <a href="/wiki/DNA_extraction" title="DNA extraction">extracted</a> for DNA studies.<sup id="cite_ref-KEW_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KEW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Index_Kewensis">Index Kewensis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Index Kewensis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Kewensis" title="Index Kewensis">Index Kewensis</a></i>, initiated in 1882 through funding from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, marked an important development in botanical taxonomy. The project was conceived to create a comprehensive index of all published names of seed-bearing plants, as Darwin had found Steudel's <i>Nomenclator</i> (the only existing work of this type) useful but outdated. The first volumes, published between 1893 and 1895, were compiled by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Daydon_Jackson" title="Benjamin Daydon Jackson">Benjamin Daydon Jackson</a> under the direction of Joseph Hooker. The original work contained approximately 375,000 species names.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafleu_1966_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafleu_1966-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Index has been regularly updated through supplements since its initial publication, with the herbarium staff at Kew scanning the scientific literature to document new plant names and taxonomic changes. The work evolved from providing taxonomic judgments in its early volumes to becoming a straightforward index of published names. It now forms part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a> (IPNI).<sup id="cite_ref-Goyder_2012_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goyder_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kew_Record">Kew Record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kew Record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, Kew Herbarium launched the <i>Kew Record of Taxonomic Literature</i>, an annual bibliography aimed at providing comprehensive coverage of taxonomic literature on vascular plants worldwide. The publication catalogued all new plant names (except <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>) and relevant taxonomic papers, organising them systematically rather than alphabetically. This addressed limitations of existing resources such as the Index Kewensis, which only covered generic and specific names and was published quinquennially.<sup id="cite_ref-RBG_1974_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBG_1974-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kew Record organised its content into systematic groups, with entries placed under relevant plant families and genera where possible. The publication also included sections on floristics, organised by geographical regions corresponding to the herbarium's own specimen organisation system. Additional sections covered topics such as nomenclature, <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> surveys, <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxonomy" title="Chemotaxonomy">chemotaxonomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palynology" title="Palynology">palynology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">reproductive biology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RBG_1974_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBG_1974-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomic_studies">Taxonomic studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taxonomic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The herbarium's collections have supported landmark taxonomic revisions and continue to enable researchers to resolve taxonomic problems. For example, mycological studies using Kew's specimens have helped clarify species concepts in various fungal groups. In his examination of Berkeley and Broome's <i><a href="/wiki/Psathyrella" title="Psathyrella">Psathyrella</a></i> specimens at Kew, the Dutch mycologist <a href="/wiki/Emily_Kits_van_Waveren" title="Emily Kits van Waveren">Emily Kits van Waveren</a> was able to study 28 historical type specimens, allowing him to determine that some specimens actually belonged to different genera (<i><a href="/wiki/Lacrymaria_(fungus)" title="Lacrymaria (fungus)">Lacrymaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Conocybe" title="Conocybe">Conocybe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panaeolus" title="Panaeolus">Panaeolus</a></i>) and establish that some historic names were <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a> of already-known species.<sup id="cite_ref-Kits_van_Waveren_1995_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kits_van_Waveren_1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Meinhard_Moser" class="mw-redirect" title="Meinhard Moser">Meinhard Moser</a>'s studies of <i><a href="/wiki/Cortinarius" title="Cortinarius">Cortinarius</a></i> collections at Kew helped resolve the taxonomy of this notoriously difficult genus of mushrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Moser_1962_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moser_1962-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collections have been particularly important for studying plant groups from former British colonies and protectorates. Aberdeen used the Australian <i><a href="/wiki/Lepiota" title="Lepiota">Lepiota</a></i> specimens at Kew to revise this genus of <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a>-forming fungi in Australia, clarifying species boundaries and establishing new combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-Aberdeen_1962_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aberdeen_1962-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a>, Horn af Rantzien examined tropical African <i><a href="/wiki/Najas" title="Najas">Najas</a></i> specimens at Kew to describe new species and better understand species relationships in this challenging genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Horn_af_Rantzien_1952_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horn_af_Rantzien_1952-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The herbarium also enables research on plant-insect interactions through preserved evidence on specimens. Welch examined the Kew Herbarium's cultivated <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus">Quercus</a></i> collection to document historical occurrences of <a href="/wiki/Gall_wasp" title="Gall wasp">gall wasps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cynipinae" title="Cynipinae">Cynipinae</a>) on non-British oak species, finding evidence of <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">galls</a> on specimens dating back to the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Welch_1987_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch_1987-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_applications">Research applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Research applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The herbarium's specimens support diverse scientific investigations beyond traditional taxonomy. The collection provides plant information useful for multiple research purposes. <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a> has become a crucial modern application of the collections. DNA can be extracted from specimens hundreds of years old, helping construct plant <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">family trees</a> and rearrange taxonomic classifications. According to <a href="/wiki/David_Mabberley" title="David Mabberley">David Mabberley</a>, former keeper of the Herbarium, this has led to significant reorganization of collections, with an estimated 10–12% of plants being reassigned to different families based on genetic evidence rather than physical appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-Jowit_2010_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowit_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_boliviana_Kew_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Victoria_boliviana_Kew_portrait.jpg/250px-Victoria_boliviana_Kew_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Victoria_boliviana_Kew_portrait.jpg/330px-Victoria_boliviana_Kew_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Victoria_boliviana_Kew_portrait.jpg/500px-Victoria_boliviana_Kew_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_boliviana" title="Victoria boliviana">Victoria boliviana</a></i> water lily pads at Kew Gardens, showing the distinctive large circular leaves with raised rims characteristic of the genus. This species, identified in 2022 using Kew's herbarium specimens, can grow leaves up to 3.2 metres in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Millward_2023_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millward_2023-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The herbarium's role in modern species discovery was demonstrated in 2022 when specimens in its collection helped identify <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_boliviana" title="Victoria boliviana">Victoria boliviana</a></i>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">water lily</a> species. Despite samples being in Kew's collection for almost two centuries, the species went unrecognised until <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Magdalena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Magdalena (page does not exist)">Carlos Magdalena</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Magdalena" class="extiw" title="ast:Carlos Magdalena">ast</a>]</span>, one of Kew's water lily experts, collaborated with Bolivian institutions to study seeds from specimens suspected to be of novel species. The subsequent research combined traditional botanical examination with genetic testing to confirm the new species, which can produce leaves up to 3.2 meters in diameter – larger than any other water lily species.<sup id="cite_ref-Millward_2023_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millward_2023-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite modern technological advances like <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> devices and digital cameras, many fundamental research practices at the herbarium remain unchanged from Victorian times. As herbarium researcher <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Schuiteman" title="André Schuiteman">André Schuiteman</a> noted in 2013, "We still look at plants stuck to a piece of paper... We still go to faraway places and collect samples. We keep up with our times, but we also still keep to the 19th century in some ways".<sup id="cite_ref-Leyden_2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leyden_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of traditional methods alongside new technologies allows researchers to study current <a href="/wiki/Field_guide" title="Field guide">field guides</a> and specimens from regions like Oman and Thailand in conjunction with historical collections from these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Leyden_2013_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leyden_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specimens offer data for historical <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental research</a>. They provide evidence for tracking chemical changes in soil and air through analysis of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> absorbed by plants. Historical <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide levels</a> can be studied by examining leaf structures, as plants take up carbon dioxide through holes in their leaves. The specimens also enable researchers to compare historical and current flowering times, track the spread of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, and study changes in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> in specific locations over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_Fox_2021_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane_Fox_2021-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In agricultural applications, the collections support <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a> programs by helping identify genetic traits controlling characteristics like height and colour. They also aid in understanding plant diseases – for example, historical specimens helped trace the progression of the 1840s <a href="/wiki/Potato_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato blight">potato blight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_Fox_2021_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane_Fox_2021-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collections continue to be used by researchers to identify <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened species</a>, study biodiversity patterns, and inform conservation planning. Historical specimens provide <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(science)" title="Baseline (science)">baseline</a> data for studying environmental and climate change. The collections are also valuable for fields beyond botany – historians use them as records of discovery, exploration, and scientific collaborations over the past 250 years.<sup id="cite_ref-KEW_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KEW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_access">Digital access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digital access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, Kew began an ambitious four-year digitisation project to create a complete digital catalogue of its herbarium and fungarium collections, which together comprise approximately 8.5 million specimens. Estimated to cost £29 million, it is the largest project in Kew's history, with the goal of completion by 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirschler_2024_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirschler_2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project aims to make high-resolution images and specimen data freely available through the Kew Data Portal. By July 2024, 3.4 million specimens had been digitised. Prior to this project, all 330,000 type specimens had already been digitised and made available through platforms such as the <a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">Global Biodiversity Information Facility</a> (GBIF) and <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_Global_Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR Global Plants">JSTOR Global Plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_2024_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_2024-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The digitisation project involves specialist teams including imaging experts, data managers, quality assurance specialists, and curator-botanists. The process has revealed various conservation challenges within the collection, including detached plant parts and labels, deteriorated sheets, evidence of pest and mould damage, and wear from repeated handling over centuries. In response, the herbarium appointed its first dedicated Project Conservator in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkell_2024_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkell_2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collections being digitised are especially valuable as they include over 95% of known vascular plant genera and 60% of described fungi, representing more than 260 years of botanical exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_2024_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_2024-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_developments">Future developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Future developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, Kew announced controversial plans to relocate the herbarium approximately 60 kilometres away to <a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley_Park" title="Thames Valley Park">Thames Valley Science Park</a>, owned by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a>. The proposed move, estimated to cost £200 million and take a decade to complete,<sup id="cite_ref-Stokstad_2023_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokstad_2023-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aims to address space constraints (the herbarium receives about 20,000 to 25,000 new specimens annually<sup id="cite_ref-Hirschler_2024_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirschler_2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and concerns about fire and flood risks in the current historic building. The new purpose-built facility would include labs for <a href="/wiki/DNA_extraction" title="DNA extraction">DNA extraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">digital imaging</a>, with space for over 150 researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokstad_2023_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokstad_2023-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some members of the botanical community have strongly opposed the plan. Over 15,000 people, including plant scientists worldwide and former Kew director Sir <a href="/wiki/Ghillean_Prance" title="Ghillean Prance">Ghillean Prance</a>, signed a petition opposing the move. Critics argue that separating the herbarium from Kew's gardens would disrupt crucial interactions between the collection and the living plants, and impede research collaboration. They maintain that the current building could be retrofitted to safely accommodate the growing collection.<sup id="cite_ref-McKie_2023_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKie_2023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kew management asserts that expansion at the current site is limited due to Kew's <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> status, and cites risks from flooding from the nearby <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> and potential fire hazards. They propose redeveloping the current herbarium building, which is not open to the public, as a science quarter to display historically important specimens, including those donated by Charles Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-McKie_2023_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKie_2023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy raises broader questions about herbarium access and equity in botanical science, highlighting the importance of maintaining accessibility for researchers. This is particularly relevant given that only 30% of the world's estimated 400 million herbarium specimens have been described online, and just 10% have been digitised.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_herbaria" title="Conservation and restoration of herbaria">Conservation and restoration of herbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsiccata" title="Exsiccata">Exsiccata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_herbaria" title="List of herbaria">List of herbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_herbaria_in_Europe" title="List of herbaria in Europe">List of herbaria in Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RBG_openhouse-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RBG_openhouse_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBG_openhouse_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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"Notes on Australian <i>Lepiota</i> in the Kew Herbarium". <i>Kew Bulletin</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962KewBu..16..129A">1962KewBu..16..129A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4120357">10.2307/4120357</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4120357">4120357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kew+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Australian+Lepiota+in+the+Kew+Herbarium&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4120357%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4120357&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962KewBu..16..129A&rft.aulast=Aberdeen&rft.aufirst=J.E.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKew+Herbarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horn_af_Rantzien_1952-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horn_af_Rantzien_1952_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorn_af_Rantzien1952" class="citation journal cs1">Horn af Rantzien, Henning (1952). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Plan+to+move+Kew+herbarium+roils+plant+world&rft.volume=382&rft.issue=6667&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37824658&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adl2971&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Sci...382..138S&rft.aulast=Stokstad&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKew+Herbarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKie_2023-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKie_2023_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKie_2023_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKie2023" class="citation news cs1">McKie, Robin (25 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/nov/25/cultural-vandalism-row-as-kew-gardens-and-natural-history-museum-plan-to-move-collections-out-of-london">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cultural vandalism': row as Kew Gardens and Natural History Museum plan to move collections out of London"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=%27Cultural+vandalism%27%3A+row+as+Kew+Gardens+and+Natural+History+Museum+plan+to+move+collections+out+of+London&rft.date=2023-11-25&rft.aulast=McKie&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2023%2Fnov%2F25%2Fcultural-vandalism-row-as-kew-gardens-and-natural-history-museum-plan-to-move-collections-out-of-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKew+Herbarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853239">37853239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Plants&rft.atitle=Pressed+for+space&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1573-%3C%2Fspan%3E1574&rft.date=2023-11-18&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37853239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41477-023-01561-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatPl...9.1573.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41477-023-01561-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKew+Herbarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kew_Herbarium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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Gardens, Kew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakehurst_Place" title="Wakehurst Place">Wakehurst Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedgebury_National_Pinetum" title="Bedgebury National Pinetum">Bedgebury National Pinetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kew Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_House,_Kew_Gardens" title="Temperate House, Kew Gardens">Temperate House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_House,_Kew_Gardens" title="Palm House, Kew Gardens">Palm House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pagoda,_Kew_Gardens" title="Great Pagoda, Kew Gardens">Great Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte%27s_Cottage" title="Queen Charlotte's Cottage">Queen Charlotte's Cottage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directors_of_the_Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Botany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_Kewensis" title="Index Kewensis">Index Kewensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">The Plant List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GrassBase" title="GrassBase">GrassBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">World Flora Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">Index Fungorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Plant_Hunt" title="The Great Plant Hunt">The Great Plant Hunt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kew_Bulletin" title="Kew Bulletin">Kew Bulletin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Constabulary" title="Kew Constabulary">Kew Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens_(short_story)" title="Kew Gardens (short story)">Kew Gardens (short story)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Rule" title="Kew Rule">Kew Rule</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Plants_3D" title="Kingdom of Plants 3D">Kingdom of Plants 3D</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Seed_Bank_Partnership" title="Millennium Seed Bank Partnership">Millennium Seed Bank Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Native_Seed_Hub" title="UK Native Seed Hub">UK Native Seed Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Beasts" title="The Queen's Beasts">The Queen's Beasts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curtis%27s_Botanical_Magazine" title="Curtis's Botanical Magazine">Curtis's Botanical Magazine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kew_Herbarium&params=51_29_6_N_0_17_28_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°29′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°17′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this 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title="Category:Archives in London">Archives in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Botanical_research_institutes" title="Category:Botanical research institutes">Botanical research institutes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Category:Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Herbaria_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Herbaria in the United Kingdom">Herbaria in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_botany" title="Category:History of botany">History of botany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kew,_London" title="Category:Kew, London">Kew, London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Category:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a></li><li><a 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