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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Irving Janis</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">May 26, 1918<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 15, 1990<span style="display:none">(1990-11-15)</span> (aged 72)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Psychologist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Marjorie Janis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irving Lester Janis</b> (May 26, 1918 – November 15, 1990) was an American research <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and a professor emeritus at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> most famous for his theory of "<a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">groupthink</a>", which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorkTimesObituary1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimesObituary1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmPsychObituary1992_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmPsychObituary1992-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_General_Psychology" title="Review of General Psychology">Review of General Psychology</a></i> survey, published in 2002, ranked Janis as the 79th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Janis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irving Janis was born on May 26, 1918, in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AmPsychObituary1992_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmPsychObituary1992-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received a bachelor of science degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1939, then received a doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Janis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Janis was drafted into the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>, where he carried out studies of military morale.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, Janis became a faculty member of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> Psychology Department, where he remained for nearly forty years.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hovland" title="Carl Hovland">Carl Hovland</a> on his studies of <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitude</a> change, including the <a href="/wiki/Sleeper_effect" title="Sleeper effect">sleeper effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his career, Janis studied decisionmaking in areas such as dieting and smoking. This work described how people respond to threats, as well as what conditions give rise to irrational complacency, apathy, hopelessness, rigidity, and panic.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Janis also made important contributions to the study of <a href="/wiki/Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">group dynamics</a>. He did extensive work in the area of "<a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">groupthink</a>," which describes the tendency of groups to try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without sufficiently testing, analyzing, and evaluating their ideas. His work suggested that pressures for <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> restrict the thinking of the group, bias its analysis, promote simplistic and stereotyped thinking, and stifle individual creative and independent thought.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Janis wrote or co-wrote more than a dozen books, including <i>Psychological Stress</i> (1958), <i>Victims of Groupthink</i> (1972), <i>Decision Making</i> (1977), <i>Groupthink</i> (1982), and <i>Crucial Decisions</i> (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorkTimesObituary1990_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimesObituary1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Janis was awarded the Socio-Psychological Prize by the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association. In 1991, he won the Distinguished Scientist Award from the Society of Experimental Social Psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorkTimesObituary1990_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimesObituary1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmPsychObituary1992_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmPsychObituary1992-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He retired from Yale University in 1985, and in 1986 was appointed Adjunct Professor of Psychology Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Janis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Janis' father, Martin Janis, owned an art gallery in Los Angeles. His uncle was the pioneering art dealer <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Janis" title="Sidney Janis">Sidney Janis</a>. Irving Janis was married to Marjorie Janis, with whom he had two daughters. He died of lung cancer on November 15, 1990, in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorkTimesObituary1990_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimesObituary1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_books">Selected books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Janis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHovlandJanisKelley1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hovland" title="Carl Hovland">Hovland, Carl Iver</a>; Janis, Irving L.; Kelley, Harold H. (1953). <i>Communication and persuasion; psychological studies of opinion change</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/187639">187639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+and+persuasion%3B+psychological+studies+of+opinion+change&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F187639&rft.aulast=Hovland&rft.aufirst=Carl+Iver&rft.au=Janis%2C+Irving+L.&rft.au=Kelley%2C+Harold+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis1958" class="citation book cs1">Janis, Irving L. (1958). <i>Psychological stress; psychoanalytic and behavioral studies of surgical patients</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14620125">14620125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychological+stress%3B+psychoanalytic+and+behavioral+studies+of+surgical+patients&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14620125&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis1959" class="citation book cs1">Janis, Irving L. (1959). <i>Personality and persuasibility</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224637">224637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personality+and+persuasibility&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224637&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis1969" class="citation book cs1">Janis, Irving L. (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalitydynam0000unse"><i>Personality: dynamics, development, and assessment</i></a></span>. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-569585-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-569585-6"><bdi>978-0-15-569585-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personality%3A+dynamics%2C+development%2C+and+assessment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-15-569585-6&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersonalitydynam0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis1972" class="citation book cs1">Janis, Irving L. (1972). <i>Victims of groupthink; a psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes</i>. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-14002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-14002-4"><bdi>978-0-395-14002-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victims+of+groupthink%3B+a+psychological+study+of+foreign-policy+decisions+and+fiascoes&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-395-14002-4&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanisMann1977" class="citation book cs1">Janis, Irving L.; Mann, Leon (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisionmakingps00janirich"><i>Decision making: a psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment</i></a>. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-916160-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-916160-9"><bdi>978-0-02-916160-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+making%3A+a+psychological+analysis+of+conflict%2C+choice%2C+and+commitment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-02-916160-9&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rft.au=Mann%2C+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisionmakingps00janirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerJanis1980" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Daniel D.; Janis, Irving L. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicalguidefo0000whee"><i>A practical guide for making decisions</i></a></span>. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-934460-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-934460-6"><bdi>978-0-02-934460-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+guide+for+making+decisions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-02-934460-6&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft.au=Janis%2C+Irving+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticalguidefo0000whee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis1982" class="citation book cs1">Janis, Irving L. (1982). <i>Counseling on personal decisions: theory and research on short-term helping relationships</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02484-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02484-5"><bdi>978-0-300-02484-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counseling+on+personal+decisions%3A+theory+and+research+on+short-term+helping+relationships&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02484-5&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis1982" class="citation book cs1">Janis, Irving L. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/groupthinkpsycho00jani"><i>Groupthink: psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-31704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-31704-4"><bdi>978-0-395-31704-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groupthink%3A+psychological+studies+of+policy+decisions+and+fiascoes&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-395-31704-4&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgroupthinkpsycho00jani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis1982" class="citation book cs1">Janis, Irving L. (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stressattitudesd0000jani"><i>Stress, attitudes, and decisions: selected papers</i></a></span>. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-059036-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-059036-8"><bdi>978-0-03-059036-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stress%2C+attitudes%2C+and+decisions%3A+selected+papers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-03-059036-8&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstressattitudesd0000jani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis1989" class="citation book cs1">Janis, Irving L. (1989). <i>Crucial decisions: leadership in policymaking and crisis management</i>. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-916161-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-916161-6"><bdi>978-0-02-916161-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucial+decisions%3A+leadership+in+policymaking+and+crisis+management&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-02-916161-6&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Janis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NewYorkTimesObituary1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkTimesObituary1990_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkTimesObituary1990_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkTimesObituary1990_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkTimesObituary1990_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/18/obituaries/irving-janis-dies-at-72-coined-group-think.html">"Irving Janis Dies at 72; Coined 'Group Think'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. November 18, 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Irving+Janis+Dies+at+72%3B+Coined+%27Group+Think%27&rft.date=1990-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F11%2F18%2Fobituaries%2Firving-janis-dies-at-72-coined-group-think.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmPsychObituary1992-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmPsychObituary1992_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmPsychObituary1992_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmPsychObituary1992_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMann1992" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, M. Brewster; Mann, Leon (June 1992). "Irving L. Janis (1918–1990): Obituary". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Psychologist" title="American Psychologist">American Psychologist</a></i>. <b>47</b> (6): 812–813. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.47.6.812">10.1037/0003-066X.47.6.812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Irving+L.+Janis+%281918%E2%80%931990%29%3A+Obituary&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=812-813&rft.date=1992-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.47.6.812&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.+Brewster&rft.au=Mann%2C+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggbloomPowellWarnickJones2002" class="citation journal cs1">Haggbloom, Steven J.; Powell, John L. III; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx">"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"</a>. <i>Review of General Psychology</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 139–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.6.2.139">10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145668721">145668721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+General+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+100+most+eminent+psychologists+of+the+20th+century&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-152&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1089-2680.6.2.139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145668721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haggbloom&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Powell%2C+John+L.+III&rft.au=Warnick%2C+Jason+E.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Vinessa+K.&rft.au=Yarbrough%2C+Gary+L.&rft.au=Russell%2C+Tenea+M.&rft.au=Borecky%2C+Chris+M.&rft.au=McGahhey%2C+Reagan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fmonitor%2Fjulaug02%2Feminent.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California:_In_Memoriam,_1991_Irving_L._Janis_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemethTetlock1991" class="citation web cs1">Nemeth, Charlan; <a href="/wiki/Philip_E._Tetlock" title="Philip E. Tetlock">Tetlock, Philip</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb4t1nb2bd&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00032&toc.depth=1&toc.id=/">"University of California: In Memoriam, 1991. Irving L. Janis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+California%3A+In+Memoriam%2C+1991.+Irving+L.+Janis&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Nemeth&rft.aufirst=Charlan&rft.au=Tetlock%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.cdlib.org%2Fxtf%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dhb4t1nb2bd%26doc.view%3Dframes%26chunk.id%3Ddiv00032%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/9650/chapter/13"><i>"Biographical Memoirs: Volume 73"</i></a>. www.nap.edu. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F9650">10.17226/9650</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06031-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06031-8"><bdi>978-0-309-06031-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Biographical+Memoirs%3A+Volume+73%22&rft.pub=www.nap.edu&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F9650&rft.isbn=978-0-309-06031-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F9650%2Fchapter%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Irving-Janis">"Irving Janis American psychologist"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irving+Janis+American+psychologist&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIrving-Janis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Janis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.aaas.org/awards.php?a_id=24">History & Archives: AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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