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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">ISO 639-3</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> ISO 639-3:2007, Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages, is an international standard for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language code">language codes</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> series. It defines three-letter codes for identifying languages. The standard was published by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) on 1 February 2007.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ISO_status-1">[1]</a> ISO 639-3 extends the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> alpha-3 codes with an aim to cover all known <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural language">natural languages</a>. The extended language coverage was based primarily on the language codes used in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (volumes 10–14) published by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SIL_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>, which is now the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Registration_authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Registration authority">registration authority</a> for ISO 639-3.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It provides an enumeration of languages as complete as possible, including living and extinct, ancient and constructed, major and minor, written and unwritten.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ISO_status-1">[1]</a> However, it does not include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstructed_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstructed language">reconstructed languages</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> ISO 639-3 is intended for use as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metadata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metadata">metadata</a> codes in a wide range of applications. It is widely used in computer and information systems, such as the Internet, in which many languages need to be supported. In archives and other information storage, it is used in cataloging systems, indicating what language a resource is in or about. The codes are also frequently used in the linguistic literature and elsewhere to compensate for the fact that language names may be obscure or ambiguous. <table class="wikitable" width="25%" align="right"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Find a language</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Enter an ISO 639-3 code to find the corresponding language article.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""> <form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Special:Search"> <div class="cdx-text-input"> <input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" value="ISO 639:" placeholder="" size="10" dir="ltr"> </div><input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" class="cdx-button"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" class="cdx-button"> </form> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language_codes">1 Language codes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Code_space">2 Code space</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Macrolanguages">3 Macrolanguages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Collective_languages">4 Collective languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Special_codes">5 Special codes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Maintenance_processes">6 Maintenance processes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Criticism">7 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Usage">8 Usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Language_codes">Language codes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Language codes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-3_codes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of ISO 639-3 codes">List of ISO 639-3 codes</a> </div> ISO 639-3 includes all languages in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> and all individual languages in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a>. ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2 focused on major languages, most frequently represented in the total body of the world's literature. Since ISO 639-2 also includes language collections and Part 3 does not, ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2. Where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#B_and_T_codes" title="ISO 639-2">B and T codes</a> exist in ISO 639-2, ISO 639-3 uses the T-codes. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Example ISO language codes </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Language</th> <th scope="col">639-1</th> <th scope="col">639-2 (B/T)</th> <th scope="col">639-3 type</th> <th scope="col">639-3 code</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a></th> <td><code>en</code></td> <td><code>eng</code></td> <td>individual</td> <td><code>eng</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French language">French</a></th> <td><code>fr</code></td> <td><code>fre</code>/<code>fra</code></td> <td>individual</td> <td><code>fra</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German language">German</a></th> <td><code>de</code></td> <td><code>ger</code>/<code>deu</code></td> <td>individual</td> <td><code>deu</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></th> <td rowspan="5"><code>ar</code></td> <td rowspan="5"><code>ara</code></td> <td>macro</td> <td><code>ara</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>arb</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian Arabic">Masri</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>arz</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levantine_Arabic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levantine Arabic">Shami</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>apc</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit Arabic</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>acm</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th> <td rowspan="4"><code>zh</code></td> <td rowspan="4"><code>chi</code>/<code>zho</code><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ethnologue-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td> <td>macro</td> <td><code>zho</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>cmn</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cantonese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>yue</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>nan</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thai_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thai language">Central Thai</a></th> <td rowspan="4"><code>th</code></td> <td rowspan="4"><code>tha</code></td> <td>individual</td> <td><code>tha</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Thai_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>sou</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Thai_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>nod</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tai_Lue_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tai Lue language">Lue</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>khb</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lao_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lao language">Lao</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isan language">Isan</a></th> <td rowspan="2"><code>lo</code></td> <td rowspan="2"><code>lao</code></td> <td>individual</td> <td><code>lao</code>/<code>tts</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phu_Thai_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></th> <td>individual</td> <td><code>pht</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> As of 23 January 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DISO_639-3%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, the standard contains 7,916 entries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Data-Files-6">[6]</a> The inventory of languages is based on a number of sources including: the individual languages contained in 639-2, modern languages from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, historic varieties, ancient languages and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constructed_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constructed language">artificial languages</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguist_List?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> as well as languages recommended within the annual public commenting period. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Machine-readable_data?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-readable data">Machine-readable data</a> files are provided by the registration authority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Data-Files-6">[6]</a> Mappings from ISO 639-1 or ISO 639-2 to ISO 639-3 can be done using these data files. ISO 639-3 is intended to assume distinctions based on criteria that are not entirely objective.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It is not intended to document or provide identifiers for dialects or other sub-language variations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Nevertheless, judgments regarding distinctions between languages may be subjective, particularly in the case of language varieties without established literary traditions, usage in education or media, or other factors that contribute to language conventionalization. Therefore, the standard should not be regarded as an authoritative statement of what distinct languages exist in the world (about which there may be substantial disagreement in some cases), but rather simply one useful way for identifying different language varieties precisely. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Code_space">Code space</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Code space" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Since the code is three-letter alphabetic, one upper bound for the number of languages that can be represented is 26 × 26 × 26 = 17,576. Since ISO 639-2 defines special codes (4), a reserved range (520) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#B_and_T_codes" title="ISO 639-2">B-only codes</a> (22), 546 codes cannot be used in part 3. Therefore, a stricter upper bound is 17,576 − 546 = 17,030. The upper bound gets even stricter if one subtracts the language collections defined in 639-2 and the ones yet to be defined in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Macrolanguages">Macrolanguages</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Macrolanguages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639 macrolanguage">ISO 639 macrolanguage</a> </div> There are 58 languages in ISO 639-2 which are considered, for the purposes of the standard, to be "macrolanguages" in ISO 639-3.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Some of these <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macrolanguage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrolanguage">macrolanguages</a> had no individual language as defined by ISO 639-3 in the code set of ISO 639-2, e.g. <code>ara</code> (Generic Arabic). Others like <code>nor</code> (Norwegian) had their two individual parts (<code>nno</code> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nynorsk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>), <code>nob</code> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>)) already in ISO 639-2. That means some languages (e.g. <code>arb</code>, Standard Arabic) that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language (<code>ara</code>) are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves. This is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as two forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diglossia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>. For example: <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ara"><code style="color:inherit">ara</code> | ISO 639-3</a> (Generic Arabic, 639-2)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/arb"><code style="color:inherit">arb</code> | ISO 639-3</a> (Standard Arabic, 639-3)</li> </ul> A complete list is available on the ISO 639-3 registrar's website.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Collective_languages">Collective languages</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Collective languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Collective_language_codes" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2 § Collective language codes</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a> </div> "A collective language code element is an identifier that represents a group of individual languages that are not deemed to be one language in any usage context."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> These codes do not precisely represent a particular language or macrolanguage. While ISO 639-2 includes three-letter identifiers for collective languages, these codes are excluded from ISO 639-3. Hence ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a> defines 3-letter collective codes for language families and groups, including the collective language codes from ISO 639-2. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Special_codes">Special codes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Special codes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Four codes are set aside in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Special_situations" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> and ISO 639-3 for cases where none of the specific codes are appropriate. These are intended primarily for applications like databases where an ISO code is required regardless of whether one exists. <ul> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">mis</code> (uncoded languages, originally an abbreviation for 'miscellaneous') is intended for languages which have not (yet) been included in the ISO standard.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">mul</code> (multiple languages) is intended for cases where the data includes more than one language, and (for example) the database requires a single ISO code.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">und</code> (undetermined) is intended for cases where the language in the data has not been identified, such as when it is mislabeled or never had been labeled. It is not intended for cases such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trojan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trojan language">Trojan</a> where an unattested language has been given a name.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">zxx</code> (no linguistic content / not applicable) is intended for data which is not a language at all, such as animal calls.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> </ul> In addition, 520 codes in the range <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">qaa</code>–<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">qtz</code> are 'reserved for local use'. For example, Rebecca Bettencourt assigns a code to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constructed_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constructed language">constructed languages</a>, and new assignments are made upon request.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguist_List?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a> uses them for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extinct_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>. Linguist List has assigned one of them a generic value: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">qnp</code>, unnamed proto-language. This is used for proposed intermediate nodes in a family tree that have no name. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Maintenance_processes">Maintenance processes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Maintenance processes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The code table for ISO 639-3 is open to changes. In order to protect stability of existing usage, the changes permitted are limited to:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <ul> <li>modifications to the reference information for an entry (including names or categorizations for type and scope),</li> <li>addition of new entries,</li> <li>deprecation of entries that are duplicates or spurious,</li> <li>merging one or more entries into another entry, and</li> <li>splitting an existing language entry into multiple new language entries.</li> </ul> The code assigned to a language is not changed unless there is also a change in denotation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Morey-Post-Friedman-16">[16]</a> Changes are made on an annual cycle. Every request is given a minimum period of three months for public review. The ISO 639-3 Web site has pages that describe "scopes of denotation"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/languoid" class="extiw" title="wikt:languoid">languoid</a> types) and types of languages,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> which explain what concepts are in scope for encoding and certain criteria that need to be met. For example, constructed languages can be encoded, but only if they are designed for human communication and have a body of literature, preventing requests for idiosyncratic inventions. The registration authority documents on its Web site instructions made in the text of the ISO 639-3 standard regarding how the code tables are to be maintained.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It also documents the processes used for receiving and processing change requests.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> A change request form is provided, and there is a second form for collecting information about proposed additions. Any party can submit change requests. When submitted, requests are initially reviewed by the registration authority for completeness. When a fully documented request is received, it is added to a published Change Request Index. Also, announcements are sent to the general LINGUIST discussion list at Linguist List and other lists the registration authority may consider relevant, inviting public review and input on the requested change. Any list owner or individual is able to request notifications of change requests for particular regions or language families. Comments that are received are published for other parties to review. Based on consensus in comments received, a change request may be withdrawn or promoted to "candidate status". Three months prior to the end of an annual review cycle (typically in September), an announcement is sent to the LINGUIST discussion list and other lists regarding Candidate Status Change Requests. All requests remain open for review and comment through the end of the annual review cycle. Decisions are announced at the end of the annual review cycle (typically in January). At that time, requests may be adopted in whole or in part, amended and carried forward into the next review cycle, or rejected. Rejections often include suggestions on how to modify proposals for resubmission. A public archive of every change request is maintained along with the decisions taken and the rationale for the decisions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Linguists Morey, Post and Friedman raise various criticisms of ISO 639, and in particular ISO 639-3:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Morey-Post-Friedman-16">[16]</a> <ul> <li>The three-letter codes themselves are problematic, because while officially arbitrary technical labels, they are often derived from mnemonic abbreviations for language names, some of which are pejorative. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yemsa_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemsa language">Yemsa</a> was assigned the code <code>jnj</code>, from pejorative "Janejero". These codes may thus be considered offensive by native speakers. However, codes can be changed with a request submission on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code_changes/submitting_change_requests">SIL's website</a>.</li> <li>The administration of the standard is problematic because SIL is a missionary organization with inadequate transparency and accountability. Decisions as to what deserves to be encoded as a language are made internally. While outside input may or may not be welcomed, the decisions themselves are opaque, and many linguists have given up trying to improve the standard.</li> <li>Permanent identification of a language is incompatible with language change.</li> <li>Languages and dialects often cannot be rigorously distinguished, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialect_continuum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continua</a> may be subdivided in many ways, whereas the standard privileges one choice. Such distinctions are often based instead on social and political factors.</li> <li>ISO 639-3 may be misunderstood and misused by authorities that make decisions about people's identity and language, abolishing the right of speakers to identify or identify with their speech variety. Though SIL is sensitive to such issues, this problem is inherent in the nature of an established standard, which may be used (or mis-used) in ways that ISO and SIL do not intend.</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Haspelmath">Martin Haspelmath</a> agrees with four of these points, but not the point about language change.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Haspelmath-22">[22]</a> He disagrees because any account of a language requires identifying it, and we can easily identify different stages of a language. He suggests that linguists may prefer to use a codification that is made at the <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/languoid" class="extiw" title="wikt:languoid">languoid</a> level since "it rarely matters to linguists whether what they are talking about is a language, a dialect or a close-knit family of languages." He also questions whether an ISO standard for language identification is appropriate since ISO is an industrial organization, while he views language documentation and nomenclature as a scientific endeavor. He cites the original need for standardized language identifiers as having been "the economic significance of translation and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_localisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language localisation">software localization</a>", for which purposes the ISO 639-1 and 639-2 standards were established. But he raises doubts about industry need for the comprehensive coverage provided by ISO 639-3, including as it does "little-known languages of small communities that are never or hardly used in writing and that are often in danger of extinction". </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguist_List?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OLAC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OLAC">OLAC</a>: the Open Languages Archive Community<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Microsoft <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windows_8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Supports all codes in ISO 639-3 at the time of release.</li> <li>Wikimedia Foundation: New language-based projects (e.g. Wikipedias in new languages) must have an identifier from ISO 639-1, -2, or -3.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Other standards that rely on ISO 639-3: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IETF_language_tag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IETF language tag">Language tags</a> as defined by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF), as documented in: <ul> <li>BCP 47: Best Current Practice 47,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> which includes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style>RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646">5646</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646">5646</a>, which superseded <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4646">4646</a>, which superseded <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3066">3066</a>. (Therefore, all standards which depend on any of these 3 IETF standards now use ISO 639-3.)</li> </ul></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EPUB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="EPUB">ePub</a> 3.0 standard for language metadata<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-idpf.org-27">[27]</a> uses Dublin Core Metadata elements. These language metadata elements in ePubs must contain valid <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646">5646</a> codes for languages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-idpf.org-27">[27]</a> RFC5646 points to ISO 639-3 for languages without shorter IANA codes.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dublin_Core?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core Metadata Initiative</a>: DCMI Metadata Term<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> for language, via IETF's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4646">4646</a> (now superseded by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646">5646</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority"> Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)</a> The W3C's internationalization effort recommends the use of the IANA Language Subtag Registry for selecting codes for languages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The IANA Language Subtag Registry<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> depends on ISO 639-3 codes for languages which did not previously have codes in other parts of the ISO 639 standard.</li> <li>HTML5:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> via IETF's BCP 47.</li> <li>XML:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> via IETF's BCP 47.</li> <li>SVG:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> via IETF's BCP 47.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metadata_Object_Description_Schema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metadata Object Description Schema">MODS</a> library codes:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Incorporates IETF's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3066">3066</a> (now superseded by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646">5646</a>).</li> <li>Text Encoding Initiative (TEI):<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> via IETF's BCP 47.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lexical Markup Framework">Lexical Markup Framework</a>: ISO specification for representation of machine-readable dictionaries.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CLDR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CLDR">Common locale data repository</a>: Uses several hundred codes from ISO 639-3 not included in ISO 639-2.</li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ISO_status-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ISO_status_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ISO_status_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER%3D39534%26ICS1%3D1%26ICS2%3D140%26ICS3%3D20">"ISO 639-3 status and abstract"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. 20 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114034459/http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER%3D39534%26ICS1%3D1%26ICS2%3D140%26ICS3%3D20">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+639-3+status+and+abstract&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=2010-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fen%2FCatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail%3FCSNUMBER%3D39534%26ICS1%3D1%26ICS2%3D140%26ICS3%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/maintenance_agencies.htm">"Maintenance agencies and registration authorities"</a>. ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008180204/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/maintenance_agencies.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maintenance+agencies+and+registration+authorities&rft.pub=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fstandards_development%2Flist_of_iso_technical_committees%2Fmaintenance_agencies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/about/types%23Ancient">"Types of individual languages – Ancient languages"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140613/https://iso639-3.sil.org/about/types%23Ancient">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Types+of+individual+languages+%E2%80%93+Ancient+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Fabout%2Ftypes%23Ancient&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ethnologue_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912140028/http://archive.ethnologue.com/14/show_iso639.asp?code%3Dzho">"Ethnologue report for ISO 639 code: zho"</a>. Ethnologue. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://archive.ethnologue.com/14/show_iso639.asp?code%3Dzho">the original</a> on 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Ethnologue+report+for+ISO+639+code%3A+zho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ethnologue.com%2F14%2Fshow_iso639.asp%3Fcode%3Dzho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/macrolanguages.asp">"ISO 639-3"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224033912/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/macrolanguages.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=ISO+639-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fmacrolanguages.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Data-Files-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Data-Files_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Data-Files_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/download.asp">"ISO 639-3 Code Set"</a>. SIL International. 18 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401160709/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/download.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=ISO+639-3+Code+Set&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fdownload.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/default.asp">"ISO 639-3"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515104958/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/default.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=ISO+639-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp%23I">"Scope of Denotation: Individual Languages"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020022923/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp%23I">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Scope+of+Denotation%3A+Individual+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fscope.asp%23I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp%23Dialects">"Scope of Denotation: Dialects"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020022923/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp%23Dialects">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Scope+of+Denotation%3A+Dialects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fscope.asp%23Dialects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp%23M">"Scope of denotation: Macrolanguages"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208184504/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp%23M">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Scope+of+denotation%3A+Macrolanguages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fscope.asp%23M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code_tables/macrolanguage_mappings/data">"Macrolanguage Mappings"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011115707/https://iso639-3.sil.org/code_tables/macrolanguage_mappings/data">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Macrolanguage+Mappings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Fcode_tables%2Fmacrolanguage_mappings%2Fdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp%23C">"Scope of denotation: Collective languages"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208184504/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp%23C">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Scope+of+denotation%3A+Collective+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fscope.asp%23C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2004S12">"Field Recordings of Vervet Monkey Calls"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistic_Data_Consortium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistic Data Consortium">Linguistic Data Consortium</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115182534/https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2004S12">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Data+Consortium&rft.atitle=Field+Recordings+of+Vervet+Monkey+Calls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.ldc.upenn.edu%2FLDC2004S12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettencourt" class="citation web cs1">Bettencourt, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/">"ConLang Code Registry"</a>. KreativeKorp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008102538/https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KreativeKorp&rft.atitle=ConLang+Code+Registry&rft.aulast=Bettencourt&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kreativekorp.com%2Fclcr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp%23Types">"Submitting ISO 639-3 Change Requests: Types of Changes"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202224243/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp%23Types">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Submitting+ISO+639-3+Change+Requests%3A+Types+of+Changes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fsubmit_changes.asp%23Types&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Morey-Post-Friedman-16">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Morey-Post-Friedman_16-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Morey-Post-Friedman_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreyPostFriedman2013" class="citation conference cs1">Morey, Stephen; Post, Mark W.; Friedman, Victor A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223010953/http://prijipati.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/9838">The language codes of ISO 639: A premature, ultimately unobtainable, and possibly damaging standardization</a>. PARADISEC RRR Conference. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://prijipati.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/9838">the original</a> on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+language+codes+of+ISO+639%3A+A+premature%2C+ultimately+unobtainable%2C+and+possibly+damaging+standardization&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Morey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Post%2C+Mark+W.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Victor+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprijipati.library.usyd.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F2123%2F9838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp">"Scope of Denotation for Language Identifiers"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020022923/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Scope+of+Denotation+for+Language+Identifiers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fscope.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/types.asp">"Types of Languages"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223002431/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/types.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Types+of+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Ftypes.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/changes.asp">"ISO 639-3 Change Management"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514203537/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/changes.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=ISO+639-3+Change+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fchanges.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp">"Submitting ISO 639-3 Change Requests"</a>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202224243/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Submitting+ISO+639-3+Change+Requests&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fsubmit_changes.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_requests.asp">"ISO 639-3 Change Request Index"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=ISO+639-3+Change+Request+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fchg_requests.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Haspelmath-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Haspelmath_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaspelmath2013" class="citation web cs1">Haspelmath, Martin (4 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dlc.hypotheses.org/610">"Can language identity be standardized? On Morey et al.'s critique of ISO 639-3"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=Semantics%2C+structure%2C+and+APIs+of+HTML+documents+%E2%80%94+HTML5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml5%2Fdom.html%23the-lang-and-xml%3Alang-attributes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.w3.org/TR/xml/%23sec-lang-tag">"Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition)"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Elements+%E2%80%93+MODS+User+Guidelines%3A+Metadata+Object+Description+Schema%3A+MODS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fstandards%2Fmods%2Fv3%2Fmods-userguide-elements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-language.html">"TEI element language"</a>. Text Encoding Initiative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914172657/http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-language.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Text+Encoding+Initiative&rft.atitle=TEI+element+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tei-c.org%2Frelease%2Fdoc%2Ftei-p5-doc%2Fen%2Fhtml%2Fref-language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Aristar, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520221329/http://linguistlist.org/ssila/Bulletins/Archive/bull247.pdf">"ISO standardized language codes and the Ethnologue"</a> (PDF). SSILA Bulletin. 247. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://linguistlist.org/ssila/Bulletins/Archive/bull247.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSILA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=ISO+standardized+language+codes+and+the+Ethnologue&rft.volume=247&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Aristar&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistlist.org%2Fssila%2FBulletins%2FArchive%2Fbull247.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobrinGood2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dobrin, Lise M.; Good, Jeff (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jcgood/DobrinGood-PracticalLanguageDevelopment.pdf">"Practical language development: Whose mission?"</a> (PDF). Language. 85 (3): 619–629. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1353%252Flan.0.0152">10.1353/lan.0.0152</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144749106">144749106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Practical+language+development%3A+Whose+mission%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=619-629&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.0.0152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144749106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dobrin&rft.aufirst=Lise+M.&rft.au=Good%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F~jcgood%2FDobrinGood-PracticalLanguageDevelopment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpps2006" class="citation journal cs1">Epps, Patience (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520221057/http://linguistlist.org/ssila/Bulletins/Archive/bull246.pdf">"In opposition to adopting Ethnologue's language codes for ISO 639-3"</a> (PDF). SSILA Bulletin. 246. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://linguistlist.org/ssila/Bulletins/Archive/bull246.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSILA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=In+opposition+to+adopting+Ethnologue%27s+language+codes+for+ISO+639-3&rft.volume=246&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Epps&rft.aufirst=Patience&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistlist.org%2Fssila%2FBulletins%2FArchive%2Fbull246.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolla2006" class="citation journal cs1">Golla, Victor, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220834/http://linguistlist.org/ssila/Bulletins/Archive/bull249.pdf">"SSILA statement on ISO 639-3 language codes"</a> (PDF). SSILA Bulletin. 249. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://linguistlist.org/ssila/Bulletins/Archive/bull249.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSILA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=SSILA+statement+on+ISO+639-3+language+codes&rft.volume=249&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistlist.org%2Fssila%2FBulletins%2FArchive%2Fbull249.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodCysouw2013" class="citation journal cs1">Good, Jeff; Cysouw, Michael (2013). "Languoid, doculect, and glossonym: formalizing the notion 'language'". Language Documentation & Conservation. 7: 331–359. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/10125%252F4606">10125/4606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Documentation+%26+Conservation&rft.atitle=Languoid%2C+doculect%2C+and+glossonym%3A+formalizing+the+notion+%27language%27&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=331-359&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F4606&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Cysouw%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+639-3" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org">ISO 639-3 Registration Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/faq.html">FAQ</a> at the United States <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code_changes/change_request_index/data?title%3D%26field_change_instance_af_idnt_cd_value%3D%26field_change_instance_afctd_name_value%3D%26field_change_request_region_grp_tid%3DAll%26field_change_request_lf_group_tid%3DAll%26field_change_instance_chnge_type_tid%3DAll%26field_change_instance_act_status_tid%3D139386%26items_per_page%3D50">Pending ISO 639-3 applications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405005828/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/GetListOfAncientLgs.html">Linguist List - List of Ancient and Extinct Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20040618170414/http://eikenes.alvestrand.no/pipermail/ietf-languages/2003-November/001589.html">explanation by Håvard Hjulstad</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DISO_639-3%26oldid%3D1257324873">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&oldid=1257324873</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-3&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 09:53 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588_3-639" title="أيزو 3-639 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيزو 3-639" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2586%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%258F%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2593_639-3" title="आइएसओ 639-3 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आइएसओ 639-3" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639%23ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ISO 639" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588_%25DB%25B3%25E2%2580%2593%25DB%25B6%25DB%25B3%25DB%25B9" title="ایزو ۳–۶۳۹ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزو ۳–۶۳۹" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25B5%25E0%25AA%25BF%25E0%25AA%2595%25E0%25AA%25BF%25E0%25AA%25AA%25E0%25AB%2580%25E0%25AA%25A1%25E0%25AA%25BF%25E0%25AA%25AF%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2580_%25E0%25AA%25AF%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25A6%25E0%25AB%2580" title="વિકિપીડિયાની યાદી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિકિપીડિયાની યાદી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588_%25DB%25B3%25E2%2580%2593%25DB%25B6%25DB%25B3%25DB%25B9" title="ایزو ۳–۶۳۹ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایزو ۳–۶۳۹" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2591%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%258F%25E2%2580%25A2%25EA%25AF%2591%25EA%25AF%25A6%25EA%25AF%2581%25E2%2580%25A2%25EA%25AF%2591%25EA%25AF%25A3_%25EA%25AF%25B6%25EA%25AF%25B3%25EA%25AF%25B9-%25EA%25AF%25B3" title="ꯑꯥꯏ•ꯑꯦꯁ•ꯑꯣ ꯶꯳꯹-꯳ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯏ•ꯑꯦꯁ•ꯑꯣ ꯶꯳꯹-꯳" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588_%25DB%25B6%25DB%25B3%25DB%25B9-%25DB%25B3" title="آيسو ۶۳۹-۳ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آيسو ۶۳۹-۳" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25AD%25E1%25B1%25AE%25E1%25B1%25A5%25E1%25B1%25B3_%25E1%25B1%2596%25E1%25B1%2593%25E1%25B1%2599%25E1%25B1%25BC%25E1%25B1%2593" title="ᱟᱭᱮᱥᱳ ᱖᱓᱙ᱼ᱓ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱮᱥᱳ ᱖᱓᱙ᱼ᱓" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2590.%25E0%25AE%258E%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581.%25E0%25AE%2593_639-3" title="ஐ.எசு.ஓ 639-3 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐ.எசு.ஓ 639-3" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588_639-3" title="آیزو 639-3 – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آیزو 639-3" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ISO 639-3" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 09:53 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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