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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogreep" title="Kilogreep – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kilogreep" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كيلوبايت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيلوبايت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobayt" title="Kilobayt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kilobayt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="কিলোবাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিলোবাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кілабайт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кілабайт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кілябайт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кілябайт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobajt" title="Kilobajt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kilobajt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%84" title="Κιλομπάιτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιλομπάιτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobajto" title="Kilobajto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kilobajto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کیلوبایت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیلوبایت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="킬로바이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킬로바이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Կիլոբայթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիլոբայթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="किलोबाइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="किलोबाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobajt" title="Kilobajt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kilobajt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobita" title="Kilobita – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kilobita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilobyte" title="Chilobyte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chilobyte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კილობაიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კილობაიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Килобайт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Килобайт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobaits" title="Kilobaits – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kilobaits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobaitas" title="Kilobaitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kilobaitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82" title="Килобајт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Килобајт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കിലോബൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിലോബൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9F" title="किलोबाईट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="किलोबाईट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobait" title="Kilobait – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kilobait" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="キロバイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キロバイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobayt" title="Kilobayt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kilobayt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobajt" title="Kilobajt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kilobajt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobayt" title="Kilobayt – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kilobayt" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Килобайт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Килобайт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobajti" title="Kilobajti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kilobajti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobajt" title="Kilobajt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kilobajt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کیلۆبایت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیلۆبایت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82" title="Килобајт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Килобајт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobajt" title="Kilobajt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kilobajt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கிலோபைட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிலோபைட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Килобайт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Килобайт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కిలోబైట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కిలోబైట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="กิโลไบต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กิโลไบต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Килобайт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Килобайт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobayt" title="Kilobayt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kilobayt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кілобайт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кілобайт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9" title="كلو بائٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="كلو بائٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kilobyte" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E8%8A%82" title="千字节 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="千字节" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E7%AF%80" title="千字節 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="千字節" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E8%8A%82" title="千字节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="千字节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kilobit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit">kilobit</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"KByte" redirects here. For the battery electric car from Future Mobility Corporation, see <a href="/wiki/Byton_K-Byte" title="Byton K-Byte">Byton K-Byte</a>.</div> <table style="text-align: left; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em; border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ccf;padding-left:3em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="margin-right:0;width:auto;float:right;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantities_of_bytes" title="Template:Quantities of bytes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantities_of_bytes" title="Template talk:Quantities of bytes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantities_of_bytes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantities of bytes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Byte#Multiple-byte_units" title="Byte">Multiple-byte units</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0"> <table style="border:1px #aaa solid"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background-color:#ccf; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">Decimal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#ddf; text-align:center; padding:0;">Value </th> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ddf; text-align:center; padding:0"><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1000 </td> <td>kB</td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">kilobyte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>MB</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabyte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>GB</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>TB</td> <td>terabyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>PB</td> <td>petabyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>EB</td> <td>exabyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>7</sup> </td> <td>ZB</td> <td>zettabyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>8</sup> </td> <td>YB</td> <td>yottabyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>9</sup> </td> <td>RB</td> <td>ronnabyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>10</sup> </td> <td>QB</td> <td>quettabyte </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="padding:0"> <table style="border: 1px #aaa solid"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="background-color:#ccf; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">Binary</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#ddf; text-align:center; padding:0;">Value </th> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ddf; text-align:center; padding:0"><a href="/wiki/IEC_80000-13" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC 80000-13">IEC</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ddf; text-align:center; padding:0"><a href="/wiki/JEDEC_memory_standards#Unit_prefixes_for_semiconductor_storage_capacity" title="JEDEC memory standards"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000008-QINU`"'</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Size of directly addressable memory is historically denoted with KB, MB, etc., to mean binary multiples.">Memory</span></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1024 </td> <td>KiB</td> <td>kibibyte </td> <td>KB</td> <td>kilobyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>MiB</td> <td>mebibyte </td> <td>MB</td> <td>megabyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>GiB</td> <td>gibibyte </td> <td>GB</td> <td>gigabyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>TiB</td> <td>tebibyte </td> <td>TB</td> <td>terabyte </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>PiB</td> <td>pebibyte </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>EiB</td> <td>exbibyte </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>7</sup> </td> <td>ZiB</td> <td>zebibyte </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>8</sup> </td> <td>YiB</td> <td>yobibyte </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(data)" title="Orders of magnitude (data)">Orders of magnitude of data</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>kilobyte</b> is a multiple of the unit <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> for <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">digital information</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) defines the prefix <i><a href="/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo</a></i> as a multiplication factor of 1000 (10<sup>3</sup>); therefore, one kilobyte is 1000 bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-IEC80000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC80000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internationally recommended unit symbol for the kilobyte is <b>kB</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEC80000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC80000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some areas of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, particularly in reference to <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> capacity, <i>kilobyte</i> instead typically refers to 1024 (2<sup>10</sup>) bytes. This arises from the prevalence of sizes that are <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_two" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers of two">powers of two</a> in modern digital memory architectures, coupled with the coincidence that 2<sup>10</sup> differs from 10<sup>3</sup> by less than 2.5%. A <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">kibibyte</a> is 1024 bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-IEC80000_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC80000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_usage">Definitions and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilobyte&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decimal_(1000_bytes)"><span id="Decimal_.281000_bytes.29"></span>Decimal (1000 bytes)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilobyte&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decimal (1000 bytes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) the <a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">metric prefix</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo</a></i> means 1,000 (10<sup>3</sup>); therefore, one kilobyte is 1000 bytes. The unit symbol is kB. </p><p>This is the definition recommended by the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC).<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition, and the related definitions of the prefixes <a href="/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">mega</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap">1,000,000</span>), <a href="/wiki/Giga-" title="Giga-">giga</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap">1,000,000,000</span>), etc., are most commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Data_rate" title="Data rate">data transfer rates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>, internal bus, hard drive and flash media transfer speeds, and for the capacities of most <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">storage media</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash</a>-based storage,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>. It is also consistent with the other uses of the metric prefixes in computing, such as <a href="/wiki/Hertz#Computers" title="Hertz">CPU clock speeds</a> or <a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">measures of performance</a>. </p><p>The international standard <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">IEC 80000-13</a> uses the term "byte" to mean eight <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> (1 B = 8 bit). Therefore, 1 kB = 8000 bit. One thousand kilobytes (1000 kB) is equal to one <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabyte</a> (1 MB), where 1 MB is one million bytes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_(1024_bytes)"><span id="Binary_.281024_bytes.29"></span>Binary (1024 bytes)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilobyte&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Binary (1024 bytes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term 'kilobyte' has traditionally been used to refer to 1024 bytes (2<sup>10</sup> B).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage of the metric prefix <i>kilo</i> for binary multiples arose as a convenience, because 1024 is approximately 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The binary interpretation of metric prefixes is still prominently used by the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Binary interpretation is also used for <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> capacity, such as main memory and <a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a> size, due to the prevalent <a href="/wiki/Binary_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary address">binary addressing</a> of memory. </p><p>The binary meaning of the kilobyte for 1024 bytes typically uses the symbol KB, with an uppercase letter <i>K</i>. The <i>B</i> is sometimes omitted in informal use. For example, a processor with 65,536 bytes of cache memory might be said to have "64 K" of cache. In this convention, one thousand and twenty-four kilobytes (1024 KB) is equal to one megabyte (1 MB), where 1 MB is 1024<sup>2</sup> bytes. </p><p>In December 1998, the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> addressed such multiple usages and definitions by creating prefixes such as kibi, mebi, gibi, etc., to unambiguously denote powers of 1024.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the kibibyte, symbol KiB, represents 2<sup>10</sup> bytes = 1024 bytes. These prefixes are now part of IEC 80000-13. The IEC further specified that the kilobyte should only be used to refer to 1000 bytes. The <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> restricts the use of the SI prefixes strictly to powers of 10.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_term">Use of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilobyte&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use of term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Shugart_Associates" title="Shugart Associates">Shugart</a> SA-400 5<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> (1976) held 109,375 bytes unformatted,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was advertised as "110 Kbyte", using the 1000 convention.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the 8-inch <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> RX01 floppy (1975) held 256,256 bytes formatted, and was advertised as "256k".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Tandon_Corporation" title="Tandon Corporation">Tandon</a> 5<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch <a href="/wiki/Double_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Double density">DD</a> floppy format (1978) held 368,640 (which is 360×1024) bytes, but was advertised as "360 KB", following the 1024 convention.</li> <li>Early home computer systems would often advertise using the 1024 convention, hence the naming of the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_464" title="Amstrad CPC 464">Amstrad CPC 464</a>.</li> <li>On modern systems, all versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> including the newest (as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilobyte&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> divide by 1024 and represent a 65,536-byte file as "64 KB".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Mac OS X Snow Leopard</a> and newer represent this as 66 kB, rounding to the nearest 1000 bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> File sizes are reported with decimal prefixes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of 2016,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilobyte&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the binary interpretation was still used in marketing and billing by some telecommunication companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A." title="Orange S.A.">Orange</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_examples">Data examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilobyte&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Data examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <pre>"This is an example of a text which is exactly a kilobyte (kB) large. In this case, this text is 10^3 bytes long, but if you were to add 24 extra characters to this string, it would be 2^10 bytes long, which is used in some fields such as information technology. Each character in this string (which includes the quotation marks at the end, by the way) is exactly one byte long, which is 8 bits. The bit is the fundamental unit of information, which represents a single yes or no. So, one could measure the amount of information in a single letter with 5 bits (because 2^5 is 32, there are 26 letters in the English language), but because we also use other characters, like numbers, capital/lowercase letters, symbols (like {}$#*&%!`~), spaces, and more. In a computer's memory, these may be represented with some binary string, such as 01010100 (which represents the letter T), usually this is distinguished from one million ten thousand one hundred by appending '0b' to the front, like 0b01010100." </pre> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, in Latin, is 296 bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The short story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cask_of_Amontillado" title="The Cask of Amontillado">The Cask of Amontillado</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, hosted on <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> as an uncompressed plain text file, is 12,843 bytes: this is 12.8 kilobytes (divided by 1,000) or 12.5 kibibytes (divided by 1,024).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, hosted on <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> as an uncompressed plain text file, is 428,952 bytes; this is 428.95 kilobytes (divided by 1,000) and 418.90 kibibytes (divided by 1,024). <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a></i> is 994,639 bytes,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Moby_Dick" class="mw-redirect" title="Moby Dick">Moby Dick</a></i> is 1,191,763 bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilobyte&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_floppy_disk" title="History of the floppy disk">History of the floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">Binary prefix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_binary_prefixes" title="Timeline of binary prefixes">Timeline of binary prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigabyte#Consumer_confusion" title="Gigabyte">Gigabyte § Consumer confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEDEC_memory_standards#Unit_prefixes_for_semiconductor_storage_capacity" title="JEDEC memory standards">JEDEC memory standards § Unit prefixes for semiconductor storage capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_information#Size_examples" title="Units of information">Units of information § Size examples</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilobyte&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IEC80000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEC80000_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEC80000_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEC80000_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Standard <a href="/wiki/IEC_80000-13" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC 80000-13">IEC 80000-13</a> Quantities and Units – Part 13: Information science and technology, International Electrotechnical Commission (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html">Prefixes for Binary Multiples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808000831/http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html">Archived</a> 2007-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1977 Disk/Trend Report Rigid Disk Drives, published June 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apac.sandisk.com/Products/Catalog(1349)-SanDisk_Extreme_Ducati_Edition_USB_Flash_Drive.aspx">SanDisk USB Flash Drive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513155718/http://apac.sandisk.com/Products/Catalog%281349%29-SanDisk_Extreme_Ducati_Edition_USB_Flash_Drive.aspx">Archived</a> 2008-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Note: 1 megabyte (MB) = 1 million bytes; 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kilobyte">Kilobyte – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100409171320/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kilobyte">Archived</a> 2010-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Merriam-webster.com (2010-08-13). Retrieved on 2011-01-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kilobyte">Kilobyte | Define Kilobyte at Dictionary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100901202451/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kilobyte">Archived</a> 2010-09-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dictionary.reference.com (1995-09-29). Retrieved on 2011-01-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/kilobyte?view=uk">Definition of kilobyte from Oxford Dictionaries Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060625132017/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/kilobyte?view=uk">Archived</a> 2006-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Askoxford.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iec.ch/si/binary.htm">"Prefixes for binary multiples"</a>. <i>iec.ch</i>. International Electrotechnical Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925125914/http://www.iec.ch/si/binary.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iec.ch&rft.atitle=Prefixes+for+binary+multiples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iec.ch%2Fsi%2Fbinary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilobyte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/121839">"Determining Actual Disk Size: Why 1.44 MB Should Be 1.40 MB"</a>. Support.microsoft.com. 2003-05-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209012305/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/121839">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Determining+Actual+Disk+Size%3A+Why+1.44+MB+Should+Be+1.40+MB&rft.pub=Support.microsoft.com&rft.date=2003-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F121839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilobyte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html">"Prefixes for binary multiples"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808000831/http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prefixes+for+binary+multiples&rft.au=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcuu%2FUnits%2Fbinary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilobyte" class="Z3988"></span> "In December 1998 the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) [...] approved as an IEC International Standard names and symbols for prefixes for binary multiples for use in the fields of data processing and data transmission."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf"><i>The International System of Units</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022, p. 143, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0"><bdi>978-92-822-2272-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units&rft.pages=143&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft.date=2022-12&rft.isbn=978-92-822-2272-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41483022%2FSI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilobyte" class="Z3988"></span>. "The SI prefixes refer strictly to powers of 10. They should not be used to indicate powers of 2 (for example, one kilobit represents 1000 bits and not 1024 bits). The names and symbols for prefixes to be used with powers of 2 are recommended as follows: kibi Ki 2<sup>10</sup> [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527094602/http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/SA400/SA400_Index.htm">"SA400 minifloppy"</a>. Swtpc.com. 2013-08-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/SA400/SA400_Index.htm">the original</a> on 2014-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/SA400/SA400_Datasheet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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AT&T<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Orange Romania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orange.ro/recharge/internet.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-29</span></span>. <q>pater noster qui es in cælis sanctificetur nomen tuum adveniat regnum tuum fiat voluntas tua sicut in cælo et in terra panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris et ne nos inducas in tentationem sed libera nos a malo</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vulgata+Clementina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacredbible.org%2Farticles%2FMatthew-Latin3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilobyte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoe" class="citation web cs1">Poe, Edgar Allan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25525/25525-h/25525-h.htm">"The Cask of Amontillado"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508202014/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25525/25525-h/25525-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-29</span></span> – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cask+of+Amontillado&rft.aulast=Poe&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F25525%2F25525-h%2F25525-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilobyte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1998" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, Charles (July 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1400"><i>Great Expectations</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229212608/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1400">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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